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Fever
Headache
Muscle aches and joint pain
Rash
Sore throat and painful mouth sores
Swollen lymph glands, mainly on the neck
Diarrhea
Weight loss
Cough
Night sweats
These symptoms can be so mild that you might not even notice them. However, the
amount of virus in your bloodstream (viral load) is quite high at this time. As a
result, the infection spreads more easily during primary infection than during the
next stage.

Clinical latent infection (Chronic HIV)

In this stage of infection, HIV is still present in the body and in white blood
cells. However, many people may not have any symptoms or infections during this
time.

This stage can last for many years if you're not receiving antiretroviral therapy
(ART). Some people develop more severe disease much sooner.

Symptomatic HIV infection

As the virus continues to multiply and destroy your immune cells — the cells in
your body that help fight off germs — you may develop mild infections or chronic
signs and symptoms such as:

Fever
Fatigue
Swollen lymph nodes — often one of the first signs of HIV infection
Diarrhea
Weight loss
Oral yeast infection (thrush)
Shingles (herpes zoster)
Pneumonia
Progression to AIDS
Thanks to better antiviral treatments, most people with HIV in the U.S. today don't
develop AIDS. Untreated, HIV typically turns into AIDS in about 8 to 10 years.

When AIDS occurs, your immune system has been severely damaged. You'll be more
likely to develop opportunistic infections or opportunistic cancers — diseases that
wouldn't usually cause illness in a person with a healthy immune system.

The signs and symptoms of some of these infections may include:

Sweats
Chills
Recurring fever
Chronic diarrhea
Swollen lymph glands
Persistent white spots or unusual lesions on your tongue or in your mouth
Persistent, unexplained fatigue
Weakness
Weight loss
Skin rashes or bumps
When to see a doctor
If you think you may have been infected with HIV or are at risk of contracting the
virus, see a doctor as soon as possible.

More Information
Early HIV symptoms: What are they?
Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic
Causes
HIV is caused by a virus. It can spread through sexual contact or blood, or from
mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breast-feeding.
Anyone can contract HIV. The virus is transmitted in bodily fluids that include:

blood
semen
vaginal and rectal fluids
breast milk
Some of the ways HIV is spread from person to person include:

through vaginal or anal sex — the most common route of transmission, especially
among men who have sex with men
by sharing needles, syringes, and other items for injection drug use
by sharing tattoo equipment without sterilizing it between uses
during pregnancy, labor, or delivery from a woman to her baby
during breastfeeding
through “pre-mastication,” or chewing a baby’s food before feeding it to them
through exposure to the blood of someone living with HIV, such as through a needle
stick
The virus can also be transmitted through a blood transfusion or organ and tissue
transplant. However, rigorous testing for HIV among blood, organ, and tissue donors
ensures that this is very rare in the United States.

It’s theoretically possible, but considered extremely rare, for HIV to spread
through:

oral sex (only if there are bleeding gums or open sores in the person’s mouth)
being bitten by a person with HIV (only if the saliva is bloody or there are open
sores in the person’s mouth)
contact between broken skin, wounds, or mucous membranes and the blood of someone
living with HIV
HIV does NOT spread through:

skin-to-skin contact
hugging, shaking hands, or kissing
air or water
sharing food or drinks, including drinking fountains
saliva, tears, or sweat (unless mixed with the blood of a person with HIV)
sharing a toilet, towels, or bedding
mosquitoes or other insects
How does HIV become AIDS?
HIV destroys CD4 T cells — white blood cells that play a large role in helping your
body fight disease. The fewer CD4 T cells you have, the weaker your immune system
becomes.

You can have an HIV infection, with few or no symptoms, for years before it turns
into AIDS. AIDS is diagnosed when the CD4 T cell count falls below 200 or you have
an AIDS-defining complication, such as a serious infection or cancer.
he virus doesn’t spread in air or water, or through casual contact.

HIV is a lifelong condition and currently there is no cure, although many

scientists are working to find one. However, with medical care, including treatment
called antiretroviral therapy, it’s possible to manage HIV and live with the virus
for many years.

