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 24

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(Safety Shoes) Zt 2- L otttl!Ji! (tl
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(Hard Hat) lh i,!L LtV{7 (5)
(Harness) J,yL 1
- Lioiu,i (6)
 25

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 26

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 27

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ftethods ol Purificaiion of Pottuted watei 1)L i-fuV/ttlruli 7.1

i:) 6lJivr't l3l l2l )!ti
By Clarly Method (1)
i', RO (6) A)(ut{ @ e)(Ltitirdt' @l
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 31

-:(Disposal of Solid Waste) V'Ofr{L?rfi a.t

- t rb yt, ,-G + u, A ) -!) i,t i'r't 1 ,1' .' .
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 38

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 40

Brlef History of Automatlon 16rg,!oi:)i)

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 41

.t i't ,rit *)i i{ -: (Program of lnstructio n"S /7t ai {4 -2

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 42

(Advanced Automation Functioml oiFe CTS.irtoLl

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 44

L,y'tError -a jk 1j (ctass,r,caionlg;.r,,,.1 (erroslr:4ti,,,7iV{ (anterprel)

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1i o, L .i,,,J s1);, -, ( c./t!,, { Uz,n Error Recovery J.z

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;84,t 4#!,l)rLL L)tjV;l enor recoveryi,
- ;d/,,, { euo6 lt, )-i gl, 4(tt dt - ,I Zz.Lrz lStrategres & Procedures)
.++!j-,f a- )'t tf J,f 4'1 (br each drfrerent enoi Av -iv r. ;. i (v
+,!V t! 6*'t, <- .a- / +, L i $tetegies) .,rl;.r gt - a- si,l./ rN. )fi v,tl
-
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- c-, f";/,', r- u{ y J, / r' p. a rJ,, i, - a V q i} a : Lu L,f

i ? Li'

g;)t.,, ! -(!v J, i.- 4i 1rr,j,; i/,!l ,l: ,;r, -,Vf,fr,6 gtrrrL,.tV J, (i0
-?cVroL,) (Correctrve measures) lf ri,,
.i ,),f.,b 4't,i a-);t -, LV ! corectlve actlon Je Ut /.t f y'q (ill)
t - lv v.[(, , ,* ssTd suspend {"tqJ' 17-,3)'od lo"v,ation / malfunction)

v. - 1 t :; J. ut,,, l,i v{v J, a L u n uf V-,correctrve -,1 V / el6t f 5,,, 1

- ( -,./ L,) r (,,1,, L )',,, fi)ti 6 2. L,, !0 ( - -i e t,, r{., i *5. a- )
-: (Stop the proc$s anrr call for help) Lqlrt'!,, ut t-vyt/* /S( (av)
d r. et,: t, i, - ? jr, o,,r e,. i;, J - ( V t/ ;E n, - fi tt tjr{, :,y)i { \i,-t a ) rl,
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L'{ i',, { "tti *! -",, ! t1",yy.,f,tE I / ( ;* )i ttt
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 45

(Levels of Automation) ,y- L rfr ;f

J.rt, i ( r )i -(tw - +
i,r. tV ( o t t t,/t,< kJ,t lt) 4 d{fi i
r,t 0,,
/ i,,' - + in,J. J i - V- q d';,t rt'< 4 - + { g { /'t a P-<i L J t J L

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Qj-,*
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J'n ''
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(tndrvrduar controt toop)
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-:(tf,achine Levet) Jl€ -Z
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'27t ;i 1t.i -fa jn fl A t G .PJ,/rr- Jl -,f ,,.h, iE( yji (rooors)
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1 - + ri,! i X oy4 t /f,,! J,l u* : - a i r,
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( i,,1),{-1i

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tvrtyl r)i)')tt .- ,, i
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 47

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tt) /si, (givenl4. 1, 4 f,P,, -,t',y,(tntegrafing) 4r -i ttt (ltl
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48

(Basic Electronics) gr5lCi*ll g;rp4 .s

;;tl,t vE,1890 g:fit - ? fi t),1, il r)f,Pt
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-iiilt-*s4 t./J.:
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 49

-,Ur,fi4t,,t,i-flt .
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-1

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 50
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(semi conducto i /){6 .

Jil (halfl'jnje-cr Jb'(i:
gri,, t L :.!- i .,,t )f! o y. l,.l- l t,!,t 4 t- r, r v t I / ;l lt rfr ( t i y,f
t ;

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t "+ jnfq'
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(lnlnnsrc or Pure SemiCon<tuctors) :fi6,JtL4rt -t
(Exlnnsrc or tmpure Semr Conductorsl :fi,f ,/6ttr-1;!i, -2
-,4 t)rt iit ,I ; t r, a7 ,! ;/r{,.1: J; f ,

(N - type Exirrnsrc Semi Conduclors) :/*16,-0; f ,yrg - N (i)

(P - type Extrrnsic Semi Conductors) i/ If 6.i;l,--,s - P (i0
 51

-:(intrinsic semi conductoB) :{)dcFJft nl

si Edt -.71 2 -.= tr v. c- J-f /y,f te q,*,.fe 1 * /)d g qt /)l sF Oft
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t ar,.-/t t v! i ur ; fid f ,./s r J);,f, a jV O, / Jc

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 52

-:(PNJunctaonl ,fr PN -2.1

-1lt ! -f J,L
)t a- ;tit e. r,;v /rr,f at N.i {,-f.!'L ,/d,f ,.t e
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Contact
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P Type N Type
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t : ) ?. i w L -* ; ! L 6,2 t Z v N,.u i v L -P-; * L rJ/-. / Z v P ri .f? pN di
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,i iV L,f-;,>) {,jk
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 53

-! ru +,fl w -u! { Jt o* {i-,?. 1 + } Jt iv t jV lf ? i-9 t,

-: (Diode) 3't $6 o
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't ,.1 ,./,ti ,i,.8' ut rtt, L.[,! et ,fncingl i'2fr
(logrc) + u tb I Jtl) ;P ,i? 7;' i"
,.-jr (arrthmelrcl &4, t t( i.v ,,t (counring; -E';tr, 1t,m,ng; -lc 'lseque
j.vL o21!-.i,,; .:,! jt,;t/.1.ita11,, +iV r! )a6.,y'!.e 1tia4 t- L +,iq,r
I .,,)r, ,l) -,* r (processes) F\ !-,; L (modules) l{t * .->ii tt ,.>- ct Jtu-t t E'i
:'1c9! )'/{
;r1, 1 L L 1, (,7 {,s, J, /; r uf 1- O. I {,.t,./t t ;,-H' i ut " gt- t'itr u7 t
t, t
1
'"4
Jt, t .,.i1 - 4 L it r/, li - : :t,! fu* a iii,tt s- ct,,, - iv,J, /Jti, i ;ri'
" r { t'lLcl ),/ i Lt,!' r'i.: 7 c/ J,,/ t!, A L t ; L o * y ; s' a -;P i!,fi
t

" OR,eiro ;21 ;, it ? L c,r ){ u-t it (PLCI ),/ 4 t l' n i, i r- [',,

NOT .

OrrFlrl
bil,
l.ruf d.Ylo..
...Jng
tlrdc-

Fte ' t,a Er.lc eo,rgoll.nl. or a PLC

I 7lt t,P JE, + tit J e v { { .llesignetl jt 7-1 tf { G/'

C} tt, f L L / lsovel
i2r--',;vi{ 7,1iJ,.y'1J7,,L,,d,, r1..g4t- ttt'-V{J,.y'{G/!t /,r,,t:)r iP) 7r1i
.n 1 t* J. t, I I 4,t Jl -Lv { 1 ; S 7 6, 4*, t, tu ;Et -ft a :,> )tet { L : e Uf
t o
y Y-

,+, l, ! i'Jc + { v {,1,*., i i ! u t)vi { 4 t Llt - ? d v v Jt - lvi c-' 2-

 55

s !- Pl.C t r' - - .5.4 t -.( t t.i1 lt i L Z e,,4,! L / J- -: / W ) rF L t

';' i I it i,; t :
.4 1

.i :p i,ts-, ,,,,3 ri'. -8,( J!)U-: tr f '{,-,1G,,r',4iit1, i/:PLC 4 -LV

-art,f,/.,tr,-l<u,
1 7,,,,,, ii j / t, ;irl L / r, ii e{tt, L,i L PLCs sfr n i,/
./'t : 4-
"2
lz.'! .::: -. vt r.it J; i ie) :1,il;r .t 1,',. ,-t !:+ { t * ji ,t.; ,t, gl 6q -l/}l
-4', 6 2 i -t- .,j z ;, i
t j.> il .f:) t i .><, tJ,2 1 t Jvi,,5 2 t 7-=, I i rt cNC L J,/
.
e<
r t

; > t uQ ;..,r ),,r' j. { a., ! J ;t /- - ? !,V V' J*t t Jy( i G t, 67 t t 11,r. 4 2 tr

-= t* jvt G J*t L ptCs tl gt o tti,F- p,,r
-:(advantages of PLCI iiLPLC
- -; i- t u ;' i f ! : * L J* L ) lr -6.,t u'., l' i1 ..>4,! ;.t,,{,7,,
, u.. t

;.1.!, v -i: .. j r, /.-! i'.i.: {,1,. o i- oz ? { g iro, { u *,p 1. t L ptcj tt t

-+ i v t,v iii,;r5,t L ),,y'ir Ji *,r '!
; 1 r, t ; *:.--'{ i i/'3'.,, o + O L6 ),.y',,*,r* iv L,f ,, 4 + c* rz 1 l2l
.?
,, ],,7.r.-}.fvL1;i,-;9L(contacts) .:;*i;rf ;/J,t,:tsin j,Et-+t'i-\rt l3l
t VV'JP'*,/q-'{,i ! i,t:.key -:./,rt -+ i*,\) q. ,t,o {,1,;,si $:ttcTst
-+ ,)Z d/-fiu 3 L L .)PL !.r*r. f z- ,i ),/1u -E a
1 v,(.,, 2- L L /J'fl o* 6,!' 1
- tr! 4 - v V { J,,//',tP tP - t e PLc { (1}
-1

-ar/-i{*4,!il',{
,')-, ,2. ,,f ),,y'fv -({ + w, ,6t 'E ,:t ,fl ,.}E c\) 'fl PLC 4 q ,! ),,y' tlu,, lSl
_et*,$,J,d t!_ L L,!1f /,1, f rcy,,,,t );t$f
L.+,,, tu. ri J,,y' V t- -,ir p, .1,,! dL r' -L,il ti -,r,! i,t xey
j/ i-PLc (6)
L 1 t.;' i iu i,1t o,r J vL-:,1,/,-r' " il i*,.8'-fv -Jd ! G )/ 1u -Q 1 fi v
'1i'yo"r,!.J-'5ir.f
,,u i ? c* ;r {,1 J, G ;, .,t t gvi itbt 4 r',! ptc
-t ol { J-i t,f d ttl
+ w,(,, J, $( L L.&st ul ),/
-- rn (,,, ;v jliU - o{ I
I V V -* rj u L -.:')wr I i J', ;-Vi (rnstal!) Jv, irllJ,/L ),/,Ft,, $l
v' 4 )' tt J & yJ t, ii 4 - oilu,,) PLc /,-J7 Lu Lv { J,/ +,
; L PLc * ?

-e-gn.*r,!J'Llq-frv
 56

j:,,, i: ?,{ y'

v u{-, yurrz 4 (Monitor) ?-t tr ti ;r{ rt," L i( { c?'qi L lf
PLC (9}

= $:,.f ,.i E - =- i-, r, q i/ -c

/
y' { -{,. PLC ;;- -t*,d,f vi, rr> .1, J t-f* r L )' P t
:
,.f €,, r L,j -
-.j ),,f t gt,;, /
ut v y! { ;t v;t i },.1 rtog,cpaurs),r'-! -6. t L l.f
i. 'f is I l, LYi
,,t r- t!, ivi 6 ul.),n ,! rly'rt o,t { PtE'A Lt
Lq
y!' tf
9'/-t{t 1) :t =
e,,f V,l
t;r fi
V f
o< i, ) (.'t p. L ) 1, .,,t Lu {!7
PLC (rgl
4E -i, ,j!,J,,;,.jt,,r + i-t f,t t-* ,)', Li i u) ri'-+ {
.r'/
-- d=?,G )/1v ,!rr,! Jlt J4! (Documenlalpn)
.t,,, )tpi jl{1,;',, LJ,!,rt!t+ir*tcf lrJ tsecuritvli,t'.f etc $tl
-{i,,1 J-; - ir J,, f ,,, - ;
- -'{ V V & Gopyl,l( 1J.v Lb,r i[t +t ?
] v t4 v til .,0' 4 + lPLc (r 2)
c 1

,;L,.tlPLcLtr.. {i.i-!-:/fri:,t'i.!!L.[Jit,,t,1yL.lJiupaanual)Jtia (13)

'*;{ v,!-6ui1''l
.;
s uf.l 3.;'.ri, i. t-,1 &, -f u6 L,r,) it'.i i S Ut 1J.V L,z!t t ul 7 lt PLC (14)
t 1et

-4'!.!i',r.- ivi{,f ,
-p7,,,
.: gvi j* (,r,t, i L r! {t, s4 L r e,rt i,.f 1,, q L r !- :'. tt g t, l15l
t

-v! ,12 ,i"' ut g'iv

=?'i'
-:(Disadvantages of PLC) .u ll.JLetC
i,i,,,r a ;,,,j' i!- L,t )t * j
7 {,,, 4 z v, I vl Sia r! rlt.- + rl L n &'l* o

j J-,j ?;'tt oz';i 5,;'4-;r,,'{ !.ri, r,lr,r iil0i-l'::!i:'i:fi:',;

-? tzq JPt ( PLC lu* J" t?'ai fr Jt i! ;r ')r gl"="r
-', LV v. t :y; i s Jtf o!',,i', I Ll o z e t? ->.t, J tt { i -
! -; ( u' "/'! PLc (3)

- e t v 4' u), t' / )P t ('' 1- r.,t d, + *r c)$r L L n 4

) t (nler tuption) ;l'rJ sF tl t )t,

(rhe Baaic etcl)r/J.tt in 114t5'1. c

1- v,f I ? $ tfi' r))'7 "t PLc 4
- et

(Cenlral Processrng Unil) u1,-tau JF,'t,,( iV"l (1t

(Programming key Board and monilor) f-t,rt irlkey 'izt)i+ l2l
(lnput and output rnodulesl )tits.+ii"ti'ut (3)
 57

dtrii5 llfr CJl3 o

(Dcs) fin
rii-=i- -,' j,/tP.-;it/st-)t-i J rtrtcn,it -* (J',/titii4,
,r,, ( i.- rt, J :,y' @enrall J I r 4 / - + tn,V' i vl t./r|,.y' / yrt lt 2 1 nt -1
=
,,;- DCS -.- cl J,/ - 1,, 1,.{ 6 7 i ;.t,.y'.lt -l ta + /, L F i DCS -e- rr.,,!
:,

remote +: - c- t) rtl i ->- i el f .i.i trv G t,'t vq i 7fi i, r' -,,t - e f z rcliabity e
e

-R -1 ,1,,|v,!'a4,'! rr'.:,r.,t JP-t

I arF.u.cry I l-s.r--1
co.rgrl.n
tffil rffil
I o..rrero I colro
I Coipurrr I I I I I

d\
F

-.r,1 t- it, tt - Z Zv'! Sv, at z- /;r fl, Sl+.f $1,t ) /- ;t,/, 1'F OCS
( ;it7-;
-:t -Z LL: { irf C.!, u{{' J,/ 16,y,,/ .)i7 rt ,),/rq G ,;l JZ )tl
-
,,,
- 4 4 i, i )- DCS,,r SCADA,J et -O tb,, i J, rntegralron
z DCS li c -,i \i
J,./Jrrn ,r --i j* (t,'!; q. i,i,u !l-,6-, '1V -vi LV { JPt-,.f ,.ttL,tl1 ,tA
'u, f,t'(L0t:!)q'P'
( DCS zr, PLC ;d
-,.J,i ->:\-,i Dcs + -1 :,, Jv? '! L/ J',fi P-h { E-z Ll,,PLc
y (1)

-1u LL L'r
i :tr -ru t o)116 i./y - + iv i J*, vt.tv! iii uc I -* ( Ld.t'/4PLc (2)
=
-
- Jv { - .ti
vi- log,cal .-?u- LJ Jt -? 2, ,e y'' i,a ,J,/1 i' 4 rii ti "r 'a t'/)t'
u'-rP,, eLldt lc-tprotocotl & -0,/4rc" 4 -7t./ lusel'y'J";l r;r!r,ifi
i,, i ;v L J,/,;,t,,7 ;tV 4 - , ,/ q Ll L6 q'/t .* ;),{rf ,n -- iV
-'i
-(contror prorodoDJf -f Dcs * + )/4pLc JliP'
 Controt Systemsjrlr rlgjir5 -a
Terminologies o

-:Controlled Variable
i)t -,.i, u, l,) t,,l:, lP -a E:t,P t,/,1,,/ a a t? ct { -. -ii L - i,
-q { (cY'1 1".-r,!4 )2/{;7:'s=,,1<,,
- :illanipu lated Variable
f jy,ti ib-c-d,r,)t q(:1r-lb)set pontjht(t,)),,{t <-tr 1}=rg4tr-
,i Jb o,t u,t i i- V L { set poant -,, g ..,u. { ;, 1,,t x rP 91"y 1 /.-r g1 )J,l' ) /=- i
-1!a !'r6a,,ll J (sream)=q
_:Error Singal
- lb,,r /-; i, nr L j1y,/-
+ cr,,j / t g !,t t L $pl J ?.D - )b tt (pyl sf. < 1J 4 g( y r

