CHAPTER 9.0 CORRELATION OF SON FROPERTIES 9.1 INTRODUCTION Engineers and geclogis are often expected to give preictons of soil behavior even whea ile or no relevant laboratory teat results ae avaiable. Ta many eases ly sol identification and index properties te avilable. Te aim ofthis chapter i o preset correlations which canbe valuable for preiizary ‘design. These coreations canbe seh fo denefying Unita sol behavior and verifying test resus, ‘Tis chapter presets piel values of engineering properties for various types or clases of si, togeies with commonly used correlations beween sll characteristic and engineering properties, The scope of {his chapter ited to corclaons with sol clasifieation iss, index properties and Standard Penetration [values In addon, some exparations ae given ofthe engineering relevance of the various properties; andthe justifieation of correlations becween properties is discussed, “The fil of sol propery conelaons ie diverse and complex. thorough coverage of thi tpi is beyond ‘he scope of his mancal, Interested readers ate encourage rele to works by Kulbawy and Mayne (1990) and Carter and Benley (1991) which presenc a comprehensive compilation of corelatins. ‘It must be emphasized that predictions based on correlations can never be substituted for proper testing. In general, all corrdations must be considered approximate since various factors such 25 sensi, stress history, and aging can significantly infloence soll properties. 9.2 COMPOSITIONAL PROPERTIES OF SOM. [A kmowledge of the general compositional characteris of any sol is useful fra varity of purposes, ‘ranging from estimation of simple weightvolume relaionsips to prediction of specific mechanical properties. The relationships in this section ald in these estimates and predictions, 9.2.1. Unit Weight “The relationships between various types of uit weight were inroduce in Caper 7, se Table 7-2. Table 9-1 presents pal unit weights along wit ranges of Voi ra fora varia of scl 9.2.2 Specific Gravity ‘The specific gravity does ot vary widely for mos soils. A value of 2.67 is commonly used for cobesonlese sil and a vale of2 70 for itorgaie clay; values fr organi soils ae lowe. 9.23 Relative Density of Cobesionless Soils In sta relative deny for sands is commonly eximated from the N-vale. Figure 9-1 presen 2 rebtionip berween te N-vale, the relative density and te overburden presareexpresed in vers of ‘normalized overburden stress, where p, ithe atmospheric pressure (Holt and Gibbs, 1979). Table 9-2 presents a fil reibe correlation of Neva with elatve desi Similar relationships have also been ‘Served base onthe coe penetration est and the diltometer test (Riaund and Miran, 1992; Kulhawy and Mayne, 1990),HINTOSG= a SPN we TES SHOT oz. 07 To az so_| soo ose Too'o | osc we ooo | 052 ore, tooo |_oz ro so00-| oor soo | oz sovo | oz woe | 39 60 | wo eA | on [en] ow |p a “a_[ =a [a SEPA porames | *h/*K hig” | — Ona POA i "ig TT iC, os Tula ATCION, arewrosddy (661 ‘ousnwy pus Cuexany wes) SLOT LINN IOS WVOWAL rewavs 9SPT Val ;s/300mm) ue @iggs00 100 = Dr (%) Ag" Dr (! Vertical Stress, ov/pa ee [gS [—% 2 E, | 3; FigureS-1: Relative Densiy-N-Overburden Stes Relationship for Sands. (After Holi and Gis, 1975) Wey Loose ‘Loose Mediu Dense Very Dease “The Nevalies should be comet forthe overburden and pore pressure effects. Figure 92 presen a relationship for obtaining coreced N-vaues, Unless otherwise mentioned the crrelton presented hein are base on uncorrecied Nevales. For sturatd fie or sity sands, te N-value should alo be coreced for pore press effects as follows (erzaghi and Peck. 1948) Not 1540.50Ney 15) on 93100 NN \ gested maxfrum vale of 2 20 10 on 0 0 100 150 200 250 Eective Vertical Overburden Pressure, o'.