Eco Notes PDF

EXPLORER
For All One Day Exams
By : Subhash Paul
For More Book Download Click Here - http://GKTrickHindi.com

THE INSTITUTE
šerce keâes
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Day Exam kesâ hewšve& keâes OÙeeve ceW jKekeâj yeveeÙee ieÙee nw~ Deepe yeoueles ngS One Day hewšve& keâes
osKeles ngS Ùen Notes, One Day Exam kesâ DeYÙeefLe&ÙeeW kesâ efueS ceooieej meeefyele nesiee~ FmeceW
DeveeJeMÙekeâ YeücehetCe& meeceeef«eÙeeW mes hejnspe efkeâÙee ieÙee nw Deewj nj Skeâ Meyo keâes Deehekesâ efueS GheÙeesieer
yeveeves keâer keâesefMeMe keâer ieÙeer nw~
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keäueeme ueskeäÛej kesâ Ùen Notes DeOetje nw~
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keâes megOeejves keâer hetjer keâesefMeMe keâer ieÙeer nw Ùeefo Fmekesâ yeeo Yeer keâesF& ceeveJeerÙe Ùee ceMeerveer ieueleer ngF& nes
lees mebmLee #eceeØeeLeea nw~
Fmekesâ Deefleefjòeâ Ùen Notes Deehe meYeer kesâ menÙeesie mes yevee nw Deewj FmeceW efkeâmeer Yeer Øekeâej keâe
megPeeJe meowJe mJeerkeâeÙe& nw~ mebmLee Deheves Úe$eeW mes Ùen Gcceero keâjlee nw efkeâ Úe$e Fme Notes keâe hetje
GheÙeesie keâjsiee Deewj mebmLee kesâ GcceeroeW hej Keje Glejsiee keäÙeeWefkeâ Deehe JeneB heÌ{les nQ ‘peneB mesueskeäMeve
Skeâ efpeo nw’~
OevÙeJeeo
C. Shekhar
(THE INSTITUTE)

Touching Heights in Education
By Subhash Paul
ek¡x ,oa iwfrZ dh vo/kkj.kk

• pUnzxqIr ekS;Z ds ea=h dkSfVY; us ^^vFkZ'kkL=** uked ek¡x ds fu;e
viuh iqLrd esa jktuSfrd ,oa vkfFkZd nksuksa fopkj
ek¡x ds fu;e ds rhu :i gksrs gS&
a
n'kkZ;As
ewY; ek¡x
• vjLrw us viuh Economica esa vFkZ'kkL= dks House vk; ek¡x rFkk
Management uke fn;kA
vknh ek¡x
• ,M~ e fLeFk dks okLro esa vFkZ 'kkL= dk tud dgk
tkrk gS D;ksaf d bUgksaus vFkZ 'kkL= ds lUnHkZ esa QSys ewY; ek¡x %
Dx = f (Px, Y, Po, T, W)
gq ;s lHkh fopkjksa dks ladfyr dj ds oSKkfud :i T = QS'ku #fp
viuh iq Lrd 'An Enquiry into the nature and W = Wealth
causes of wealth of nation's' (1776) es a izdkf'kr
fd;kA ek¡x ¾ fdlh fn;s x;s le;] fn;s gq;s ewY; ij
miHkksDrk }kjk [kjhnh x;h ek=k dks ek¡x dgrs gSAa
• ,M~e fLeFk us vFkZ'kkL= dks /ku dk foKku dgk* blds
,d ek¡x oØ _.kkRed ewY; ek¡x lEcU/k iznf'kZr djrk
leFkZ vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa dks Dykfldy vFkZ'kkL=h dgk tkrk
gSA ijUrq fuEu oLrqvksa ds lUnHkZ esa ewY;&ek¡x lEcU/k
gS tSl& s fjdkMks] ekYFkl] ts-ch- ls] ts-,l-fey rFkk
/kukRed gksxkA
bjfoax fQ'kjA
• izfr"Bk lwpd oLrq,a
,Me fLeFk dk Je foHkktu o fof'k"Vhdj.k • fxQsu oLrq;sa
fjdkMksZ dk & yxku fl)kUr • ewY; esa o`f) dk nj rFkk deh dh vk'kk
ekyFkl & tula[;k fl)kUr • vKku rFkk Je
ekDlZ & Je dk 'kks"k.k • thou fuokZg dh oLrq;sa
• ts- ch- ls& ^^vFkZ'kkL= og foKku gS tks /ku dh vk; ek¡x % miHkksDrk dh vk; rFkk oLrq dh ek¡x ds
foospuk djrk gSA** chp dykRed lEcU/kA
• izk-s okdj& ^^vFkZ'kkL= Kku dh og 'kk[kk gS] tks /ku ls Dx = f (Y)
lacfa /kr gSA** ;g vk; rFkk ek¡xh x;h oLrq dh fofHkUu ek=kvksa ds
chp lEcU/k fn[kkrk gSA oLrq;sa nks izdkj dh gksrh gS&
• ts-,l- fey& ^^vFkZ'kkL= euq"; ls lacfa /kr /ku dk
foKku gSA
¼d½ lkekU; oLrq;sa ¼d½ fuEudksfV dh oLrq
• ek'kZy& ^^vFkZ'kkL= /ku ds foKku ds lkFk&lkFk ekuo Y
D
D
dY;k.k dk 'kkL= gSA Y2
^^vkn'kZ foKku Hkh ekurs gSa (Normative Science)" Y2
Y1
• jkfcUl& ^^vFkZ'kkL= og foKku gS tks lk/;ksa (Ends) D
Y1
D
rFkk oSdfYid mi;ksx okys lhfer lk/kuksa ds lEcU/k ds D
:i esa ekuo O;ogkj dk v/;;u djrk gSA** O X O
Q1 Q2 Q2 Q1
• 1932 bZ- jkfcUl dks iqLrd "An Essay on the Nature vkM+h ek¡x % oLrqvksa dh ek¡x rFkk vU; oLrqvksa ds ewY;
and Significance of Economics Science" izdkf'kr gqbAZ ds chp QyukRed lEcU/k Dx = f (Po)
bUgksua s vFkZ'kkL= dks pquko dk foKku dgkA LFkkukiUu % ,d olrq ds ewY; esa deh ¼o`f)½ nwljh
oLrq ds ek¡x esa deh ¼o`f)½ yk nsA
mnkgj.kkFkZ % pk; dk ewY; c<+ tk; rks vU; ckrksa ds
lkekU; jgus ij dkQh dh ek¡x c<+ tk;sxhA
foKku dyk Y
D
pk; dk ewY;
okLrfod (Positive) vkn'kZ (Normative)

D
D;k gS \ D;k gksuk pkfg, \ O X

dkWQh dh ek¡x
{tgk¡ lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (3)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

iwjd oLrq;sa % ,d oLrq ds ewY; esa deh nwljh oLrq ds vf/kd ek=k miHkksx djsxk ftlls mldh lhekUr
ek¡x esa o`f) yk nsA mi;ksfxrk Hkh fxjsxh vkSj miHkksDrk lUrqyu dh fLFkfr
mnkgj.kkFkZ % isVªky
s ds ewY; esa deh gksus ij dkj dh esa cuk jgsxk&
ek¡x esa o`f)A Y
D Px1 MUm (I)

isVªksy@Mhty
Px2 MUm
dk ewY;
P0
P1 Px3 MUm
D
D O X
O Q' Q1' Q2'
Q2 Q 1
dkj dh ek¡x Px1 (II)
Px2
ek¡x esa ifjorZu %
Px3
¼d½ ek¡x esa foLrkj rFkk ladqpu ewY; esa deh → ek¡x esa X
O
o`f) → ek¡x esa foLrkj Q Q1 Q 2
• fu;ksDykfldy MU n`f"Vdks.k ;k mi;ksfxrk dk
;g ifjorZu ,d gh ek¡x js[kk ij ikbZ tkrh gSA la[;kRed eki (Cardinal Approach) ek'kZy dk le
Y
lh- m- n`f"Vdks.k
ladqpu • mi;ksfxrk dk Øeokpd eki
E2
P3 (i) fgDl&,ysu dk vuf/keku n`f"Vdks.k
E foLrkj (ii) lseq,ylu dk O;Dr vf/keku n`f"Vdks.k
P1
P2
E2 • TU, MU rFkk AU dk laf{kIr fo'ys"k.k
O X Unit U TU AU MU
¼[k½ ek¡x oØ dk foorZu ek¡x esa o`f) rFkk izd"kZ.k 1 8 8 8 8
ek¡x esa deh rFkk fod"kZ.k 2 5 13 6.5 5
3 1 14 4.67 1
4 0 14 3.5 0
Y
D2 D D3 5 –1 13 2.6 –1
ufr ifjorZu fcUnq rd rks TU c<+rh nj ls c<+rk blds
ewY;
ckn ?kVrh nj ls D;ksfa d MU fxjuk izkjEHk dj nsrh gSA

w
cUn
Zu f
D
jo r
O X if
ek=k TO ufr TU
iw.kZ larfq "V fcUnq

ek¡x esa o`f) ;k deh ds dkj.k %
O
miHkksDrk dh vk; rFkk lafpr /ku dh ek=k Units 4
#fp] QS'ku rFkk jhfr&fjokt