-a a{ es,, $r,j) t,;tV,, L 8.1

-:Set point
,f 70 o,,2,.,,. )b (,)! q, : L F zi li iP -c- ild uq :,1, J ? -ui - lt {,/ra
-( id{J I s ib st2,. n i/,J< o q L / fb 7 ? ;.i
point S &g
-.iieasured
,t S tg .-i rlro (Ji,lvatue r? r{ },t,,t,,t?,,t. Jl ip tn 6t, d6 l,f ,.{

-Ld Measured pornt

-:_! e/rrt
u( r,g .t L J r/ i o, Jt ( + cii vl,l. t I J,/g-t, I ( J,/ t U
.4 :
=
-r)nsfiw i, 'f i{
,Grl
*ory
l! !wiru
llFg Aoopco@ontrol syrtcm"
 59

!- -.4,.{ f ,t.& t! * :- ;i vt- I + ( ; ),/ 1/rr) . J,/ -6 ii Vt 4 t -, rl :l

=
i,.l c.- <. i,tP-..i t,/' I i {"l,.f ,l- - + il + i L *,fv ! ;, = )b,n 1 it )tit )t l.y
--1$.-1i!V-atx

.:jdndtji5
-: Feed Forward Contro! o
"l-
,Ez I fl,-0'/* I
sii g14 ,.1- ? Jt/qt {t,
=l
u: lJ -L,.y'*: -i? ,;tt, i I * -.t J,/ u, 4- -: (Feedback Control) o
j.,, ) ur- o,s J j I ;- r.,, L !.-r,fi ,,,/t q,,t {Sp) i r: -Z
,. v,! d t
1 j r. vc,L -n,f
l=v) .!'n.ii' Ht,ii.r'ci,,,1,< 6,.fjtfr - .u,t .z.l4l) !.'r 6at t,/i lP - ar.l
-? t 1 :it g ->1 .;/.t, / r)n,5a, lr/./ t,J Jl /
tJ
 60

-,J,/P-, o
+ L /,fv or, f i L 1,;
el! : t - ;s L {' i7,' L y''e'j : ;(r'i " i ut' ift ut'7' ;'
4

? rf i) 1v
- ,i /1i ]t ,J, i -i .it -.: { (l )'/ ) /- a' "t (wrld feed) f / {tl I
-. ti :c + J,.y' Technrque -'.i'1.' V d J.t' =t
?low Fr.cuon (Rrtl,o) ControlLl
VlEF...l

f,rt trrEllrtrf. :P\/l

tFC.bh.'cn.cnO, J.
G.tfraDt }{-, G-r
afa-a- -@
a

- Q\ly'lv{)cascade control o
i
-E/
.t,,y'.:i ;'/ -o ), /,, .i
=r'
J,.y' it
;, -.: { '.i.y' slave'{c?, ,,t \/ .;'t'{
set pornt '' ),/ n ,outout ti -\,/ slave ec
6 -t,,L' ;t lL j, -a i,t i,.i a.Opst f i
--ofllriY,tici'4
PV,/ SP ,-'E i, !-, JV": j J,.y'';-t -:Proportionat Controt o
z !
C,,lt- o iJ - <-trt J.v,:- -.t: : i)
'),:)y,'!
-t/t!'t:t
 61

-: lntegrad Control o
EqTF'N4, t.t L Propottional Conirot, 4 J,,y'=
lt -a jr
a
E
-lr

,
oo.:xE'
ts-t
prooess /,, set pornt
conective aclion # error
jV
g!.,,
6, J*,
Lvareble
I
fu-l.IJE
-'(D Tl3': -1-9ff'rl*{
& 00==
a "i9 -'i, 'c
,{, output,.t ,/'( Technrque J Control O
,,y',fi 4
=-:Derivative
: ),./ integrated,rr proporlional.- - tt tt,r: L Lr : eror lr,x /J--: Jinputri
- i t$ JPt.iL;v
sfow respoce [?/,J - r,,P: LlvPb h 7resr.onse 6 -+ ilV,! J*, G
al lt t,* 1,
- :,t,..Y C q.oulpul value ei |
-I
un /- Oto J*, .-t
=
-:3 Element Control o
press d,-:V f tr Jv-t eL' UL LJ/,t -
communrcate iv L r-7r, {t { vafiable
(u iZ+tgfl,.// P.v qifl{t,f J
3-Etemenr,J,y'Jt f,if ),t 2-1 i!,,,,
}-o!r
ia=E=-l
rO...-r,G.
-+rV{ design4J,,y'
l I
I sr.-rt- ,

-+ iV '! Jy,J variables sr it J,/U- ei 3-Element

-,t*,, ! t t J,,,f- r,i (-t F-2 - )L )u 6 1, i {-t
-*, I ( )u'i i- (,, t

.:il ! J )- )b Jr- cV { J r/l g lt J y' fi -c- .d,,, }, /Jl f, i ti (

- <,.1 =i J,/tt t

-:.: ttr. J'. ,)',rt L

=i $t, ,;/-;z flr gEt( [V, Jl -1-, ,3; $ L L f
: ,r,
-t * d, t h rcnge,ji $ J)-,J f, t
tr, secondary element { j y',., i, c- tl 6 element +, *,,, } f gt v't J,y',,rt
tt

-?;i.Ee inpu ,!),/)t, ii-;i1f,i zic),r'\,.f ourpur4 gir-c-tl

 Electronic Devices jlrlilgi Sigri*tl . s
-:(Resistor) ,?, .
u'.iA J, J4, - -.. i..lh *7 g: L- -:.:'lfit 2 e s47; passve J, -e-.L

,,,o j64i !,,Q-,;tP (actrve devrce)riq)fr{. -*t/cl )f'|=c.[u;/,]L

-2d e{ j*t
l{ L/?
:(Transisterl fl) .
l.r ! 6 r,F #,,,* :-,f dr t ttt ut? L t *,.r tt - - i,g: /y,f 4.
,i a r*, ;q'1, 1,P 1 -fr ptv i r. !-(back-to-back) i. - ;-,J,, /, i,f' )4 il = - +
,,,f . (emitler) lr vl -4 Lu ;i,ft I (regrons) f: ,f , P ;i,,
= -v!
!-t /4,f i
.*, L i-, €, L,.u J i,r rtV, LO j,1; --! { (corecrer) f{,t, (base)
/-,,J, rcn =
-{t,1,r, Jiq,s.-t ;t i.o! it),;2 t'r -S
-:(Actuator),.!t.1r.1t<1t o
,,r'' 4 : -e t:,,r - i ( L.i ),/ r, I : erl { ( t r, {. u!, - ?, :a 4 t 2{ ;-r i t
r s

-a;) j,i,t: J.;t ,t{6..:, u{ut}-? t/it, F1,.rt= =z -?" (mover)

-:(sensor)/ o
,.'''i 7, .;(rnput) +:,r, : o $,1,f ,rr <- (delects) i & 4 t 3tr' { d z 1 r;,7: r, -
.
71

).t ) :l ) Lt i-'< JrP, -l,tr ( J: fi - ; { *,.d, 2: t=. Er, jr. jt,. e,r z rnput - -4
: t

0.1 : ; 2 i v./t,,t 7, i, ; 1 f t passrve.,!;, i,, /, it> ?* ^,,,: {

iV r! - xU L .., tt D r!

-: Transduc er;71DU o
,;, L,)..1 +: .1v. / t, i lr ) - ? i.i rll J- 6.,, I ec {t j j. ;, t 7 j,i,,,
=. i rl
-t tr,? -18, ic; LiJr. . (;7,5Jr. ;i,) echoes jr, 4i ;,ti a u;'tt A,tt - f ,f
I -.i!-{'l (mouthand earslsr(,tt:- d.f}iv',* { ;.tiPt) -v!+';J-,:
)71)/t.z ;,r ).2: i,,{- € ,.f I b, irr + J( {,tt,,r,tlr t j-i ;/,t, ,,r ;g! 7-/ta -, ),= ,,
--! ug { J*tL L L) 'x i;7';E ='q
 63

,.{.t, * :P, }i I =i )) ;-i )l o

-t -i,., d r.-* rll
=i {, j,(gas-filled)
(yp) sensrtive
@noto JElt )i"i-..;,1,' -.-
photovallatc i't /r -? stt)t *L) y' emrssrve cell)
1( zi- )i -E- 2 {-;v - eF photoconductve !
'? {n l' O"' g g' -'' g!'A SPt * o"

-:(Limit SwatcilAr ! o
,i
-,y,f ,!'': .: { { L, 1' 4 i, J A -l hit e6-Et
L f J,{rt, - -=t* irti e r!*r,! Z dy - Jt
u/tt-: .L!,flt 4, -? ti1{ ZL L-Jtt ;t dq,* L -,
c- (contacts) /',6-l'r,l J+'.tit .t ul - a i)rr
-/rii = ,1 -? jf,i )- {, (obJect) ,-; ji -. - -1 ,, .U
i : rrr ?. ? l ulv ,F'- 4t - ul -? j-, .r',.:z,,ri { contact
-?tVr (make or breaklud
s. d ovi Ut'- Lt'Ji- J{-ui Lr. )*t,i e-it)t,r./ &,,j,,v q l, .)
6 gt- q LirP-(LcLtravetttt.-Ee-;1v( L,l,j,tr.,,t,ri,zr j;i,f , -rE Lt,Jq.,

-V" i i, ! I ( ;tt ! ;t -6'! -./L L (t m,rof travet) -,! r L ;i dJ*, u I

I
-: (tntegrated circuts) lL t O ji o I

lv 1-,) ,, i4 ,! ,.t 4 "( ,;tl. fu'{ passive .,r, actrve 'v G u?.Jr uv u-'1
--: ,.1-\ ji:,,,2 J ,S
j7 -* rt/o ji e cv
;ii;,i1-'ii ,iiifoi>-'J) -,i sjii!;r -i
-:(tono lithic lc) rS ji,!!;r -i
it 1 vt1 yu i d 4 "P1 lW { i{ passive .,,r actrve ,.t ,2 /,!-, 4 ,! rc
-jt Lr2(--: u6*64 *:{fAvc Oi,;,--s1{r;ii il
-:(Thick & thin fil tclcotf,lyt.S -fi
- i L-lr !b, + t,! JH -tl ;' S!'-v..,! 4 ttt* / .t{, r / G e2. / tit-t 4,! a jr
: u { ( ft'*t, il,# *JPassrve ;,* t5,g { ; ji I l,tt - +, g: t $ I gl lt-0
 -"cbt{Jh2-L
-:(Hybrrd gtl 6t t-t & -nt
,,5 ii ;t il r { tt h t o ii f ,l L, -o ",,s ii o! tr t,t,t'$ {,1. 14,! 6 Ji
-"rd
j-{' -,a z, L,{i'i:'-:"'
Lt'teiny{-r reliable -r
'6
-a ir,ry: a7 -t -ai,r,,!t C,l,-o
-ae,,{{tfe -; -ainr,l;f,ft-t
-q LV Lyy'7tirr; O4r
-etdLdTB o
-+,,f' w rtn -,tr r! *t t$) gl st o
-dvJu.,.dj{cro' .
-rtv{,(n,vfr o
--- -,;tV, L,,F{'e r,i st t
I u! LV Lu.,f{ A,',; "y) 4 1 al 6 4 i{ o
G g,

-'4L"Jt, o
-'t/',tJ;*/, r:!). o
I
I
-:(Capacitorl lpl+fo
I
! ,4, 9-lt doy,,L ctacnutart*iv,r, ,}gtfi nti qtlt
j';,tc {(-y
! ,/-f *,Er gr Jlt it * c H4 -a r{.{+ cy yt ./,.* f t / uA c' /t, L
- A { I t"*rdenser) lt )/;' ri/' H- a v t.i,, r / $ i
t,.rt E, t, ;

l" rt t grorel 6 6. ;t G e,r { ;1} &,A, t,i{ ! (compone ng e{ Jtlt 2t .lt

-?EU{
Gl, fitt6,u,Qt i9) /- tt 6/,;tV,, L ot /t,i, i L -7,, $ { 1i*,)v, " I
t,

L I t,'t'e,g r,t ./ I s g, y JE, ./ tt ;v L o, L n-) t,fg / ui* o h c)t nt Ll

t
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 65

- a J-i 0,, e v,,! L, t?' w,r' 1, il -,a

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- eN{ ozi, ?. - n- rt Ji L 1, -r )' iat L r/+, Ji
i/6,
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J,{L {, { ), j,v J, - - }n,a e tt7 ;r! Jt't i i, i'-,,/,,! ;
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iv,, 4,1,,t, - - { !{, G,f t 1, Ji iv, r,)', Lv,! / ilrrroi't*rtvl Ltlt Jl
a Jr ,.Fa' alloys n L {'r 'i iy' 6k iv"' '--cn J'{ & 4 '/
(bimetall. strip) d;

S,/*- c-vtr.;Evinl )it (ltl,ai)v,!i,-4 i, L,,,J,,/,i L,Li/r.-

Bmealllc'
ilhYCodrctr tltrlP

trdrrd
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Curent Tranrfonrrr
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+ rl i V +, i f ,,vt )'t.i t J' t r; -+' * i" *',r o t h':

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r* (t iv L 1,i lI/
tgt' Vn .tt lFifi tflt ,{t ( st -q ,fr '-f t str| }v' " "f lv J''t'
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 66

-:(ApplicationlJPt
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- q iv,! J* t { f , $r.- +,/ et )t ? /t r,t rl,,,t {?- 7. $l

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! -.i id'/=, -€*.*,, ,J', Ll
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jt
s itti 1,-t- iy. - il,r,.?.:;,/3,,;, {ti irri* -+*tf u( )=, -frL-,H,
-A,t-,/*{i,+
-:lTtmelr)]lt o
{ J*,1 LE 6, -z 7t1i.fit {, (prooessl Ur-v J,>1, jy
ufr,+,u r l..a-r
J:,i.,t.d- -i, { r J,f,t ti,,)r,.-6-;,,,f* tl:lt-4 Zr<-#-t/tef,tt iv,
-=rVt q ic*,;L l'+g*61oiat1Jt;4v ftot -en LrLuP6tdlu
]t:y: t:iv)t J,{-: - e tr )pr i!- L L.iq ir ! ltntelal.SJyr lTimrng)
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Jv ef lfu,t.q- 1i,ilv; -?ciC,; w L LfiieNattqt (r,.iz,- (
t',. irb)tJi J,{-zQi Lv r.4r,u}/;/,/-l,f 1J+ lv
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 67

(Etectrical devices) jni,#5 rr*j*ll _ e

r y.E ?-t )) { j /-. u', | _+ fi v r{ 6,o ur,, a + /4 j'f

-:(Lead Acid Batteryl 6l pl)l- o
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-:jy'rrSolenoid a
r-,'-. / j L <,{, lrl :},, ? z- q 1/ i t, 1t i b )t su/ t . { J - 1,-, I J,,y'Jt -
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4 -c Z,.d i,r,;,) t a, *,5,,;. t .- rl tu. L tr 2.-t t 2_
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"( r { r:"l -; ;.v
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L / j,.:';v L Jt &,.t y; / g itt t )r Jt Jt, LV,! J*, l_ L,,zv
J,/.t,t.
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 68

!i!- un -vV{J,/+,;L l,/4/,rttett:t 1i'8

":it t! rl'+ ')*
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r J'v il oV' < o'E 11

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(Jt o,f 0 u,' rFl + o'* il / :it tl i' G V
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4 ]*-9 o u! L elf + ;;r {J'; v - 2' )'i/ t7 o
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f -n

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- rJi t n Beturnl c.i-, L (Dt'lll u' / 6 ) 6' ; ) r 7 a'i 4'{'l'
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,t,./,i 6 Z,c - a * d, {+ {{7 -v /,5 i' l-b L r 4 6 J
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 69
t c- )i u-t 4 t,t O -,,{v,,1' 4 fJlt ti Jf jn
*t el - + Jt tL .y.t2
-+ r/,f f ,*9F-l gE !7 c7n e_ Jr 4 ttl
t

-<- r.Qr q r 4.,l,i,f-fi ;. el

-a c,l,.ll r, 1, i L s/tt 4p,p, 1s,
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r-tl.rd-
L
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t f-t, r{arr-rf
E==*t I Itr-'*E*-
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hffrhrrrCryrn

1O: {vwUe r(Ldtt o

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(step-up transforme rl ?tyt) vi ttt *
(ty'l { ?vu 1t -t ild/,,vti z, + i t/li
C fl,, ,,y: / fl,, {t vu,i q,
- + i n Ft r, fi, \ ) L t {
tt -t At, d, E 4 I ltunsyu,.4 {L,t',5, J y,,
t

(step.down Transformorl ?tyt) c)rtt,* el

-it"t,6;tqr!r,vt)rlt -- a\fnwlefirti+t/J-iG, d,,fi d,,,4;t ),v0 u-t
-+ j" f< u,4 {L .,c jr.lu,, rt,*4 a v*,+: L,t {,1
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-: (Conductor, lnsulator and Semi Conductotl )U 6 rl /-tt' ftf o
{ i, E t
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t ..|? i itI.,tt o +v,-e6 VU ,!'J,,iltflt,1f ;',n?6 V{ '.f l.r,t

-pV.[O,t;
j,i i tr - a vv n k O,g,i' < !' i -v, i iv y, /utg ;' i't / t'1 {,'' l',,' - r Vi O,V *
q:,!--t t L ; v ! t,i+s-t, +, /'.:t f) L eb t ir )ir g - ?f i, 5'liv' L rv -P -t v L
-!v :;In {;f ,s<,,,Iir, tlL ;E J.;r /tt?v,L,Vtrtl-+ct
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;.i'i'?{,}'o1)vi aQJ)'+ -f ir,,'4 i-V L!;l

'ti igct.A'i)J,l l'f 4
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i ( /d,.f-,,r,t ; 0( .-.' i r!,\'/ r t ilr q'l / ;t''ri,l itl ) i,l U 1t
;: - a t 6

,'iZ,=,/) i.r!r\t,,te; jt *r*P,! tf r,*uf i:,.t",1',f L* l.Hz't i;/

,,,/b'i t;Vt-/, -ui in gvttL .y'-rit,t /',rl-?r' i tlt i1 1;/7t 4t $; 't 4 Lt
szi,(z:r (S.ircon)u4., (Germanuml, fi -; { il,.Fa 4tu -l.1,t4ctV,:L .!'r\
-q )-r ft\f ,t/.
-:(Elecffrc Charge)(7.,| JEt .
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-:(coulomb) J. / o
4 - ,l -) nri o O te,y t; c=t,2 {,rti - C +t nt ?rry' (Coutomol J/-t1( l2'9
'+ { i'-,t P'} J;'."o 4 i'! J' {
V

{ Ji.-,78*bt!w(it.4t 6.29 x 1018 (r)

-A
- i{ J{-, a { /,f 4,Jr,,,= I 4 b,9 t, -ri fr' 4 tE'* 4 tul
 71

-:(Resistanceslt;J1:t o
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9
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t-
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-,/.r'r,
-- - + L -'-/: uPi ,ty,, i -y ,:'./Jf t
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<b e- A :-' i c- Fr: (Ampere) /. -t e:7 (,t.1.! { (,, j ) o./ JE' d { 9; { da L 7,y
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--i olt 1i,,,.1-;4.u { s; Jf t

-:; ii2/i 1n1 sfit;(t)

-{Oirect Current) .;./*./-t,: ltl
u:.i'j-lr:(,)r. sil-.-,v,,tC- ll6eil ila,t,.t
fze.,-Jt
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VOLTAGE O

lel (b)
omononrrtm otD.c..nd
A.c.
 .72
-:(Amperc) /l o
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,l + ir{ f'.1, u.l6t, 2, y'o (v tlt ? e }'
t 1 Ampere' 1 Coulomb / see.

