PART 1

● NETWORK ADDRESS:
- A network address is any logical or physical address that uniquely
distinguishes a network node or device over a computer or
telecommunications network. It is a numeric/symbolic number or address
that is assigned to any device that seeks access to or is part of a network.
● ROUTING:
- refers to establishing the routes that data packets take on their way to a
particular destination. This term can be applied to data traveling on the
Internet, over 3G or 4G networks, or over similar networks used for
telecom and other digital communications setups. Routing can also take
place within proprietary networks.
● RELIABILITY:
- Reliability is an attribute of any computer-related component (software,
or hardware, or a network, for example) that consistently performs
according to its specifications. It has long been considered one of three
related attributes that must be considered when making, buying, or using
a computer product or component.
● INTEROPERABILITY
- Interoperability is the property that allows for the unrestricted sharing of
resources between different systems. This can refer to the ability to share
data between different components or machines, both via software and
hardware, or it can be defined as the exchange of information and
resources between different computers through local area networks
(LANs) or wide area networks (WANs). Broadly speaking, interoperability is
the ability of two or more components or systems to exchange
information and to use the information that has been exchanged.
● NETWORK SECURITy
- Network security is an overarching term that describes that the policies
and procedures implemented by a network administrator to avoid and
keep track of unauthorized access, exploitation, modification, or denial of
the network and network resources.
This means that a well-implemented network security blocks viruses,
malware, hackers, etc. from accessing or altering secure information.
● NETWORKING STANDARDS
 - Networking standards ensure the interoperability of networking
technologies by defining the rules of communication among networked
devices. Networking standards exist to help ensure products of different
vendors are able to work together in a network without risk of
incompatibility.
● NETWORKING STANDARD ORGANIZATION
- A standards organization, sometimes referred to as a standards body, is
an organization with authority to endorse official standards for given
applications.

Categories:

● National Standards Organization

- In general, each country or economy has a single recognized national
standards body (NSB). A national standards body is likely the sole member
from that economy in ISO; ISO currently has 161 members. National
standards bodies usually do not prepare the technical content of
standards, which instead is developed by national technical societies.

E.g American National Standards Institute (ANSI) -

is the primary organization for fostering the development of
technology standards in the United States.

● Regional Standards Organization

- A standard developed or adopted and promulgated by a regional
organization. An organization, the members (participants) of which are
national bodies (organizations) for standardization of the states included
in the same geographical region of the world and (or) a group of countries
undergoing the process of economic integration according to international
treaties.

E.g European Committee for Standardization (CEN) -

is a public standards organization whose mission is to foster the
economy of the European Union (EU) in global trading, the welfare
of European citizens and the environment by providing an efficient
infrastructure to interested parties for the development,
 maintenance and distribution of coherent sets of standards and
specifications.

● International Standards Organization

- IThe International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an
international standard-setting body composed of representatives from
various national standards organizations.
- Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promotes worldwide
proprietary, industrial and commercial standards. It is headquartered in
Geneva, Switzerland,[3] and works in 164 countries

E.g International Telecommunication Union (ITU) -

The ITU coordinates the shared global use of the radio spectrum,
promotes international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits,
works to improve telecommunication infrastructure in the
developing world, and assists in the development and coordination
of worldwide technical standards.

● Industry, Trade, and Professional Standards Organization

- Professional and trade associations are membership organizations,
usually nonprofit, which serve the interests of members who share a
common field of activity. Professional organizations—also called
professional societies—consist of individuals of a common profession,
whereas trade associations consist of companies in a particular industry.
However, the distinction is not uniform; some professional associations
also accept certain corporate members, and conversely, trade
associations may allow individual members.

E.g National Association of Realtors (NAR) -

The National Association of Realtors (NAR) is a national
organization of real estate brokers, created to promote the real
estate profession and foster professional behavior in its members.
The association has its own code of ethics to which it requires its
members to adhere.

4 Different Perspectives :
 ● De Jure Standards
- A de jure standard is a technology, method or product that has been
officially endorsed for a given application.

- De jure, from Medieval Latin, means from law. The term refers not only to
legally protected or enforced standards but also to those that have been
endorsed by an official standards organization such as ANSI (American
National Standards Institute) or IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force).
● De Facto Standards
- A de facto standard is something that is used so widely that it is
considered a standard for a given application although it has no official
status.

● Proprietary Standards Standards

- A standard that is effectively owned by a company, a proprietor, rather
than being ‘open’ for free use by anyone. The proprietor may not always
charge for use but they have some legal control over the standard.
-
● Consortia Standards Standards
- These consortia are groups where different vendors (and sometimes also
large customers, service providers, system integrators, and others) agree
on a common definition and implement it afterwards.

OPEN STANDARDS vs. CLOSE STANDARDS

● Open Standards
- An open standard is a standard that is publicly available and has various
rights to use associated with it, and may also have various properties of
how it was designed (e.g. open process). There is no single definition and
interpretations vary with usage.

- Is only open if it can be freely adopted, implemented and extended.While

open standards or architectures are considered non-proprietary in the
sense that the standard is either unowned or owned by a collective body,
it can still be publicly shared and not tightly guarded.
 - A system that allows third parties to make products that plug into or
interoperate with it. For example, the PC is an open system. Although the
fundamental standards are controlled by Microsoft, Intel and AMD,
thousands of hardware devices and software applications are created and
sold by other vendors for the PC.
-
● Close Standards
- A closed standard is a file format, protocol or program which has wide
public acceptance, but which does not comply with the requirements for a
free/libre or open standard. Examples include file formats or protocols
whose specifications are not publicly available, software whose source
code is not available, and patent-encumbered technologies. Closed
standards are typically developed by private companies with limited
public or even industry participation.

- A system in which the specifications are kept secret to prevent

interference from third parties. It inhibits third-party software from being
installed; it keeps third-party hardware from interoperating with it, and it
prevents third-party enhancements from improving the product.

- A specification normalized and licensed in any non free form indeed not
public and not common for all the licensees (you have to negotiate with
the owner of the IPRs). Specification itself could cost money but should be
public (if not, it wouldn't be a standard).

● Close Standards
- Is a normative specification of a technology or methodology applicable to
the Internet. Internet Standards are created and published by the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF).

- An internet standard (STD) is a specification that has been approved by

the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Such standard helps to
promote a consistent and universal use of the internet worldwide.

- Prior to approval, the proposed internet standard goes through a series of

stages called a “standards track.” The standard first starts as a draft,
 which may evolve into an RFC (Request for Comments). If the IETF
approves the RFC, then it becomes a standard.

- RFCs and proposed internet standards cover a lot of ground. From

standards for handling technical TCP/IP processes to standards for the
display of various types of media, the IETF weighs in on a large number of
these standards as they make their way toward adoption.