ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER

ENGINEERING

HIGH PERFORMANCE NETWORKS/ECEG-6301

ASSIGNMENT 1

By kedir Hassen
Student ID :GSE/9896/11

AUGUST 5, 2019

High Performance Networks/ECEG-6301 Assignment 1

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The A TM Adaptation Layer

(AAL)

 end-to-end protocol to adapt the cell transfer service provided by ATM network to the requirements
of specific application classes
 Includes conversion to cells and back, and additional adaptation functions, e.g. timing recovery,
reliable transfer
 The only way for a higher layer protocol to communicate across an ATM network is over the ATM Adaptation
Layer (AAL).
 is perhaps the most important functional part of ATM, since it provides for the conversion of
information into a format suitable for carriage across an ATM transport network
 is designed to support different types of applications and different types of traffic, such as voice,
video, imagery, and data
 Its basic function is the enhanced adaptation of services provided by the ATM layer to the
requirements of the higher layer
 It maps the user, control, or management protocol data units (PDU) into the information field of the
ATM cell and vice versa.
 present only in end systems (only at edge of ATM network), not in switches.
 converts the large Service Data Unit (SDU) data packet of the upper layer to 48 bytes for the ATM cell pay load
 AAL has two sublayers:
 Convergence Sublayer (CS): service dependent and provides the AAL services at the
AAL-SAP
 Common Part: packet framing and error detection functions required by all AAL
users
 Specific Part: functions that depend on specific requirements of AAL user classes
 Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR) Sublayer: segmentation of higher layer PDUs into a
suitable size for the information field of the ATM cell (48 octets) at the transmitting end and
reassembly of the information fields into higher layer PDUs at the receiving end

AAL Protocols and Service Classes

To minimize the number of AAL protocols, ITU-T proposed a service classification specific to
the AAL
The classification was made with respect to the following parameters:
 Timing relationship between sender and receiver
> Related
> Not related
 Bit rate
> Constant bit rate
> Variable bit rate
 Connection mode
> Connection-oriented

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> Connectionless
Four AAL protocols have been defined to support four AAL service classes

 AAL service classes  AAL protocols

» Class A » AAL 1
» Class B » AAL 2
» Class C » AAL ¾
» Class D » AAL 5

AAL Type 1 (AAL 1)

 AAL Type 1 provides for the carriage of constant bit rate, delay sensitive connections across
an ATM network.
 Receives constant bit rate stream with a well-defined clock from source and delivers the
same to the destination

 Convergence Sublayer (CS): divides the bit stream into 47-byte segments and
passes them to the SAR sublayer below. Note that the CS sublayer does not add a header
 Two CS PDU formats
> Non-P format: No CS header (CS PCI), 47 octet user information for
transfer of unstructured data such as circuit emulation of full DS1 or DS3
> P format: 1 octet header (Structure Pointer SP), and 46 octet user
information for transfer of octet-aligned data such as N x 64 kbps (e.g.,
fractional DS1) services
 segmentation and reassembly (SAR) sublayer: Add 1-byte header called the
protocol control information (PCI) to 47-byte payload

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 The header has two four-bit fields, four-bit Sequence Number (SN) and four-
bit Sequence Number Protection (SNP)fields. Each of these four-bit fields
is further subdivided into two subfields as described below

I. Sequence Number (SN)- four-bit field: contain 1-bit CSI and 3-bit Sequence count

Convergence Sublayer Indication (CSI): A 1-bit of first bit of SN; indicate the use/presence of of
convergence sublayer protocol control information; the default value is 0. Has two uses
> To encode Source clock frequency recovery
 CSI bits from four successive cells (1, 3, 5, 7) form Synchronous Residual Time
Stamp (SRTS) for source clock recovery at the destination
 The 4-bit RTS is transferred by the CSI bit in successive SAR-PDU
headers when the sequence count is odd (i.e. Value 1, 3, 5 or 7) and when
the CSI (convergence sub layer indication bit) is set to '1'.
> To indicate the presence of structured Data in CS layer
• by use of a pointer carried in the first octet of the SAR-PDU payload when
CSI= 1 and the sequence count is an even value (i.e. 0, 2, 4 or 6) to indicates
that the first byte of payload is the structure pointer to start of structured
block
• CSI = 0: no pointer for partially filled cells
In general,
𝟎 , if SRTS is not used (no 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟)
𝐂𝐒𝐈 = {𝐑𝐓𝐒 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞, if SRTS is used
𝟏 , for structured data

A 3-bit sequence count: indicate the sequence number of SAR-PDU making up the CS information
stream and to detect deletion or misinsertion of cells, the sequence count is used by the receiving SAR to check
that all cells have been received and that cells are in the correct order.

