LABORATORY MANUAL

Experiments in Network Analysis

By
MASHAALLAH BHAI
Peon of Holy Prophet [P.B.U.H]
Dedicated to: Prof. Dr. Sohail Aftab Qureshi

Sr.# List of experiments Page #

1. To verify Thevenin’s theorem in a simple dc circuit.
2. To verify maximum power transfer theorem.
3. To examine frequency response of a parallel RC circuit.
4. To examine the step and pulse response of a series RC circuit.
5. To examine the sinusoidal frequency response of a series RL circuit.
6. To examine the pulse response of a series RL circuit.
7. To examine the series resonance and to measure the resonant
frequency of a RLC circuit.
8. To prove the superposition theorem in circuits.
9. The magnitude and phase response of a low pass filter.
10. The magnitude and phase response of a high pass filter.
11. Frequency characteristics of a band pass filter.
12. Frequency characteristics of a band stop filter.
Experiment#1:
To verify thevenin’s theorem in a simple d.c. circuit.
Equipment:
DC power supply (0 - 10 V)
DVM or VOM
Resistors (1/4 watt)
1k 3k 6.2k 5 percent
Procedure:
1. For the circuit shown in the figure, use thevenin’s theorem to calculate the
values of Vth and Rth and record them in the observations table.
2. Measure the open circuit voltage VAB and record this as Vth under the
measured column of the observations table.
3. Replace the source with a short circuit and measure the resistance between
the terminals A and B. Record this as Rth under the measured column.
4. Calculate the voltage across and current through a 3k load that is to be
placed across the terminals A and B. Perform the calculations for both the
actual circuit and its thevenin equivalent. The results should be identical.
Record the results in the column headed “calculated”.
5. Connect a 3k load to the terminals A and B of the circuit in the figure.
Measure the resulting load current and voltage.
6. Construct the circuit of figure B with the calculated values of Vth and Rth.
Connect a 3k load to the terminals A and B. Measure the resulting load
current and voltage, and record them in the table. They should agree closely
with those in the adjacent columns.
Circuit diagram:
 A

R1= 3k R3= 1k

Vd.c.=8.94V
R2=6.2k 3k

Vth

Vth = [R2/R1 + R2]Vd.c.

= [6.2k/6.2k + 3k]8.94
= 6.025V
 Rth

Rth = R3 + [R1R2/R1 + R2] = 3.022k

Thevenin parameters
Calculated Measured
Vth 6.025V Vth
Rth 3.022k Rth
Loaded circuit parameters

s
 5.431k
Vd.c.=8.94V

IL = 8.94/5.431k = 1.646mA
VL = 3.0015V

Rth = 3.022k

Vth = 6.025V RL = 3k

IL = Vth/Rth + RL = 6.025/3.022k + 3k = 1mA

Loaded circuit parameters

Calculated Measured
 Actual circuit Thevenin equivalent
IL 1.646mA IL IL
VL 3.0015V VL VL
Experiment#2:
To verify maximum power transfer theorem.
Equipment:
DC power supply (0 - 10 V)
DVM or VOM
Resistors (1/4 watt)
1k 1.5k 2k 2.7k 3k 3.3k 4.3k 5.6k 7.5k 10k 5%
  (two)    
Procedure:
1. Given VS = 10V and RS = 3k, calculate the load voltage VL, load current IL
and load power PL for each value of RL given in the table.
2. Setup the source with VS = 10V and RS = 3k. For each value of RL, measure
and record the load voltage VL and the load current IL. From this calculate
the power PL. Complete the table for measured data.
3. Plot a graph of load power PL versus load resistance RL from measured data.
Determine where is the load power a maximum and its value.
Calculated data
RL (k) 1 1.5 2 2.7 3 3.3 4.3 5.6 7.5 10
VL (V) 2.5 3.3 4.2 4.7 5 5.1 5.8 6.5 7.3 7.6
IL (mA) 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.16 0.88 0.7
PL (mW) 6.25 7.3 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.3 8.01 7.55 6.4 5.8

Measured data
RL (k) 1 1.5 2 2.7 3 3.3 4.3 5.6 7.5 10
VL (V)
IL (mA)
PL (mW)
Circuit diagram:

IL

VS = 10V
RL = 3k
 12

10 10

3 4 5 6 9
8 7
8
2
PL (mwatt)

1 9 Series1
6 10
8 Series2

7
4

5 6
4
2 3
2
1

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RL (kilo ohm)