1 Ampere= lVolt /lOhm

e h,*Liq, L i'A,e/,.t ;fi,f ,/-Ett e 4,! iv L i,lt,:;/G :fl le|
,)k{.-t I iV,) G s t! ;u. L O,y *:tr.a//t -? tu 6 - +,! rE L n h,V J fi! J
r{.t.[ J,8, -t i LV 0,1,,*,! iV L i,8,,,a/.rt,t 6 { a,/ 6t z ! (Conventional)
-+ ik
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L fid -* c{ d'y JFt + En 6* iV. t i'l' ,i /rl,f di L ,.t 4l i, u,
i t, iV. ( -r/,:tv, L eta gt .7,), r. r!,.t O i,, t,.Fl tt L n / E cty, t L ( 6, { ow " d
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L i { i-q 2- -E 1v ev, e p 4 / O,l J. /4 lil
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d
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L,l. *i, E < G=t /R# /:t {,.1, t 1f:, g tvt r-7,' -a in {c *. & fir r!iD,
>

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''$slfit o
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''41';(iVfi'
-:(Work)1( r
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u.I L t S" t- s { *i gt y' "'"r LV i("? i "r"', ( dl
$ "

Work done = Force x Distance

W=F x S
-:(Untt orwernlfi.Jf(
,! oi ;, y',,,,t Lb i() ri { i; 4 I 4 t -+(Joub) Jik 1){ { ft $ ( MKS (r)
+
5t' - 15 {' JtV 4 /"'i',Jtt { 1( i''/L
)'s F 4 C s
I ioule = 1 Newton'meter

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i o i 1,,.- L6 e i tt. a'r1 :t til 4 1 I dl'+ Sn iit, I' ir"! r('r . F'P's
(10

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( t,,7.- t,lr lword donel 1 ( lu L n n7 c W n! n/ e.P 1 UV'
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t /
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1 wan = i joule/r"" rf-+ ljrot',J'L){L't1(?t'ilti)tJtt"4tf E4/l
*' ii',1,f a (r$ tu / / z-v r!'t" lg.'!'t,
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oil
Jv ir,,./ a i,!
x AmPl -9tel4'
VoltxAmPf ''!'14
= vl [t
W=Vl
w Watt== I Volt
[1 watt

+ it{,,|,-dC; { i-t1( o {ti ,.d'l -: (illechanic al Powetltyf

:.- ;l;;t ii.,,',Fi r,,"'
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-:(Hotse Powerl nl;bl o

-?i{,* i! 4 U{ - t1( E A } i! :.t sso y.t j : ;r .., ssooo (0
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l- - q {,*rt t 4 c-i ir i,* rt 4 -/
it, u-' i z-V ttt G E 4
1 H.p = 550 ft lb/ sec = 550 r i.356 joules / sec = 746 wafis.
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- +,.F<
rr,,#,,t,.r
o t 4 4 : - ? r;[,7 r!'i-'
,.{rf
-:(Suction Case) Al
iu - c- $r,,!,)g,r rt,, u, -r 4 L ;!f - ; L r,

-,t G it +t o{ -E jy fs ,,1 ;}{, I ,r

,f,, z', L i /A .y
)a, 1 J:- y' irt(submerge)
cU fot lt tt: c,iic,- f-,t,1 47n t. L J,i,,ut - a 9x

- + rV l,,tl e ay6,r-\;.,t- A rrr tY

L ;H (
t7 t1 Str - p y'r Rising-tlain (ii)
? t,.
*< $ iv L )r. /,t t/ ttu
4t 4 ? cn ..y iv L,.l_ o,i
-?
- - c- tx )r -l4t J ,,r i4: :Driving Head (iii)
; E, t i. uc I {t i, t Jt ti,/ t i)il;r
=,tt +
-
Lr.:t (..tt - ? ir, (Coupte) v<:z iv L Jt i-,< !-
s;t ( ; )ft fl; !- I iC,, lr - 1 tr 6 Ja r-/.,8 e
-i- t'. flEi't -..v ti Lu-. + ett, b jEt - !-,t .

-:c/# gu6rnersible 12rar, iGdg S.S

,,, ;r JE, ,i Jt -
a ,rb + ic ! e -!r (modrlicatro nl .:.,: ,! ,i, Oeepwell sPr,: 4 ,
--! i-tt /ri,i+ e-{,; ili- Jyi_v..,!{,a,, i.trJlt -;i Lr u:i,i Jyr:i,,*
L !t,r,,1, f-a - 1 V rfu trQ gE J )r, rrt ;fv
- -,,v r,)( -,i ry A bj ( iC,,/ -,.f
,,t i^t, ,!,J* l,< l- 4 ,!;, L, - : j* i,;i-iiy,:;i-,.i:l:r"t""
Lr J*t i= ) " 2- L ;' - Lg Ly e Lr
- v! !. ;v L it 4*8,
=r)I
iu, e E lv L iy l,,f - * iV ;r,i f, ) iv,j ;, -, ( ory- rurotor 1iy
jg
- -. c b {,>,, i, 4 (Drvmg Oall Jt, i.t i (warer tqhr) -r'u- ) t 1., i
4
,r1':'1$'186-'t-""]:t,i?-,
j)ria:u:'i::';ilil,'if)"L'!rtr,,
 -,1f,,rtt// o
/iraoiat iv t i - v! Lx 4 lt *JP,.t,,,
L * i2 J-iti o )r J/-t ! I - d i-'o L f-,,flon
t,*,/J t a in j,f u o/ 4 ir J/-t - grt
- i L,, 1/ , ;,, f.r rAE-' -
+ in(i)enclosed
-o rt, il - etr 6 rl -o rla,t L I lb Ol-, oc ( Jt
- + i*,!'Jg r, i,,,r r,.l ? trr it?,, L .ir,tt i
u/u r, -,i LV 16,J z l L U- L 0! 4,
L ,)y ,i,,.fr;,! 1 o;r - ? tV L6 r.t utttt o'# {
J", 7 -
-\ Uff , .*,-tv e +,! ivz,t f S7
-,6,,-( ;E $t -f{ - q L,: iri i- ,-/,4eegwett
,./' r[,.r g-,i gt - + iu t dUr.,,t t-( vt rt v(
j';, j/,t - il.>,,s{ fiv J. :,,t Ln,i{'
-
Ju*, t L Li' ti. {Ji- L jl rf:,',,jy.i, ju: ;', nE
=

-4Lto
-: ufr1.ru l.l
i :,.t J f- J;.if Li,Y, - q L.l 16l ir .lr, nt ei L r i .*"'r -
=(
# i.rti ,E i./ g,vi r)y ilt c- fi i , - d L,, .-#6 d,, l,/ - ,.t! Ln
- ?,).; O,,.- r;, u( -C. J,;,q, - G,:lt - ;6, Lb z {iu Sf
il i, 2 -? t* i4 ;jJ- ,r, t 1v .- -c ! 4 -:lGear pump) 4 / U.t
- jr. J / ;'5 ;i..t, ety,, L .Jy',,, ;jf - A 4 /J f t $ Ji ;/.) i,, - e! L r i d L
L.i=i { Fni*t viscous ftquds) ;i'! ir-t: -?Wn.rE ;vL 2I ZI+ tV
- 6 Lr )Pt -1 $ i t,; i- ft !t,r ii - s i-i i(L

Outht Pressure
rclicf ualve

By.paac
patqge
Oil outht Oilazlet
krctbnl
Inlet Idkr gear
 90

-tz,((obelYl 3,4,2
,, L dt L.l. -,1 Lr tu,,,! ;: gn
(n$hl '2.,Qfl r,-,t Lr(leelhsf !
L L./ t2,r5 i {/t t c z 4),t 2 1 {, -,.f
t

Vt 0( v ra,' L il{L ot J{ - si Li (
- + w.rl,l Jt ( L./r( L st - ? tn

-:(Screw Pump)fi 1y' U.l

-a,f,;J,i4,!-1,,[dt
4t :i-/gy','t (helical) ,f!;/4 ar
zrf r€6rh,l -,f + /J 1l t - 6 L*
iv L(wcxetsl4 i', ol,, L il
/;i!st;7a : -?vt;)'! e'y:
t - un Jt, o et,i Lb :t e 1 fi /71
at - slg L./i(q k $epu4soo - 3ooo
{ -, $tt;r,2< / F dr t(/rl2Oo
Srlr, ioa .,i
 91

-: (PumpHeads) )h 4.
G (,f , i' ;,zl it
L ju,, /,t,
105 tp + ul) rt ir,& ( u,, ? fV { gA

- - c/,)-i it, 4 J{a,.f a ig,,

-:(lf,anomatric hJltt .
head)
iv: -.rt 4' : - ? tn t/it L t,, 4 jt' L l. - + h P,,,.1t,, h Jtr f
. tt

-a J,, / >, ( 7r) 4 c 7, nt ea rf '{ 6 fut - a vt,f I c- I L Lt La rx ri|

Ett

i'-ai* (he€ht) i,;,'- -q{,f-a'l,,Jih -:lStatlcLift) c.l,& o

lciigt.t -E
Static Laft; - (hs + hd)

- a ir.l f .l rJ,)i," ot rf - r5l'

-+rtv
Suction Head + hs + hB + Y2l2g
j{ rti"{ * ..:,,th64y/- -t,f = hf
{3ischarge / deliver headl hdt*i tQtlg .
Delavery heed = hd + llld + Y2d l2g
=+lrJ,li + +t1,lltcttJt2 . j1/ t 2,fur6,*,i
 92

t -t { fl i {ut, - 4 Lr, (', 7n 7. ctt,,, L i( L i I Ji- I >4 -, fil i o

- 6;'tt,,J
- 4 iiGgPt:+/1 - 7tt-lttll lal

,))t ,t .,tr ! :,: ,! ){t , .,,! Lb ;! ,,il .,rr :-rr Jt, ;- ,8, !- }} - L d 0}
:
7tl
,...tt,f7,r,eddy Li ( :rr (t,i,)

- s:, tt L I i,,rr zrr(frrctronal .P ),i,<t ;, ) ; n, f

I
= -: 7U -ltt il eTtt li)
n,- r j,,.-,,!
-'-' "'rf,:.'= L 4, ei ;tu tt - -. 7,t fi
\'" - v ;;[,,t
- p1

' -' u!; e";E t' L t'i! 4 u(

Qttili -
lLnom.tric H€ed uig, _i7 y 1r1

En rg, Supplied b 3hall per hg of wat l i'Jl,uL! (rr

*no-.r" *"o trrl I ,tJ-'PtJr,u (nl

. f
Il__lEneny Supptrd to 3hen (751 I
f w"igrrrolw"rrp) J
Wx Hm

.kJ'*t .ki-: =2fi o

-:QM3ji#,lt-/ o
-: {{2,,ii!(.*,"pr votume) 4l-/"f'' ut,,,i Jl-.t(2t{':(Actuar) t,* P=
- J! i-)."ti c-Co h-

Actual Discharge Per Stroke

Cd=
Volume Swept per Stroke
 93
.-;r: e./'r- JLir, /sweptL Ji/.r,LE tOrf ,r)ll q,,*rf tJ-c- jn {- {ttlco
-1.trtc-4{ slp)r{t-
-:y'-Srip o
-,i - <- jr:;- + J i-r.(clearancel -( c4: g!,,t L,,*,,t /, t&-, )r{e!$ t.! jl
'
; zf ij)lb,viE',,rrlr,(swepr) 44'Ly'- " -+A,({d,t,r!*J

Percentage of Slip= loox ry Volume Swept

 94

;;iJiJti-t

iti
o4id

,ftrJr-,.fr, ,#trJ, "r+,

cJ-Pic)t ,;t)-01

LL./7ieal
.-/JtL1) +bliL-=tt
ll
,r,,, *
ciVd- itid
*rm oiv,-dl
 'lrhri
rqj.
tit1
.1 1,5 ; H,,l i, -,fu L, oE, 6.,'t, L $ t. tt : I G 1620 j i l,t l- f
- {,Vr t
t

1 t Jz gt - q) 1,r it4' *,,r t','y Ji { r+; / -,!,6t it ;,.H' *,1881 L

=

,>,rQ,tSOO,-fri -(c-,t,r ,{.J: rlit; L,, Li JPr(ctr nt -gt $x )P,(Pnme Mover - U,r
-cE o,Viu.,lty't;,Jz-
.J,, z{) ir,J),,.hJ-.:f,,f-< () d'JVtL 1e,,,!t - +,,r lqu,ilil
-c-cvr[rfv(J.t
.-:i/t ( L./ 1( o
,j i. f rf c J. ;, F, ? rV { J--i t- ( jr 0,,) 6. ;',f { 6.;, Ji rf j l) (
-
2,, J/di|-< L F-+tr. t c\tJ6tL(,vsttit l(-+i/,*,J;,rl-8,o,,
is'l t) t - - + iV r. v!':,,r ivi,!t,,i;;r .2 I = I - ?tV \, L tt,-t, i /.,t !'e- $ J i I
- i cb n Jr:>r,( (motonlJz'(1,?+it/- ;[ -l,rL cIVn (Kinelic Energv)
- + V. .tt t ( Lf tr.:o,! i ;, - + t V r vl i(momenlum) ar F 1 .f
(
I

)4rq,JV -?rVL, Gxoandll4t L;f, t ):i,f fly'ti (o,it

L ;v L tt i,, / 4,!tt, & L I o ; l.,f t, - + c v r J,: 6 it' r,!t 1! 6tt, it"' ='.,
rV{? 4
-E 4 oV" L il, Jrt - rli
q' f / r,c t - ? rv { A #} J ;[. Jtr L r
t 6,,i,yv ; l. -ttr Lu E,.e t : ! fi ct' - 4'c t :.t iv L J -( ( it ; il i"i - -
- c- E* t { [ J,r L' u / J'.' *' 8l
u-

-:(Ctassification) 6* :tr r! ili .

-,.-ytlLtf-:a t[ L/ -t
ji,fr'6,-,.fr, o
iu;,f-ttJ, wl it;,./u tal
, o ttlL rf-rri 1! 1rrrlul1 L ( -z
$ :> O y' rasenriat (c) ivi l Ji.tul it.; f J-f, Ol
-it)$|rJ, $l y' nerca (e)
-+ tt! L 'ti 1! VaL. -l
v+;{l (b) it;{P (a)
 c tU L Jv r! Lr, ,r-tfi L /
-t -e
4iJtd7)c (b) iV<t O,/ <al
-,.- tlLit(intet).:/gr f -s
).r, /uf'dr r r'/f z e1.2----------ir//-4t 1a1

fu -E f Fdr r r,filao--------il;2,,(t (b)

a ),a ,z,f dr r r,l{n---------it;?-<Jt (c)
,2q ,,,, o luf Ar t (,i/tzO----jt;?<& q. (d)
)4 1t - ridr r r,//zzs----iu;,2t ,li/; (e)

-:c tALJet -s
(fi.2 ,,t '-dJHk.:*( (al
(),1 - t)Lt)6,*k&afu, lbl
cV 6,r. t-D jV &r k ta tfu, Gt

-?LLto,E.! /ui JrLnJPt ,,y; .q o

Jl' tsl
-gr LtrZc'r,iL jl)
i,)). ,n ), (2, J;)
i (1)

-:(impulse turbine) il; ,,t, ..

a j,, {erpanoyJ46,l;i-;rFirl
lq(ul ?1i,/- ;[ -!*ttt fi. s. .-
€r-4LrDqiO;iLr-*V,iP
-a iz, r, t,J, l*n"ruel i i { ;1., -+
,r
(e-. F- + iV,itt iVL /,-f1r q,
-
VI
str.l,.l...'
/, I
ult nt -7 c{,.Ht - - cr. I lrl. lt tf
- 1 r.lJt {t, li),.,.- + r! * I
 103

dijff 5 dtib. ri nrir.pl,liL. JitrrS

Comparison between Gas and Steam Turbine

Gas Turbine Steam Turbine Sr.