(KPa) Figure 9-2: Relationshipto Corres: SPT N-values for Overburden Pressure (Peck and Buzaaa, 1969)9.24 Consistency of Cohesive Sells ‘As with the relative densi correlations, de consistency of sll hasbeen coreated with in sin tests. ‘Teble 93 presenss commonly used correlations with the Neale. In general, these correlations must be considered a ere approximations TABLE 93 CONSISTENCY OF CLAY (Pecks, et.al, 1974) Nvane (biows/300mum) 9.3 COMPRESSIBILITY RELATIONSHIPS. “The compreston of ssn response to loading can be broadly dived ino two types: clastic setlement and tive-dependent setlemen. Elsi getlemenis are instantaneous, recoverable, and are commonly Calculated fom linear elasc theory. Time-dependent selements occur in both granular and cohesive ‘eile, albugh the response ine for granular sols is usualy shor. In adion to being tie-dependent, the sols response to louding is norlinezr, and defonzations are only partially recoverable. Two ypes of time-dependent setlemeat are recognized, Primary consolidation resus fom the squcezing oot of ‘water from the soil voids under hein luence of exces pore water pressures generated by the applied loading. Secondary compression occurs excently afr ll the excess pore pressures have bee dissipated (Ge. afer primary concliaon is substanlly complete). The mechanisms invelved, however, ate not fally understood. The compressibiky of granulat sls is more difficul to predict with any accuracy, largely because of the cifaly of obaining and westng undisturbed soil samples. For granular soll, compresion or setiemens ate usualy estimated by indirect mathods. 93.1 Elastic Parameters “The srese-tan (lst) modulus canbe obsined from the slope (angent or scan) of sessstain curves from wana tess. Table 9-4 presen typical ranges ofthe secant ease modus, E, and Poisons aio, ‘for various types of sll. Bath F ard are heavily dependent on the method of aberatony test (confined, “unconfined, untrained, drained), the degree of confinement, everconsldatin rai, wer conten, sain ral, and snplediuance. Thus, cosierable judgment is required to cbain reasonably reliable values for desiga se. Tables 9 and 946 preset correlations of E with N-alves and undrained shear stengh, &TABLE S4 ELASTIC CONSTANTS FOR VARIOUS SOILS (After AASHTO, 1995) ar Flasie Modulos Ey (Pay chy Soft Sensitive 1s 04 - 05 Medium stiff ost 50 (andrsined) Very sift 100 Tes o or Os ‘Si 20 03-035 Fine aad Loose s- 2 ‘Medium dense ns 2 02s Dense 2-30 Saad Lose w - 30 02 035 ‘Medium dense 30 - 30 Dense 50-80 03 - 04 Gravel Loose 30+ 0 02 - 035 Modi dense % - 10 Dense 100-209 03. 04 TABLE SS ESTIMATING E, FROM N-VALUE (After AASHTO, 1995) Sor Ea oe a Clean fine 1 medium sands ad tightly sky sands | 0.7, ‘Coatse sands and sands with fis gravel N Sandy gravel and gravels ® sands and sis, the N-value should also be corrected for pore presse effects using Eq 9-1 TABLE S.6 ESTIMATING E, FROM c, (After AASHTO, 1995) ‘Soft seaskve clay Medi sit waif lay Very sca93.2 Consolidation Parameters ‘The time-dependent compressibiliy of fine grained soll is usually measured by means of consolidation tess Ress may he expres ina number of ways Figure 0.3 present th commonly wsed presenti, 4nd the various parameters used to describe the conslidaton tet rests. Following are she four primary variables sed to eximate consoldation setlements (ee Figure 9-3): Compression Index, C, or Compression Ratio, CR Recompresion Index, C, or Recompression Ratio, RR *Coefizient of (vera) Consolidation, , + Goefiient of Secondary Consolation. C ‘Compression Index, C, ‘Over 70 diferent correltons have been published for corelating C, to index properties of clays ‘Although there i eonsierablescaner, the Tereagh and Peck (1967) relationship berween Ce and liquid limit LL for normally conslidaced natural clay i sil popular and is given as flows: €,+0.009(LL-10) 62, ‘This relationship has relsilty range of & 30% and is valid for inorganic clas of sensi up to 4 and tigi Timi upto 100. ‘Another useful relationship relates C, to Plas follows (Wreth and Wood, 1978): ¢.