II. Sequence Number Protection (SNP): provides error detection and correction capabilities for the
SAR-POU header. This ensures correct interpretation of the SN field information even if it is corrupted by
transmission line errors.it provides two stage error protection for the SAR-PDU header
The SNP field comprises a 3-bit CRC with even parity for detecting and correcting SN error

The 3-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC)

• 3-bit sequence number protection for detecting error in SN
• Performed by generator polynomial X3 + X + 1 and inserted in CRC fields
The 1 bit even parity (EP) is 1 Bit even parity for previous 7 bits

• set to '1’' or '0' to make sure that an even number of ‘1 's appear in the 8 bits of the SN
and SNP fields.
 Summary of AAL 1 functions
- Segmentation and reassembly of user information
- Handling lost and Misinserted cells
- Recovery of sending clock frequency at receiver
- Emulation of DS1 and DS3 Circuits
- Distribution with forward error correction
- Handle cell delay for constant bit rate

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- Transfer timing information between source and destination

- Transfer structure information (structure pointer)

AAL Type 2 (AAL2)

 AAL2 provides bandwidth-efficient transmission of low-rate,
short, and variable-size packets for delay sensitive applications
 AAL2 uses one ATM connection between two points to carry
packets from multiple native connections
 Adds third level of multiplexing to the VP/VC hierarchy of ATM,
so low-bit-rate users can share an ATM connection
 Designed to support Class B (VBR) traffic
 Supports variable bit rate data where a strong timing relationship
between source and destination is required, e.g., VBR audio and
video
 Data passed to AAL2 from higher layers at the source at fixed
intervals and must be passed to the destination at the same rate
 The amount of data passed to AAL2 may vary with each transfer
 Supports voice compression and silence suppression
 Supports idle voice channel deletion
 Supports multiple user channels with varying bandwidth on a
single ATM connection
 The CS layer overhead consists of five fields:
 Channel identifier (CID). The 8-bit CID field defines the channel (user) of the

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short packet.): Uniquely identifies the individual user logical link channels (LLC) within the
AAL2, and allows up to 248 (8 - 255) individual users within each AAL2 structure. is used in the
packet header to identify the LLC to which a packet belongs
 Length indicator (LI). The 6-bit LI field indicates how much of the final packet is data.
Identifies the length of the LLC packet associated with each individual user, and assures
conveyance of variable payload. is used to identify the boundaries of variable-length
LLC packets
 Packet payload type (PPT). The PPT field defines the type of packet.
 User-to-user indicator (UUI). The UUI field can be used by end-to-end users; Provides
a link between CPS and an appropriate SSCS that satisfies the higher layer application.
Different SSCS protocols may be defined to support specific AAL2 user services, or
groups of services. The SSCS may also be null.
 Header error control (HEC). The last 5 bits is used to correct errors in the header.
The only overhead at the SAR layer is the start field (SF) that defines
the offset from the beginning of the packet.
 The Offset Field (OSF) identifies the location of the start of the remaining length
of the packet that possibly started in the preceding cell and is continuing in the
current cell from end of the field to start of first CPCS PDU or to start of PAD.
Maximum of CPCS PDU may span 2 SDUs
 Sequence Number (SN): to protect Data integrity is protected by the
 Parity bit (P): to protect The Start Field from error
 PADPING: When it is necessary to transmit a partially filled cell to limit packet
emission delay, the remainder of the cell is padded with all zero octets

 The functions performed by the AAL 2 are as follows:

• Segmentation and reassembly of user information
• Handling of cell delay variation

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• Handling of lost and Misinserted cells

• Recovery of the source clock at the receiver
• Monitoring of AAL-PCI for bit errors as well as handling of these errors
• Monitoring of the user information field for bit errors and possible
corrective action

AAL Type 3/4 (AAL3/4)

 Supports variable bit rate data where there is no timing relationship between source and
destination, e.g., X.25, frame relay, and TCP/IP data
 Supports Class C (connection-oriented) and Class D (connectionless) traffic
 AAL3 and AAL4 combined into AAL that can be used for connection-oriented or
connectionless transfer
 Why 3 / 4?
 AAL3: For connection-oriented transfer of data
 AAL4: For connectionless transfer of data
 All connectionless packets use the same VPI/VCI at the UNI
 Multiplexing ID (MID) introduced to distinguish connectionless packets
 AAL3/4 allows multiple users to be multiplexed and interleaved in the same ATM VC
 Message mode: single user message segmented into ATM payloads
 Stream mode: one or more messages segmented into ATM payloads and
delivered without indication of boundaries
 Assured mode: error-free delivery of messages
 Non-Assured mode: messages may be delivered in error, or not at all
AAL Type 3/4 CPCS-PDU
The CS layer has 4-octet header and 4-octet trailer consist of six fields:
Common part identifier (CPI). The CPI defines how the subsequent fields are to be
interpreted. Also indicate the message type. The value at present is 0.
Begin tag (Btag). The value of this field is repeated in each cell to identify all the cells
belonging to the same packet. Used to match header & trailer at destination -
=To tag packets to avoid reassembly to multiple packets into a single packet; B-tag
should be same as E-tag
Buffer allocation size (BAsize). The 2-byte BA field tells the receiver what size buffer is
needed for the coming data. Inform receiver about the maximum buffer requirement for
the packet reassembly
Alignment (AL). The 1-byte AL field is included to make the rest of the trailer
4 bytes long .it is byte of 0s to make trailer 32 bits long.it Makes PDU a multiple of 32-bit
Ending tag (Etag): The 1-byte ET field serves as an ending flag. Its value is the same as
that of the beginning tag.
Length (L). The 2-byte L field indicates the length of the data unit, Length of payload .it
must be the same as BASize.

