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The 'Preamble' sub-section would normally consist of TWO parts. In the first
part, you restate the 'problem statement', the 'purpose of the study' the
'research questions' (unless your study is based on the grounded theory
method) and the theoretical framework. Again you may ask, why should I
keep on 'retelling' about the purpose, problem statement, research questions
and theoretical framework of the study! You would assume that the reader
should know what the study is all about. You should keep in mind that when
your thesis is later kept in the university library or in an online database,
researchers interested in your study may 'jump' straight to Chapter 3 to find
out how you went about collecting data for your study. Hence, it would be
appreciated by future readers if you told them briefly the problem statement,
purpose, research questions and the underlying theory of your study so that
they understand this chapter.
In the second part of the 'Preamble', you tell the reader the sub-sections in
Chapter 3 and how you will address each sub-section. Think of this part as
the 'warm up' for the full discussion of your data collection strategy. Note that
the information regarding methodology should be comprehensive and
detailed enough to permit replication of the study by other researchers.
Excerpt of the 'Preamble' sub-section:
"The study examined decision-making styles and its effects on employee
performance in the workplace. Previous studies have demonstrated that
leaders may make decisions that are not popular with employees
(Boachie-Mensah, Dogbe & Ophelia, 2011). The main objective of this
study was to assess the impact of performance-related pay on
motivation of employees. Pay increases or the lack of for employees can
have an effect on employee's and the productivity of their work. If the
employee feels they are not compensated for their work, they may tend
to decrease in being productive in their work ........................ . Specifically
the study sought to answer how might leaders's decision-making styles
effect employee performance and how leader's decision-making styles
are informed by emotions or feelings............... This chapter is divided into
several section addressing the choice of research design, selection of
informants, data collection procedures, pilot-testing, instrumentation
and data analysis".
2. RESEARCH DESIGN or METHOD
Irrespective of which qualitative research design you adopted for your study,
the three most common data collection techniques are the:
1. INTERVIEW TECHNIQUE [or Focus Groups]
2. OBSERVATION TECHNIQUE &
3. DOCUMENT ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE
You may have used one or more of these data collection techniques in your
study. Do not tell what is an interview, or observation or document analysis
technique but rather tell how you used these techniques in your study.
Discuss where the Interview with your subjects or informants took place.
How did you arrange the setting to ensure the level of quiet, intimacy and
privacy.
Excerpt of the 'Data Collection Techniques' sub-section:
"On-site interviews and observations was the main data collection
techniques for the study........Secondary data sources included
documents provided by participants that pertain to the
study........Interviews were conducted based on questions listed in
Interview Guide (see Appendix C). However, participants were allowed
the freedom to talk about their experiences in a way in which they were
comfortable...............
4. INSTRUMENTATION
If you used INTERVIEW as a data collection, you will invariably have used
an Interview Schedule or Guide
Tell the reader if your interview schedule was semi-
structured or unstructured
Discuss the types of questions included in the interview schedule or guide
Provide examples of the questions you asked your informants
5. INFORMANTS (or Sampling)
In this sub-section, you give details about how you got your subjects or
informants for your study. The issue of sampling can be quite confusing in
qualitative research. Students often ask "how many subjects or informants"
do I need for my study. Can I base my PhD on information obtained from
ONE informant? Oftentimes, it is a difficult question to answer. Students
should avoid applying the sampling principles of quantitative research. The
key consideration in sampling in qualitative research is "saturation" and
not representativeness and the size of the sample is not statistically
determined (Neuman, 2003).
HOW DID YOU CHOOSE THE INFORMANTS?
o Tell the reader how you chose the informants for your study - Usually,
'purposive sampling' is used because the informants are available,
convenient and most importantly represent characteristics you want to study
(Silverman, 2000).
o Outline the procedures you adopted for selecting the sample of 10
Managers including justification for the sampling method or sampling
procedure; i.e. why did you choose the particular sampling method.
WHO ARE THEY? - Provide as much information as possible about
the characteristics of your informants.