vk; rFkk /ku dk vleku forj.k MU
iw.kZ larfq "V fcUnq
cktkj esa miHkksDrkvksa dh la[;k
Hkfo"; esa oLrq ds ewY; esa ifjorZu dh vk'kk O
4
MU
tula[;k • MU gzkl fu;e % Ýspa vFkZ'kkL=h xkWlus us fn;k LVsuys
eqnzk dh ek=k esa ifjorZu tsoUs l us ewY; fu/kkZj.k esa bldk iz;ksx fd;k vkSj
• ek'kZy ds le lhekUr mi;ksfxrk ds vk/kkj ij ek¡x oØ ek'kZy us bldk vkSj fodkl fd;kA
dk fuekZ.k • ekU;rk;sa %
(1) miHkksx fujUrj gksuk pkfg;sA
miHkksDrk fdlh Hkh oLrq dk ewY; mldh lh- m- ds
(2) oLrq dh izR;sd bdkbZ xq.k] ifjek.kq] Lokn] cukoV
MUx
cjkcj gh nsrk gS blfy, = MUm esa leku gksuh pkfg;sA
Px (3) #fp vknr Hkh fLFkj gks
miHkksDrk vius lUrqf"V dks vf/kdre djuk pkgrk gS (4) ekufld fLFkfr lkekU; gks
blfy, og tSl&
s tSls ewY; esa fxjkoV gksxh oLrq dh (5) oLrq dk ewY; fLFkj gks
(4) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk¡ lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• le lhekUr mi;ksfxrk fu;e % xkWlus dk f}rh; fu;e ¼2½ iw.kZr;k ykspnkj ek¡x oØ %
MUx MUy ep = ∞
= = MUm fLFkj gSA ;fn ;fn ewY; esa FkksM+k lk Hkh o`f) dj nh xbZ ek=k dks
Px Py
'kwU; dj ns rks ek¡x dh yksp iw.kZr;k ykspnkj ikbZ
MUx MUy
> rks miHkksDrk x dk miHkksx c<+k;sxk vkSj tk,xh ;k vuUr ek¡x dh ykspA
Px Py ¼3½ bdkbZ ek¡x dh yksp %
y dk fLFkj ;k de djsxk ftlls x dk MU fxjsxk y dk ep = 1
MU c<+xs k tks nksuksa dks cjkcj djsxkA
y
x dh P = 3 y dh P = 2
D
Units MUx MUy
MUx MUy
Px Py 15
ep = 1
1 48 16 (3) 40 20 (1)
2 42 14 (5) 36 18 (2)
3 36 12 (7) 32 16 (4) 10
4 30 10 (9) 28 14 (6)
D
5 18 6 24 12 (8)
6 6 2 20 10 (10) 0 x
7 3 1 10 5 10 15
ekax dh yksp (Elasticity of Demand) : ;fn ewY; esa ifjorZu ds cjkcj gh ek=k esa ifjorZu gks
+ ekax esa % ifjorZu rks ek¡x dh yksp bdkbZ ds cjkcj gksxh ;g vko';d
ep = oLrqvksa ds lUnHkZ esa ik;k tkrk gSA
− ewY; esa % ifjorZu
¼4½ bdkbZ ls vf/kd ykspnkj ek¡x %
p q ep > 1
p 5 8 Km q y
∆p 10 6 Km ∆q D
10
u¸kh ekék ∆q 8
D
iqjkuh ekék q (6 − 8) 10
ep = = = ×
u¸kk ewY¸k ∆p (10 − 8) 5
iqjkuk ewY¸k p
0 x
5 15
 2 10 
=  ×  = + .25% ;fn fdlh oLrq ds ewY; esa FkksM+k lk Hkh ifjorZu mldh
5 5  ek¡xh xbZ ek=k esa vR;f/kd ifjorZu yk ns rc bl
∆q p fLFkfr esa ekax dh yksp bdkbZ ls vf/kd ikbZ tk,xh
− ×
∆p q tSlk fd foykflrk dh oLrqvksa ds lUnHkZ esa ns[kk tkrk
gSA
ekax dk fu;e flQZ fn'kk crkrk gS tcfd ekax dh ¼5½ bdkbZ ls de ykspnkj ek¡x % ewY; ds ifjorzu ds rqyuk
yksp okLrfod izHkko dks crkrk gS blds eq[;r% 5 Hkkx gS&
a esa [kjhnh xbZ ek=k esa de ifjorZu gksrk gSA ,slk
¼1½ iw.kZr;k ykspnkj ek¡x vfrvko';d oLrqvksa ds lUnHkZ esa ik;k tkrk gSA
¼2½ iw.kZr;k csykspnkj ek¡x ep < 1
¼3½ bdkbZ ek¡x dh yksp y D
¼4½ bdkbZ ls vf/kd ek¡x dh yksp (<1)
10
¼5½ bdkbZ ls de ek¡x dh yksp (>1)
¼1½ iw.kZr;k csykspnkj ek¡x % tc ewY; dk izHkko ek¡x ij 5 ep < 1
fcYdqy u iM+s rc ek¡x dh yksp iw.kZr;k csykspnkj
gksxhA D
ep = 0 0 x
y 5 10
D y
ep =
8
10 ep > 1
Price
ep = 1
5 ep < 1
ep = 0
2 0 x
D x
0
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

cktkj vYi dky (Short Period) ¼0&1 o"kZ½ % bl vof/k esa
le; bruk de jgrk gS fd mRiknu esa o`f) ifjorZu 'khy
iw.kZ izfr;ksxh cktkj % iw.kZ izfr;ksxh cktkj dks le>us lk/kuksa ¼Je] dPpk½ esa o`f) ds ek/;e ls gksrh gS tcfd
ls iwoZ ge cktkj dks ge igys le> ysrs gSAa cktkj dks fLFkr lk/ku ¼Hkou] e'khu½ esa ifjorZu ugha gksrkA
ysdj vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa esa fofHkUu er ik, tkrs gSa cktkj dks nks
oxksZa esa ckaVk x;k gS& nh?kZ dky ¼5 ls vf/kd 15 ls de½ % bl dky esa le;
¼1½ {ks= ds vk/kkj ij % blds pkj :i gksrs gS& a bruk vf/kd gksrkgS fd ifjorZu'khy lk/kuksa ds lkFk&lkFk
fLFkj lk/kuksa esa Hkh ifjorZu ds ek/;e ls mRiknu dks
(i) LFkkuh; cktkj
lek;ksftr fd;k tk ldrk gS nksuksa lk/ku ifjorZu'khy gksrs
(ii) izkosf'kd ;k {ks=h; cktkj
gSAa
(iii) jk"Vªh; cktkj
nh?kZ dky esa larqyu % QeksZa dk lewg gh m|ksx gksrk gS
(iv) vUrjk"Vªh; cktkj
m|ksx }kjk fu/kkZfjr ewY; ij QesZa nh?kZ dky esa nh?kZ dkyhu
¼2½ le; ds vk/kkj ij % bl izdkj dk oxhZdj.k vkSlr ykxr oØ ds U;wure fcUnw ij mRiknu djsx a h tgk¡
ek'kZy }kjk fd;k x;kA ij mugsa lkekU; ykHk vftZr gksxkA
(i) vfr vYi dkyhu cktkj
vYidky esa QeZ lkekU; ykHk (AR = AC) :
(ii) vYi dkyhu cktkj ¼1 eghus ls 1 lky rd ½
(iii) nh?kZ dkyhu cktkj ¼6 o"kZ & 15 o"kZ rd½ gkfu ¾ AC > AR
(iv) vfr nh?kZ dkyhu cktj vlkekU; ykHk AR > AC
iw.kZ izfr;ksxh cktkj dh fo'ks"krk,¡ & rhuksa fLFkfr;ksa esa gks ldrh gS ysfdu nh?kZ dky esa QeZ
¼1½ Øsrkvksa o foØsrkvksa dh vf/kd la[;k ikbZ tkrh gSA flQZ lkekU; ykHk gh vftZr djsxhA
¼2½ oLrqvksa dh ,d:irk vFkkZr~ og lHkh oLrq,¡ le:i gSa ,dkf/kdkj % ,dkf/kdkj dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ vdsyk foØsrk
blfy, ijLij iw.kZ LFkkukiUuA gS vFkkZr~ iwfrZ ij fdlh ,d foØsrk dk vf/kdkj ;k fu;U=d
¼3½ Øsrk vkSj foØsrk dks cktkj lEcU/kh iw.kZ Kku gSA m|ksx ;g iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh iw.kZr% foijhr fLFkfr gSA blds
esa QeksZa dk izo's k rFkk fudklh LorU= :i ls ik;k mRiknd ;k foØsrk ,slh oLrq mRikfnr djrk gSA ftldk
tkrk gS blfy, nh?kZ dky esa QesZa lkekU; ykHk dksbZ utnhdh LFkkukiUu u gksA ,dkf/kdkjh oLrq dh iwfrZ
(Normal Profit) vftZr djsx a hA dks fu;fU=r djds ewY; dks ?kVk&c<+k ldrk gSA ,sls esa og
¼4½ mRiknu ds lk/kuksa esa iw.kZ xfr'khyrk ikbZ tkrh gS fofHkUu cktkjksa esa ewY; foHksn Hkh dj ldrk gSA ,sls esa og
vFkkZr~ ,d jkstxkj esa nwljs jkstxkj esa tkus dh fofHkUu cktkjksa esa ewy; foHksn Hkh dj ldrk gSA ewY; foHksn
LorU=rkA ds fy, vko';d gS fd fofHkUu cktkjksa esa ekax dh yksp
¼5½ oLrqvksa dh ifjogu o foØ; ykxr dk vkHkko ik;k vyx&vyx gks ;k cktkjksa ds chp bruh i;kZIr nwjh gks
tkrk gSA lds Øsrk lLrs cktkj ls lkeku [kjhn dj egaxs cktkj esa
¼6½ ljdkj }kjk bl ij dksbZ djkjksi.k ;k izfrcU/k ugha cspus esa vlQy gksA ,dkf/kdkj esa vkSlr vk; rFkk lhekUr
yxk;k tkrkA vk; oØ nksuksa Åij ls uhps nkfguh rjQ fxjrs gq, gksrs gSAa
,dkf/kdkj esa larqyu ds fy, nks fof/k;k¡ izpfyr gSA
¼7½ QesZa ewY; Lohdkjd gksrh gSa vkSj ewY; dk fu/kkZj.k
dqy vk; % dqy ykxr& RTC ,dkf/kdkjksa dk ykHk ml
m|ksx }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA QeksZa dk lewg gh m|ksx
fcUnq ij vf/kdre~ gksxk tgk¡ ij dqy vk; vkSj dqy ykxr
dgykrk gSA
dk vUrj T;knk gksA
vkSlr vk; lhekUr vk;& vYi vf/kdkj dky esa ,dkf/kdkj dh lafLFkfr % vYi
(AR) (MR) dky esa ,dkf/kdkjh esa esa ekax ds vuqlkj iwfrZ esa lek;kstu
TR = TR dsoy ifjorZu'khy lk/kuksa ¼Je o dPpk eky½ esa ifjorZu ds
Q P AR = MR= TRn – TRn –1 }kjk gh dj ldrh gSA ,sls esa mls lkekU; ykHk vlkekU;
Q×P Q
ykHk rFkk gkfu dh fLFkfr gks ldrh gSA
1 10 10 10 10
lkekU; ykHk % tc QeZ dh vkSlr vk;] vkSlr ykxr
2 10 20 10 10
ds cjkcj gks rc mls lkekU; ykHk dh izkfIr gksxh vFkkZr~
3 10 30 10 10
mldh izfr bdkbZ vk; izfr bdkbZ ykxr ds cjkcj gksA
4 10 40 10 10
vlkekU;
vlkekU; ykHk (AR > AC) : tc QeZ dks izkir gksus
okyh izfr bdkbZ vkSlr vk;] izfr bdkbZ ykxr (AC) ls
vkSlr ykxr] lhekUr ykxr vf/kd gks rc mls vlkekU; ykHk dh izkfIr gksxhA
TCn – Ten – 1 gkfu dh fLF
Q C Q×C = TC AC fLFkfr (AR < AC) : tc QeZ dks izkIr gksus
MC
okyh ykxr (AC) ls de gks rc mls gkfu dh fLFkfr izkIr
1 20 20 20 20
gksxh gkfu dh fLFkfr esa ;fn ,dkf/kdkjh dks vkSlr
2 15 30 15 10 ifjorZu'khy ykxr (AVC) ls de ewY; izkIr gksxk rks
3 12 36 12 36 ,dkf/kdkjh m|ksx NksMd + j cktkj pyh tk,xhA
4 10 40 10 4 ,dkf/kdkj esa ewY; fu/kkZj.k rFkk ekax dh yksp %
5 12 60 12 20 ,dkf/kdkjh dks nh?kZ dky esa lnSo vlkekU; ykHk izkIr gksrk
6 15 90 15 30 gS og viuh oLrq dk ewY; ekax oØ ds ml Hkkx esa fu/kkZfjr
7 20 140 20 50 djrk gS tgk¡ ij ek¡x dh yksp bdkbZ ls vf/kd gksxhA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