No.
- -: r.jq{.,, l.!e. f:, L j+; -{ -eti :>l )t!,t : n, .i,1. (Z l, L jV ( 1

-+ i* [..y,i,gJ-/iitif - a ir,,:1,\'t'l O ./ r! 4 I f 2

j,, o,,> i i /i!- L -& ij+ ; -/- - - i* .,(,,-( r'tr; 2- L t-$ {il:l 3
-1
-- 6' iit rf LE,'t i-6 ljr ;,,i - €
a ii,,Y; Jtt,.t Lw,,r L(t /iU; 4

- c- r)vi il'J,/2- L Yt/vt+; f -a ret./J,/L t y,P{4;l 5

- ? f: r't lvi l./t,v i'il;,,1 - e ,{t it ot!) ,,, ,.f= c'11 {iy; f 6

- r,,,.8< jq,! ;f,

6y,6' r jg; -+cr,tiVJ Jtr,6'tiil 7

-+in{!'lv6&;,.{ -airo,,Y:,!,19,!i+;{ I
L.-:l+JZ-,;t - ?,*< rl jy;, Jz c,t,/,y( tdiauE,/' 9
c,-?r,;,P(1-hoP\o+
{G.i, r-l,it),,2.i>,t*,i
"'l)
llrrsolate L ) *,iqaonts),1il',.i
-?tV
 104

HVAC -4
Jl:.,-y:r,,r/,?,,J*,

{v Ac

,?-l-?-,

,r2[1,j.,;

ttlLutZ

(,ltzt f'7-/

2-LJv-'v e-rrlL(rLol'f -n!LlrLot/

<,-F--.t-b/) (-t4) c0{t
 105

( Refri g e rati o n ) g8- Jlrt- *;

,aJ ol i -'i iv r -'i )t, 7!, o,,'' t;i tF" gl )' "tr { q )t'
:t s -
-;g * J,), i t fi,t, L o,-({- a iv n -,t)*e 4{e,t?-;,t,4; j/'it' lii
"E-
-: o2- /- i, { rf ;t a,! V { s it,-( - r,, y ; .i,
{ ue - a iq J,:',' <,! I rt,.r
= - J;,

l, & L ./',$ rt a vt, i oh cvt e. . - ? L, )' J*' .- ( )' :t; oi { c7' l'}''
tt I - tr vl Jp 4,,tt ;Ui ( J*t,/: t \) L ;r - 0 E: t, lt it i, ; /,rt',i{t', Lv
,ri-r, rf, tB34 - i + :, Ar i, 1820 - ti tV l' {, J:,.1 t O / ;v t
jr. i, } {'g'
i i, rrro - i,v,f ti.,, r't z d'2,.r. 8s5 - ;u t,H,! t.! $ L'{',
/t 1 *,4
J, u t 1r,,, - i-,!,i,J J.i it
rs 6',,,P sl,'; { g {tt : rtv rVi - d g'g
I ; ;t*
'q {'vz
_:,oVL,l-/.-1,
c/,?t'-,r+{,tt,!+ L"t O Es'e Lr'-'r){'Vti+L{ O
tu,l : jt i t/Ji gv,!'tt /-, $tl

-,,J_,/,!cl-/.-,Z,, .
-a { t Heal Removal q,l'*y''--*v{'*L/i/o"t't'{ i:cnlJ)tr
-i,l uf; a.;' 4 J.i) r ul, L.i t i - I d'r,-l'-' +(,,it llv
6 e,Y o t I4 l'
- ).,,at,
jt< i lv rqecrt ,F< i dy,w <aeaui{,! i{r7'/",2'
'l-,
-:*t L c?-/4., o
i,f =J+ rlv;,f,|*'(l +one'Ton of Refngralion u/(f;?'/4'
,.f e { 24 t a, - +,' i = I
t
tgt el,.tt rr i:. i 4 Jr' L ) $emouel ( * l'J a' t
"
l - rv y r,, L'zooi {o' 4 G irt - + iy,llt @l,t : /E - it i'r'f "J'fi @l't ;
-180Kcal tkg +1:4{a "na MKS9"

One Tonne of Refrigeration = 2000 80

22 24x60
= 50 Kcal/ minute
 106

-:(Retrigera ntl,-r/4/ .
,,;tLt:,lt21ld<,*t(medium Ed (-< -it 4 ltsiLr ).i$ ot 1
-A Lt f ((L.f=+
- :(Refrigera tofl /-/,/-, o
liu;-Lr-t) {u,Ei*L{L/ 4 J;l$r t -fl/ ! *-,i ,, ,
- a ii,.rsr ul,r {e-r4 {r,,,r -

- + i,,! * c, -,)i { i-/.-,L, rO;t {;/* H'1

(t7,,tl/a thr'S (t?-df. lil ,,tvl/,7-,;., g,y

- iti Ln l gt| ,y L i-,/!t

4 L/-.{ (n - -.> rtu L) v-J);t--- (evaporato rl T-n:lt (tl
r r i#+t -44,J-i fl
y'r,
1ir1 ttt, L/g2,s {o,ttt g,i-tConoensetl /j 111iy

=;,J{y ,b
J;*A ( -o Lt 4) 7-,gt! /,i'- ,
i .t?i ,t.;i <,-{,!,, /k J;il _r.i-}.
-(t't to

*",.:'fY/'/,,:7,'"
7'/,/-r.-1t,2.{ ,l ro, $,V J,,g
d
s/.-i, tn G v,t - ,! j* { ua1i -l{,
. fi ;irx G,j' _ + in J*,1,)L
tt^__- Iu!' - ? JVG )*L,2.{c,-( }-,r,-gr)
vomPlegnr
6,ui l uq - + jv ,!,11iirr,/-/-
JbLilexoanaettr tt. Lly- * iV n
r r5;rta7,,,-* jV Jlr rt?. * jVn
11v

'r iV &,,r A a{ ut 6)*: z' - ?

1 l- 'l=+ 'it +r {o'v,!'t'- tq
, t!,.t zd,Jt, Eiv e,v ui 7,1,t,,t
' ? V' *'.8 v,'17 "' - t- t)9
 107

(,1-{ *-: -1.2

- :(Vapour Compresslon System)
,/t - i-.+ e (,t, h/.-)!, tt,i,t
nE

-'"E LV 4 e)Pt:;/.-2-t 12 LV...{,ro,.t

,+/.-,/-, - rE Lx iY n, i e,t,u * t
,! I d" - + c/r( 6G i;i,,i, f- a;q
'Ev
/t)n li L .[ petwve,S efi 1p'l ett.t
- a C' ) E,,C it / l{.>tt? Ji nt - e E t

u-,, .z / !.:' tfi L r .- t i ?_,r,-!t Jt )

7-/fui -
- rvlets H, Lt j gC grt
"uck
jt,; : - rt LV r,.L-.-,.1 ) ft-t $t,,i . )ptwet,
-,i r'!,-,. . ) r.-,
Lv v. ; 7.-, it ol.zl jl /,,t - ? r1v * g,,;, t) l,
- o r! r?-/_ +
,-,: J' Jt - i q d,! o, q-2, I ?

rvr / 2- 4 ti ) ?.-, o,t.- Lv..4,r)t, i? tb,,,!-(,tt -liJt) Ji; /;Vrf{!

lr,
r..:ttv {,,' ii J:-?rvi'-( -ilocl i/.J?.Jifi tcf+D-,,u(st,,t --
+t,V : ti tr - 4 i-' ) *) {gi L /= +, it +t /etl { tt,Z,,t /.t, g! t i e! L, i+ }-,r-1r
- i v { u{ v : C } v, - ul L g n lr : 11: Z,/-.,t- I v { g,i,,r 1() L,i 0,1,,,
|

-: (Absorption Refrigerating Systemf (-E{4,,?rrtz,

-i.3
,.t!t: o:'t) -t /.t-,i,i L,t rPv 7:q(; 7.t e_ /yn f
c?-,{h-t ,i'og. i
; i.z< ( ( $ ) J. ;t jE,
z
):.: t
r{,i j q {7:/ - t 1 c/J-/t et,{ ) o,,u.
- ( )
I L
,i-.r, - * rV r,: b., & ! e- plb <- t. t lt L eur: -o rrt ; ( $;t {i * - *a (ji,J LU
a
d r J :, ) ;t,,*: - ? d,,t 4,.,! 6;, Jlt -E elyo j L
VV - J-*J Or,r>r,! 1)t,
,: - L ? tt,i JP t Gosorbantl,* tr zt j{-( t, rt - t-v 1,,/ f ,f 1{tZ 1!,,*.-}-, .rt J
-
erb = & ic/.-7-, )n +,t/--i ut - cr/l'- 1/t, rl{/t, L,.f,,A/.-/-,, J

-'6v{'/'fv
.:
" t,.l - c- ( 1, (replezel U 1
{J-/O ) rj,V rf (r?1t zt .,r f s?-./ .#t)
p,z-
-
6-t 1, f !J.- -
7 cx J* t.4 I t eosooet l r!l,{ r,r l, - + t g tt$ Lf ( E :.f gg t

v! L t JPt ; ;i t t,t6, ;' - + dj,/, f,/ yt t,!

-G !/ - yfi lt trr g (,,1!, l,f
absorber *t,&, L L t! /t c-. /- tr- l - 4 (t/.-/ r,fi) ti rt,rt (absorber.:f ) jf ,
 108

I Hp

flp

- i-v r, I ilt, ( ct,,t i v *.- )*,, -ft ! cv y, L n,/;v L iy t lt 4 t t uf".J

(i + Hzo) acqua'ammon ta i' / t
-,, {,j s\l 1NH3
- ? c v i.2 t!- t t L
,i,,:i.- jy.f ,5 o,,u 6*= a {,Ef Sir.iyr' I,t - t c'"tiiiiiy;t J:,r-il
.f - I et,a';l .! ?-+t\t t;r, :-/)d-+ivi/|t'c'urti/,,1,,'-,)q
fr+ .:, i,,;-,i-,r,-!,.:-0$,,, l' 1expandl,,l{ ;,, Jr}-Jbfi,tt -+iV* =
- : rP q ;i t,t zt J'b r) i
i' * +
o
U
"t
$ i- 7 - L /'it/t,';t'

- 4 L.Qa,1";',.ftL L ;-q igt e,,7$ jJtq ii- L ig {,'t

- t cv y6.a.1 L L i'.i,5 u /'?-, u:,;' L Lti,l- ,tv / u/.-i, ,.1- ;,

- +rv y$ 7-;2. i-
-t1J,,.. ;z J Z X Lry ut -i friiv,faL
cr )*t li 4 it.. ,*L -v:1.-)t-t,,1c;r il J/-j!, 4 ,l: .:,
.;:. ,tyt t,at
-4 -vi i-* ultPt ;4 " t, 'iL
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r. ,-lt, .t cavilles zrrvrscostt!)
Or.r.!te paErI| ro ( uiv,)vrscosiY ,i
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llrdoo., n|h
a Gl
nlclla tdtld
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(capillary acionl
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(c) (O lrltllla ?lD F.!d & o rhctecr
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rbLrEtbL€rf
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 145

-:(Cleanang)dt- -t
,.1, ul/,,1, E ri :,), 1v -ft - 4-g crr,-b,,t jv OlGt /J Jt, L.iq
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( Lf)wtetrrme (.230 -20 ii,,t - +9 ta 1 ;'ff::[;i;;i:::r!{ttt
- Lv,, sh,,S, {,/.- i S Sfi $t-ft 4-! Y-t (Jt

-,r/jvr!Jfts -3-
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.i( 6 y
t t

-L6;rr,('iu-F, j,i-t
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v, :i
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v i ) -q,, L {,, ft it: .f - .( ( t,,r J ( }, i - r 11vi,; {-' $ t)t, 1 / lt - l-g; l.
;7 vrsrbilrty { ,/w e ,n - 4 ir:(Conlta stl utt L llLOve Penetrant -b. a t! .1,
- _ c- ,)g,z
-:(lnspection and Evalu taonl c(t.ff ,Jrint{,Ft -s
(Scannrng; i* r! t
- g t), ;l ! a,!t' r/r, i,, ;t 11, - a vt -b7 iii ( rtq it :
4.g il c- e te nt rtlt $ t / Lv grt - - iv 6,J, ttV'-, ur,! i,i -,.,! {i t + iV,!
Lq yt ,:t;t,.-,:( ivL {ilC -

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Lrt a,tLtJ,f-f , e,i,(G!-, /,/t(gorositylurvil l/r;i:f a)o
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i.,i i +g -+ { v { i,i- J,,- )i q / t i,v i -,1 i,l'!1 .l z,iti 4 c.zl ;'
q -,\t 1 * l.z # i - { v {,/Jrp,
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 146

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)-r -@,)- - + tv (r)pt, )-/ FenomagnatqJ./.,i a), f J-i
svi
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-i*rdo,rrri,F
Adr0dDL SDocrrE r
corarH Ilicapo ol llur

nu no, |ia.3

Tc{ d1cd MrU rEl t o.t b

conplc 6n

-: Jrtf L/St
-:/ i* ,;, L J,r! -'t t1 +cv * (jP L d,d ,*w i ,rt i, d *
L A d-w i-,-6,tt 41 uitr, - q iV n,x (Magnetrc lanes ol force / magnelic flux;
r t* (,b -r')Ftor, ,{rr| - r: jr ,f,,,ljl6(Lrnes / directon) ,>, t uit i/,ir
A tt - si. t)V rf Gxu t L l-.2 ;, ;- 2 iw d
t
- €- st - ? r g J >,., (,J,/ t-/- c, I sl,
-d,./-w -ilV q ;-lv L Lx ,1,, ,,,r,, ,r, E L ,,,? - i in(ro"ntei i,u -- tttst
;fi / o,,; ,/-t- t yv il ,, -f J, e. . - uE Lte c/. (oggosite magnetic poles)
€.Ju X ee ttt lv law .=r,i ,.1*, i ul g Ln + Jt,./-t"vdrtq I (spnnkte)
_qLVn@nrar;tl
.iui i, -r-,F { {iquo suspensron) e L l, ttl/ lmagnetic panrclesl,zr, ; c/- c>
,1 w,t u -1 v uP,J-,1 -,i L t: J*t +),{L Lu rl s, 1n-, J, - ? cV {-4
.

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,e Lt S L f, 1, ; L -t,l oc i - + * I iif)- t,lA ttt Ly t_y I t ul,a
-q LV.-,fi,fdLb
-! q i,,, {,1. J;,,t ul,f, vUs - - i* rJ,,r iv C.),,1, / ul J, { i.t uet
{* j, -! L,.f ,i i - + in 6*. J/rP { cti,,t s,Ir *^ i, (,:,t.,;,/-v
- iV t: 7{:<4t; (resrdual) Jr j-te u ;t L uq Jt ? ;.}t t./ De.magnetic
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 147

-:Limitations

- -, i,bi,
o- 1
,
+,, ) .j I tsoi( v L detecr,:Ln i:: i :; f|i i; il
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(Radiography) O,lti, -3
i t
2 i,'g,'t 9oe,,t J v {t i (w.c. Roentge a i- } r, rnu
L,; i,,, Ll,iL,,x-Rays
porosily .i)'tlu;t -Jri,V. j i,.,'ti,o+ LJ*,rt7)r,,, j;,!,aL,l _i-t,,
-''. ,E- ,-f,Et , l.- Li L,f ,,t iv jitr.l<- - o.latz o q ( L,//n/ votds,,t
r- :Lf t lq. r,,,
.7? { J*, + t 1i f -/.rz L,7q,,y,tt ft7 c,t
2- L_,,, n i

{
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-:lrt(L,/1(
o
uli. tt, Lb L! 6 or' j,,;tL J-.1:
L L,f N / 6l*,s dascontmuities)
SEcin:n :|, { 1X-Rays G Jt - ? jn Jpt 2-
Deft.l s (source) (i d/ (Gamma+ays)
Fp +,0 {;t - rE Lt.lqmlibfi
fffiSdu!(6ftn) ,l,r1i, ,-@-,H, (Short wave length)
Drft.l itrrg
6 rt' !+ jn r,)i { ** uo - s4 {"
erL {Penetration
- t!t: ctV .1.
,f- J-,t4-1jV, =r,1;,itL J,2,,,11164 t,i-+in J,,A Jf ?E?-i,
i{,;t!r!.1.i-.+rr4(thrcknessljtr,,t(density) ii,!Jf.,vtt(.,t,t,!Ltr-,;
=
q ut z
1,, ui,r * - a I le ), [q,! ulr sotal d/tlt 6j, ],, {./ 1, v
E E,

:i,ui r t-, uE'12 igt{ t,o-,af dti-Vl, {dc'i -,!n -;iy.-2d,l*{ z,,Jt, L,,
;, ;i ;, 1
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t i,, - vi iv eiP,f L ev 1)uit r! J.z -,jj,{,i darkness. f t, - * {
r! Jru
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8., !c- tt: ti'l. -
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+ ir. Ju>, 1 Lv L t, i l, - 4 En / o .,'y r)t a tt compacl',,v ei.,i

o/ t :/'t /- |

-i, '.8€=l i jttit;v

- ? d. ,! )-r - ol ofli,, o
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ii i,, .!f Jr, -,,/ s J e t it !v. * iV { 4 lv I 4, ;,,' :z \, . i+L Ol