Without treatment, a person with HIV is likely to develop a serious condition

called AIDS. At that point, the immune system is too weak to fight off other
diseases and infections. Untreated, life expectancy with AIDS is about three
yearsTrusted Source. With antiretroviral therapy, HIV can be well-controlled and
life expectancy can be nearly the same as someone who has not contracted HIV.

It’s estimated that 1.1 million Americans are currently living with HIV. Of those
people, 1 in 5 don’t know they have the virus.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, potentially life-

threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By damaging
your immune system, HIV interferes with your body's ability to fight infection and
disease.

HIV is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). It can also be spread by contact

with infected blood or from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breast-
feeding. Without medication, it may take years before HIV weakens your immune
system to the point that you have AIDS.

There's no cure for HIV/AIDS, but medications can dramatically slow the progression
of the disease. These drugs have reduced AIDS deaths in many developed nations.

Symptoms
The symptoms of HIV and AIDS vary, depending on the phase of infection.

Primary infection (Acute HIV)

Some people infected by HIV develop a flu-like illness within two to four weeks
after the virus enters the body. This illness, known as primary (acute) HIV
infection, may last for a few weeks. Possible signs and symptoms include:

How HIV spreads

To become infected with HIV, infected blood, semen or vaginal secretions must enter
your body. This can happen in several ways:

By having sex. You may become infected if you have vaginal, anal or oral sex with
an infected partner whose blood, semen or vaginal secretions enter your body. The
virus can enter your body through mouth sores or small tears that sometimes develop
in the rectum or vagina during sexual activity.
By sharing needles. Sharing contaminated IV drug paraphernalia (needles and
syringes) puts you at high risk of HIV and other infectious diseases, such as
hepatitis.
From blood transfusions. In some cases, the virus may be transmitted through blood
transfusions. American hospitals and blood banks now screen the blood supply for
HIV antibodies, so this risk is very small.
During pregnancy or delivery or through breast-feeding. Infected mothers can pass
the virus on to their babies. Mothers who are HIV-positive and get treatment for
the infection during pregnancy can significantly lower the risk to their babies.
How HIV doesn't spread
You can't become infected with HIV through ordinary contact. That means you can't
catch HIV or AIDS by hugging, kissing, dancing or shaking hands with someone who
has the infection.

HIV isn't spread through the air, water or insect bites.

Risk factors
Anyone of any age, race, sex or sexual orientation can be infected with HIV/AIDS.
However, you're at greatest risk of HIV/AIDS if you:

Have unprotected sex. Use a new latex or polyurethane condom every time you have
sex. Anal sex is more risky than is vaginal sex. Your risk of HIV increases if you
have multiple sexual partners.
Have an STI. Many STIs produce open sores on your genitals. These sores act as
doorways for HIV to enter your body.
Use IV drugs.
People who use IV drugs often share needles and syringes. This exposes them to
droplets of other people's blood.
Basic facts about HIV
HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus.
People with HIV can enjoy a long and healthy life by taking antiretroviral
treatment which is effective and available to all.
Once a person has HIV, the earlier they are diagnosed, the sooner they can start
treatment which means they will enjoy better health in the long term.
It’s possible for antiretroviral treatment to reduce the level of HIV in the body
to such low levels that blood tests cannot detect it. People living with HIV whose
viral load is confirmed as undetectable cannot pass on HIV.
Regular testing for HIV is important to know your status.
HIV is found in semen, blood, vaginal and anal fluids, and breastmilk.
HIV can’t be transmitted through sweat, saliva or urine.
Using external (or male) condoms or internal (or female) condoms during sex is the
best way to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections.
If you inject drugs, always use a clean needle and syringe, and never share
equipment.
If you’re pregnant and living with HIV, the virus in your blood could pass into
your baby’s body, during birth or afterwards through breastfeeding. Taking HIV
treatment and becoming undetectable eliminates this risk.