izfr;ksfxrk rFkk QeksZa dh la[;k ds vk/kkj ij cktkj fjdkMksZ dk ekuuk gS fd Hkwfe ds izR;sd VqdM+s
dk oxhZdj.k % 1926 ls iwoZ iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk rFkk ,dkf/kdkj vyx&vyx moZjdrk okys gSAa izkjEHk esa tula[;k vius
ds vykok cktkj dh vU; n'kkvksa dh vksj fdlh dk /;ku vkl&ikl dh Hkwfe ds ml VqdM+s ij mRiknu djsxh ftldh
ugha x;kA 1926 esa fi;jksa Sraffa us vius vkfFkZd ys[k esa moZjdrk vf/kd gSA og mRiknu vkSlr ykxr ds U;wure
mijksDr nksuksa cktkjksa dh vkykspuk djrs gq, dgk fd
O;ogkfjd trhou esa iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk o ,dkf/kdkj ds LFkku fcUnq ij gksxkA nh?kZdky esa tSl&s tSls tula[;k dh o`f) ds
ijviw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh fLFkfr ik;h tkrh gS bl leL;k dk dkj.k ekax esa o`f) gksxh vf/kd mRiknu djsxkA ;g izfØ;k
mfpr lek/kku 1933 esa izkQ s slj psEcj yhu dh iqLrd rc rd c<+x s h tc rd lEiw.kZ Hkwfe lekIr ugha gks tkrh
Theory of Monogolistic Compitation rFkk Jherh tkWu vkSj vUr esa ,slh fLFkfr vk,xh tc lcls [kjkc Hkwfe ij
jkWfcUlu dh iqLrd Economics of Impersect compition ds ykxr ds cjkcj mRiknu gksxk tks D izdkj dh Hkwfe ls Li"V
ek/;e ls gqvkA gSA D izdkj dh Hkwfe lhekUr Hkwfe vFkkZr~ yxku jfgr Hkwfe gS
yxku vkSj A izdkj dh Hkwfe vf/k lhekUr (Super Marginal) izdkj
Classical vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa us yxku dh ifjHkk"kk dh gSA
vyx&vyx 'kCnksa esa nh fjdkMksZ ls igys fofy;e isVh us nh?kZ dky esa tula[;k esa o`f) [kk|kUu dh ekax esa o`f)
yxku dks vf/k'ks"k ;k cpk gqvk ds :i esa crk;kA ijUrq ykrh jgsxhA ,sls esa xgu [ksrh izkjEHk dh tk,xhA ftlls
fjdkMksZ us bls O;ofLFkr :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;kA fjdkMksZ ds mRiknd AC (Average Cost) ds U;wure fcUnq ls vkxs c<+rs
vuqlkj ^yxku Hkwfe dh mit dk og Hkkx gS tks Hkwfe ds gq, Hkkx esa mRiknu djsxk D;ksfa d [kk|kUuksa dh ek¡x ewY;
ekfyd dks Hkwfe ds ekSfyd o vfouk'kh 'kfDr;ksa ds mi;ksx Lrj dks c<+k nsxhA
ds fy, fn;k tkrk gSA**
yxku fuEuor dkj.kksa ls mRiUu gksrk gS& mRiknu Qyu vkSj mlds fu;e
¼1½ Hkwfe dh iwfrZ iw.kZr;k fLFkj ;k iw.kZr;k csykspnkj gSA
¼2½ Hkwfe ds fofHkUu VqdM+s fHkUu&fHkUu moZjk 'kfDr ds gksrs mRiknu dh fØ;k dks lEiUu djus ds fy, ,d
gSA mRiknd Hkwfe] Je] iwt
a h] lkgl rFkk laxBu tSls 5 lk/kuksa
¼3½ Hkwfe dk dsoy ,d gh iz;ksx gSA dk iz;ksx djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d ia[ks dk mRiknu
djus ds fy, dPpk yksgk] dks;yk tSls dPps eky dh
¼4½ Hkwfe ds cktkj esa iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk gSA vko';drk gksrh gS bls vkxr ;k Inputs dgrs gSAa blds
¼5½ mRiknu esa Øekxr mRiknu gzkl fu;e ykxw gSA lg;ksx ls ftl ia[ks dk mRiknu gksxk mls fuxZr ;k
bUgksua s dgk yxku nks dkj.kksa ls mRiUu gksrk gSA Output dgrs gSa ,d mRiknd dk mís'; Inputs dh U;wure
¼1½ nqyZHkrk dk yxku (Scarcity) : mitkÅ Hkwfe dh ek=k ls vf/kd Output izkIr djuk gSA vxrksa rFkk fuxZrksa ds
iwfrZ nqyHkZ gksrh gS vkSj blds izR;sd VqdM=s ij chp bl rduhdh lEcU/k dks mRiknu Qyu dgrs gSAa
mRikndrk leku gksrh gSA tula[;k o`f) ds mRiknu ds fu;e % mRiknu ds rhu fu;e ik, tkrs gSAa
dkj.k Hkwfe dh ekax bruh c<= tk, fd viz;qDr ¼1½ o`f)eku izfrQy dk fu;e (Law of Inoreasing
Hkwfe u jg tk,A QyLo:i vukt dh ekax esa o`f) Return) : ;fn ftl vuqikr esa Inputs ¼vkxrks½a esa o`f)
ewY; esa o`f) yk,xhA ewY; esa o`f) vkSlr mRiknu dh tk, mlls vf/kd o`f) mRiknu esa gks fuxZr gks esa
ykxr ls vf/kd gksxhA ewY; vkSj vkSlr ykxr dk gks mls o`f) eku ;k o/kZeku dk fu;e dgrs gSAa
vUrj gh yxku dgyk,xkA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn lk/kuksa dh ek=k nksxquh dj nh
¼2½ HksnkRed yxku % tk, vkSj mRiknu esa o`f) nksxquk ls vf/kd gks tk,A
¼2½ fLFkj izfrQy dk fu;e (Law of Constant Returns) :
Hkwfe dh
ykxr mRiknu yxku ;fn mRiknu ds lk/kuksa dh ek=k ftl vuqikr esa c<+s
Js.kh
ml vuqikr esa mRiknu esa o`f) gks rks bls fLFkj
400 – 100 = 300
A 100 400 izfrQy dk fu;e dgrs gSAa mnkgj.k ds fy, lk/ku dh
vf/k lhekUr Hkwfe
ek=k nksxquk dj nh tk, rks mRiknu esa Hkh o`f) nksxquh
B 100 300 300 – 100 = 200
gks tk,A
C 100 200 200 – 100 = 100
100 – 100 = 0 10 = f (2)
D 100 100
lhekUr Hkwfe 20 = f (4)
30 = f (6)
¼3½ gzkleku izfrQy dk fu;e (Law of Derreasing
400 Returns) : ftl vuqikr esa lk/kuksa dh ek=k esa o`f) dh
tk, mlls de vuqikr esa mRiknu esa o`f) gksA
300
mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn lk/kuksa dh ek=k nksxquh dj nh
tk, rks mRiknu esa o`f) nksxqus ls de gksA
200 10 = f (2)
100 18 = f (4)
lhekUr
0 A B C D 25 = f (6)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