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-i /v J,r,tf ,r,.h Li ,r, 4rt $) , 1r',.1 et)i Lt (semr conducl oq fi,,f: o gn1
- Lry L rt,! t t;i "" 1 ) Nor +7, -f - ui L /J*t d! 4 i-t$ /,1!, 1!*r
-,f JvL;a$tu.€
-Gw) Limitations o
(P anletl 6 ;t ?4 (ueam) f ,l- ;, t J )', t tP - Ev 4,-d i- $awsl i6 id G ;' (rt

r,t zon f ;r iL &r i t-. J' { defect .,1' 1 ) L ai f J ,>t. vE vfr Jt - v. - - n d'
-E-truf,A lo,-ftq3
;:) - ? Q v+ uP-)b7t' O'/it, $l
c'tx i /Jt '1' ,i J'ltl'' { OP;Y. s. (itt)
!,.i,' L y
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c
a L P'J t,ti;, 7,t/,,t 2, ;f, , 6u1
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-a 11r.irti {U*L Or,,tv z-,{r,t 7, f t (vi)

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I -+( lvrewrng the mage) t{-,{g it'zGA,.ft+,fvJ,,,t,)'/tl,,l
{-, f u -l-, 4 - +, V tL, .o; L 4;,! l t/-,,r s/b (Static nooel,Jv { 6 t g! lr.Q- t
i. !' i- ;y J ft -(, osb L -n - c- \ bL,J (dynamrc mode) 4 oiy' J,,f',-l y,J Jtl
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u{'St *,r' Jiil'
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- (Neutran Raidiography) O,/ti, Ut)x o
i, + / : o! - 1 ii r { I Jrt L gu"2i, it lz - a l*nor 4, 4 rf' {Ney 6'.i1 1,
j,/t; t Jii j-(chadwrck) ",r,
jr'at\31,
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 149

-.v .! & ur. r' ir,,; ;t- 1,

(Thermosraphy)
j*i-,4, /
Ofri _4
Iv- ., v! (oblect) s,- 7_,,-14 .f ,./ t,t ._', w
'i-' = ti ii,l', - * ir llnfrared-Radratpn-tR) c/a (i, i.t),r - .r ot!) e Jt d e)?
,'l-. ; ii,l-,,1g 1,!;,,i,2 - -y7uf)*tdetector.=-v L't
6 ? *--, -(Thermat masey i;, ur i 1 j ) L,, L n, + ;
1,fj _tV,.f
l- i L t i * l -l o,
-* cd v yrt 1,c -(dstance) 2-t; c J--: Jt, L n,; G /;/ J,r, f "in"
i rr"" /d=;
i,,' /, !_,ii, .l:'r..'l t i- ttt.i /,/ - * iilo 4* q # : e a,! ;, i,r), q,
a vg,Ir$ - ots..,/;, i!- J j,-?cg,/J*tf "i,V
(hrrared Spectrat e"nolirl\
- * ()Pt 2- L J.iaat ;, t7,
rv
y'urfr- €4, ic7-1,i,t/t
gvz, ,.f G
r{, rt -* ji;- u3
. oit jd nr - + rt V(propogare)
,'t Ltr* . * { Jr ,f ,t Urlrrt ,t/
,il - ? rV {/it I d- ,.6 ufi
Lb LV 1, {i L/,,fn 6, Jl
- ? tV V /rl.-:,.t (Opticat rmage)
F6; ;,,1t I 1- <rt 0,/rl
/ €, il - c- tx (tnhatddetector)
- acg{tfu e uP-,t,}

-:eUPt
-t,,,,u,n J,P' ' .?i f,-,iL y',t.ltr,,,,-{i,,/)d,rJ,,
j
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o ( j.Ii rt l7
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- + ix ,)Pt 4. zt / ettectiveness { silt, 91
,,t .H , -,i,t ,/- 'i7rqJ,;, ry';,,1,'oi;,
,;, ,,/ii f,,lj-t, i"r'
- ? ir J*r'-' L Jli oZ Y,n e).l->,t L (jr,Jr;
 150

(UT / Uttrasonic Testin gl ,U.S::-iL

lrlJt -s
= : v t: )'.*,'Li 7.2 + 4. iv, 1,,, ;u, ! t. aii
y' NDT P
L 4,8 J iv /'
+ t A, *r,{, bubble,J1,,voids, I / f' lv,)t, LV L! $ -o },,ir,tt f, a- 4 }
grr

t; i t ;7 g.! ;, 4 - a irJ( (access) it, + i v,-t 4 i/'t --ft ;t -

1
q { V 1' -
,ii; jl -?rVt/J*,i (waves) ;4tJ{)illur - ajr6,,r access -i}
,t, g. 1O-1 ty' - + jV i 'oc- (transducefi 71r'i (pezoelectrac) JE, ,* , ;J
: {ti Lwobe {rtut }iv trt-) il ot G 4}J,- + iv ,!,l.;1t!i),! (Mega Hertr)
1: ):iv ti- ?tVL,()Qli!ll) cV,,L JH t'tPlobe - ? cV{J'-,1Jl rti'*
t

) i{ wnevattonr! 1r),iv ;, rt,tr - Lg-t : tr ;)V,tL 9t JttttLJilJ(souno wave)

t,,,Lr JPt,,t:o q / - i 4 Jr*t;l- J-,dlsglay(.!;,,,,t g?;tLC)({-r-'/
-1 A-Scan -l guls*echo:1)
Ed dtfccr ccho
dcfd cdro

!-iirz:vj;l
(+),
lr*l,l
-=', 1 ;,.i, f - + i, t-; ;? I
t1i t1v.,J JF t,(accoustrc) -"6i$ t liv
-+d Vt{,,a;y' 1;.- ui;tsu,[t i J- q iVi,./,',r-,lti- LVi, t;l{iifu'
,,t - r,.F,! rt, / Jivt/t - .- rt v u(,, S.v L t';t nt .!v,,f { rti {, t ! 1 r1;'
- a tl y$ t:tirtr (lntegraty) 4 V ,! ,,0 o: -. ,trV r! 2i gl,t'
d jv / r:;, .!0 ,fi - + i* gi uft s( g:/ r c- $.)t liv {t; -:Ultrasound o
-,
- ;C r. -' ;r,i.;, I -,( ii-i 6 (HetE) :tr 2o.oo0 - zo ui, 4 - *.,)r,\) : - iu J,,

Y i{, ir,)v, {t, ;,,fr 16 - a i*,,y) c- ir,t.i 20 Ci- ) r! Z, tivt/t,l -

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,l'v : P.f ,,, d L C) ;, y(Quaflz) i,i {,, c- cv yQ* r Z }, va NDT - 7 6 g r7 it,,t
u', i{ - <- 4t + ? JtQuaft i,l :L / J(u fr= 1{ J-t, Lv Lr q,},i,,t ? J4 - a iV i

- + iv &oril,,' *'r,.f*' u7lfit,;'- G

-!..i o: !v. i y, =,.1

j,1 L't) - I i./u! -: G 6t,, iuc 4,! ri.;, t A./,1i,,,
it,y J.4 fui L )' J r, / ;i 1,1,r - :{ t) echoes $t, )-i Jv - J! t I nt - ? F,i, L
<

- i i - .:'t -:,./ (ntoulh and eusl t( tt .r ( t )iv'/t / ;,r, )/t) - Li +' .i -l- o,.r
- { u4 L'',,i rr e tt( i'1,/,}t, Li gr=t,,,t ;f f- /' * ;J
yooe {s,;[ - {v.{ y')*tJ-itiivL J-tri('P/Lu JEt,7-.,) )71iJu
/ -.,,r ts; : oq,-f!{rt)/;, t t: .- JC JE, /iti i ( ( probe - a Eg t{ st,1 f
-.,.' i r? {. )P t qobe L l-tv {,t r fL C }.-tt - e- tE e/! etl q ; u, ;r { L,+ (
-:Piezoelectricity o
-'.*' 1 t1.* t t z-, - + r,, 1,,1/,
E
= :, j i ).2 tr/l i- | / ri',' r - i,4,, ?-,
J,, L r. ;t;t )t r rl 1)r7-. I vrt - ttt -i
rk !| ;f oylt DNA rrt U!4, z + br? ir,'Pff
{,})ebctron.,t(t:1,t,/-push)Prezern ,!-,tEl:-?Etttt&11r/'/tt},a1,/-rH
-ti y'::1,, J,1880lPerre Curre zlJacques,;)t,iv,l,/ r.-, - c- iit tEt e
J,, ;-r J*t o*) o =.6 iiw/ & echo -:(Applicatioel et)Pt o
Putse -
j7.,qiLr LV Ll G F;7- sc.,, ;) l:,Jft, [, Lt Not J -il+.,- - + --Ct
- * i, Jtp, 4 L./d, { s i,.f,,, I / & * i }tt,,t 4 6, cto /voos g
-:(Advantages) ili
:) t it L,)'lii, -Q - 1 i r,J,,/ (access) iL, { :: v,{t ;r L eS J''{ -l;'i w .g
'a0n6"'tJv'
- +{ V{1 {*f t-F (targe Sectonliur,ry; * $ J,6 S Ol
- { {iy' (decrsrons) 1 6} n,,r E 9 !' q,4 y' $ I ir ll L ;r
a V 1ni7

-- iiiJ,t,!l' qr!r.,P,)-7,, Lt Lt Not r! )-/ tt,/-t (rv)

-:Limitations
., .i g ,t ul 11 ,, ,/ - + str, s( d,{,lt a penekation fi ,.t (- l, ,,, uf a f,7 t2/jt <rl
- cn vil !.1 )t 6 un g! r1t { yl t g }i u( \ - rr tr,/ {,/
- L / nter gete i Y-; L i' J t ? o,,;,! 2 ti,,( - /l 41 4 a ) rq tiil
 152

(Metaltography) .rilJS Ct*T .6

Ji ol - tt * L LlJtp i lF
A L L Lu {upL ;'$P,!. ,.{
=?,cll
{;,,h L Jf degradario t - ? &,jr (degradrrio nl t /. t )'u.-, i y;r!,t-f l * d
u; L .J, e'G {t t tt - I t* d } ti j t,t t rll,.f! i rl,z
-,-l -,i ii - + j,r}--:,1,
;'-{ uf ,)-,z,t,y L iffa;,1,4 f-.,.i,,trri,1frlt --v-fc- ig nr.urr.,,;,.;.i o j=
. (lluclualion) ibz )il L ;/ y, i4ri ,t2: t ,*
ft degadalDh - - -:- Cv ./,-f .- - v( 3,,,t
p. L sFt.av.. ,)LvtlJg-q
O -!f ir-+ {u'{t,,';.E,i,sit3,.},=,t;.,s_
,( rr-7 -r1 2t I L assessment o i - +g v, Ltt/iasserrr"n,) ,t, .;li
ct'/ l, .[l L,i.f L rt, lv +v ]rt./ metallog:apny 6 u!)a l, - q {,, )v I 4 a,l*?
"p!
l-v7{tt-i- i,, JJl -/./, -), /- LV16c)r;t(c|-::ttt..,( jitt(embrillement)
,1ti J0,11il ! L eL,1t-i2if :er',:-i/:rlc j/,t,,t -<- e,,/.! J_i
y.,,v,
-L,l-;,-Ecti,i't ir
j',
+ J*, L LCondttton assessrnenr J.t.l,rupr, ur # + ) NOT.3-,,,
u(

,l'lJ l, /LMelallography 1), f c -L b !(), ;tit ( t /= t ) r)t, L tt 4r,,, L 5,7 -fc

- ) j,-Lf l t - { 6 )ut ( tt.&
t v< ;,,' <-'{,/ jt
: / tw L ?,, 1 L _!-,a,, -ii -
" - e ti tt:t j f { &.at {,-:. 4
v <)v,,;L rl.!1f,fi, L( ?rx i!o+)t,c,f g?.-zl vziJ.{-.f L t.!t)t,r,tt
'+ iv '!'L)"Atl'tr-+iv t L L(tlevatuartonl '!'
'!
0'l#(n-s,tult,(r gl ,),lg&l (i)

|
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n-sttu a J- ) {r i, - ? cv { ; v, I e -1,,(t u9=i gi l,,t - + iV j t t,._ J{/
i - ,V Lt, L ,l,J- 0d.- ./.t( (reptrca sampte) f ( J_)4 G e'i g (rn-siluahon)
, - + iVJ,/etchrng ,,t .-(4 . J)i,)'o ,. r!,'iu'ry-,1O /-o,j'; L \t,Z rn-seryrce
L -o *1i ! - + rg ! )'-
.. :t
-P',t= ] ! ; v( i,y,,(i L ;| - ? .i; ) {r i cc 4
=!,.8''
- ? t V !/ LI-, 1 6 tfi,/,t tt {vl. - ? rq L ul jt / 0 rephcatrng Tape
V 6 i
 153

-:.=,,t)Pl o
.(evaluattonl 4 iL',tv { J.r ltl
- 2- L il-t ci Y,! l,l -,V ,tJ <,it

;t I
- i!- L Gaitwe analvsis) 1iiii1

- '1 7t / (lemper embntllement) ,j /t a./

,,t(creep damage) ryti .- a ,! livy

!cr
t.lla.t.L Ly.l,:,;'f ,.lv,!i,r t)ttitL,t/J+,,.!ti tz c-:6 1)t/14
i' - +g c,f gegl*el !.; {' i - qY J /4,,!,; i yi !* tQ n c)vi (Decisron making)
y tt

- +t€ U, L /JF-t,!t a L u i,,-iV,i- f ,,t - + ? vV (As it is) vi r.rb Url

 154

(ECT- Eddy Current Testing) &i+ieif ,rlrt-7

i r*,r,! d,,, t u<,*-t.t i;,,-)i
,Ji, i- a ur* L,i,: J, L .i,t ,,
-
vt ,1s32 j; ,rv i a,i i -t/
PtrlntrY frcld
,( !)o L t*,Ht L Farady
..r/t'
tnfutd*rrrtrdtrY
ficld
(Farady's
.,t -iti "-jrr. L ary,,
fuyanens /YdA?-w{'a,JvL tawl
clc fid4 t - + ci Pt <,frt
- G {duri i avif,"{ U
q :;.i r4 lt
{ u,(.rt - ? iv n 1,,)
" -Lbtt2r i:/ L L Z

- : 'ry !, * {. - i * J 2 MHZ.E + 1 KHzifi F, -t.t &/i,.r- J, tJ I ecr

GrQl'J,/,t' -..-i tbn'a E,-lw J*yi,,;i,,L;,o,,1
,-t,! r5i' t- y'i , i + tl lrt 1', L - t,/i ( i. Gtectncaly conductrng surface)
cro

L J'i,,,i J,/ #.tt it : - ? tr + 4,! /t, .ILH,, - ? $.,./ (induces) r,s i7 f,

o

(rlon) rk ( *,f 6 1 i'a 16rs-continurty), rtr ldeted j/g rlf li -

4 L x (parraletl t! t
L j)t t',C J,/;{{,,t -.! 1v. u clw; gJvE-i.-:;; ,ii,: -?tv n,?,/i"
- rVV /4 l .?-t r-v / < O) t J--; v( d,,l impedance change r.r - 7tg { t i +, ;
" -: (Applicatlons) .zUPr

.+iqir*,,.s,/L(L,pf ,;:,i!fi:;;i:;!Y:'t;,!;i{;l)1,
- + i, J*,,1 2- L .-f* i ri { i-,,,t ; it,, s :tt - (nl
t- z

lleroilrty ,,, ,f',2,,ty ,-il jrtsi .Zi-E;i L!;,LJAL:rt1,It W)

- r fiv' 6 a-P i, i ltow-cosrl g ) i i,:t

-:Limitations
- * d, J*, o a )-f fiir, J?, -(, J,, -.., J ecr 1,1

- + cfv,! iu,'-8,),2 L &r z ,! a j,s, 1n1

- I L * 1,/,{-,.!-' 4Jupr (irr)

 155

(Accoustic Emission Testingl J-i tfrtJrifi -8

,,a Htruor,-rilaE ! AET -a i't,{-i, {S*tL1, }iv u( A&oustac
-: i* , tr*'{ uv'Zr.i, )\t,tt jt , )'',2t: -? 6lul4,r,,}L ilJ,,ry$
j..t': i i,.;,L J.z lt - A j*,x (Transent elastrc Wavesl;gt.-6tl g7vy' AE
i ,,,t j-/ jq, - .i Jtr, ,-4,, ; J-f (source) i Jrr,, - i in 4 e.- git 7t L
: i.;', (etasric deformarion ) )q -O +, E; #, i ot-.> J-l - ;g ]./ rctaxe a',t,j,,v
- el rylt Z.2 ttr Lr, tx
r' .o|,si.t .,q,.*{ ;qj,,, - or!.*$4,4,
u/+,,t /-;/ ee
.)-:,u ,,t il-i j ,;,,i1
f,f ;, ,.8 ,./- i,,' lE
eET - c- sar q.( Jy,L
-,i,,. u)q )t ih f+, L ;, i{ - + {,?,}' *,,P Noe 67,, { (evatuaron)
. ;

(Joseph .i i;t 6.!yt, -+6V$,7r,{{,5,!,,,pL z-t,tLt4L{,1 ,

- r! ;;lir tl, tg50 L l(aiser)

(Tofd) Time of Flight Diffraction Ultrasonic -9

trtsor0ra lv 4. 4 (J; ,Giv,/t -
(method) 4,) (Jg,.-., n,

it4yUt {z};, -+
,,(oetects L ,, 2 \t e. !
S'lk -!' Z,lr)*r'{ NtO
Ut ,1975 L Liddington zr
\r*nrr&
- S t,9 drflraction
-r)nL'),*j rorc
Transmrt Ji-r4 -q .jlVr.i('probes,,r-(!t,Lv t 6J,6 Told
,,,, i.; -d-..,, -f, a ;itt; t tC ,.d -t;, / lwave signats) FL tt,rlwooe
-.', ;-i-trt,Fl,LL),g receivrng s{1nal-<- jrllreceivrng signals)r.Jrrrlprooe
\'it j..:: o ul,.i,,l, rJ,t,, - < ,J?;v t t,Ja,, 5 r, J, t - e jr gr llateral) J/- 4
(recerung) a-,ts )' t)(c-Trps { ofr--; t 1./ ;!: t -f , -
s t
i ii./ tetlectl f - ir @1
4 = i z'Jg. q { tota L(,1gg?) Srantay ttt Bray -,A iVLf, !E erooe,!q -d
., i - j'./'=-1, ps,-i ,(d @avel .t ji-: /1 iIL Jrt jt ?. -
?=$# Trtr<trffract.on
 156

