AIRFRAME STRUCTURAL DESIGN SECOND EDITION Practical Design Information and Data on Aircraft Structures By MICHAEL CHUN-YUNG NIU Lockheed Aeronautical Systems Company Burbank, California HONG KONG CONMILIT PRESS LTD.E 00828754 MICHA, ¢.¥. NIU'S AIRFRAME BOOK SERIES: AIRFRAME STRUCTURAL ESION (1988) ‘COMPOSITE AIRFRAME STRUCTURES (1992) AIRFRAME STRESS ANALYSIS AND SIZNG 1957) About the author Ik Ma ero Ate Ca oy FP ace mh ar perencr niacee oe a ee a tl re adel fies need rope: Dring Me erie orm nen pine ee chy eas ne eee ee abo Meer ie Loci heed of cen and orf Pac! Bln 197 an Sat ed W's Wn 78 each a nmol im as ne) Egewing SoCs Ane Die on ep seine Suche Se ao Sig npc tsrpm ro ae Secon etn, onus, 199 with part of corrections Naik Dogue tec ow KONG cn at Farspase8 Towa Kone Pees rh ob 29 Ouse US (18) 20607 Wor wewsursmecon en 7 ina wont 18BN 982-7128-08-0, Printed in Hlong KongCHAPTER 15.0 FATIGUE, DAMAGE TOLERANCE AND FAll 15.1. Introduction “There iss panen of approach and an sccemastion ot Snowledge and odonal safeguards that are veloping fo provide ftom esanropise ef of fee re." i cre ‘s"untamentaly imposible, aoneticless thee are Simp stp when can be then to minimize the Izara"ThisYecogniion sion i a ot spon forwari step. The desgn principle of “al-sae that {equate saley er some opr of damag, hat reco the ftgve problem from the safety kvl to the econamie level” Whe tale: concepts have ‘ied the status of ftigu fom the figtening ‘zardous oa more eam cconome problem, fate 4 neverbelest ofa rank importance Steasurer unt be demented fo ve a sie tory fangoe svengh eer by comparsive expe nc, or by analysand test, even ough the ‘tee my be daignd to be faaale "The mode of Fare of suctarsasacte wih design eter re Sownin ig 18 11 — Mode o Fare Design Ctr AMlowabes Data ‘Static srengih of | "Seruture most suppor ume loads ‘Static properties ‘undamaged stocture ‘ithout fre for Seconds | Deformation ofundanagsd | Deformation ofthesrucureattnaonts | Ste proper and rep sritre may ot inrere wih sal operation proper or elves (Experatare condons | "Fatigue crack initiation of undamaged structure 1, Fallsafesinsctare mos met antomer Sensc ie requirement fo opt teeing conten ™ 2, Sl le components mst remain cack {fees Replacement es mst Be ‘peeled fortes components Fie properties Redual sic wea of Triste sracure mast suppor 80100% ‘ais properios stmaped siete Tmtiods without etstopbic tare. | 2 Fracture toughness | 2. ASngl meter faedin redundant ropes ‘rue or pura aren monte rack gromhlifeot Ty Forfa smucare apccton T Gack owt stanaged tute tecgues and equncy us be properties Specie minimize rat ofestarophic | 2 Practar toughness ines premise 2. Forslesesrucare must deine Inspection eases and reuences ud replacement ne = tht probaly ttre de to tq cracking creme rte Fig. 51.1 Design otro sing ara strates 538 Aisfame Structural Design a‘Te srr dasian procs involves « umber of inercaed poses f Work which ave strated Se the information fw diagram shown in Pig. 153.2 “he este! a oon i the mace pre degn species and coxa Tague Sn the cnc wage of decopen. Ih US. tlie atcraft:psninary sig detion con- Trees ae unliy awarded to several ides to Five Contract regerments and desi speiien {ns forcommesci errs ts pase of te work tty Sede te ret eo During te design detlopmem sage, dss eta acbichel base eral spiel loads ae ‘Spates iernal clement or part bas ae cl inetd la ent of rat eng ‘arg of sfey determined, Laboratory ts of tei and components hep to establish Jesh ‘owables to cure tat the craft wil pss the ‘Qifesion snd ceieato est roman “he clan ton ge Soni of ne, fevg tastes fight tet prams