jk"Vªh; vk; dh vo/kkj.kk 5- O;; ;ksX; vk; (Disposable Income)
bldk rkRi;Z gS turk ds ikl og 'kq) vk;
• ^^jk"Vªh; vk; ls vFkZ fdlh ns'k esa ,d o"kZ ds e/; gS] ftls turk O;; djus dks rRij gSA ,slh
mRikfnr lHkh oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa s cktkj&ewY; ds dqy vk; dh x.kuk ds fy, O;fDrxr vk; esa ls
tksM+ ls gS ftls gzkl ?kVkdj o fons'kh ykHk tksM=dj O;fDrxr izR;{k djksa dks ?kVk fn;k tkrk gSA
fudkyk tkrk gSA**
uksV %
• ,d ns'k dh jk"Vªh; vk; fuEu ik¡p izdkj ls izdV dh
♦ Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; vk; dk izFke vkadyu 1867&68
tkrh gS&
esa nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA
1- ldy jk"Vªh; mRiknu vFkok ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
♦ orZeku esa Hkkjr ljdkj dk dsUnzh; lkaf[;dh
(Gross National Product or GNP or Gross
Domastic Product) laxBu (CSO) Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk
ldy jk"Vªh; mRiknu ls vFkZ ,d o"kZ esa djrk gSA
mRikfnr gksus okyh lHkh oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; vk; esa {ks=okj ;ksxnku %
ds cktkj&ewY; ds tksM+ ls gSA blesa LFkk;h 1- izkFkfed {ks=
lEifÙk;ksa ij gksus okys gzkl dks ugha ?kVk;k
tkrk gSA Ñf"k] okfudh] eRL;] [kuu
okLro es]a ldy jk"Vªh; mRiknu nks vuqekuksa 2- f}rh;d {ks=
dks tksM+ gS& fuekZ.k ,oa fofuekZ.k
ns'k esa mRikfnr lHkh olrqvksa ds ewY; ,oa 3- r`rh;d {ks=
fons'kksa ls izkIr 'kq) vk;A • O;kikj] ifjogu] lapkj] cSd a ] chek] okLrfod tk;nkn]
ldy jk"Vªh; mRiknu ,oa jk"Vªh; vk; esa lkekftd lkeqnkf;d ,oa oS;fDrd lsok,¡A
vUrj gSA ldy jk"Vªh; mRiknu ns'k ds
• ;kst ukdky ds 53 o"kksZ a ds ckn jk"Vªh ; vk; esa
lEiw.kZ mRiknu ¼gzkl fcuk ?kVk;s gh½ dk
cktkj&ewY; gksrk gS tcfd jk"Vªh; vk; 'kq) izkFkfed {ks= dk ;ksxnku de gqvk gS rFkk
mRiknu ¼gzkl ?kVkus ds ckn½ gksrk gSA f}rh;d ,oa r` rh;d {ks=ksa dk ;ksxnku c<+k gSA
ldy jk"Vªh; mRiknu esa pkyw o"kZ esa mRiUu
orZeku esa r` rh;d {ks= lokZf /kd] mlds ckn
oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds ewY; dks gh 'kkfey f}rh; {ks= vkS j fQj izkFkfed {ks= dk ;ksxnku
fd;k tkrk gSA gSA
2- 'kq) jk"Vªh; mRiknu vFkok 'kq) ?kjsyw mRikn
(Net National Product or NNP or Net
jk"Vªh; tux.kuk&2011 ds lEcU/k esa
Domestic Product)
ldy jk"Vªh; mRiknu esa gzkl (depreciation) jk"Vªh; tux.kuk&2011 Hkkjr dh 15oha ¼1872 bZ- ls
?kVkus ds ckn tks 'ks"k jgrk gS] og 'kq) izk jEHk½ ,oa Lora= Hkkjr dh 7oha tux.kuk gSA 31 ekpZ ]
jk"Vªh; mRiknu ;k 'kq) ?kjsyw mRikn dgykrk 2011 dks ^gekjh tux.kuk gekjk Hkfo";* (Our Census
gSA xf.krh; :i esa ;g NNP or NDP = Out Future) 'kh"kZd okD; ds lkFk tux.kuk 2011 ds
(GNP or GDP – Depreciation) gSA vuafre vkad M+k sa dks x`g lfpo th-
th-ds- fiYyS dh mifLFkfr
3- jk"Vªh; vk; (National Income) esa egkiath;d o tux.kuk vk;q Dr (Registrar General
bls ^lk/ku ykxr ij 'kq) jk"Vªh; vk;* (Net and Census Commissioner) lh- lh- pUnz ekSf y us tkjh
National Product Factor Cost) Hkh dgrs gSAa fd;kA tux.kuk dk dk;Z nks pj.kksa esa lEiUu fd;k
bldh x.kuk gsrq 'kq) jk"Vªh; mRiknu (NNP) x;kA izFke pj.k esa x`g lwphdj.k ,oa vkoklh;
esa ls vizR;{k djksa (Indirect taxes) dks ?kVk tux.kuk (House listing & Housing Census) ddk dk;Z
fn;k tkrk gS] fdUrq ljdkj }kjk nh x;h 1 vizS y ls 30 flrEcj] 2010 ds e/; fd;k x;kA tcfd
lgk;rk (Subsidies) tksM+ nh tkrh gSA nwl js pj.k esa tula[ ;k iz x.ku (Population
4- O;fDrxr vk; ;k ?kjsyw mRiknu Enumeration) dk dk;Z 9 Qjojh] 2011 ls 28 Qjojh]
(Personal Income or Net Domestic Product) 2011 ds e/; dh x;hA lanHkZ frfFk (Reference Date) 1
;g vk; og vk; gS tks fd okLro esa ns'k dh ekpZ ] 2011 dh e/; jkf= (0.00 Hours) gSA cQZ &vo:)
turk }kjk ,d foÙkh; o"kZ esa izkIr dh tkrh (Snow-bound) {ks= ks a ¼tEew d'ehj] fgekpy iz ns 'k vkS j
gSA bldh x.kuk fuEu izdkj dh tkrh gS& mÙkjk[k.M ds dq N {ks=½ dh tux.kuk ds iz x.ku dk
O;fDrxr vk; ¾ jk"Vªh; vk; & [fuxe o
dk;Z 11 flrEcj ls 30 flrEcj] 2010 ds chp fd;k
dEifu;ksa ij dj $ dEiuh ds vforfjr ykHk
$ izkWfoMs.V Q.M esa va'knku&¼ljdkj }kjk x;k ftldh lanHkZ frfFk 1 vDVwcj] 2010 dh e/; jkf=
lkekftd lq/kkj ij O;;½]A (0.00 Hours) jghA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