Experiment#3:
To examine the sinusoidal frequency response of a series RL circuit.
Equipment:
Signal generator
Oscilloscope and time 1X probes
DVM
Inductor 0.5-32H (as resistance < 500 at 1kHz)
Resistor 36k5%
 Circuit diagram:

VR
L VL
Vin

Procedure:
1. Setup the apparatus as shown in the figure.
2. Set f = 10 kHz and note I, VR and Vcoil. By increasing and decreasing f above
and below 10 kHz, find out the variational effects on all the above three
quantities.
3. Now vary the frequency from 2 kHz to 40 kHz and record VR and Vcoil for all
the values of f in the table.
4. Complete the table by calculating I, Zt and Zcoil.
Freq. EFFECTS
f I  VR  Vcoil 
f I  VR  Vcoil 

R = 36 k
FREQ VR (volts) Vcoil (volts) IR = VR/R Zt = Vin/I Zcoil = Vcoil/I
(kHz)
2
5
10
20
30
40
From the figure,
I = Vin/R + jL
I= Vin/(R)2 + (L)2
VR = IR
Vcoil = I(jL)
Vcoil= L(Vin/(R)2 + (L)2)

Frequency VS VR
 45

40 40

35

30 30

25
Series1
VR

Series2
20 20 20 20 20 20 20

15

10 10

5 5

2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency

Frequency VS Vcoil
 45

40 40

35

30 30

25
Vcoil

Series1
Series2
20 20

15

10 10

5 5

2
0 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.45 0.45
1 2 3 4 5 6
frequency

Experiment#4:
To examine frequency response of a parallel RC circuit.
Equipment:
Signal generator
Oscilloscope and two 1X probes
High impedance voltmeter
Capacitors, 0.001F 10%
Resistors (1/4W): 16 k 10%, three 100 precision
Procedure:
1. Construct the circuit shown.
2. With the aid of oscilloscope, adjust the source to provide a convenient
terminal voltage at 10 kHz.
3. Use the oscilloscope to monitor the voltages V1 and V2. By observing the
oscilloscope traces, note any variations in V1 and V2 as you vary the
frequency around 10 kHz. A decade below and above 10 kHz is a good range.
Recall that IR is proportional to V1 and Ic is proportional to V2.
Observations & calculations:
Freq. V1 V2 IR IC Z XC I V
2
5
10
20
Circuit diagram:

IR
V1
I
V2
IC C

A.C.

Freq. VARIATIONAL EFFECTS

f IR _ IC  I 
f IR _ IC  I 
Experiment#5:
To examine the pulse response of a series RL ciorcuit.
Equipment:
Signal generator
Oscilloscope and time 1X probes
DVM
Inductor: 73.8 mH (ac resistance < 500 at 1 kHz)
Resistor: 30 k 5%
Procedure:
1. Calculate and record quantities Zcoil, Z, I, VR and Vcoil for a terminal voltage
of 5V and frequency of 1 kHz.
2. Use the DVM to measure voltages Vcoil and VR.
3. Calculate and sketch the following.
Circuit diagram:
R

VR

L Vcoil
I

Theory:
Q: A voltage pulse of magnitude 6 volts and duration 3 seconds extending from t = 3
seconds to t = 6 seconds is applied to a series R-L circuit consisting of R = 6 and L
= 2H. Obtain the current i(t). Also calculate the voltage across L and R.
Solution: R

i(t)