WHY YOU CHOSE THEM? - This is based on your judgement - the
informants will be able to provide you with information needed to answer
the research questions; also you can argue that the informants are most
characteristic, representative or possess attributes typical of the population.
HOW MANY? - For example, you chose 10 Managers - why 10 and not 15?
- You can argue that the sample of 10 Managers is adequate
enough to provide a manageable volume of data that is able to answer the
research questions.
SETTING - Discuss where you conducted the study - was it in an office,
school canteen, discussion room? - explain how you got around the
'gatekeepers"?
Excerpt of 'Sampling' sub-section:
In this study purposive sampling was adopted which is “a method of
sampling where the researcher deliberately chooses who to include in
the study based on their ability to provide necessary data” (Parahoo,
1997, p. 232). The rationale for choosing this approach was that the
researcher was seeking knowledge about the nurses’ opinion of pain in
patients who suffer from dementia, which the participants would provide
by virtue of their experience.
The researcher worked in conjunction with the Head of Department, in
choosing participants, based on their level of experience in caring for
patients that suffer from dementia as well as their qualifications. There
were 12 potential participants, of whom seven participated in the study.
Some of the nurses were not available as they were off duty, off sick,
on holiday, while others did not want to participate in the
study..........................
In-person interviews were conducted and recorded in a quiet, neutral
location where the participants were not in danger and there was no
intimidation or coercion.........
6. PILOT-TEST
Some experts suggest that pilot-tests are not important for qualitative
research while others suggest it would be useful for novice researchers to do
pilot-test. For example, if you are using interviews for the first time, it would
advisable for you to conduct interview as a pre-exercise to get used to the
type of data collection. The pilot test will assist the researcher in determining
if there are flaws, limitations, or other weaknesses within the interview
design and enable the researcher to make necessary revisions prior to the
implementation of the study. However, the informants or participants
involved in the pilot-test should similar to the informants involved in the
final study. It has also been suggested that the pilot test can the researcher
with the refinement of research questions.
Example:
A pilot-study was conducted with 3 senior managers and were
interviewed at their workplace. The interview was audio-recorded to
ensure correct use of the device. During the exercise, attention was
given to body language and non-verbal responses and the manner of
asking questions. As the researcher was the main data collection
instrument, the pilot-study provided an insight into phenomenon studied,
increased experience in interviewing as well as enhanced interpersonal
skills. Also errors in interviewing skills were rectified and not repeated
in the main study.
Source:
Dissertation Guides Workbook - Chapter 1-5. Capella University,2008. p.65
Kvale, S. (2007). Doing interviews. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
7. DATA ANALYSIS
8. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Throughout the research process, you have interacted with your informants
or participants or subjects and there is always the likelihood that you may
impact the methodology or findings of the study. Especially in qualitative
research, it is difficult for you to distant yourself from the subjects you
interact with. Hence, it is necessary that you state your 'position' which is
described as 'reflexivity'. "Reflexivity involves a self-scrutiny on the part
of the researcher; a self-conscious awareness of the relationship between
the researcher and an 'other' (Bourke, 2014, p.2). In short, it is a process of
continuous self-analysis in which you reflect more deeply on the experiences
you encountered when doing the research.
For example, if you study involves issues of race, ethnicity or religion, you
would be concerned how your race, ethnicity or religion being different from
your subjects influence interactions with them. The nature of qualitative
research puts you in the position of having to be close with your subjects and
it is reasonable to expect your beliefs, political stance, gender, socioeconomic
status, educational background and so forth to influence the research
process. It is critical that you be mindful of your own biases when you
interview or observe your subjects.
Under the section 'Researcher's Positionality', you state:
your interest in the phenomenon you have investigated
your background and experiences in conducting the study
your role in data collection and analysis
significant effects you may have had on the data at any stage of the
process
As mentioned earlier, in Chapter 3, you write about the research design, data
collection methods, selection of the sample, the pilot test, instrumentation and
others. his website provides an excellent list of phrases which you could adapt
when writing Chapter 3 of your thesis or project paper.
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