Touching Heights in Education
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk % egRoiw.kZ rF; By : Subhash Paul
jk"Vªh; vk; • o"kZ 2010&11 ds vuqekuksa esa [kk|kUu mRiknu dk
244.78 fe- Vu dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k Fkk] tcfd
• o"kZ 2011&12 ds fy, ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) esa
2011&12 ds r`rh; vfxze vuqeku 252.56 fefy;u Vu
2004&05 dh dherksa ij o`f) nj dk vfxze vuqeku
gSA
6.9% dk yxk;k x;k gSA
• 11oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (2007–12) ds nkSjku 9% okf"kZd • ns'k esa gfjr ØkfUr 1960 ds n'kd ds e/; (2006–07)
fodkl dk y{; fu/kkZfjr fd;kx;k Fkk] fdUrq miknku ls izkjEHk gqbZ ekuh tkrh gSA
ykxr ij ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn 2004&05 dh dherksa • gfjr ØkfUr ds ifj.kkeLo:i dqy [kk|kUu mRiknu esa xsgw¡
ij o`f) dk okLrfod vuqeku 7.9% dk gSA dk Hkkx dkQh c<+ x;k gS] pkoy dk Hkkx yxHkx fLFkj jgk
• pkyw ewY; Lrj ij 2010&11 esa izfr O;fDr vk; 53331 gS] tcfd eksVs vukt o nkyksa ds Hkkx ?kVs gSAa
#i, vkdfyr dh xbZ gS] tcfd 2011&12 ds fy, • Ñf"k {ks= dh vkSlr fodkl nj 2007&08 esa 5.8%,
vfxze vuqeku 60972 #i, dk yxk;k x;k gSA 2008&09 esa (–) 0.1%, 2009&10 esa 0.4% rFkk o"kZ
• fo'o fodkl fjiksVZ 2011 ds vuqlkj o"kZ 2009 esa Hkkjr 2010&11 esa 7% vuqekfur dh xbZ gSA 11oha ;kstuk dh
dh izfr O;fDr vk; 1180 MkWyj FkhA yf{kr okf"kZd vkSlr 4% dh nj izkIr djus ds fy,
• dsUnzh; lkaf[;dh; laxBu ds Rofjr vuqekuksa ds vuqlkj 2011&12 esa 8.5% dh o`f) nj izkIr djus dh
2004&05 ewY; Lrj ij 2010&11 esa Hkkjr esa ^lk/ku vko';drk Fkh] fdUrq ;g nj 2.5% gh vuqekfur dh
ykxr ij 'kq) jk"Vªh; mRikn* vFkkZr~ jk"Vªh; vk; (Net xbZ gSA
National Product at Factor Cost or National Income) • o"kZ 2010 esa [kk|kUuksa dh izfr O;fDr miyC/krk 438.6
4268715 djksM+ #i, vuqekfur fd;k x;k gSA xzke izfr fnu Fkh ftlesa 31.6 xzke nkysa o 407 xzke
• 2009&10 dh fLFkfr ds vuqlkj pkyw dherksa ij vukt FkkA
lokZf/kd izfr O;fDr vk; ¼132719 #i,½ okyk jkT; • Hkkjr esa mRikfnr fryguksa esa 9 izeq[k frygu gS& a
xksok gSA ew¡xQyh] ljlksa vkSj rksfj;k] lks;kchu] lwjteq[kh] fry
• 2009&10 dh fLFkfr ds vuqlkj pkyw dherksa ij izfr (Sesamum), vj.Mh (Castor), ukbtj (Niger), vylh
O;fDr vk; ¼120912 #i,½ okyk dsUnz'kkflr izn's k (Linseed) vkSj dqlqEc (Safflower)A
p.Mhx<+ gSA • Hkkjr esa lks;kchu dk lokZf/kd mRiknu e/ e/;
; izn's k esa
• foÙkh; o"kZ 2009&10 esa ns'k esa vkfFkZd o`f) nj 4% ls gksrk gSA
5% ds chp jgus dk iwokZuqeku fo'o cSd a ] ADB o
OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
• miyC/k vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj fo'o esa phuh dk lokZf/kd
mRiknu czkthy esa o lokZf/kd [kir Hkkjr esa gksrh gSA
Development) vkfn us O;Dr fd;k FkkA IMF us 2010
ds nkSjku Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk dh vkfFkZd o`f) nj • Hkkjr esa xsgw¡ dk lokZf/kd mRiknu mÙkj izn's k esa gksrk
9.7% vkdfyr dh FkhA o"kZ 2011 ds fy, 7.75% dh gSA nwljs o rhljs LFkku ij Øe'k% iatkc o gfj;k.kk
vuqekfur dh xbZ gS] tcfd o"kZ 2012 esa lEHkkfor o`f) gSA
nj dk iwokZuqeku 7.5% dk yxk;k x;k gSA • pkoy dk lokZf/k/kd d mRiknu djus okyk jkT; i- i- caxky
• o"kZ 2010&11 ds nkSjku GDP esa Ñf"k] m|ksx rFkk lsok gSA nwljs o rhljs LFkku ij Øe'k% mÙkj izn's k o iatkc
{ks= dk ;ksxnku Øe'k% 14.5%, 27.8% rFkk 57.7% gSA
vuqekfur gSA vkfFkZd leh{kk 2011&12 ds vuqlkj • eksVs vukt dk lokZf/kd mRiknu jktLFkku esa gksrk gSA
2011&12 ds vfxze vuqekuksa esa Ñf"k vkSj lEc) {ks= dk nwljs o rhljs LFkku ij Øe'k% egkjk"Vª vkSj dukZVd
fgLlk 2004&05 dh dherksa ij GDP dk 13.9% gSA
vuqekfur fd;k x;k gS] tcfd m|ksx rFkk lsok {ks= dk • nkyksa dk lokZf/kd mRiknu e/; izn's k esa gksrk gSA nwljs
fgLlk Øe'k% 27 izfr'kr rFkk 59 izfr'kr jgk gSA o rhljs LFkku ij Øe'k% mÙkj izn's k o jktLFkku gSA
Ñf"k • dqy fryguksa dk lokZf/kd mRiknd jkT; xqtjkr gSA
e/; izn's k vkSj jktLFkku Øe'k% nwljs vkSj rhljs LFkku
• Hkkjr dh eq[; [kk| Qly pkoy gSA ij gSAa
• o"kZ 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj ns'k esa yxHkx 52% • dkyh pk; ds mRiknu ,oa miHkksx esa Hkkjr dk fo'o esa
yksxksa dks Ñf"k {ks= esa jkstxkj feyk gqvkA o"kZ 2011&12 izFke LFkku gSA
ds nkSjku GDP esa Ñf"k {ks= dk va'k 13.9% vuqekfur
fd;k x;k FkkA izkFkfed {ks= esa dsoy Ñf"k dk fgLlk
• Hkkjr fo'o esa pk; dk lcls cM+ cM+k mRiknd vkSj
miHkksDrk ns'k gS vkSj ;gk¡ fo'o mRiknu dk 27%
12.3% okfudh vkSj efRL;dh dk fgLlk Øe'k% 1.5%
mRiknu vkSj fo'o O;kikj dk 13% O;kikj gksrk gSA
rFkk 0.7% gSA
pk; dk fu;kZr ?kjsyw mRiknu dk yxHkx 20% gSA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• ukfj;y ds mRiknu] miHkksx rFkk fu;kZr esa Hkkjr dk • fo'o esa rEckdw dk lcls cM+s mRiknd o miHkksDrk
fo'o esa igyk LFkku gS] tcfd izfr gsDVs;j mRikndrk jk"Vª phu esa 1 ebZ] 1997 ls lkoZtfud LFkkuka ij
ds ekeys esa eSfDldks dk igyk LFkku gSA Hkkjr dk izfr /kweziku fuf"k) fd;k gqvk gSA
gsDVs;j ukfj;y mRiknu esa pkSFkk LFkku gSA • mÙkj izn's k esa QyksRiknu esa ØkfUr ykus ds fy, jkT;
• fo'o ds dqy dkWQh mRiknu ds 4.0 izfr'kr Hkkx dk dk igyk m|ku 'kks/k dsUnz eFkqjk esa LFkkfir fd;k
mRiknu Hkkjr esa gksrk gS rFkk Hkkjr dk NBok¡ LFkku gSA tk,xkA
• Hkkjr esa dkWQh ds dqy mRiknu dk 56.5% dsoy • v.Mksa ds mRiknu esa Hkkjr dk fo'o esa ik¡pok¡ LFkku gSA
dukZVd jkT; esa gksrk gSA ;gk¡ izfr o"kZ yxHkx 63 vjc v.Mksa dk mRiknu gksrk
• Hkkjr 2010 esa izkÑfrd jcM+ ds fo'o mRiknu esa 8.2% gSA v.Mk mRimnu esa fo'o ds igys rhu jk"Vª Øe'k%
fgLls ds lkFk pkSFkk lcls cM+k mRiknu ns'k gSa rFkk vejhdk] phu dk czkthy gSA
nwljk lcls cM+k miHkksDrk cudj mHkjk gSA • fo'o esa vQhe dk lokZf/kd mRiknu vQxkfuLrku esa
• 2009&10 ds vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj ns'k esa jcM+ dh izfr gksrk gS] tgk¡ 'ks"k fo'o dh rhu xquk vQhe mRiUu
gsDVs;j mRikndrk 1143 fdxzk- gS] t'ksfd fo'o esa gksrh gSA
lokZf/kd gSA dsjy jcM+ mRiknd jkT;ksa esa izeq[k gSA • fdlkuksa dks viuh mit dk csgrj ewy; izkIr gksus rd
tgk¡ ns'k dk 90% jcM+ mRiknu gksrk gSA fo'o esa jcM+ mit dks jksdus esa l{ke cukus ds fy, dkWiksZj's ku cSd
a
mRiknu esa FkkbyS.M dk izFke LFkku gSA izkÑfrd jcM+ }kjk ^ØkWi ,xzhdYpj izkM s ~;wl yksu* uked ,d Ñf"k
ds fy, ns'k dh ek¡x dk yxHkx 97% ?kjsyw mRiknu ls _.k ;kstuk 1 vizSy] 2005 dks izkjEHk dh xbZ FkhA
iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA 2011&12 esa izkÑfrd jcM+ mRiknu
9.77 yk[k Vu vuqekfur gSA
m|ksx
• 1998 ls Hkkjr fo'o dk igyk lcls cM+k nw/k mRiknd • vkS|ksfxd mRiknu lwpdkad dk vk/kkj o"kZ 1993&94 ls
jk"Vª gks x;k gSA 1950&51 esa Hkkjr esa nw/k dk mRiknu cnydj twu 2011 esa 2004&05 dj fn;k x;k gSA
17 fefy;u Vu Fkk] tks 2010&11 esa 121.8 fefy;u Vu • 1993&94 ds vk/kkj o"kZ okys lwpdkad esa dsoy 538
gks x;kA mRiknksa dk lekos'k Fkk] fdUrq u, 1993&94 vk/kkj o"kZ
• 1950&2011 dh vof/k esa Hkkjr esa nw/k dh izfr O;fDr okys lwpdkad esa 682 mRiknksa dk lekos'k gSA
miyfC/k 124 xzke izfrfnu ls c<+dj 281 xzke izfrfnu • 682 mRiknksa okys u, vkS|ksfxd mRiknu lwpdkad esa