+0.50,PU100) o In which G isthe specific pravity of salts. Using a typical G,=2.7 fr cliys gives CPI. For other relations of C, with index propertes, the reader i refered to Kulhavy and Mayne (1930) ‘Typlzal valves of for some sls ae presered in Table 97. ‘An ateratve to C, i the compression ratio, CR, defined a5 CK 1-+e) in which inal void ati, ‘Normalizing C nis manner tends o reduce he das scant. Figure Sot shows the typical range in CR ‘in terms of natural water content as repored by Lambe and Whitman (1979). Recampresion Index, C, ‘Types values of C ange from 0.015 10.35 (Roscoe, et.al, 1958) and are ofa asumed 1o be 1010 20 percent of C, (Ladd, 1973).‘armeie Pret oi Ratio Crs seid Ratio) i.e v Teer PL WP] Lem cave ieee Distt vamp Undine eagle fro aemine i ites ele "seks pit 9 maxima cara (A) [Dr engeat to cure st (AC) [Dr orton ine aA (AD) y fs BiecampecADCAB) | \ 5 inerseron 9 AB spel eye of inj compresin Spe (C8 o 0203 050710 2 3 $7 0 30 30 501 100 Pra a Poe / TL! ro Compson (Sis) 103030 9079 100200308300 70 Tomo Tine (hg Sale) Figure 93: Consoldaon Test Relationships. (NAVFAC, DMC7.1, 1982)TABLES ‘TYPICAL VALUE OF Ce (After Holtz and Kovacs, 981) 02010050, 0.15 100.30, 03010050 0.50%00.60 Jiws twa 71010 ‘Nonmally consolidated medium sensitive clays ‘Chicago sity clay (CL) Boson Blue Clay (CL) Vieksbarg Bucks clay (CH) ‘Swedish medium sensitive clays (CL-CH) Canadian Leda clays (CL-CH) “Mexico City clay (MH) Organic clays (OH) eats) (Organic sits and clayey sts (ML-MH) ‘San Francisco Bay Mod (CL) ‘San Francisco Old Bay clays (CH) Bangkok clay (CH) ‘Compression Ratio, CR 10 20 30 100 200 300 [Natural Water Content, Wy (%) Figure 9-4: Compression Ratio Versus Water Content, (Lambe ard Whiunas, 1969) 9-8Catfcent of Vertical Conslidation, ¢, Because ofthe wide range of permeabilities tat exist in soils (ee Section 9.4), te coefficient of consolidation can self vary widely, fom less han 1 mt for clays of low permeability to 1000 mye formore for very sandy cay, fsued clays and weathered roks. Some piel valves for clays ae given in Table 9-8 and an approximate correlation with liquid imi is show in Figure 9-5. Often, for clays covaining fssures or fine bands of sans, the coefficient of horizontal consolation, cy, may be mich higher than , and may govern TABLES. ‘TYPICAL VALUES OF COEFFICIENT OF VERTICAL CONSOLIDATION, c, ‘(Compited by Carter and Bentley, 1991) ‘so = (emrisx10) | ari ‘Bonen Bl Clay (CL) 020 1x6 Organics (OH) 210 063 Glacial ake cays (CL) 6337 202.7 Chicago sity clay (CL) 85 27 ‘Swedish medium sense clays (CL-CH) 1. laboratory 0407 0102 2. field 0730 0210 ‘San Francisco Bay Mud (CL) 24 612 Mexico City clay (MH) 0915 03.05 oo: © wo T20 160 gid Limi, LL) gate 9-3: Approxamate Correltons Between ¢, nd LL. (NAVEAG, DM&T.1, 1982) 9-10Coctficent of Secondary Compression, C, ‘Tis coefficient may be expressed either in unis of sean (C,) or vid ratio (C) pet log cycle of ime as follows (se Figure 93): Cy PASIAN 9: Cy dlB0E 9, Cye=Cy Ke) os) Cx is usually assumed tobe related 0 C, with valves of Ca, sypialy inthe range 0.025-0,006 for inorganic soils and 0.035-0.085 for organ sos. Some pial vales ae given in Table 9-9. Figute 9-6 resets acoreation between C,, and natural water conten TABLES ‘TYPICAL VALUES OF C,/C, (Carter and Bentley, 1991) Son oe Oran EE 00 Arorpbost nd fre pst 003s onts Canaan mane 008 = 019 Leda lay (Cana) 003 = 006 Postglacial Swe ay 0s = on Sof be ely (Viera, B.C) ons Oren aye ad its 00K ~ 0.06 Serve ly, Port, ME nas > sss San Fanci Bay Md ok 00% Now Like Cands)varedcty | 0.03. - 6 Mexico Cry cay O03 - oois Hodson Rive 003 > 006 New Hv oo. o0%s “TL SF leacerasontsarescinamnctste | ihre cos foe Fee { Gleclanecneeie : Siowngcopiin r om = pL. z gs SKF eet Sang 3 RQ [Gein are: of iin compression i Ks met remreoe é a oy ee ie ° 99 30 100" 150, "200 250, 30 Nina Wer Cones) Figue 9-6: Correlation Berveen Cy, and Nancal Water Content. (NAVFAC, DMC7.1, 1982) on94 PERMEABILITY RELATIONSHIPS “The permeabily of a soil is srongly influenced by its macroscopic stuctte, c.g. clays containing ‘sus or fine bands of eand wil have permeabilities Which ae many times higher than that ofthe clay ‘mata itelf. Ale, since the fw tends o follow the line of least resistance, stratified sols often have horizontal permeable whichare