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PAD: 0 to 24 bits; padding (PAD) of up to 3 octets of 0's may be added to the end of the user
information to aligns
trailer length to 32-bit boundary; To ensure that packet payload is
integer multiple of 4 bytes (Actual payload may be 0 to 3 bytes long. It is Inserted
between the end of the CPCS-PDU payload field and start of the CPCS tailor

AAL Type 3/4 SAR-PDU

The SAR has 2-octet header 44-octet payload, and 2-octet trailer consist of five fields:

 Segment type (ST). The 2-bit ST identifier specifies the position of the segment
in the message:
• Indicates which part of the packet (CS-PDU) is carried in the cell:
Beginning OF message BOM (00), Middle/continuation of Message COM
(01), or End of Message EOM (10)
• A single-segment message SSM has an STof (11).
 Sequence number (SN). used to ensure the correct order of receipt of cells
 Multiplexing identifier (MID). The 10-bit MID field identifies cells coming from
different data flows and allows SAR sublayer multiplexing Up to 210 AAL users shares on the same
ATM virtual connection.VC
 Length indicator (LI). This field defines how much of the packet is data used to indicate
how many of the octets within the SAR-PDU payload (total 44 bytes) are actually being

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used to carry user information.it indicate the size of payload. Where the payload is full
(as will always be the case for BOM and COM SAR-PDUs) the LI is set to the maximum
value of 44 in the case of EOM and SSM payloads the user information will only partly
fill the SAR-PDU payload. The minimum permissible value of the LI is 4 (for EOM
payloads) and 8 (for SSM payloads). Except for last cell, all cells have LI=44 Last cell
has LI = 4 to 44
 cyclic redundancy check (CRC). A 10-bit error detection code, for the entire data unit
that is to detect received errors in the SAR-PDU header, payload and length indication
fields

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AAL Type 5 (AAL5)

 The Simple and Efficient Adaptation Layer (SEAL), attempts to reduce the
complexity and overhead of AAL 3/4.
 It eliminates most of the protocol overhead of AAL 3/4.
 The CPCS-PDU payload length can be up to 65,535 octets and must use PAD (0
to 47 octets) to align CPCS-PDU length to a multiple of 48 octets
 AAL 5 comprises a convergence sublayer and a SAR sublayer, although the SAR
is essentially null.
 The CPCS-PDU is divided into 48 octets SAR-PDUs
 Since CPCS-PDU is 48-octet aligned, there is no need for a length field in the
SAR-PDU
 The AAL5 SAR-PDU is 48 octets of data with no overhead of SAR-PDU header
or trailer
 The Payload type indicator PTI field of the cell header identifies the beginning or
end of the CPCS-PDU
- PTI = 01: End-of-Message (EOM)
- PTI = 00: Beginning-of-Message (B0M), or Continuation-of-Message (COM)

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The four trailer fields in the CS layer are

 User-to-user (UU). This field is used by end users, used to carry user information transparently
on behalf of the higher layers (e.g. a service specific convergence sublayer).
To transparently transfer information between CPCS users
 Common part identifier (CPI). aligns trailer to 8 bytes this field is the same as defined
previously. planned for use in conjunction with layer management functions. (currently unused)
 Length (L): 2-byte Length of user data in bytes, indicates the length of the original data
or CPCS PDU payload (i.e. the size of the user data block). It may be used as a check by the receiver
to detect
loss or gain of information during transmission

 CRC. The last 4 bytes is for error control on the entire data unit; a 32-bit CRC error detection
code for detecting errors in the remainder of the CPCS-PDU.
 A padding (PAD) of between 0 and 47 octets follows it to make sure that the CPCS-
PDU has a size equal to an integral number of AALS SAR-PDUs (i.e. cells).

AAL 5 PDU Structure

0 - 47 1 1 2 4
CPCS Length
CPCS-PDU Payload PAD CPI CRC-32
UU

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Summary of AAL Capabilities

High Performance Network /ECEG-6301 Assignment 1 By kedir Hassen ----------------GSE/9896/11