gks xbZ gS] tcfd U;wure vko';drk 211 xzke izfrfnu fofuekZ.kh {ks= ls 620] [kuu {ks= ls 61 rFkk fo|qr~ {ks=
gSA iatkc esa izfr O;fDr nw/k dh miyC/krk lokZf/kd ls 1 mRikn dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA
800 xzke gSA fo'o esa nw/k dh izfr O;fDr miyC/krk 265 • lw{e vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa (Micro Enterprises) ds fy,
xzke izfrfnu izfr O;fDr vuqekfur dh xbZ gSA blh fuos'k dh lhek 25 yk[k #i, fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ gSA
vof/k esa v.Mksa dh izfr O;fDr miyfC/k 10 izfro"kZ ls
• y?kq vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa esa mu bdkb;ksa dks lfEefyr
c<+dj 42 izfro"kZ gks xbZ gSA fd;k tkrk gS] ftuesa IykaV o e'khujh esa fofu;ksx 5
• c`gn~ Qly chek ;kstuk (Comprehensive Crop djksM+ #i, rd fu/kkZfjr gSA e/;e m|e okyh bdkb;ksa
Insurance Scheme) vizSy 1985 esa izkjEHk dh xbZ FkhA ds kfy, ;g lhek 5 djksM+ #i, ls vf/kd rFkk 10
jch 1999&2000 ls bl ;kstuk dh txg jk"Vªh; Ñf"k djksM+ #i, rd j[kh xbZ gSA
chek ;kstuk izkjEHk dh xbZ gSA
• lsok {ks= esa vf/kdre 10 yk[k #i, rd ds fuos'k dh
• tuojh 2012 esa dsUnzh; ewy; esa okLrfod LVkWd xsgw¡ bdkbZ gh lw{e miØe (Micro Enterprises) ds :i esa
dk 25.68 fefy;u Vu rFkk pkoy dk 29.72 fefy;u j[kh xbZ gS] tcfd y?kq miØe bdkbZ ds fy, ;g
Vu Fkk] tks muds U;wure cQj LVkWd ekud Øe'k% fuos'k lhek 10 yk[k #i, ls 2 djksM+ #i, rFkk e/;e
11.2 fe- Vu rFkk 13.8 fe- Vu ls vf/kd FkkA miØe bdkbZ ds fy, 2 djksM+ #i, ls 5 djksM+ #i,
• Hkkjr fo'o esa lfCt;ksa dk lcls cM+k mRiknd jk"Vª rd j[kh xbZ gSA
vkSj Qyksa dk nwljk lcls cM+k mRiknd jk"Vª gSA • orZeku le; esa xqtjkr jkT; esa 112 lwrh oL= feysa gS]a
• Hkkjr fo'o esa eNyh dk rhljk lcls cM+k mRiknd ftuesa ls vdsys vgenkckn esa 66 feysa gSAa bls iwoZ dk
vkSj eRL; ikyu dk nwljk lcls cM+k mRiknd ns'k gSa oksLVu dgk tkrk gSA egkjk"Vª jkT; esa 104 feysa gS]a
efRL;dh {ks= ns'k esa 11 yk[k ls vf/kd yksxksa dks ftuesa ls 54 feysa vdsys eqEcbZ esa gSAa eqEcbZ dks lwrh
jkstxkj iznku djrk gSA oL=ksa dh jkt/kkuh (Cottonopolis) dgk tkrk gSA
• Qjojh] 2004 esa ljdkj us jk"Vªh; Ñ"kd vk;ksx xfBr dkuiqj 'kgj esa lwrh oL= dh 10 feysa gS]a ftls mÙkj
fd;k FkkA Hkkjr dk ekupsLVj dgk tkrk gSA
• Ñf"k dks laLFkkxr _.kksa ds izokg esa lcls cM+k fgLlk • lwrh oL= m|ksx eq[;r% dikl ¼lQsn lksuk½ dh iwfrZ
61% okf.kfT;d cSd a ksa dk] mlds ckn lgdkjh cSd a ij gh fuHkZj djrk gSA dikl mRiknu ds ekeys esa
(28%) rFkk {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSda (11%) gSA o"kZ 2011&12 Hkkjr fo'o esa pkSFks LFkku ij gS vkSj dikl ds vUrxZr
ds nkSjku 475000 djksM+ #i, ds Ñf"k _.k ds y{; ds {ks=Qy {ks= dh n`f"V ls izFke LFkku ij igq¡p x;k gSA
fo#) okLrfod _.k forj.k uoEcj 2011 rd 294023 ns'k esa dqy dikl mRiknu dh 40% [kir ljdkjh
djksM+ #i, dk jgk gSA feyksa esa gh gksrh gSA ns'k esa dikl dk mRiknu xqtjkr
esa lcls vf/kd gksrk gSA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• y?kq vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa dh la[;k 2006&07 esa 128.4 • Hkkjr esa lkbfdysa cukus dk igyk dkj[kkuk 1938 esa
yk[k Fkh] ftuesa ls 20.32 yk[k iathÑr rFkk 108.12 dksydkrk ¼dydÙkk½ esa [kksyk x;kA lkbfdyksa ds
yk[k viathÑr FkhA mRiknu esa Hkkjr dk vc fo'o esa rhljk LFkku gSA
• vkS|ksfxd ,oa foÙkh; iqufuZekZ.k cksMZ (BIFR) dh LFkkiuk izfro"kZ yxHkx 90 yk[k lkbfdyksa dk mRiknu Hkkjr esa
chekj vkS|ksfxd dEiuh vf/kfu;e 1985 ds vUrxZr dh gksrk gSA
xbZ FkhA cksMZ us 15 ebZ] 1987 ls dk;Z djuk izkjEHk dj i;ZVu
fn;k FkkA • Hkkjr i;ZVu fodkl fuxe dh LFkkiuk ,d lkoZtfud
• ljdkj us y?kq m|ksx {ks= dh foÙk lEcU/kh ,oa #X.krk {ks= ds miØe ds :i esa 1 vDVwcj] 1966 dks dh xbZ
lEcU/kh leL;kvksa ds ewy;kadu ds fy, uk;d lfefr FkhA
dk xBu fd;k Fkk] ftlus flrEcj 1992 esa viuh • i;ZVu fo'o dk lcls cM+k fu;kZr m|ksx gSA dqy fo'o
fjiksVZ izLrqr dh FkhA fu;kZr esa i;ZVu dk fgLlk 12.2% rFkk oSf'od jkstxkj
• o"kZ 2007&08 esa GDP vkSj jkstxkj esa i;ZVu dk esa 8.1% gSA
;ksxnku Øe'k% 5.92% vkSj 9.24% FkkA • i;ZVu foHkkx izpkyujr~ gksVyksa dk LVkj iz.kkyh ds
• orZeku esa fuEufyf[kr 3 m|ksxksa dks lkoZtfud {ks= ds vUrxZr 6 Jsf.k;ks]a 1 LVkj ls 5 LVkj MhyDl rd rFkk
fy, vkjf{kr j[kk x;k gSA (1) ijek.kq ÅtkZ] (2) jsy gky gh esa pkyw dh xbZ gSfjVst gksVy js.kh esa oxhZdj.k
ifjogu] (3) ijek.kq ÅtkZ dh vuqlp w h esa fufnZ"V djrk gSA
[kfutA 9 ebZ] 2001 ds eaf=e.Myh; fu.kZ; ds vuqlkj • 1950 ls igys fufeZr gosfy;ks]a nqxks]Za fdyksa vkSj fuokl
ljdkj us lqj{kk mRiknu ds {ks= esa futh {ks= ds izo's k LFkkuksa esa izpkyujr~ gksVyksa ds fy, gSfjVst gksVy dh
dh vuqefr iznku dj nh gS] ftlds fy, dEiuh dks ,d ubZ oxhZdj.k Js.kh izkjEHk dh xbZ gSA
j{kk ea=ky; ls ykblsUl ysuk gksrk gSA
• fnYyh] vkxjk o t;iqj dh rtZ ij psUubZ] caxykSj o
• orZeku esa fuEufyf[kr 5 m|ksxksa dks vfuok;Z ykblsUl f=osUnze dks i;ZVu dh n`f"V ls ^xksYMu Vªkb,axy* ds
dh ifjf/k esa j[kk x;k gSa (1) ,YdksgkWy;qDr is;ksa dk :i esa fodflr djus dk fopkj dsUnz ljdkj ds
vklou o e|hdj.k (Distillation and brewing of fopkjk/khu gSA
alcoholic drinks), (2) rEckdw ds flxkj o flxjsV rFkk
rS;kj rEckdw ds vU; fodYi] (3) bysDVªkWfud] • ns'k esa i;ZVu dks c<+kok nsus ds mís'; ls fons'kh
,;jksLisl o j{kk midj.k lHkh izdkj ds] (4) i;ZVdksa gsrq ^vkxeu ohlk* (Visa on Arrival) ;kstuk
fn;klykb;ksa lfgr vkS|ksfxd foLQksVd] (5) [krjukd izkjEHk dh xbZ gSA
jlk;u (Hazardous Chemicals)A • Hkkjr vkus okyh fons'kh i;ZVdksa esa vf/kdka'k if'peh
• y?kq m|ksx {ks= esa fuekZ.k ds fy, iw.kZr;k vkjf{kr enksa ;wjksi (31%), mÙkjh vejhdk (18%) o nf{k.kh ,f'k;k
(27.4%) ls vkrs gSAa
dh dqy la[;k 13 ekpZ] 2007 dks 114 jg xbZ FkhA 79
enksa dks 5 Qjojh] 2008 dh ,d vf/klwpuk ds rgr~ • o"kZ 2006 esa fo'o i;ZVu esa Hkkjr dk fgLlk yxHkx
vukjf{kr fd;k x;k Fkk] ftuds QyLo:i ;g la[;k 0.53% jgk FkkA
?kVdj 35 jg xbZ FkhA vDVwcj 2008 esa 14 enksa dks vk;kr fu;kZr
vukjf{kr dj fn;k x;k FkkA vr% vDVwcj] 2008 esa
budh la[;k ?kVdj ek= 21 jg xbZ FkhA • oSf'od oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa ds O;kikj esa Hkkjr ds
• flMch (SIDBI) }kjk vizSy 2004 ls 10000 djksM+ #i, fons'kh O;kikj dk va'k 2004 esa 1.0% Fkk] tks 2010 esa
dh y?kq ,oa e/;e m|e (SME) fuf/k dk izpkyu 1.5% gks x;kA tuojh&twu 2011 esa ;g c<+dj 1.9%
vkjEHk dj fn;k x;k gSa gks x;kA
• ØsfMV fyaDM dSihVy lfClMh Ldhe ds rgr~ 29 • fu;kZrksa gsrq lqn`<+ vk/kkfjr lajpuk miyC/k djkus ds
flrEcj] 2005 ls y?kq m|ksx {ks= ds fy, _.k lhek mís'; ls izFke ^VsªM ikWbUV* dh LFkkiuk ubZ fnYyh esa
40 yk[k #i, ls c<+kdj 1 djksM+ #i, dj nh gS rFkk 16 vxLr] 1994 dks dh xbZ FkhA
blesa lfClMh dh nj 12% ls c<+kdj 15% dj nh gSA • NÙkhlx<+ esa igys lkW¶Vos;j VsDuksykWth ikdZ dh
• ns'k ds dqy fofufeZr vkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa yxHkx 45 LFkkiuk jk;iqj ftys esa fHkykbZ esa dh xbZ gSA bldk
izfr'kr mRiknu y?kq m|ksx {ks= dk gSA ns'k ds dqy mn~?kkVu 28 Qjojh] 2002 dks fd;kx;k FkkA ;g ns'k