-'., .-it, c, \)V -,I iV 4 j) r! -d-7r, L 6-, Jt;1i./t (dttftactl jft

| ,,i jrit , it ( j{ ,! ,Trps uj, - e,! ,L, fl
;v jzr
yO
- (drffracted (receiung probe)
.?
(Phased-Array Uttrasonic Tesring) ,.et i JV t/s ctt - ti - tO
L./,),r{ {/lJf te{lt -?e) NDTrbit,Jt 1AUT
drscontinurties
o{/= - c- vr, J*, { jd, L it L-, l, \, -t ti i,!: j2)- - ? tVt,]pt ll
i,V/ &,,,,.t, L L i- { )-i: L iv -z - 1 tn Jp,,J rJr}, c?-;z nL,tt y'tt jt
,/, L, .f jv
- - ,! .E l:, t,,.Jt.- L.t',.f,-i I gj q c,v { proi ,.c uL)
'i,i {, J.z/prooe } u /, i - ?.V{,./)1 ul J, { (Beam) f 4 eE ?AUT
4 -'., -tt- i.2 l{ - + rn J,,{J6F, - *rV tl(srveep) V G Jio +)J,,p
r.J (pulse) 7, JV L .-*t ,.J L .- id4Nt; ;(r r - cr, u ./J._ :rliU Li
? -
;/Pr) t,v 4 !- ,.f ,6,{t i,Wt u( AraV * .1 ,,*r i,W, s! ;/ - 1r,f
-ac,i1e,ytL ,./i /r pAur -*inr)*t{ (ebrnents)

;TtNtJiu/tLl,= 1.=,1-/til -a.,ri-,f;V, -: jn(L/1( O

:, {,-ijt i i./7'; 1, J e' - * rtv { J,/;,t,.* {d,: - * in o. / J -
-,/-,1
.( (quasr.planel ;-itt {- 4 t +fi lprogressrvety) lt,,j7u.e. L 4 J+ tV {Z C)
-?rVttEaf Jiu/r +,t),/f Ihf
ot,a {.e* d+L};,,,'
'jr 4 - 1)i,ltF-
c/ Jt rl ,-
lsteerrng;
ilis,tbry't --r,
l-+Evrtti4nLtrtJ,
,C.t (l $t, {./ ti'o
6=f(multiple)-9er
teluel -frV{
'J,Jg,l <stielivl,f
-a tift,4y'
 157

(Leak Testing) -6# --qJ - 11

i < i yjrl nuro'/a (compon entl.t-{ jrt il 1.,,,f-, dt J} l> tt
L

-,),j ,;,+ ,7! (vic+versa) 1 j-rr it,6 f),!,ii- iV ]t,it rl,ri d- U+ €

- +r, c) (.2i L'r,iv g),,4 i t I -'E { ti/1\-tc},! -n penerrare
e(at (flurd) i* Zr, L re ui { { Otscontinurty!'c-t,, i,t,,7 gi q,l1v /' (Leakl,l,,
4 - + ti,!t' s) r! fi y * rtt b)i i)
"<1,
i { :- r 4) Leak rate ",: u, L w4 - ? il e...- 4 ;i t ui { { ;f ;, "Leakage"
- oi {/,,,o{ if L,,1G.J, jfi.-,Jat t,,rt,-0d
Mass of fluid
Leakage Rate = Time
-rE (Ot $tfi tt,Je*l
, L,,, tP (tocatsed) ftr JE {'4 : -4 feal P (r)

-'i { /i-v
L* (2.G
-'-:i ;ai L,ti- d,5 u1,, t",f- (rd, d, -. I lui,rruaty J4,,t 1ii,s

t
- 1 JP,,r;
j! ) r,.t: o, f- ,i
1) r{L ; jO
,( I tt e- - J\ Lsru)soap bubbtesr/ivisud (a)
-r'rt,,.{f
ot
-:BT / Bubble Testing (i)
-'i;(Jv* 'i, -1Jn )Ptotr;q
L L-4 J tress sensatue) urf rrv f et
2t.,-t ){Jy1t { Z iir,2-rdA r-r,Jt- ? ie,&L;itL
(component)
L.i4 i,i i v L 4 +r -,4 {. i n g,i 4 L u e J Jr, J -,.t - *r, (imrne6e)
+ ! L b. ta ;t - o i ii,.dr,,L; { J! rv - + rt v yut {/-,; J component L L
.: !'.-, - i
-6 97,l t 4 L i L i,{ - +,(,1. - c- t; z J( t!. i v #. - - u{r, A
a
r .,,t Og

-! +, r(soap sorution) y'/c a: v,r il - L v {4 fi4 je - jl n 2- L Lt tv

i .u{ 2 d, - }vi i -'t,,t a c,rt a {,.f l1 v( s- L i,,r - + oV, {rf Gr r! - rl, - Oy

-.'. ii u?pz, (Etherl /-r - ? rVV'Jp,,?:drif ,tl,,E!,ttl,,til,L ir -

-r.i i': -, .z Lu 1 -(* - -,),t (,,G + j r: q- i J,, 4 C/,,f-
"J t,,1,, Zl 4 - ?
 158

,f iy f: i' t: ( i v
- i: ot t 2r, i/i - +t tn,(
c- etP zb e- ct, i Fi Jn,r
i
- +
jP Lt Lu,b - ? c Vg 6 lUuUUte forming sotution)fJ. ur, LU ! r,, L ;r i i tt :,/ t t i
--, -,fi f
;u Jr + jv,j J ,! ut{ vq,, etitt - +g O, {,.f tc,,,/ {,f A4l
- Ll o z (delectrtln sensfivityl qv {.
-:.ltl
4,.rJ,rs4/,f,:-,v(rr) -e ,cr|-q€,!42 $l -I s!)i,tuz34i:)t 0
--{v(
- - in on/ c' rfo r i' * { L/r; (;l

-:Limitations
- t ir O,,c 4 ;S {,;t e nl "f,.r- r;rr"f Ol - ii,.drl-i4 Li q, (r)
-,.1=r(4: ,le,r"iit

-: (Hefium Lea[ Detectionltf 6t 4 f lrl

-',.:?' .'. : t'r. . Fi,i
f - <- c9 r! JPr :t )= 4 ei 4 e'v o:L) g,4.
, - ? ilt' :t/t (one part of helium in 10 million parls of arl I 4 L ,.f,f ,f'-
,;' l6elecl) Lift{r;fJ t -1t* (mass spectrometer)l,ik 6 .1,q /-';
,i,f- t rt, ji ;v t :L,z s/ 157,' : - ?,,1 Ur:ttl / + 4,f { - - r/,,.qw tyt
t, .

,i4J,?{e/'i-ii
(Hydraulic Tes!) 4,lu:tl -12
L -c-19y'.::-.lt,ilt(;t{-12 €-+$NDr-f ,!', iatJt d^
oi.1jiu4t -?rVV' ',t .*-lu'*r,r,r,L7,-, t,,r-t' 6i 1 ,tL-lsFrjttr.
-l',i! - ? tV l.: (bhnk) ,ii4 lrti * t9 ! n { ;!u r0 L .:,!" 2t t }ry L L t./
L

-.-! u!rO,,i\f,L +?
-1ev-Ei.1fji to e,tlu.t( t)y 1l'S

213,, x (1.51to$ 2.. -lutit

_a
ttal
i r

-F,.:: 30. 10 it J;t,,()l (iit

(+2tJ) iz-t.s ?
yifi/q (t\
 159

-:e)L4.,fu21 o
1tV t,l Jg o J,. A li /r)/ { ,tt, (Att ventl ,*-t 2t !- ,,1 t tJ4t L },r:
- qg v-,./* fib Ji i LV rt L,) git ( lt a. s|,1 fti -2 -

-:i,-iitt!.i -rtly' ,Ettt,{tiyi (H JL/-t,3,, -,t,# ft

'li L lq 3,' {o - Lbz 2q e 7V
nt e.. tr. L 1l1O L
-o ;p 3.,' L i,
2-a ."t.

(NoCtose ./n-;f, 2.a d { }a a/-73', uft.s rit -?rrr.r/,6,,r-E tl

; (srream) (-.t{?-<&tv ! P' o €Otdlr -+iV{rt rnspection)
)tt. 1 21 tlt - ?cv yt J),4 3,, L.i{.>,,i :.i /?-, -1,, Y! a L srt :tW'Ui
- + iV,l,f. (close) - +i{ or'(a L,l''/.q t

I
I
a
 160

(Destructive Testins) dif.+f e5ri-i -z

+),1?tg,ti i t ct .p;Li/.>:G,-ta4),,(L,t;a {vF y Jld,

-,6 Lr l: (,ti1 - A { lJ; H{;, -v1, ;1,i,( L L ${
_ -,1,*.|,r)& ,i'i ,.zi,r ,i-4!' ,:<J*
{ ir,,1,H,! Jr -i - : t.//i ell$,h t ),, ; L *i t{ itt ! Y,/J-F il
-ai/r6 { ,.tv r*2,!"1rd,i41,.,-i
- ? J-t e,".t/ &i - + r,ly'>in ('' t',fL Jf ' q P" r. o

elF 4
a
Sr. No.
,rl;t Young's. ui ;, f ;, u i, r),, !ry, +, F-Z J * 4,.f* I
,J J{,)H G or,!{. Jc d i.r*, 2

zrv,! 3, g/;, ndentaton, u/:, 6y', i;,wea, ,.f'rl 3

J endurance,.,t',/( Jl I / ; L itl <iv2,,ct) Fluctuatang i,h a

-,,, 1, )t 4 ; L Y'!P,,,, l- i jt J c- r! ( U d av-/ 5

-:(Tensile teaq Cufw -o

L2{.4),=--tf -iti rg
i;,it64g:;r-i ittt:
,t,'/*Lt-U/,,,L{L
u,i, /;,1 ,tt - ? tV tf ; gawsy
c- ry { i $ .> i,;E .* -tv.- rt y
(exrensron or i4; A i/,tt,tt-
,il - ? tV { iQ, ,c 6./ elongatron)

iV - +,!'t',, L/ Jtt L i! +/
rV'{ t,q,1;'.i{ i,;,! ;', ;st 1c
- q { ,f;'/rt7 u, ulT l'-.-
t*grrr /rE-!!t,F,i,;'u,,
- avg t)/ii (necking)
 161

- ; {(Extensomele n,H *, t- + in ,/ ir.i {i

-1 t,, 2 ! t - a- t |
o
o r,,t,.l
- rrt lir: G -ry 4 4' ,t * iV,! /' Li
iatt e { J)1 et'.,' Jt
-: (lmpact T*tl i t*t 'o
'2 c.tr,${€- r,! J3 d4..,+',
t ytatJc,!Jrdrr-rr,--
{ lptastlc deformatron))(tiP
q,y j t.l=;,1 >t {$) gL e,r

- 6 V {,1' ot g oPttvi -'f { {

;)t1t L)//,iLJedJl it!
,Fi,,, *?,! Jr ir,/- - t- /
f- ;,).i at Jt - + t/ n$ {oV? r!
t,/- a ,lv f' ,! Y "!r, t*"
)tt;Lil 0,;. ,F?-kr{Jr
i;,- = j, {4,! )-/L,, z,
,-ffJa,lu44t',-,f,l
. rr"..trdtga$r swingingpendulum /(Specimen)
rV { -!',2,1. i, o ( f'4 L ll
- ? EVV.i 16-, li - + tg t i,.F, t 6)t,,1' - ?
-:(Hardness fesq i uf'\ o
r- L :; it g at Ll 6y', tV - if, L t,l,',,, a i* q'' ",! ;-'' d'.'' i't jr;
- +{ V * {t; L,ti J;o, {3 i,t - ae./.>l7
t
(Rockwell) l,Jt, liity (Vrcker's) I ttil (&inel) r,Pz (i)

l- L -:4,
't,1lg
,tg,!,.r't,t - ,ti iv ,! Je'
C,{cl'-e! Lg}
(scales)

{{=16eut'tLoi
-1
 162

4 cirC o -:(Torslon tettl

{ *'t (ultimate sheanngl-t/ q,!' ,/ (ng.dty) jh,, ;; ,J,it t &4,
l ErEo
trd trl
E-
-?tv( {t/1t- / },
I
{4,4,,1Jr d$r,f,t
'B'EE' ETE:3 t / i't qtwrstinel,,l+r, d, t q {
lEl
)
. Ert|ltrhdrrt
' oltF5rr J-rdci,c -L.tiut-84-
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tf
,/t elD
g ps r /i,,t -,8 { / tg n
lrl,
ba.i G /rt, _ Ui L./n$ Lt (N.m-2)
-ttfr
, t)n /.;l e Uy obL t/e;|4
t
, _nqg'=a!'r-.'. -+W{*il jt .tf._t,\ G
q J,, - * iv - ) e0,( i i .- Lg i-v z a -,g { t 4 1 /a t,! r:0, I 1
-ai"'/-7JE
-:(Fa0gue Tectl 4 -0i .
4 ,,t, L fr, ;,1 L sl/,*) Vt r tI Ltt gtlltil.,f, ,y (failure) ,U te
- r, )t!)
d'i1"l a ,* {,r)h, ;il rcgeated : - I Ln j,, - LV Lk ,,r Ltq z-0 (repeared)
- *'1,f,,!i Qf -replion 4, tl r,/ - 4, i? I *, {-,1-l ti t rtf /l r, )
-1' tl+ *'{'y'
a Ftucruarion tl
e4 if
;t,t, L,.r - Tjra lFarigue mn..u)
fr v t, :*, ;t-2 i s t Ff
-Q - + dd-,,t u, -@,1 i rri- ui l, - i'd Jjt g,t O

{-7,,,,, -{4, rt-f iC L tt{( - f cg {iic- (number ot i;y*sl. fi ,!

d q ! L L fusa / q Jt - ? $,,,r u 1), r I FZ .ly L t(rr.*n."n)
ts y

- q Lv 4. L/ j+t L ;it ,i J-i,,' ifi & -Ec-t{ ltll q, -

$ rfr nr4t
-,tar", Te*l 4A./ o
? tr. t1 jF
(ptasrrc deformar.on) i
Q t ._ q, il,fL f
)t a ; L // j1 _F e-t
lr, ;
?'fv.4,
- - t- //
a./,i' L L /it7i /t
{ c+*p {, t.C ar y'yi, y't1 - g
L rt t4, i ! ti. -,t { +/A/ t y'; + in \ t, ett? -yt lu Jt 4 dn r! t},
t q-, h s; L )itt gi,il,, e.,t,!) t, jr,.f
+ */
=r//.-i & +
- fZ,i eu,,, oit ),-t
 163

- 7 ir,.t y!, J,,y L j.', iri )ry., u,4 y'): - * jn

Constant
flrll

i;Ntt
Tosfrarn
gauge

Telry.
cduiftU CmaEl
chamber pnll

Jt,st - ? tv 6_G,Ji
'{1
4t /8 4 - * { {, a ti..t, f;,,, r L./ pu, /4 v/
:,t L it.fut ;aaf {.J,,,t )g Lu L t ta rf E-
t ry tl,fa gy s },, L
yA

-?tV
Creep = S0ers + temper.tur€ + tlme
 164

(Welding) Jil,t -2
titV
.Vt)t 4 j+, 21.4y .2-l ,.)+,>,t.'/Ct-+ t:)4( L;t' iu'tv',.f ,!t,,-.(X,
J Jy',, :) i\, - * A, *V,.f JPt( G,Er - Frller matelral)'? ln,*.e-t - 1
(Weldabihty),f,\,,5 Jf /? - 1 c/'a rDl(Homogeneousl tn tZ,-f"t'c0 sU"'
- c- r x JE L Lg 4 \, iv L $vi
(,>vt d,t7 o,f' \.,' 7 i'';v

Jill
l.
J),1 J,it, Jzt g &]-,0,i Jb'lf'
lT-l ll t?
ii f", F '.
JL,'vl r,-'v'
-iil,JiJ4r
r-.
I l:r,rfr,td, ,i,.l,f-, el-Zldi

_Etf cl",;!l.Jtt :r.f/ -(,it:+ MIG

 165

-: (Types of Welding) o
(Fusron or Non-pressureWelding) J)g/4gt y,;)iri -t
(Plastrc or Pressure Welding) -il)-,/-t ! &t, -2
(Olher Related Processes) f- t pa_7e2 -3

-:Jfut/-qc)E t cii _1
a (melting points) i rtl, g L Oi / O?,)t, i it.,l:,Ji { rt*, 6 a } lt
+ /.2 -,,s rrr j
.lq-!;O,,' -rtV iL 21,11;vL-7,,{,,,,;1b n,t2 ,rJt -+cV{f.ll
- rt JcG,J,{;,,!-ll+,
.lrl,,,{ 1,1
Ory-Hyttrogen o?",81-di O Ory-acerytene ,*,(-,dr al
Air.Acetylence t:fJt 7-t (iiil
--il+,Ji 1.2
TIG (.v) MIG (.i') J|'F (ii) Ji,1,t 1iy
Jibt:Nttl Jit:tt, (ul Jig?",iitJu 1vy
Ji-;,{-f o,,,,t
-Jit-, lThemir4 v) 1.3

_:,.(4t21 I -O+ -2
- * c( /'-1i r,V )r' Jt i/ /rt/ Jt, (welding) L D {r)?V, O ht ;E 4 ) r1rt
v
,,/'.; j; 9,, ;- I ) rl' - ? tV it 4 L / ju 2-, / slt /,,,,t - t Vi G slv _0q,, !
r

