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Kuliah Neraca Material Dan Energi PDF
Kuliah Neraca Material Dan Energi PDF
Flow Sheet
• The process or combination of processes which is
used in a given plant is illustrated conveniently by
means of a flow sheet.
• The flow sheets consist of combinations of steps
or operations and that some of the same steps or
operations are found in the production of
different metals and in different locations.
• Flow sheets for the production of cupper, steel
and zinc are shown in figure 1-1 until 1-3.
Unit Processes and Unit Operations
• The steps characterized by a certain chemical
reaction are called by unit processes and the
steps which are characterized by certain physical
features are called by unit operations
• Classification step is more difficult in extractive
metallurgy than in chemical engineering
• There are 3 major types of classification could be
considered in extractive metallurgy process.
3 Major Types of Classification
According to Phases Involved According to Equipment According to Chemical Reactions
• Gas-Solid (Roasting, gas • Fixed Bed (sintering, percolation • Oxidation (roasting, sintering,
reduction) leaching) bassemer blowing)
• Gas-Liquid (Bassemer blowing, • Fluidized bed (fluidized roasting • Reduction (iron-making,
distillation) and reduction) carbothermic zinc production)
• Liquid-Liquid (Slag-Metal • Shaft furnace (iron blast furnace, • Slag-Metal reactions (steel
Reactions lime kiln) making, matte smelting)
• Solid-Liquid (Liquation, leaching, • Rotary Kiln (drying, calcination) • Chlorination (Production of
precipitation) • Retort (coke oven, carbothermic titanium tetrachloride)
zinc production) • Electrolytic Reduction
• Reverberatory furnace (matte (electrolytic zinc and aluminum
smelting, open hearth production)
steelmaking) • Electrolytic Refining (refining of
• Electric Furnace (Electric Matte copper and nickel
Smelting and Steel making)
Material Balances
• Materials balances is a form of book-keeping
for a process which is already operating.
• The basic equation in material balances is the
law of conservation of matter.
mi = raw material which enters
mj = the mass of each product which leaves the process
Input = Output + Accumulation
%x = weight percentage of element x in that raw material or product
A+B+C = L+M+N
Raw Materials = Products
Component
=
A B C L M N
Solution Preliminary
Strategy Calculations
Every metal and every locality required its own extraction process
= 163,713 J/mol Cr
Heat of Formation and Heat of Reaction
• The heat of reaction is the amount of heat
liberated or absorbed during a chemical reaction.
Consider ther following reaction as an example :
2CuFeS2 + 6.5O2 = 2 CuO + Fe2O3 + 4SO2
The quantity of heat liberated when 2 moles of
chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), combine with 6.5 moles of
oxygen to yield 2 moles of cupric oxide, 1 mole of
ferric oxide and 4 moles of sulphur dioxide at
constant temperature and pressure is known as
the heat of reaction
Example
Find the heat of reaction at 1200K for the
following reaction:
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) = 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
The enthalpy data for the individual species at
1200K are given below :
H Fe2O3 = -692,020 J/mol
H CO = -82,220 J/mol
H CO2 = -349,730 J/mol
H Fe = + 36,950 J/mol
Solution
Since the heat of reaction is equal to the
enthalpy of the final state minus the enthalpy
of the initial state,