which mas fags faced the cstomer Tequrements or ie Fegeveneats of the cering agscy such ss the ERNofthe Uied Sates “Ate "completion all est requirements the aicats puto servic. During the operation age ‘Revaplake must be mninened by using speed Sepeton, aan, a ep prone, To Sr the suc designed forfour mai are fnodes wich ate ‘PSEA ukimat rong eligi strength) «aig oft sre ek ntaton) 1 Ee iO a ie econ Sieh eng danaged srctire Flow each of tse failure modes ae socouted orn theTaperat etgn and suacadon process er (ied n Fi 19 13 Desiang fortes tare modes (Nil prove a suctoe wich wl weet the stale ‘Reng andl regsremcaso any seat Or hese {alate modest wl be concerned primary wih the Hit tee mde ie, age, crack propagation, and esd sent of damaged suet ue performance hae een THe focal point of the preceding rears ta om, ine wo ue meston Bis ise mae of fate dougn, Whe use ofthe ferme stele and false sctures ay indeste there are two pte for bldg eval race, Thee steal go such dearest operat. Dot se: eS fale crcl design concept are qual Stcouary to eee a suctraly safe ond ope ‘Eeatysatsacory isang. Just the ulate Sezer enn mut coneder”apd_comane all ‘Sons of una, hse or shee stress fOr ‘Reh senoment 0 must adequate fag eo {once bot the easance of rac fae ‘SSE ion athe estan of five damage ‘Gow othe oto ctstrphic sacral are Fis the dese as rey bat one oer objetve Tate to tore design posphy the sn of 8 Sucture whack bas hp degre of tuctura elie ‘ify and slay during the intended Servic ie of the Conon ele rs feanrement | 4] Design ma, Avett FH] sateen | j| Cosme sie [| sin asi st [Sas fy see sestenins|1| | L eae jose ' | \ ee ' in : 1[Repic | Freya | Jetsar? | [useates | | [pee 1 | eset [>| designation. |I 5 |e Soetenpte || ! \ \ : 1 Conceal sn | Proofand peti, —conset Design development stage > ulietion — Soetopmene “T* ame see se sore Fig, 15.2.2. Aire design, decopmet end crifton. Aieeame Serctural Design 539Tee rae, gem [eee a ce i : ona TEs Fig 15.1.3 Faure modes cote for thie sign ad uifstion pres. Fane T + Scan wcities Fate dei pinoy | Fig. 1514 Frguedsgn piso “Thereore, a trated in Fig 15.1.4, the total ‘ign deg plsopyintodes both fia and fhe it fee cone Fstige is 8 progresive fare mechanism and materi degradation tse with the oad eee. The Scaiefaage camo pom wt fecrace s macatad, Then the rack propagates fa he fae proces cama # compe {Bloc raise 189) hel (eine tree (@) Inti! He ateral during which a complete filure can ocr only when the oped oad 540 Aisframe Strucgurl Design acods the design ultimate strength, ie 19 ume crs which wail tnd to fede the Sg lone Strength capebiity Ths time inet uly Sone athe fatigue ie Ft ‘Sein {ite intra afer safe fe terval, ding wich ‘2 omplee fare wil oscar even when te Sppied long tlow the utimte den Yd ‘Bie song ruc, de to sal rok, iT Rc fe ari ate oa RET Uo, dng which compte fate sl cost von when the sped load belowtn i — = Fig 1515. Progreso alan of estrous elomet he aims design load and he strength roc Wo fonction ofthe mate! fatre tog Bek proper "and aren reducon due 0 frowingerck (ae () combine o frm aime interval which my (sar teases, The length o a fe ction of the send stengh eduction ras crack fame mrt and the fate design eer wich Fiiotite reid strong to the mi oad eb Ted by certfing agency, The fale He corte ‘eRe the tne nerd between tspections. Ths ‘ond fc crak which ray iia ata ins a thoutd ot propa to etl lng that The rescul stagth should ot decrease blow he [BS Sedation ond blore the neat inspection, uring ‘Thich be crak sbould be detectable, ‘Suan whch ex avery shor faba Ie ial nw clean ot bracealy proved for such a nose