Derivative

Introduction-
Calculus is a very important branch of Maths it is a very useful tool
for the students studing Engineering problems. Calculus is divided into
two subbranches, differential calculus and integral calculus. derivative is
a method of investigation the rate at which one quality changes with
respect to corresponding change in the other example.

Incrementary ratio-
Let y=f(x) be the function here x is independent variable and y is
dependent. The value of y is depend on value of x and it is obtain by
relation y=f(x) as a result the value of x increase or decrease there is a
corresponding increase or decrease in the value of y.
The corresponding increase in the value of the dependent variable
𝑦
Y is denoted by ‘Δ y’ or ‘Δ x’ or k the ratio is called incrementary ratio.
𝑥
In mathematics, the derivative is a way to show rate of change: that is, the
amount by which a function is changing at one given point. For functions that
act on the real numbers, it is the slope of the tangent line at a point on a
graph. The derivative is often written using "dy over dx" (meaning the
difference in y divided by the difference in x). The d is not a variable, and
therefore cannot be cancelled out.

𝑑𝑦
The derivative can be expressed as:
𝑑𝑥
Formulae
𝑑
1. 𝑘 = 0, 𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
2. 𝑥=1
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
3. 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1 −1
4. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2

𝑑
5. 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1
6. log 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑 1
7. log 𝑎 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 log 𝑎

𝑑
8. 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 log 𝑎
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1
9.
𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 = 2√𝑥

𝑑
10. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
11. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
12. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
13. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 𝑑
14. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
15. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1
16. sin−1 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2

𝑑 −1
17. cos −1 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2

𝑑 1
18. tan−1 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2

𝑑 −1
19. cot −1 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2

𝑑 1
20. sec −1 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1

𝑑 −1
21. csc −1 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1

RULES:
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
1. (𝑢 ± 𝑣)= ±
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
2. (𝑢. 𝑣) = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢𝑑𝑥
3. ( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2
Inverse Trigonametric Ratio-
𝟓𝒙
1) Y= tan-1 [ ]
𝟏−𝟔𝒙𝟐

3𝑥+2𝑥
=tan-1 [ ]
1−3𝑥∗2𝑥

Put 3x=tanA 2x=tanB

A=tan-13x,B=tan-12x
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
=tan-1[ ]
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴∗𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
Y=A+B
Tan-1[tanA+B]
Y=tan-13x +tan-12x
𝑑
= [tan-13x+tan-12x]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= tan-13x + tan-12x
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑 1 𝑑
= 3x + 2𝑥
1+3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1+2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3 2
= +
1+9𝑥 2 1+4𝑥 2

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙]
2)Y = sin-1[
√𝟐
seperate to each and every term
√2
1 1
y=sin-1[ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]
√2 √2
1
we know sin45=cos45=
√2
y = sin-1[sin45.cosx +cos45.sinx]
we know sin(A+B)=sinA.cosB+cosA.sinB
=sin-1[sin(45+x)]
= 45+x
𝑑 𝑑
= 45+ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=0+1 =1
Logarithmic differentiation-

1) Y = e2x.sinx

Log y =log(e2x.sinx)
=log (e2x) +log(sinx)
Diff w.r.t.’x’
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥=𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 2𝑥 +𝑑𝑥 log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)

1 𝑑𝑦 = 1 𝑑 2𝑥 1 𝑑
𝑒 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 = 1 1
2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦
= 2 + cotx
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
=[2+ cosx]𝑒 2𝑥 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥

2) Y=𝒙𝒙

Taking log on both sides

Log y = log 𝑥 𝑥
Log y =x.logx
Diff w r t ‘x’
𝑑 𝑑
log y= (x.logx)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= x. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 1
= x. + logx
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (1+ logx)𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Parametric function-
1) X=r cost y=r sint
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡
Here =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡

Consider
X=r cost
Diff w r t ‘x’
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
= (𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
=r 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
=r (-sint)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
= -r sint
𝑑𝑡

Y = r sint
Diff w r t ‘x’
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= ( 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
=r sint
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
=r cost
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
=
𝑑𝑥 −𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑦
=-cot t
𝑑𝑥

2) x = a(cost + t sint),y = a(sint + t cost)

𝑑𝑦 =𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡
x = a(cost + t sint)

diff w r t ‘x’

𝑑𝑥= a[ 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑡]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥=a [-sint+t*cost + sint]

𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥= a t cost
𝑑𝑡
y = a[sint + t cost]

𝑑𝑦= a[ 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑡]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥=a [cost + t*(-sint) + cost]

𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥= - tant
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦=−𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑦= -tan t
𝑑𝑥
Examples:
1. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟏𝟎 + 𝒆𝒙

Differentiate y w.r.t x
𝑑 𝑑
𝑦= (𝑥 10 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑥 10 + 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 10𝑥 10−1 + 𝑒 𝑥
= 10𝑥 9 + 𝑒 𝑥

2. 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
Differentiate y w.r.t x
𝑑 𝑑
𝑦= (𝑒 𝑥 + sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑒𝑥 + sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

=𝑒 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 + cos 𝑥

𝟏 𝟐
3. y= (√𝒙 − )
√𝒙

Differentiate y w.r.t x
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 1
x 𝑦= 𝑥+ 2+ .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
−1
= 1+ 0 ( 2 )
𝑥
1
=1−
𝑥2
 4. y= 3tanx-sin
Differentiate y w.r.t x
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
y= 3 tan 𝑥 + sin x
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
5 y=𝒆𝒙 . 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
Differentiate y w.r.t x
𝑑 𝑑
𝑦= (𝑒 𝑥 . sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

We know,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
= u +v
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑒𝑥 sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
=𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥)
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
6. y=
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

Differentiate y w.r.t x
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 −𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
𝑑 𝑑
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥−sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
cos 𝑥.cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥.(− sin 𝑥)
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
1
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥

= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
Conclusion:
Derivatives are most commonly used tools for hedging risk in
market but they cannot completely eliminate the risk of the firms they
can only minimize the risk included in the trade.2So looking at the
situation of Emerald he should choose either Future contract or Option
Contract to minimize his risk of trade and to gain from the Euro
appreciation in market.
Reference:
https://www.slideshare.net/priyadarshini.7/derivatives-project

http://evlm.stuba.sk/~partner7/DBfiles/Modules/Differentiation/RulesDifferentiation.pdf

book: Technical publications (applied mathematics)