many times te veteal permenbiliy. Because of he small size of laboratory specimens andthe way they aze obtained and prepare, large scale (soll mass) farts are buen attest resus do not eve a tue indication of feld values in soils with a pronounced macro- frou. Moreover, borator/ tests usually constrain water to flow verieally through the specimen ‘eres te horaootal permeibilry may be much greater, and hence of overriding imporunce, so far as site conditions are concerned ests overcome these shortcomings, but, ince he pate of water flow from a well can oly be guesad, iterpreston ofthe test resus i iui and uncenain, Thus, one set of problems i exchanged fot anode. 9.4.1 Typleal Values “The permesbity of a soil is commonly quantified in tems of the coefficient of permeability, , as discassed in Chapter 7. The ypral range of values encountered is presented in Table 910 which is based ‘on information orginally presented by Casagrande and Fadum (1940). Superinposed on Table 9-10 are ‘ppc values for compacted ei (using Modified Procor ts) classified by the Unifed System (Carter fd Bentley, 1991). Typial peraeablc values for highway constuction materials are given in Table ° 9.42 Relationships with Gratation ‘A teoretical equation developed by Taylor (1948 resting kw the sol gradation, void rato and permeant ‘properties, i 35 follows aye ote os # (se) 7 hee ks the coefficient of permeability, D, is an effective panicle diameter, isthe wit weight of the eiean, is the vscotyof te permeant, ei the sol void ratio and cis shape factor. In sols, the permeant is ususly water and ie effective pate diameter D, is usually taken 28 Dy. This lead othe Hazen formul: 06) Based on experimental work with clan sands, Hazen (1911) proposed a value terween 0.0! and 0.015 for Cy where kis in m/s and Dy isin mm. -However, this ignores the larg effet tat even small changes ine will bave onthe value of kas ean be sen from Equation 9-5) Figure 9-7 presents plots of k against Dy, based on experimental ess, in which the vale of has been taken ino tecoun These cormlatons were developed fo sands and gravels. The greater range of panicle size which presen in mst clays andthe effets of the clay mineralogy make such corelaions ‘more restive for eiays,“DONS Soe TONIAa iy DvD OG we FanTeNHHEOWUN fp STP Soa UnaiT Or WSSU ROLE OLSON neon Jo a0y9 am Ay paUNpOU oie page pox pa ayaa joann sows soea ses re secutooy ‘Don Et 1 +s asus ‘DS Ho Ho ~as ns no ~90 seman cae weed “veg coda ng pone a7 main seme sa Ce a 6661 ‘foquag pue 28D PUY) SOS WOd SANTVA ALYTIOVENAE TVOIIAL ore w1avL sod Hos sos os esc, suompucs sBeug 1‘TABLE 9.11 TYPICAL PERMEABILITY VALUES FOR HIGHWAY MATERIALS (Krebs & Walker, 1971) Tera Pemesbiiny a) Uniformly graded coarse aggregate a4 - 4x0” Welt graded aggregace witout fines 4x10? * ax108 Concrete snd, low dust content rxi0* = 10 Conerete sand, high dust content Tmi0* = 7x10 Silty and eayey sands 10" = 10" Compaced silt riot > 79108 Comptes clay ess than 10° Biruminous conree (new pavemens)* 4x10? = 4x10" Ponland cement coneeie ess han 10°" + Values a iow a5 10" have been repored for sealed, waffle compacted highvay pavement 10 sxto? ss ast z Pcyet 5.00.75 a 2 : & Bo . 3 7 4 E z 7 é 5 Boa : Zz 3 ona // m104 0102 05 1 +2 5 10 Effective Particle Size, D9 (mm) Figure 9-7: The Peomeabiliy of Sands and Gravels. (NAVEAC, DM.71, 1982)9.5 STRENGTH RELATIONSHIPS {eis uoalyagsumed hatte shear strength of soils is governed by the Moht-Coulomb failure criterion as explained in Chaper 7. This rterion is expressed in ems of echesion, c, and angle of nema friction, (Before te designer selects sength parameters, he/sbe must chose whether the undrained (, ,) tained (¢, 4) sees analysis appreprinte. Galdelines for choosing the appropiate anaes ave been preteted fn Chapter 7. 