landing get ager as diated as lee sue ‘te lke ocr hand, racturs which ave @ FS faiale le and mally contin srctra “ehmdingy Ses ing tinge! ahd fie singe panes ave designated as fae sae "Fhe primary gol of & good faugue desig 6 10 ain ate ice ‘equal 10 the projeted Hie ofthe arate Based the stati pet Migueshe satie y be ined ashe ineral during which the probability of crack iii ‘evan aceepable om vue Fugu aur Sting Tis evap ft erackiaton ac not ‘lee tare An optim fag design sold co He iy mie re et ‘SPean rally and ceqnmsl operation and = ‘econably ong false We Tor safety and 10 ‘eeeneneeonomsal operation by mizing i ‘Stor nie perm vai ptonomanon enc design emia mt e pointed rene contoing the many features of Seg at ‘Mamactrng teeing dhe ein of fig pet emance Design pling tad execution, manic fering quality coor, ans, test. demonstration, Teepe, apd sere montoriag ofthe aia eX are wage prove, meses 10 produce oF ‘Baa ih evelo figueperformante, Te ety ‘et nate of fangee response egues comet. SEE SSaeuon to ak as wel as cueation of eta {is beyond the pravice necessary for sate ‘eng des Glossary {Cyto Tre tunctonwichsrepeate periodically Design Life Thee specie by the contactor or {Be cisomer tat the srt or component of the ‘Brat mst rman free of fatigue probes [Airframe Strcturl Design 541[durance Limi ge tt) — Te mason Ena ays na son ed cae Binet gusta ons weal oar ees TMU 'EN cine Snes torial Sod Sprantoreminngar ty 3) FOES ths mca atthe aca wl op fort cpt ow ry eg er par damageo xeshe ner Sek Siebert Gamage race ots timer, Sept sve ni St coma conn sy ah tn eo paldeliigh omen Fate fhe penonenn of he fre of mt ES getcbamuosot pyaar Fatige Lie Te mmo repens or Siar ia of spl ac at pee tn sai bfore pet fae cere Te Roeduna ecgnel temsctopis ger Fatgne Quay Index KA nore ef Eentadp an a St a Se sce? Figcby Fight Fatigue Test — ie est ee erate ee en emp) hornet moot ot Sob Dp te fe tno ang ak plndtoa and an sey Ground hi-Groud Cte "A eye wich ‘Sed rica om he mar eee {Gece snd oops te alan SS wood err ung pe ‘Firat fo mien igh fed bag {ens mame at rf ogcond Seg tiered we te ote pr Sead gens Se i 'ReduSton Factor — a aco, pind ith the crhng tse ra eto Ho thine at cited Her eee mpm, The apie Se te eta ac 0 Reon ot etl f pecs se he np ee pete mace le ghee pled SateLife — Sue fe conpueny ae those com Pica re Soul eh cape fs elo afte span Se opens ‘io en ck he ing ere eT ma SUGGES meres tapi orcompinn ‘Snel Oy pc ajar war ng otros SR neon le elec cr sch inl fer re enue ote Service Life™ Te mmr So pt uy Some eso He wl on SR Care Wien Ge sierotig of manu SoS, Gna tr anc a st re Ghige By tg tore oe te ple spe Sn 51 Tas cnc eens Svar Spectra Fugue Tet — Val ample ing Beer at trues ines omen nope fo er ‘Serer Cle Ths sit prt of he reine fenstn Cot epee nay ew SGiyhp 151 tenes evap Sel mh {soning em 542 Aisrame Structural Design Fig. 151.8 Type S-Newrve Fe ig. 181.7 Stes yt diagram, ‘+ Alteating Stress (or Variable tres) $, — One: (Seu = Se) a the range of sess hat is, 5. Maximum Suess, Sy — The highest algebraic {aloft ne ies k,l we ean Sues, 5, — The algbaic mean of the ‘mounum and lnm sre one See, Soa + Su) sy~ Hint {+ Mioimum Suess, Sy ~The wes algebraic value Data athe eee, ene sess being Sotred postive and compressive sess esate ‘+ Ringe of Stoxy 3) The agebrie diforence thetwcen te matimim and minim sess On One joes at 8 Se Sa + Shss Hao Tae Sgeblé aio ofthe mein Stress the maximum ses 9 ne eye, hat Ss = Sor the algebraic ratio ofthe aerating For the sete e steer the mean tess in one cyl, tha S. os Tt uo Tapia medammeresa Seer vamos mee ise ies mom i peau ewer coat om ae CN