-,,Ji JC

..!r,,iii"!:;y;','r,
-ilt-,f+q 91 -IL,F gt JXt-l (ttt JiL,* g
Jllrpercussron ,/a tul
 166

-,-lil,d 1.1
yi L i' ri {'u, },,,,1 J', Lg gt - -7u $ -,,, { E L ,,t &+,,.{
;
"f
lr t l-4 it o l. - ? r V Lb.h ;v L ct/, i u {,,f, J,, LV ia 4, J lr-,,./- + V
y e

" (acetyrene),/- j lt' "G urlJt, LV Lh'1.14, -

? V Lu li (conentrated) E

+ iv,! J*, {,.i, {' i'P u? v, i,t{,r' {,,f, ,1, Z | - + i./ 4 e.,t z.tt t tt ) c q
l-, tJt, t

- t En sv L L -li, i {lr - c- w J i.fuf< 3200 ettz4tt f f t f'*,lt -

- =V L ch,.l l - + tn Jl (organic) -(.,i ( (C2 Hzl dvtll nt ct"( '#Ult
,f t * - a in uf l', t rf/,,,,, F;,/.1, p 4 : -fr n s/,, ri1 t .to/o nt $ 92.3o/o t) sF

- + ivz t|i L l,' - + i/ r t,/ o, L,f ,t'' t t - +,,r!? u n, i, ; I - -t, z-

-:-1L,,#,t,{r -i.t.l
.ttt sttL) 6Vi I I or1acelylene ,J {,
-E.J, tti t r),{L ,.t* Jt' LnL, /av
-av -f i /,.rtJ-r-e * -at9r/;/7
a v q i7i L,vv L,,,Vt ( JP' L'Jz I
Itu*:t&nol
'. --- lYrldita
zy' z-n 1 L ,f-,1.{ <it,> ,.F P
r,,t - + lr't/t qt L
tq,.tr q 4, @u([/lel

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(residual) ,i6 Qi -vJfi,{( $asemetall vlJt (') -:elh o

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 178

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lncomplcte Pcncmedon

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 180

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(Brittle)

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- yfi et!Pt.,n *?r', ,,/tl-; r.,.v,!{,,t - f eg fi),//oyi,i {
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,./,f ,, {J i t - ? jV, z wear resistance + Jt - ? c.loa r ;y L ! J )t, --(J

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(Shock Resistince or Spring Steel) tq t,-*)rJg o

i a J{ {-, - + r),r,t,( O.5o/o,,rr ()p o.2svo. /
(,-i't.s"t", z 25 o/o
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--- )tir,r',-*sr1 7't7,:!/1. -brdll/J't(lrli Lx Frr,
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-?v.{ (Melting Pontl it[,5.t:(gt $itl

- v! L t : JPt t- {r ii o + { (Lor Density) g ;t f i tttL {t f7' <irl
v, ;V it,r,,r
2t -? rt: fi Ltt (co+flicienl of resrstance) tZ,, or:i -il,i t iWt,r' { (v)

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t- t) 4, - e- rr ( J J, ir. - 1 tl il$ eOres $o. -: (Copper) [F O
,r, 89 ji&j;r-A tr,F@uctnelfii,r (Malleable JsLLVL{)'!-
i.ri#r-1(conduclor;1 rfr,uo46j4' - -+i/tfO/t 1oE3 itf, )v
- 4rrr J*t.Jl, Lh. Lttt tttl,,,;r,L #, LU

4 q, - + in )'J,y,-a(Mrneral) flr o
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irq,(,!,,to,v- -+i,rz.t i-; .,n ;/,f,1/t 658 etl.l* tt -+J-f
 186

- - si 1 ( L Lu. trtt,t rt,1 L ot1 ju J4 L s it, q,r,!,y, ir. - ?

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+
-i ti(LLuLttr,,t
.,,, i/,f 232 iLf,u,t({, -+ir,!-f,qJt$*a$- -:(Tin)d o
Lk (forls) 15,',/*{ y't L 6, -aov,,!t 1f,,,i;- -$,.Li:/rt,-*irt.l *:
- + iv 6v?,t <,$ -E/,!, t,s)g tt stflr L ?t - L)i Lv
l[oa).q.ittL J;, - av(-l,|Jt,t*, -:(Zinc) c,.2 t J' o
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-asi(LLu(4,y,1> ,ltu-{ / ,.(,' ?tt-?i/,fO/t aE
l'1f t4io ttf, -tr,,, 8.85 ,f;t!,-*tx(J, ,1.1 -:(Nickh) I a
-atnJPt4Ltl,Plnt -?fnjPtgC ,1!t )2-, ,tthLrL$cdt -?
ttt ;.f6,5t'nelo ifi.D ,atr-1,4(;rt -:(Chromium) (r/ o
A 0(, - + rrr JPt gc Lrtt c/,,,,t J!,.r! i -fi ,,f-f; e t)vi /grt -7 j,, t.t i;
-+t/r(-E*t2+,
itrbtinr-qt - + i4 - 7 ov,,! 15,1irr,,1- -:(Magnes tuml { a
- 7 in J*, ,,c (light alloys) a u Lr o;, f: - ?tl.:(; *.+ y't ,,, -
-
I Lr-l,f,,t-leb brinte .,r, et+.! -:(tanganese);"gJli1
(Wear & e4, -i,t)t,g,>1J, - + t./1( tttt,lt,t Lv,,YF, - e- tn c./
-,;' {i<-*,,P-?si{LLu,J4 Lt L4( )ty;!.2r)tlr, Tear)

(Non-Ferrous Metal Alloys) LU UH rl; t,

, Lttt -y,,.F,{,,-F,y,,,,lrJr,'r,,.h G ct - q L / Ot,l z_,t,,.F ri ot
-,f, ct,.Er ./-;z .fat
(Brase) ,f- trt,, o
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(ererr) f( o
ut irv L )t, o h/, -1 i",f So/o tt t( 9io/o t- Llt - ? tn #, -,fJt ir { o
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t
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-1 Vuc-(SeiswelL.l1bl d./, ,t ,,,',, /-lh

(Gun Metal ,F- ,{ o
/,,(sf rensrh)Lr*rousht";,*.:l[_:]J;"{-r:;rt:?[f
*n*
,.FrJ, . (ilonel)
;*, L el,,/ tlr, - + in,,f ,{ f tr,,rl 6 1J)i nt q(Z}o/o,,}eH,,JE t,
J-,:.:r i,tt,.H i4 jV,Ft,,, zi /i/, - ? rl.)t J-,yr, (,t 4 t - ac.lezy
'lrnJPt

(Characteristics of metals I e?P { Ul Ut

-,a jr,frt firlt { e,tt,t,! j v,,----- ---, {){ t
' - i,' ",4, rt t,!,,i,,---- <Lustcr) -4 2
- + iV l, L*t?:1t
{t ev't------ilr( S r)l s
1,ft
- q 0', gt,lgrtjv, p --------,t I trl 1
Jt c.f GreW * cr i L,.t - + itr,t ; 0(,*/ J* t! u?u, f a - - - *Z lvt & s
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tn 0( ct;' ( u?b' (A -------- da;r.1 e
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(Non-Metat) i+*. r;rllUa * t gli -ii

.? , t )Ft L (-it; d6 !-t J*t t*) 4 "t /-1-.(/.' I )-f jv,l
gt - gn

- 4 L*,)c )- r -il, j; 0,, i ut _ rA,l )f r* f, E _ A

.€Jl-L"l ..r-l+;l .(Adhesves) ,.--J-S{l .-<i,.t .(asbestos) r-r"l?. .,u .ll
.op 2sfi*, ,g,,(-lr. ,?t ,cs$
g1 O q, { E' !
-+ { V I - -= c,t t L.f ; * i rr v{,F-' { gt
(
I t g,

(Advanced Enss iieteriats) ,Ltj*l.l;lfi ! *f - iii

-:(Composite Materials,S -1 :L/ U{

ul* i"- z;iJ,t -v! Lr (combrnatron)'l L )-,2 t*) e Jt L, ),,2 +;{
*- ': +;{ - -! i,: Jv !- :,r;/:( ,+ ll - )-,r (tfr,, ,, _ 1.
't
- -! i-tt 1..- ).8 ,i,ti lg:tirt;l ,-), q,rr (sltffness)

-:;t Lt1i4-f .r{ o

(Multiphase metalallowy) Lilt vE i- ,f tl
ll (iir) f', <,'l
-'f ,JV,I,,/,,.{,-t rt ) a, ; i c .-11,, g /, ( *.f I a.c.C
(lt etal Matr:r ceramicse{V,./f-,,F> m ill c
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,J,
-i ? t g { rtC { i.f ".rr (rernforce) t * i -gr',j J-,2 orre e ey') J,z t7t : } 1tl

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=,r!
,/ (properrres) ely' {,-7,,4 , !+ iV j /A P, /y'-,, ft,i .u,1, rJ, ,tt -/H
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t y.
 189

-:(Ctassification) 62,".a,! lf o:{

(Parlicle reinforced) ).,1t 6, [4 t
(Frber Reinforced) i'rfi (r /6 -2
(Structural) rf,z -s

(Fiber Glass Reinforced plastics ' FGRP) ,0q init tJ,, J$ig S

s<,./:Ll &q,,,- e tr (oasel,.F G ;/t; u'$,,r Jt - ? tro J-/ J{,1,

P { r, it, ,:t ;{.: . g:,( Qtk { uIir', oJ.A ;51, - u,1 z,/)*t nl L 'ts,l'
Ju-'i t, - .i L, ,iv ,,, rt?,,y;,* q r! li r, ft, * lt - q Z./J*' 4 t"
--

.:, i,ri'- t {,,1,(,4,,y;,-(Mineral tNootlJ,t J/ -' - i' J 2720 rrlrmm */

r v,,r )r'i- r) r\ r- {,t { @ropsy,:,tf L ;,1 f tt ;,'- n 1 J A ZV l rV L },;t ; tt$
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t;

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ui j-; i,, l,z: ; )r L L o P t vlL,-rt - L .:.tr(
t 7 t ; L G1$ I
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ASTII , SA 516 Gr 70
--i ---:.)!Lct!).-q
-r, u,,)1r.,,.- i,isz nso'.l/,',i,,t2-1,,y; -:e[z-tti
o

c1* A 578, A 435 'ASTlf, A 612 Gr 50

y'U
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ASTM ArSA 106, ig 4/,'4 t'21u'it"-,,(t/,( '
sA ,9? , sA 210, sA 333 Y7,'; t2a jl
ASTII A268, A 213,TP SOqt---(f,-/{)tz't' '
,.1, iiit ,{ ,;,, ,,.Fd,J(-g''t1./'{4''g ':)ltt
 190

(Properties of Materials) ovfLt*1

- +6 { /-'u1: r,.5 &y /-Yi { )-f
v
,/* <rt ,l-t, tni Ji' itt ,H ot',.fri o

(Physlcal Propertiesl i* ,,rtt -1

,)ylt 1s:, r f r)nLrlf dr--(SpeclficGravlty) 3$k (r)
-7tbLlt,e/? :1: i/tf tS.S rl.--rt ( ,t.,> { /rf, t
,l ,t,i, jt - J-.2 -7,, ,!,/ z -,- (Specific Heet) u &< ttl
Lv t,5.1; {, o tt? >rr ( !) )' jt, t tr r, c-,t.& tt { e,t? : - ? t/- b,i, ?, ol?
'ai'''t"t-L
,'ob,d,2ft elr' t! t---(FusibillUandFluldity) V ,, Uf, rcl
.4t zc- X J*( - 1 c,./ (,,) tl nt e rg,.fr ,, ;, la 0i,, € 4 i LV 6r,z),
-*vE
+,tL-|il,{o?u,,JuL?-itfl t *--0ltetdabitiry) tl&l il.' ldl
-q{lq,vrtiV (unite) 2
,!C),!-tf ,, Gl?*f,,,!,.F----(Etas0cityt y' ttl ,-Ott Gl
i - a iV ivo oi,, . n, a iV n,x J-t G Ig tf, z-r, t$ tt t,ri I tt, * tj - f il
ct 1
-,.
(Elastts ! Temporary Strain) i( ci,u /,ry' - - sq,i e{tt G lv tPt tl, g/,r, ,12 ,,
11,

-rE { Deformalion

1 l, u ( el?
E t! t.'. t, J -,,1r; 4 r!../t,r --- (PlacticityI t &+ tft
e- q tl - a iqt J-t iP 4 G't lg,! Jf t, /, i + cr nt Li L r ;tt I I / -
trt
(Plaetic Deformation or Premanent. {l -ti UCJu G.lv tt qt',,rle +ft ill,.>i

-,41{,1 srainl
 191

*y/,.d -z
loi t ;; 4. Lfi 4:t -t n i L I + A i,, i J.z - ---(Srrength) *-, Ol
-u.litu(ruptwelL)/.
J J.z -/,, d,, t q { /;; ;' i -!.r,.ri,!---(Hardness} lrl (b)
- 1,i /or,., : y L( Lt i *- i)penetration !( L ; ji t ysr:rrch isrt g, i
(Hardenabitityl.fr Ot)l lcl
. -Lv{.s ri,1+,;LgJq y''t,u,!,i*Q),,,!ov,s{,
-(ToughnessleiJ t,F gl
--i 1 ,e u {J.i;t ,y' Li,l-q i-v Lt:(detorm) Z- f t, Lq i-(t L -jdJf d
- -: { iy', - I rt,/i,,r,,o rt{ ui.;,, ;* S7 * {1, sF,7,, jtlf i
(Brittlenees) d, t/,/ tel
+ +?,(gti,>( lE-,,g /britleness/..*,t, j iV +i.- !- q,1JCL,!Fi
-'/' 'o-;
-(Maleabitityl,h,.F tO
tr , -G - ,i { j"'' ,f i.zv rJ up ,:/.(tea1 j,t.:(hammenng) Lg LiL ,t J_H
-4,Jvirtt
(Ducrifiry) d Jt tgl
:- j0 u;,t u(t u;^ q,c 1) a( t Vc - LV {i Mrrel,t,c Li 2t ., -G /.ztv ;t i Jf

-(Creep) */ Ol
{;'-q{+;,trlit-!,,t d I ?, .1, ;; L J-,i.&,r,{.i,il J zt,,rr;
-q{+/
,lf ,f 1 .
-.tl) i/& = v/
4 $
-(Fatague Resistancelcz7

't 4 -
u'-,, J*-' q it 4t,, - Lt, Lv i rt L'q L$,t \ L il t, oia,.lf d
Farisue lquJ i-.ioar j$f U;|i,1-f d -; { jy f'-e-tb.ti

-,i { Resrstance
 192

/-,JZ'tlt
-(Redlhncel
Z(Resitience lt - c-c,/,r $it t Ln lt it L i,.,htt l j-L,.t qv rt r! rlj<
-air,{r$i, G fl- rt
jfi{Ji tebr# -3
t7 u7n c(lnl endl u7 {t / e,V u i L,,f .*l
(cold end) r, ! ov, d
,1,vy',-;;,f .t,tt17: n,,r, - grt g/Vrr,! gt{rtt,).- +f/ GotrOudlrrrrrlt-(
-uz y'linsutato t1 lfr t t /, tr
-4
,v - + c./ f -E -7, .- -7 {, / e/ 4,,,
4,
*;)O;Ir,,
il
r(f )
-,i { t
(Ebcrric rnsura tor/- t y'''t
-,-./:,jr u / Jl j -,a /y e.il { .,t

-(Magnetic Properties) *gCr/W -s

- yi L n Jv L ey? t/w,, - ;f v r lawaal { 4, ; L i * t r}-}t,,
 187
u,r..el i( o
*,y t )t o h./, -+ inf s"r" nt t( *syo & Jt - ? tn ( J,,
-.lJt ir 4,
.7ulPr4,.EfZ,lr-?r/

- a rr ft7 jvL )f, nt J4. : -+ i",,lii" 10o/o

',Fgtt '
ttt q(Soh,,f esx 4 rJ,,
- c-Vt,c,-(Seiswel L,/11 I d.fr, *rnt /Jh
(Gun illeta i ,.F { o
zrr(stensth)Lf '(rousht";,fr.:;[-:il;::!-':;rl::w,f
*nu,
(Iulonet) ,.Frl, o
:b L r)h/ L)r= - ? ir,.{,{ r tr,t,z o 6ii d t(ZEo/o,-FaHo $,J,,
6 .aq ii,,t,.fl, ;4 jU, P a, zi /;f- - * Jl J.tt' f, 4 o - a t lezy
'acn)Pt

(Characteristics of metals I e?f t! cli V,

- rl in,.ffl fid,l,t {.=,t.2,,t $ib:------ ---, /)/ t
- + ia t4 {, t,! o?v'- ---(Lustet)-( 2

- f iV,,fr < -,t?4t y'v {t ev'i ------itd -p il S

-,,AJr€l,l$y'elb1Z i ti,1 t
J( c.r Grefi r{ i L l. - + i,,,,t : ir fil
c)' JE 6 uiv' P --- *f Je & s

+il,.1>
tn *)(,;l ;t ( gib 1A -------- .Ff & S
,,-+
 188

(Non-Metat) ilr-;ir (,jt.fii t b oli -ii

i ,r. JFtL (-,,t:t; dG st - r,1 Lr. Jpt o+)4 f- nii,,f l-f jv,l
-,4 L r J e )-.2 -( /',!
; i2, t ;ii gt - q,.f l-f r* d I - .A
.e,J[it .{.1 _.r5 .(Adhesryes) r+rit .-<,i.*\,(asbestos) *r |. .,r r. .lt
-r SL ; eS J(.-,ut y S,,K-t j+.,, g-5J1
-,
- + { U( il, rl + .=, Ji r L t tL' _
? e' I r L,/u! * i (, rr ol P,! u,