v(t)
v(t)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 t
Application of kirchhoff’s voltage law to the circuit yields,
Ldi/dt + Ri = 6[u(t - 3) – u(t - 6)]
On Laplace transformation, we get
L[s.I(s) – i(0+)] + R.I(s) = 6[e-3s/s – e-6s/s]
But i(0+) = 0.
Hence L[s.I(s)] + R.I(s) = 6[e-3s/s – e-6s/s]
I(s)[Ls + R] = (6/s)[e-3s – e-6s]
I(s) = (6/s)[e-3s – e-6s]/[Ls + R]
L = 2H
R = 6
I(s) = (6/s)[e-3s – e-6s]/[2s + 6]
I(s) = 6[e-3s – e-6s]/s[2s + 6]
I(s) = 6[e-3s – e-6s]/s[2(s + 3)]
I(s) = 3[e-3s – e-6s]/s(s + 3)
Consider:
Using partial fraction:
3/s(s + 3) = A/s + B/(s + 3)
3 = A(s + 3) + Bs
Put s = 0
3 = 3A
A= 1
Put s = -3
3 = A(s + 3) + Bs
3 = -3B
B = -1
I(s) = 3[e-3s – e-6s]/s(s + 3)
I(s) = [e-3s – e-6s][A/s + B/(s + 3)]
I(s) = [e-3s – e-6s][1/s - 1/(s + 3)]
I(s) = e-3s/s – e-3s/(s + 3) - e-6s/s + e-6s/(s + 3)
On inverse Laplace transformation
i(t) = u(t - 3) – u(t - 6) – e-3(t - 3)u(t - 3) + e-3(t - 6)u(t - 6)
i(t) = u(t - 3)[1 - e-3(t - 3)] - u(t - 6)[1 - e-3(t - 6)]
Voltage across the inductor is given by
vL = Ldi/dt = Ld/dt{u(t - 3)[1 - e-3(t - 3)] - u(t - 6)[1 - e-3(t - 6)]}
d/dt{1 - e-3(t - 3)} = 0 - e-3(t - 3)d/dt{ -3(t - 3)} = -e-3(t - 3)d/dt{ -3t + 9)}
= -e-3(t - 3){-3} = 3 e-3(t - 3)
d/dt{1 - e-3(t - 6)} = 0 - e-3(t - 6)d/dt{ -3(t - 6)} = -e-3(t - 6)d/dt{ -3t + 18)}
= -e-3(t - 6){-3} = 3 e-3(t - 6)
vL = Ldi/dt = Ld/dt{u(t - 3)[1 - e-3(t - 3)] - u(t - 6)[1 - e-3(t - 6)]}
vL = Ldi/dt = 2{u(t - 3) 3 e-3(t - 3) - u(t - 6) 3 e-3(t - 6)}
vL = Ldi/dt = 6{u(t - 3)e-3(t - 3) - u(t - 6)e-3(t - 6)}
t=0 vL = 0V
1 0V
2 0V
3 6V
4 0.299V
5 0.015V
6 -6V
 8

6 6 6

4 4

2 2

1
voltage across coil

0.299 Series1
0 0 0 0 0.015
Series2

-2

-4

-6 -6

-8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Series1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Series2 0 0 0 6 0.299 0.015 -6
t
Voltage across resistor
vR = i(t)R = 6u(t - 3)[1 - e-3(t - 3)] - 6u(t - 6)[1 - e-3(t - 6)]
t=0 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 5.7
5 5.985
6 0

6 5.985 6
5.7

5 5
voltage across resistor

4 4

Series1
Series2

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Series1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Series2 0 0 0 0 5.7 5.985 0
tim e

Experiment#6:
The magnitude of a low pass filter.
Equipment:
Signal generator
Oscilloscope, DVM
Resistors: 15 k, 1.5 k
Capacitors: 0.047 F.
Circuit diagram:
R

Vin Vout
C

Low-Pass Filters
Figure shows a simple RC circuit used as a low-pass filter. The bandwidth of the
passband is BW = f2 – f1
BW = fc – 0 = fc
Frequency fc is the cutoff frequency; it is the frequency above, which the output
voltage drops below 70.7 percent of the input voltage.
Vout = 0.707Vin
According to voltage-divider equation:

Vout = Vin{XC/R2 + XC2}

If the rms input voltage to the filter is 10 V, determine the output voltage at
200 Hz 600 Hz 1200 Hz 5000 Hz 10,000 Hz
Assume R = 1 k
C = 0.047 F
f Hz Vout
200 9.983V
600 9.847
1200 9.426V
5000 5.607
10000 3.207
 12000

10000 10000

8000
voutpout

Series1
6000
Series2
5000

4000

2000

1200
600
200
9.983 9.847 9.426 5.607 3.207
0
1 2 3 4 5
Series1 200 600 1200 5000 1000
Series2 9.983 9.847 9.426 5.607 3.207
frequency

Experiment#7:
The magnitude of a high pass filter.
Equipment:
Signal generator
Oscilloscope, DVM
Resistors: 15 k, 1.5 k
Capacitors: 0.047 F.
Circuit diagram:

Vin R Vout
A.C.