9.5.1. Undrained Shear Strength of Cohesive Sls For most saturated clays, tested under quick undrainedcondkions, de angle of shearing revisance, {is reo. This means Gat the shar strength of the cla is 2 fixed value and i equal to the apparent cobeson, c, a specific moisture content ‘A rough idea of te undrained shear strength may be craely estimated by molding a pve of clay between te fingers and applying the observation indicated in Table 9-12. ‘The values in Table 9-12, however, should not be used for design. Standard penerton test N-vales aso provide an approximate timate of udained shear strength, as preseried in Table 9-3, rasteo2 [ESTIMATING THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF CLAYS (After Pst eal, 1978) Tamil | Daan Oma Conpesve Sexes, | term se. 08 | casneaey oF Vay Sat Eros tevees Uap es SET 2 - 30 Sot | Moved by het Roger pessre 50 © ito | mednm | Moti by stone fpr este io 2 30 ‘Sir |Reaiy ened by tame oo f00 | versur | Rented y mina > ord _[ nema wi feat ty asks ‘Note Tws aie canbe wie in conjunction with Table 9-3. correla cand Noval. ‘Undisturbed Shear Strength 114s found that for mos normaly consolidated clays, the undrained shear strength s proportions tothe sffecive overburden precsre. For ruch roi, Stampion (1957) proposed a tlationshp shown in Figare 9-8 between the shear srenpiloverburden pressure ratio (6/0) and plasticity index (PD). This figure also incloes resis obtained by a numberof other researchers. As canbe seen, thes findings vary and sch relations should be used with caution. However, sich corelations particularly by Skempeon (1957) are ‘eeu for preliminary estimates and for checking abertary data on nocmally consolidated clays. ‘Asdlacussed in Chapter 7, the igi lit (LL and plastic limit (PL) are moire contents which, for a particular sample of ly, comespond to specific values of undrined shear sength Ic therefore follows that, the shear srength depends On the vale ofthe nara moisture coment, Wy in relation tothe LL and AL values, This can be convesieay expressed by using the concept of liquid index, LI, defined by: eason ‘A useful relationship for predicting the undained shear scength of undisurbed clays based on liguty Index is preseried in Figure 99. ‘The shear suengh of undisnbed clays depends on he consolidation history ofthe clay as well sits fabric characteriaies In general, he undaled svengh 1430, ¢/o, increases wih increasing overonsoliaion| as measure by the overconsolsation rao, OCR. Figute 9-10 presen a ponimersional relationship to estimate the cc, for overconcldsed clay. Like other relations, ths relationship must also be ‘used with caution particularly as it was derived from limited data (Selay). In practical terms, is ‘more Ssihaorard to measure the undrained shear sength of overconsolidated clays tan to predic i from othe indices. Correlation with R-value -Artempts have been made to corteate the unconfined compressive strength orth undrained sear swength of clays with Sandad Peneation Tet Novalues, with varying degrees of success. Some sugested relationships are given in Figure 9-11, These relationships are erude approximations. Therefore, they ould only be ued for preliminary estimates and verfing laboratory test data, os Bjerrum (1972) "aged Su & Skeppton (1957) wie _ ela gE on ae 3 if “N. pjerum (1972) “Young” z\6 g|g o e z > Kenney (1976) ° 100 200 Piasticity Index, PL Figure-8: Relationship Bereen the Ratio of Uadrained Shear Strength to Effective Overburden Presure and Pasty Index fr Nommally-Consoidted Clay. Holt and Kovacs, 1981) ow[Natural Shear Strength (NU?) ‘Figure 9; Relationship Between the Natural Shear Strength of Undisurbed Clays and Li. (Caner and Bentley, 1951) 6 5 Ba | ol Figure 9-10: Plot of Agsinst Overconslkation Ratio, OCR. (Das, 1987)300 Sell groups refer {to Unified system “Terzaghi and Peck ° 10 2 30 0 30 60 SPT N-value(blows/300mm) Figure 9-11: Approximate Correlations Between Undrained Shear Strength and N-values, (Aer Sowers, 1979) 9.5.2 Drained and Effective Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils [As discussed in Chaper 7, i often important o carryout sabiliycalulator in terms of effective sxteses, The soil srength parameters used in these calculations are obtained from elther drained deze star box