(Advanced Enss iteteriats) j+.rta {fi} !;l$f - iii

ix ;to -,- ;/ i
'
-, ,P'
o. -
't z
u, ; ;::,:Tjfi
,r;{ - w! Lt: Jv L eg? ,( ,<
':?"j:;':,' :f
ll lr:
gtl. 1 ,, - a
,i,,{ .;)
-
- i i-r, ;1.- ;L,t u(,g l$tt.it s,- e?), q; ,:t (strffness)

-:gt Lnlifl_f ,r,{ o

(Multiphase metalalowy) i_,lt ,.F i ,! l,l

-,r,./v {,,,i,,.tur Q, ;;, *,, /i',[!* r''i

(Metat Matr'r ceramicst /V,,/f_,.F1 mm c -2

-q {@an l,.r,x{;i+tr( vE)vl,ibasere( ,1it-rt Lr lf o:{,.1a,
6, +i < rv t{ JC,{ L,/ geintorcel t * { :.gc r! J- H oase t <,/,) t)/- V,, t,,t
- c- {,, ? t * (cohesion)
- rt r/ t e/. JV t L gf}, S r r rt u/,2 - 4 { g, I,
r' (propertres) eg,f ,i
-7,, 4, j- jV j if,y. i!;, j* 5 u.,rt tj,,,t J2
- ;i :-=,v t. ff*
3T J
i ;,,, !-,y -f E - u.i p r
6, _ J-,.ft { I 4i,, tr ;l-' b z
 189

-:(Classification) :lr r! lf t:{

6.u,
(Parlrcle reinforced) ;.rit 6, 14 t
(FiberReinforcedl ),ril J,-/$ '2
(Structural) 'lf,l -l
(Fiber Glass Reinforced plastics ' FGRPI &t, )t'iit 6' Ll$iti 3
,J,.i tt .J,1,,,, - 1c',: (base) # G ),itt il G J.'- e tr J.f -;{ 6,
l,! r. iv ,,t N{.t. J,,( (lk,! otLl, 'tr,LD ;t'f , - 4 L'/J*t / ')L s'}t
!u-, ; o,, - -i i-t: ,iv,,r t? r,y) q. 4,t ,i$ y r!+:u !t' - v7 u./J*t { to
-:, i,ri', {l,r /',,t ; u(Mrneral tNooD J n J/' - + i*'-( 2720 lvmm ti*/
--

y v-,,, :,'.- J ri r.,i,t { lOrops'S c,,f L ; I f ut ;, t- n 1 i,4 LV 1,V.C ) ;r / 11$

t,

- a'/ /-b L./[ 1,; L { t {ct,t - 7 11

)))1L J,y /,y

jt.. ! -n' t +\ r i t - 6 {. { cV tf ;9 L )/' 71 "' ; i't' i L ;' )* LAiTM
j-.t , lfivcnvatrons) itr2 ,Fr.wear teel. ' /'r'II - c,tL iP ' q Ln { i-u {'-f ' /P-'d
,! J.i L,, :L.i: ; t: t !!- r r) I t ult,'-ilY - L -1.t1{ 7 a : L G/' ;i''i > :E iw I "" J t
tru, ,{;Yt -lt /'t
jf j.ii nso,l! .i !- r ..,v L L 7y ; h1 { 7'1 f nt u, it -' ( [yD,-(v''t o
LLt-({-;i
-; ')tt,.*'t< ASTIII SA 516 Gr 7o

;-.ii '
-.:, * i i o- r-,t aso,j l'/ "t ):'"'t;':l(ttti'
o/t ",A 578, A 435 'AST[ A 572 Gr 50
-a J-;r.,,Prr(c-,5' sA-106'f'-ut/'t='i'/tt
SA'192'
ASTiI A/ SA 106, 17g'*'i t )'t u't3t "'fulg'
sA le? , sA 2lo, sA 333 ',17r1 r .Z-'-it
ASTIII A268' A 213'TP lo4tt--Jt''/'"1\'f"-tt '
,../, 1+|t ,{ ,;', ',)Ed'{-t'['./'{r'''r ':)ltt
 190

(Properties of Materialsl ebP,I lf

-n-,F
* 6 v { l-
- &y /*yt r! )-r
'/-*
t"t 1,-4' tui si' iit F ,i''fti o
(Physicat Properties I iqtq ,/rl -1
iylt 1.rr, t f $r'L,!trdr--(speuftcGmvity| i$k (e)
-c-tbltt*tt7 4: i/uf' f5 ll.-t: ( ,trl t! f ,t, t
G,'.o -;it o J-.f c7,, J7 z --- (Speclfic Ho.t) ,a ,It f 1D,1
Lv z,j.l; 4 t t? >1t ( s )t jf, r t-r r, e,t.&,t { e,v : - ? t/-, i,i,'?, o,t?
-ai"'{'2'L
i-v,{.-z-lg,=y? )2 z---(FusibilityandFlukli$} t4 ,r, Ul, Gl
,4t e + - zv J*( - a Ur,t [,) fi ttt e tq,.rt,, * la ii.,, € 4 LV e,t, ? LJ'

'*voA
+,tL -lL, { rt}v',)t, Lv.-it fl,t 7---lWeldability) tl&:t )}t ftl
-q{/a,p{LV (unite) 2
,!*'!-!a ,, Gl?s1,,,!u\----(Ehsriciryt -( t&.6u lel
i - 1 iV ia e i t e,,r e iv t,x J--; G o ! g t, I z-y rr(t il r,:,i I g d
-.,. - +
t
i/
(Elastic ! Temporary Strain) i(,t v / tl lv rf, 11t,1,,,,f ,,
rl, - <- cbi ilt t cl
-,i { Deformation
c_ t /.,, ( eli,!,!... tt J -,Jv 4 tll t - _ (pheticity) & J+ ttl
-

c- q Jt rl - 1 iqt l-i i?4 G o itv,! ttl rn I i 1 r) ot Li L - {,,, t, / -

Qt,,, ry'e +tV tll *i
(Plastic Deformation or Premanent. fu -ci tfiv/,rr4.=,tv,fr

'q{,,f'srainl
 19'

lo i t ;i I i-fi q:t zt n i L,.t + J i,, J JH 1 ---(Strength)

*y/,d
F-/
-z
Ol
-<-.ljtu$ustwelL)d
! J.,1-,.,, y{* t s4 { igi r/',! Jf ,,r-i,t---(Hardnes sl Gt4 lbl
- <- i.[.t'.r i t L( L i.*- i) penerrahon yQ-t i jl'ysctrcn / g
t t q, ;
(Hardenability) d41 c)t/l lcl
- L v'{,.r t ;,t q, ; L iI
.*. ; e,a y', r,u + J },, { :.v, v{,
-(Toughnesslct:J t,F Ol
-; { "i si,).i;,-,.8't).!-u; Lq Lt(detormlz/-'t,ig i-6L*idu!i./.
q - { l/-,--6./i,,r,,.o,f o j.;, U,aJf jtl+*$., f spu7,,
(Brittleness) y'
4 tr'! tel
+- tl, ( ;1 1,
i,.:-. (tE -
-5 / bnttenes s /,* u t! tv . ) .- J,:. 4 1 J0 L J-,t1,.{

-t/"'n-;
-(Malleabilityl ,.f $l th
tr nt -tr - $ {,f-',! ier,! LV e,.Oea1 j,,{(hammerinsl LV LtL J-H d
-a,./v,!{'
-(Ductiliry) ,f Jt lsl
- Jv u:/,!,LV {,c s( [ t l,E - Ll {;- grel,trc L) 2t,, !* {4,b s' { J,r

+/ -(Creep) Ol
{;'-qt+'".t,!iLJ-f { q i, it;; L J-f 4,,r./;i jl -E e-r,,tr
_a {+/
,Jf ,f I -// , ii& = */
4 lal -(Fatigue Resistance)e.ry
,J1 - u1.> !*qJ,4,,,- Lv Lr.,t,tt L9 L0\\ L;l -iq,1ld t,
Farisue {qu{t.t'*t7i$i&iJf d -,;{& fr'-?cb-,)
- ti { Resistance
 192

-(Rerillencaf d,tZ, tJt

{Reslicnelt --t/,r6), t Ln ltitL iJu,,i-L,.1qv,,,!rLit
-air,t,'$.ir rt ff - rJi
ififiii L t€ld,r$ -3
(cold end) e7 e7u e (lol edl e7 {t { etV tt I ur',, { ov, d
11,v lt r-.!; ,.F,z.,tl J-r: t n, - 6 JV ,t r! ,/, ,( n, ,). - a v.[ lConOuaAO tJ-

-q {@sutatoiJ,r/ t /-tt
- 4
, )' - e / f J r-,,,,, .- - 7 {, / e./ 4, r, *] ;O;'jr,, r(-( ;
c

-
": { (Ebcrric Insuta tory'-t, Jl, l, i -,- / r,.F,.v / J-,2 j / t -,i fi ,t /., (,,t

-(Magnetic Properties) *?fc/W .-s

- ,.4 Lro Jv L eyr't/w,, - L 7 4ewacl { q,; L ,.lw t glH ,,
 193

Estimating {q1rii 4
{ i esrimatns / L.i/tr { tcost Jtt 6 { e Lu. t i t!,r'"V d
<,t ;v >

Jt -Li.l//*erl <-(manutacruring) Lt h-q{fuf,t-l g ,t,l,-,n

- ?tr,!.rojl (,,'t lt)titt -?tV{t)tit c 4 fL /,,td:! lrV't"!l G
-'a cr J n,) tr f u#-) t 7,, 4t ( i, Lt, ! q r' i,,, .t ) L -iF t L4 Estimatrng
t ?-

Estimatlng t.r ;q,{

,E j/ i.t rt,,,t - c- jr. Jr,./esttmerron 8,1 - Lu {!it|,1/S- ,/-l{,;1
:ttv i cu(!i\;,JLbL().)'t-Jt-7 ine,,/,),,!1,i4 - L/ <pal!)
(over ;j,,t ;,!t i - +u gf( ctut q. 2- L r{ (eslimate) o)tit * -(Od L&<
ci {i,, - L "Ef ,l*.- ;dr57,,
dlunder estimate) ,E.i 1,6 eslrmate)
=i,J
o,Er Y L .J14 d=i ,i' L fi L) ,ft -(,< td 6,u { {- ;;e. ;,fir tt } .!: .q

vug i ,,, -( !, .- ,$ ,! J i+,v ,! ( L zi .ft ,h ? - ,i +,.iEsrimarrcn

i( f , qEslimalon .-'.,r - t litlf ,g -y'ilq,, Lt ? e't 4t / Estmalton
g! u/-,
=i
- *! t 2.i.,tt,Q/1 . 2t2t{a G )i rt, :v rtt, L) lt - ?
-:,,tV L Esdmation 1.2
- c $t :, s1: Lu r,tdt{ * t Lu !il1 {-.fu OA - ttl
- a gi i(t l ir<,,' i V ?d.r tttl
- a e.1,. ,i- t$ o)ttt ( ittt o7t: tt )v ( L.f 1(L :./n (riitl
Buy or Make ) cu.'; L 1 * EV ! +.i o J1 +f ;t I n, ri !.- in r,t,v o,",1' G l;,t. ;' - (tl
-(OPton

(Costingl (fivJt -2
( Jt,ft r! .:,r-i,r,fi ;t - c- t(t L LV rl L .{'t i 4 Ju
-v ( evt)t L * i1.i t- g:t 17.

,J.,z,l "t,- Ln&,i,J,tP:$,.t,J,V,!,r 1cq i $logtirsiucst-q {,1cld

- <- cV i i' / lerpenses).217 it I,,,t 2 .
 194

-:itt il *'VL(costing) :J;VJ Z.t

-t./rl_j-,!,y'i,, (i)

- LV(.J, I i v (,/- tt J t ( J* L f l, - li r Jrt j, { a r/- ai1,

| t
1u1

- 1 ur/- G J,// westage : (ir)

-a jntt,vsE i/i{.vr&{,-Jl'q tivl
{J,t tt - c/t}-4,Jt j'.a; L !ry $t
- E- n
- + jn,(,,rt! Lu rly,j i/,i:. r{,1 j- { -Jl,q tvtl
-*i/-,JLu4 Nnt
- a i,, ct,v,.t- Lvz f0-' {6,,v - 1! lvury

0,
Costing Estimatlng
! {.=.vt.il :i d;1 d, -1 J,t r,a I ( - i,! -{;4,{iirl,j
Lt, zfi,,
- q { {t-t' -alfflt
y',
;t - e (( ,tifi ,fi,, JrL2 dt - e tfu/ c,, l,-f{)t 1,, rh 4;, -z
',4 Zl otitt -av.fit 4 Z estimatron
'Jc,"; L LV,l. L,-Jyt, tf J*r -l
jl Jl ,!'t J,) ,! J",, Jlt -s
-1fir,/viv(J- , la rt 'i g ,1t i, y';t - < j,/ (rorecasq
$t
iLi i'= + Jt- o s4lh f i,v J;ta

(Overheads) )i, nt -3
,t LuJit1(fin$hedlvFE {JL 1tt.=utir 17c7tt ct!,L,,:-L:!,,,t J/Jiri
-,,! { A y,/f(mdarect)! )yr,,t {st - Ji Li bi
-:)hil lF|/xedl ),i - 3.1
i,.,t evt)t -- ut) t n {/rrl +V - q +, Ft Jt :,bti\tndrrectl L.tll ., -
9:9-:
 195
,.f tb,it $,itr,; ft - 4 in q,fi r/ic7tt ttt,itt z, ;H,,,,irfr! iv f ;/i 1a1

, .,4{
-,1-5 p1 -r,/f & $l
J J.. .i - + { yg,,r,t,t,( t,.t7, /t -Q rg y$ L} Jt
=
v ( rr - (v t,r, Lt7 @l
-tr (vt
'r'tllnd,
+,itf,t) ,,t ;vL L,l.*rLet)int,J*- - Deprrciation{,;,uintgfi 1s,y

-,1 { / L n f Natuel, i t!,:tt -.

-i)h nil lYadablelP i.2

j,., --l Lro:t)Lf-av'L (Volume) ,tOi,./i,qtuf*bir lttll ,t -

t,t jC,>vtit L Jj- ? r. ve,V Au .- J i L ! $ /, y -t,,;, L,! G,;, - Aj Q i; f ;t

-4
-,.t? Lx L,/, vr i tiPt - i- ,f," f-;, (Ol
.>qt.;t

- ? t Z t+.; u<* /ctt,,t - ? ir ti.z. I { il' - :,vt)t L il Gl

O

tct1l
- e{,z C,vu,-{iU?'cy JvzOt;)1,,(,/i,<,t -,tg 2-./{;h,,,, i,il
 196

Depriciation Crr {f ,;
4
,f ,,, Ju {, f y'' - 1,1', in -r',,t i 6 s i } c- c,i ( *..2, { t,,'t i{,1 +
L Lu:, i i, 4,,r - 1 ti, in /' ;v x J,,l' C Jt (, - + rtv { {-E - d- i'
-

,! tl- rt, (o u4 - 1 iv x 4 e)r/{ t./J-,, y'',', 7 iq,, * / nr s, r 1,Ft 2-

;

- q { f,J+i /,,1' - + iq n [;v t J, ]-,,, 6!l'

ct ? Li..J,r i-/.t.:t,ta, Jt - +g i{,,* /-t(; i, d - G iv Jv n iL,t
/ L V L rrt rlal - E- V rl+i f 6 1 J*
"f ct A I { -. -v
;t-.),:)vi,,t, tu it -
(drxl,li,.vt, L l.!,t, +n i i, i t - A { @n""tMelhod) ::} J-i,; h - r-
- * { v f + Jvi :-,, i L r.g fut- aProportronal)
D=G€/N
D = Depflcialron per year . ,17-: Z-,, i, trtv
C= lntetCost .S- y,ttf
S = Scrap Value Lri4y'/{t Lv r rr*,J'u.tlJ- )tr,-
rr,
-:;V,.,
N = Number of year of hre of machine Jv rh: t!,f
"fL

(obsolescence) ,lrrt -s
,";.+1,/+ J-,) L,; v-, i44 - ,,t at$.['-i,tr4 -ILOA 4Jut-lii
,y' (econor,callbil q.,,,,t,t1: <- eii a, s/i4(i'- + iVi t4l'.-,tirl {,t
.- Li,,E J-t L f ,J il,/ -+ 6, / 1( (efiiciently) €,1 -;,rt t i,<' l', - - in
,!,r/ /.,t - + jrr rr (un-economrcal) $t, $) r:!;zrl (out ol fashron) ur/ €,
,i,'J$.- i, i ;v {t :rv,i L E-,,,' - f, q. lA, - q { @tsotescence)
- L V {,P,f-,.1'rt ir, n Lv i i
tt v y'
i rt, Jt -,i zq {,
r- L, tt,!d i €- 4,! J' i
- ? J, .- + i s-f ' t i,, i,,v.-, t - q { { da t-,,! Lu L f i,.f',',!ni
0,r,, J / A,t u, i J J t v,.f ,-f t lt - Jb,* t6 -.v J { rl, i zl- L ; F,,.f ,l
j (

i-a: i, J - i +,) /-+, r Jv.d 0 { t,,b L c74i d o1,! s' r,} iv - a 5,i }-,";
i .t Jv ts,r,! ;' L,r Jc I / i ;,t' t-,t,),j ;t a r{ r,6 Jvzo iltt (/ { g? 1 i, {
?

.{rv
 197

(rerrris) ebilbt -o
-:(Orgnizationl,fi'idri o
,
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= (:!to/o 1 Zil :ttv jt 5oZo g linterest) ,r (r)
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(:Ltoh 6)
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