Observations:
Frequency Vin Vout
Hz V
100 2.4 0.9
200 2.4 1.4
500 2.4 2
1000 2.4 2.2
2000 2.4 2.2
5000 2.4 2.2
10000 2.4 2.2
20000 2.4 2.2
 25000

20000 20000

15000
voutput

Series1
Series2
10000 10000

5000 5000

2000
1000
500
0 0.9 200
100 1.4 2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Series1 10 20 50 10 20 50 10 20
Series2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
frequency

Experiment#8:
Frequency characteristics of a bandstop filter.
Equipment:
Signal generator
Oscilloscope and 1X probe
High impedance millivoltmeter
Capacitors: 0.01F, 0.01F
Inductor: 100 – 200 H radio frequency coil
Resistors: (1/4 watt): 100, 1k, 2k 5%
Observations:
Component values Resonant frequency Q Δf
L C R Calculated Measured

Circuit diagram:
a

Lcoil Vout
Vin Rcoil

b
For input frequencies within the stop-band region, Vout < 0.707 Vin. The resonance
frequency and bandwidth of the bandstop filter may be determined from
fr = 1/2LC
Qs = fr/BW =  rLcoil/R1 + Rcoil
Assuming the current drawn by the load is insignificant (unimportant),
Vout = Vin(Zab/Zcircuit)
Zab = Rcoil + j(XL - XC)
Zcircuit = R1 + Rcoil + j(XL - XC)
Zab = R2coil + (XL - XC)2
Zcircuit = (R1 + Rcoil)2 + (XL - XC)2
Vout = Vin(R2coil + (XL - XC)2/(R1 + Rcoil)2 + (XL - XC)2)
Δf = f2 – f1
Q = fr/Δf(BW)
Experiment#9:
To study the frequency characteristics of a band pass filter.
Equipment:
Audio signal generator
Oscilloscope
High impedance milli ohmmeter, capacitors
Inductors, resistors
Circuit diagram:
R0

Vout

L
Vin

A bandpass filter that uses a series RLC circuit whose resonance frequency and
bandwidth provide the desired passband is shown in figure.
Resonant frequency:

fr = 1/2LC
BW = fr/Qs
Qs =  rL/R0
Vout = VinR0/R02 + (XL - XC)2
Observations:
Component values Resonant frequency Q Δf
L C R Calculated Measured

Experiment#10:
To be able to predict and verify voltages in circuit containing d.c. and a.c.
Equipment:
Function generator with d.c. Offset
Multimeter DVM
D.C. power supply 0 – 10 V (if d.c. offset not available on function generator)
Capacitor 0.001 F
Resistor 20 k
A.C. = 1V(rms)
D.C. = 2V
Circuit diagram:
C

VC

Vin R VR

A.C. & D.C.

VR = VR(D.C.) + VR(A.C.)
= 0 + 1 = 1V
Vc = Vc(D.C.) + Vc(A.C.)
= 2 + 0 = 2V
Observations:
VC VR
dc ac dc ac
Calculated 2 0 0 1
Data
Measured
Data
Experiment#11:
To examine step and pulse response of series RC circuit.
Equipment:
Square wave generator
Oscilloscope and time 1X probes
Capacitors: 0.001 F 10%
Resistors: two 10 k 5%
Circuit diagram:
 R

Observations:
R C Τ = RC Τ = 5RC fmax
1
2

Charging curve:

Number of time constants Calculated voltage Measured voltage

1
2
3
4
5

Discharging curve:

Number of time constants Calculated voltage Measured voltage

1
2
3
4
5

Voltage across C:
 charging curve

5 5

4 4
voltage across capacitor

Series1
3 3
Series2

2 2 1.96 1.98
1.9
1.72

1.26

1 1

0
1 2 3 4 5

Series1 1 2 3 4 5
Series2 1.26 1.72 1.9 1.96 1.98
time constant
Experiment#12:
To show that the resonant frequency of a series RLC circuit is given by 1/2LC
and plot the frequency response of an RLC circuit.
Equipment:
Audio signal generator
Oscilloscope
Capacitors: 0.001 F
Resistance: 100  5%
Inductor.
Circuit diagram:
R

VR

L
Vin

Theory:

Z = R2 + (XL - XC)2

I = V/Z
For resonance frequency
XL = XC
2frL = 1/2frC
fr = 1/2LC
Observations:
Frequency vR
500 Hz
1 kHz
2 kHz
fr = 3 kHz
5 kHz
10 kHz
20 kHz
50 kHz

Frequency XC XL Z I vR
500 Hz
1 kHz
2 kHz
fr = 3 kHz
5 kHz
10 kHz
20 kHz
50 kHz
Frequency versus vR