Flat feet (also called pes planus or fallen arches) is a postural deformity in which the arches of

the foot collapse, with the entire sole of the foot coming into complete or near-complete contact
with the ground. An estimated 20–30% of the general population have an arch that simply never
develops in one or both feet.[1]
There is a functional relationship between the structure of the arch of the foot and the
biomechanics of the lower leg. The arch provides an elastic, springy connection between the
forefoot and the hind foot so that a majority of the forces incurred during weight bearing of the
foot can be dissipated before the force reaches the long bones of the leg and thigh.[2]
In pes planus, the head of the talus bone is displaced medially and distal from the navicular
bone. As a result, the Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament) and the tendon of the
tibialis posterior muscle are stretched, so much so that the individual with pes planus loses the
function of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA). If the MLA is absent or nonfunctional in both the
seated and standing positions, the individual has “rigid” flatfoot. If the MLA is present and
functional while the individual is sitting or standing up on their toes, but this arch disappears
when assuming a foot-flat stance, the individual has “supple” flatfoot. This latter condition is often
treated with arch supports.[2] However, a recent randomized controlled trial found no evidence for
the efficacy of treatment of flat feet in children either from expensive prescribed orthotics (i.e.,
shoe inserts) or less expensive over-the-counter orthotics.[3]
Three studies (see citations below in Military performance section) of military recruits have
shown no evidence of later increased injury, or foot problems, due to flat feet, in a population of
people who reach military service age without prior foot problems. However, these studies
cannot be used to judge possible future damage from this condition when diagnosed at younger
ages. They also cannot be applied to persons whose flat feet are associated with foot symptoms,
or certain symptoms in other parts of the body (such as the leg or back) possibly referable to the
foot.