oF drained trail tts (giving cand 6) or from CU triaxial texts wit pore pressure measurement (giving and )- Practically, there mint difference beween the two sof values forsarrated clays resing from the sil bring texted under diferent boundary condans and ses pb A relationship berween drained shea strength and plasticity index. Pl. for nommally consolidated and femolded clay ie shown in Figure 9-12. Alea shown in this gure i relationship Dewen the residual shear srengt, ange of iemal friction, and Pl, The existence of these relations arses because both lard shear srengin elect the lay mineral compesin of the soil asthe clay mieral Comer icreases, the Plincreses and the sengih decreases. Due to wide scatter in ab es resus, there are no generally cepted correlations between peak shear strength of everconsliated clays and PL [As described previously, the strength of clays, in effective sss tems, is basicly Fictional such that (20. This ceraily he case wih sruraed clays but parialy saturated clays, where meniscus effects raw the panicles ogee to produce interparticle stesses, may appear t have s smal cohesion value, ‘hough tis sel i fitonal phenomenon& rained shear angle of interna friction, for ‘normally consolidated and remolded clays ‘Angle of Internal Friction, 6 Degrees) 8 10 Residual strength / angle of internal fiction, a 0000 Pasig Index, PL Figure 9-12: Relationships Beeween and PL. (After Gibson, 1853) 9.53 Shear Strength of Granular Sots ‘Because oftheir high pemeaiiy, pore water pressure donot build up when granular soils are subjected to shearing forces. The complication of tol and effeive swesses is therefore avoided and the ‘Phenomenon of apparent cohesion, or uncained sear suengih does nt occur. Consequemly, the sear Sengih of granular sol is define exclsively in tems of fricional resistance between the grain, 35, measured bythe angle of shearing resistance, 6, ‘Typical values of for sands and gravels are given in Figure 9-13. A relationship benween dry density or elaive density and is shown in Figure $-13. The material types indicated inthe figure relate to the Unified Classification System. Peck et.al (1974) give acorelation with N-vales, shown in Figure 9.14 ‘The cormlation batven N value and relative deny ie leo chown, enabling a comparzon tobe made vis Figure 9-13. For fine sands underwater wle, tbe Noralues shouldbe corrected using Eg 91 for ‘pore pressre elect in addon tothe coretion for overburden pressre as pet Figure 92 Eximination of Figures 9-13 and 9-14 shows reatonable agreement betwen the two correlaions. However, consterable variation can exit wih each sol ype, as indicated by Figure -15, which shows ls of against relative density fr a numberof sands 954 Shear Strength of Compacted Sols ‘Typical values forthe sear strength of compacted sols are given in Table 9.13. Values refer to soils ‘compacted to maximum dry deny obtained in the standard compaction tex, Consolidated undrined ‘CU)wiaxial ets were used to determine the shear srengts, 94s & 0 : Ease Unified sit F clasifieation 5 ob Forcotesionles a ‘soils without 2 plasie ines 2s 12 14 16 18 2032 Zs Dry Unie Wei hy Figure 9:13: Typical Vaes of 6 and Dewy for Cohesionless Soll. (WAVFAC, DM.7.1, 1962; Kalhawy and Mayne, 1950) 9 a? 3 2 N J 3: 25 Ee 20 4 “0 28 2 36 «0 7 ‘Angle of Internal Friction, (Degrees) Figure 9-14: Estimation of @ from N-value. (After Peck, eal. 1974) 9-00Angle of oteral Fiction (Degrees) a ) Relative Deas, Dy (®) Figure 9-15: Relaionsip Between @ and Relative Deny for Various Sands. (Hilf. 1975) oemSCR RAS TPT BHD 5 ET SE SS HU STS SINS ST SST s Fs 5 HO Sa Tre Tew 1 a zesror_[ 90ted in a a a 10 aa] ea TOT 7D. eee [ee eorrar aw wa | st6 TORS A wae | os rors: 2s ote [ FH EOaCaL Seng Tere [1302 EOF6UI we ree : ox coreu as TS : Wer Forcal nm lec : vac 20 He : sul fa uc : : cus 2 : eui> no. TaD a TAT mst | 009 uN pewanes | paowsna. | aimson oy | amano | eaten ‘Ge LOLSYV) to sods PDS es (C461 ‘wopenrepoy Jo neosng 224) ‘ST1OS aL DVaWOD JO HLONTALS UVAHS AALLIAWaT BOVUBAV ere a74V