fu;kZrksa esa yxHkx 35 izfr'kr Hkkx y?kq m|ksx {ks= dk dk 25ok¡ lkW¶Vos;j VsDuksykWth ikdZ FkkA
gSa • vizSy&fnlEcj] 2011 esa Hkkjr ds isVªkfs y;e vk;kr
• tgk¡ rd ykblsUl dk iz'u gS y?kq m|ksx {ks= dks vc 73.734 vjc MkWyj ds jgs gSAa o"kZ 2011&12 ds nkSjku
iw.kZ:i ls fofu;fU=r (Deregulated) dj fn;k x;k gSa isVªkfs y;e] rsy vkSj Lusgd ds vk;kr 155.6 fcfy;u
MkWyj ds jgs gSAa
• tkiku ds lg;ksx ls xqMx + k¡o ftys ds euslj xk¡o esa
,d vkn'kZ vkS|ksfxd Vkmuf'ki (Industrial Model • nkyksa ds mRiknu esa Hkkjr dk fo'o esa igyk LFkku gksus
Township) LFkkfir fd;k tk jgk gSA bl ij 1998 ds ckotwn izfro"kZ yxHkx 20 yk[k Vu nkyksa dk
djksM+ #i, dh ykxr dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k gSA vk;kr fd;k tkrk gSA
• Hkkjr esa Mhty batu cukus dk igyk dkj[kkuk 1932 • 'kq) fons'kh eqnzk miktZu esa lokZf/kd ;ksxnku diM+k
esa lrkjk ¼egkjk"Vª½ esa [kksyk x;kA m|ksx dk gS] D;ksfa d blds fu;kZrksa ds fy, vk;krksa ij
fuHkZjrk cgqr de gSA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• O;fDrxr jk"Vªksa dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr dk lokZf/kd fons'kh • orZeku esa ;k=h ;krk;kr esa lM+d ;krk;kr dk fgLlk
O;kikj la;qDr jkT; vejhdk ds lkFk gSA yxHkx 85 izfr'kr rFkk eky <qykbZ ;krk;kr esa yxHkx
• vejhdk ds lkFk Hkkjr dk O;kikj 'ks"k vf/kdka'kr% Hkkjr 70 izfr'kr gSA
ds i{k esa gh jgrk gSA • jkT;ksa esa lM+d ekxZ dh yEckbZ esa izFke LFkku egkjk"Vª
• o"kZ 1994&95 esa #i, dks pkyw [kkrs esa iw.kZ ifjorZuh; dk gSA
?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;kA • fo'o dk lcls cM+k ;k=h foeku ,;j cl A–380 gS]
• Hkkjr ds gLrf'kYi ¼jRu ,oa vkHkw"k.k ds vfrfjDr½ dk tks izn'kZu ds fy, 6&9 ebZ] 2007 ds nkSjku Hkkjr esa
lokZf/kd fu;kZr vejhdk dks fd;k tkrk gSA jgkA ;g izn'kZu mM+ku fdaxfQ'kj ,;jykbUl }kjk
• ns'k ds fu;kZrksa esa o`f) ykus ds fy, ^VkjxsV Iyl* izk;ksftr FkhA
uked ,d ubZ ;kstuk 2005&06 ds nkSjku vkjEHk dh • vUrjkZ"Vªh; foeku lsok,a ,;j bf.M;k }kjk iznku dh
xbZ Fkh] ftls 2006&07 ds ctV esa lekIr dj fn;k tkrh gS]a tcfd bf.M;k ,;jykbUl ?kjsyw foeku lsok
x;k FkkA iznku djus okyh eq[; ,tsUlh gSA bf.M;u ,;jykbUl
• o"kZ 2010&11 dh fu;kZr lajpuk esa ftl lewgksa dh 19 iM+kslh jk"Vªksa ds fy, Hkh foeku lsok lapkfyr djrh
fgLlsnkjh Fkh& izkFkfed mRiknu ¼Ñf"k] v;Ld vkSj gSAa
[kfut½ 13.9%, fofufeZr oLrq,¡ 68%, isVªkfs y;e dPpk • ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSd a dh lgk;rk ls psUubZ ds fudV
rsy mRikn ¼dks;yk lfgr½ 16.8% rFkk vU; 1.2%A ,d û;k ,Uuksj cUnjxkg* (New Ennore Port) LFkkfir
• o"kZ 2010&11 esa Hkkjr dk eq[; O;kikfjd lk>snkj fd;k x;k gSA
la;qDr jkT; vejhdk Fkk ftldh fu;kZr esa fgLlsnkjh • Hkkjr esa eksVj okguksa dk lokZf/kd fu;kZr ^tokgjyky
11.9% Fkh rFkk dqy vk;kr esa fgLlsnkjh 5.1% FkhA usg: cUnjxkg* (J.N. Port) ls fd;k tkrk gSA
• vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k ds izdk'ku] fo'o vkfFkZd ifjn`'; vkfFkZd fu;kstu
vizSy 2009 ds vuqlkj o"kZ 2008 ds nkSjku Hkkjr ds
pkyw [kkrs dk 'ks"k GDP ds& 2.8% vuqekfur fd;kx;k • Hkkjr esa fu;kstu dh vko';drk ds lanHkZ esa ,d iqLrd
Fkk] tcfd phu (10%), :l (6.1%), fQyhihUl 'Planned Economy for India' ¼Hkkjr ds fy, fu;ksftr
(2.1%), flaxkiqj (25.7%) vkfn ns'kksa esa ;g vkf/kD; ds vFkZO;oLFkk½ lu~ 1934 esa izdkf'kr gqbZ FkhA bl iqLrd
:i esa FkkA ds ys[kd lj ,e- fo'os'ojS;k FksA
• 11 flrEcj] 2001 dh ?kVuk ds ckn vejhdk uq • Hkkjr esa fu;kstu dh vko';drk o lEHkkouk ij fopkj
lqij&301 o Lis'ky&301 lwfp;ksa ds iqufuZjh{k.k esa Hkkjr djus ds fy, Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl us 1938 esa ,d
dks nksuksa gh fuxjkuh lwfw p;ksa esa ckgj dj fn;k Fkk] ^jk"Vªh; fu;kstu lfefr* dk xBu fd;k FkkA ia-
fdUrq gky esa gh Hkkjr dk uke la;qä jkT; vejhdh tokgjyky usg: bl lfefr ds v/;{k FksA
O;kikj izfrfuf/k (USTR) dh 15 ns'kksa dh ml lwph esa • eqEcbZ ds vkB izeq[k m|ksxifr;ksa }kjk 1944 esa ,d
'kkfey fd;k x;k gS ftUgsa izkFkfedrk ds lkFk fuxjkuh ;kstuk izLrqr dh xbZ] tks ^ckWEcs Iyku* dgykrh gSA
okyh lwph (Priority Watch List) esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k rnqijkUr 1944 esa gh Jh eUukjk;.k }kjk ^xka/khoknh
gSA bldk dkj.k Lis'ky&301 ds izko/kku ds vuqlkj ;kstuk*] 1945 esa Jfed usrk ,e- ,u- jk; }kjk ^tu
O;oLFkk dk vHkko crk;k x;k gSA ;kstuk* (People's Plan) rFkk 1950 esa t;izdk'k ukjk;.k
}kjk ^loksZn; ;kstuk* izLrqr dh xbZA
ifjogu ,oa nwjlapkj
• Hkkjr esa ;kstuk vk;ksx dk xBu 15 ekpZ] 1950 dks ,d
• Hkkjr esa izFke jsyxkM+h eqEcbZ ls Fkk.ks rd ¼34 fdeh- dh xSj&lkafof/kd rFkk ijke'kZnk=h fudk; ds :i esa fd;k x;kA
nwjh rd½ 1853 esa pykbZ xbZ FkhA • Hkkjr ds iz/kkuea=h ;kstuk vk;ksx ds insu v/;{k gSAa
• Hkkjr esa jsyos LVs'kuksa dh la[;k 31 ekpZ] 2009 dks
7030 FkhA • Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa ^;kstuk vk;ksx* ds xBu ds fy,
• Hkkjr esa jsyos 17 {ks=ksa (Zones) esa foHkkftr gS] ftlesa dksbZ mYys[k ugha gSA
ls mÙkjh {ks= ¼eq[;rk& ubZ fnYyh½ dk :V fdyksehVj • jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn~ dk xBu 6 vxLr] 1952 dks
lcls vf/kd vf/kd gSA fd;k x;k FkkA
• Hkkjrh; jsyos rhu izdkj dh ykbuksa dk iz;ksx djrh gSA • Hkkjr dh igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 1 vizSy] 1951 ls
;s gS&
a czkWM xst ¼1]676 feeh-½] ehVj xst ¼1]000 feeh-½ izkjEHk gqbZA
rFkk uSjksa xst ¼762 feeh- o 610 feeh-½A Hkkjr ds dqy
jsy usVodZ ¼64015 :V fdeh-½ esa czkWM xst ¼52808 :V • 1 vizSy] 2007 ls X;kjgoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk izkjEHk dh
fdeh-½] ehVj xst ¼8473 :V fdeh-½ vkSj uSjks xst xbZ FkhA
¼2734 :V fdeh-½ dk jsyekxZ gSA • rhljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1961&66½ rFkk ;kSFkh iapo"khZ;
• o"kZ 2006&07 dks jsyos ctV esa eqLdku ds lkFk lsok ;kstuk ¼1969&74½ ds chp rhu o"kZ dh vof/k dks ;kstuk
o"kZ ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k x;k] cfd o"kZ 2007&08 dks vodk'k (Plan Holiday) dh vof/k dgk tkrk gSA bl
LoPNrk o"kZ ds :i esa euk;k x;k FkkA vof/k esa rhu ,do"khZ; ;kstuk,a fØ;kfUor dh xbZA
• jk"Vªh; jktekxksZa dh yEckbZ dqy lM+d ekxZ dk 2 • ik¡poha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1974&79½ dks turk ikVhZ dh
izfr'kr ls Hkh de gS] fdUrq bu ij dqy lM+d ljdkj }kjk vius fu/kkZfjr le; ls ,d o"kZ iwoZ gh
;krk;kr dk 40 izfr'kr vkokxeu gksrk gSA lekIr ?kksf"kr djds NBh ;kstuk ¼1978&83½ ykxw dh
xbZ Fkh] ftls iqu% cny fn;k x;k FkkA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• 1978&83 ds fy, cukbZ xbZ NBh ;kstuk dks vuojr~ eq[; ctV 2012&13 % fofHkUu ?kkVs GDP ds % :i esa
;kstuk (Rolling Plan) dk uke fn;k x;k FkkA ?kkVk 2011-12 (RE) 2012-13 (BE)
• 1980 esa dkaxzsl ds dsUnz esa iqu% lÙkk:<+ gksus ij dkaxzsl jktLo ?kkVk 4.4% 3.4%
ljdkj us 1978&83 dh ;kstuk ds LFkku ij ubZ NBh jktdks"kh; ?kkVk 5.9% 5.1%
iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1980&85½ ykxw dh FkhA izkFkfed ?kkVk 2.8% 1.9%
• vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk Hkh nks o"kZ foyEc ls izkjEHk gqbAZ • o"kZ 2012&13 ds ctV esa lsok dj dh nj 12% dj nh
lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1985&90½ 31 ekpZ] 1990 dks xbZ gSA
viuh iw.kZ le;kof/k ds ckn lekIr gks xbZ FkhA • 2012&13 ds ctV esa lqj{kk gsrq 193407 djksM+ #i, dk
• la'kksf/kr uoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1997&2002½ ds nkSjku izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA
(GDP) esa vkSlr okf"kZd o`f) nj dk la'kksf/kr y{; • dsUnz dks lokZf/kd fuoy (Net) jktLo dh izkfIr lhek
6.5% j[kk x;k FkkA 'kqYdksa ls gksrh gSA lhek 'kqYd ls izkIr jktLo dk
• nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼2002&07½ esa 7.9 izfr'kr okf"kZd c¡Vokjk jkT;ksa dks ugha djuk gksrk gSA
fodkl nj izkIr djus dk y{; fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k Fkk] • foÙk vk;ksx dk xBu jk"Vªifr }kjk lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn
fdUrq 7.7% izkfIr dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k FkkA 280 ds rgr~ fd;k tkrk gSa
• ukSoha ;kstuk ds izeq[k mís'; Fks % i;kZIr mRiknd • Lora=rk izkfIr ds i'pkr~ vc rd dqy 13 foÙk vk;ksx
jkstxkj iSnk djuk] ewY;ksa esa LFkkf;Ro j[krs gq, vkfFkZd xfBr fd, tk pqds gSAa
fodkl dh xfr dks rst djuk] lekt ds detksj oxksZa • 13osa foÙk vk;ksx dh flQkfj'ksa 2010&15 rd dh vof/k
ds fy, Hkkstu ,oa iks"k.k lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djuk] LoPN ds fy, dh xbZ gSA
is;ty] izkFkfed LokLF;] lkoZHkkSfed izkFkfed f'k{kk ,oa • 13osa foÙk vk;ksx dk xBu uoEcj] 2007 esa fd;k x;k
vkokl tSlh ewyHkwr&U;wure lsok,a iznku djuk] FkkA fot; dsydj dks 13osa foÙk vk;ksx dk v/;{k
tula[;k o`f) dh nj dks fu;fU=r djuk rFkk cuk;k x;kA vk;ksx us viuh flQjf'ksa ljdkj dks 30
vkRefuHkZjrk izkIr djus ds iz;klksa dks lqn`<+ djukA fnlEcj] 2010 dks izLrqr dh FkhA bls ljdkj us 25
• nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds nkSjku o`f)eku iw¡th mRikn Qjojh] 2010 dks yksd lHkk esa is'k fd;k FkkA
vuqikr (ICOR) 4.3 jgk ftls X;kjgoha ;kstuk ds fy, • dj <k¡ps esa lq/kkj ds fy, lq/kkj nsus gsrq ^psyS;k lfefr*
4.1 yf{kr fd;k x;k FkkA
dkxBu vxLr 1991 esa fd;k x;k FkkA
• vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds nkSjku pkyw [kkrs dk ?kkVk • psyS;k lfefr us xSj&Ñ"kdksa dh 25 gtkj #i, ls
th-Mh-ih- ¼cktkj ewY; ij½ ds 1.6 izfr'kr rd j[kus dk vf/kd dh okf"kZd Ñf"k vk; ij vk;dj yxkus dh
y{; Fkk] fdUrq okLro esa ;g 1.1 izfr'kr jgkA laLrqfr dh FkhA
• Hkkjr dh 12oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼2012&17½ ds • Hkkjr dk cká _.k tks ekpZ 1992 ds vUr esa GDP dk
n`f"Vdks.k i= (Approach Paper) dks ;kstuk vk;ksx dh 41% Fkk] ekpZ 2011 ds vUr esa GDP dk 17.8% gksus
20 vxLr] 2011 dh iw.kZ cSBd esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k dk vuqeku gSA
FkkA
• 12oha ;kstuk esa 9% okf"kZd o`f) nj dk y{; n`f"Vdks.k xjhch] csjkstxkjh ,oa jkstxkjijd dk;ZØe
i= esa izLrkfor fd;k x;k gSA oSf'od fLFkfr esa lq/kkj • Hkkjr esa xjhch dk vkdyu i;kZI r ek=k esa ÅtkZ
gksus ij bls 9.5% rd c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA miHkksx u dj ikus dh {kerk ds vk/kkj ij fd;k
jktLo tkrk gSA ml O;fDr dks fu/kZ urk dh js[kk ls uhps
ekuk tkrk gS] tks xzk eh.k {ks=ksa esa iz frfnu 2400
• 2012&13 ds ctV ds vuqlkj dsUnz ljdkj dks izkIr dS yksjh o 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa 2100 dS yksjh Hkkst u izkIr
gksus okys dj&jktLo esa lokZf/kd ;ksxnku fuxe dj djus esa vleFkZ gSA
(21%) dk gSA • lqj's k rsna qydj lfefr us fu/kZurk js[kk ds fu/kkZj.k gsrq
• 2005&06 ds ctV esa /kkjk 88 lekIr djds bl oxZ dh mi;ksx O;; dks vf/kdkj ekuk gS ftlds vuqlkj
NwVksa dks /kkjk 80C esa lfEefyr djds vf/kdre 1 yk[k 2004&05 esa ns'k esa 27% ds LFkku ij 37% tula[;k
rd dh cprksa dks lh/ks dj&;ksX; vk; esa ls ?kVk, dks fu/kZurk js[kk ls uhps ekuk gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ;g
tkus dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ Fkh ftls vkxkeh 2006&07] vuqikr 41.8% ik;k x;k gS] tks igys 28.3% vkdfyr
2007&08] 2008&09 rFkk 2009&10 esa Hkh ykxw fd;k fd;k x;k FkkA
x;k FkkA o"kZ 2010&11 ds ctV esa bl jkf'k ds • ;kstuk vk;ksx ds lnL; MkW- vfHkthr lsu ds v/;;u
vfrfjDr 20]000 #i, ds djeqDr bUÝkLVªDpj ckW.M esa ds vuqlkj 2004&05 ls 2009&10 ds nkSjku ik¡p o"kksZa esa
fuos'k dh NwV Hkh ns nh xbZ FkhA vr% ;g jkf'k c<+dj ns'k esa fu/kZurk vuqikr (Poverty Ratio) esa tgk¡ deh
1.20 yk[k #i, gks xbZ FkhA bls o"kZ 211&12 ds fy, vkbZ] ogha fu/kZuksa dh la[;k esa o`f) gqbZ gSA o"kZ
Hkh ctV esa eku fy;k x;k FkkA o"kZ 2012&13 ds ctV 2004&05 esa ns'k dh dqy 100 djksM+ tula[;k esa 37
esa 20]000 #i, dh jkf'k dks lekIr djds 80C ds rgr~ djksM+ yksx fu/kZu Fks] tcfd 2009&10 esa 121 djksM+ dh
100000 #i, dh jkf'k dks gh j[kk x;k gSA tula[;k esa fu/kZuksa dh la[;k 38.5 djksM+ vkdfyr dh
• 2005&06 ds ctV esa osruHkksfx;ksa dks feyus okyh xbZ gSA bl izdkj 2004&05 esa fu/kZurk vuqikr 37.2%
ekud dVkSrh lekIr dj nh xbZ FkhA Fkk] tcfd 2009&10 esa ;g 32% jg x;kA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• fu/kZ u rk js [ kk ds vkdyu ds fy, nks iz d kj dh • fjtoZ cSda vkWQ bf.M;k Hkkjr dk dsUnzh; cSd a (Central
iz ' ukoyh dk mi;ks x NSSO ds 61os a pØ ds Bank) gSA bldh LFkkiuk 1 vizSy] 1935 dks dh xbZ
vUrxZ r fd;k x;k gS A bues a ,d ;w u hQkW e Z fjdkW y FkhA bldk eq[;ky; eqEcbZ esa gSA fjtoZ cSd a dk
ihfj,M (URP) ds miHkks x O;; ij vk/kkfjr gS ] jk"Vªh;dj.k 1 tuojh] 1949 dks fd;k x;k FkkA MkW- Mh-
tcfd nw l jh feDlM fjdkW y ihfj,M (MRP) lqCckjko RBI ds orZeku xouZj gSAa
miHkks x vk/kkfjr gS A • ns'k ds 14 cM+s O;kikfjd cSd a ksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k 19
• URP vk/kkfjr vk¡dM+ksa esa fu/kZurk dh fLFkfr dh rqyuk tqykbZ] 1969 dks fd;k x;k FkkA ckn esa 15 vizSy] 1980
1993&94 ds vk¡dM+ksa ls dh tk ldrh gS] tcfd MRP dks 6 vU; O;kikfjd cSd a ksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k x;kA
vk¡dM+ksa dh rqyuk 1999&2000 ds vk¡dM+ksa ls dh tk flrEcj] 1993 esa U;w cSd a vkWQ bf.M;k dk foy; iatkc
ldrh gSA us'kuy cSd a esa dj fn, tkus ds ifj.kkeLo:i ns'k esa
• URP vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj jkT;ksa esa fu/kZuksa dh lokZf/kd jk"Vªh;Ñr okf.kfT;d cSd a ksa dh la[;k 20 ls ?kVdj 19
la[;k ¼5-90 djksM½+ mÙkj izn's k esa gSA gh jg xbZA
• fu/kZuksa dh fujis{k la[;k ds ekeys esa mÙkj izn's k dk • 19 tqykbZ] 1969 dks mu cSd a ksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k
LFkku tgk¡ lcls Åij gS] ogha fu/kZurk vuqikr ds x;k Fkk] ftuds ikl dqy tek,a (Deposits) 50 djksM+
ekeys esa ¼dqy tula[;k esa fu/kZu tula[;k dk #i, ls vf/kd dh FkhA 15 vizSy] 1980 dks 200 djksM+
izfr'kr½ vksfM'kk (46.4%) dk LFkku loksZPp gSA #i, ls vf/kd dh tekvksa okys cSd a ksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k
• fo'o cSd a dh ^fo'o fodkl lwpd* 'kh"kZd ls izdkf'kr fd;k x;kA
fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj fo'o esa fu/kZu yksxksa dh lokZf/kd • vuqlfw pr O;kikfjd cSd a mu cSd a ksa dks dgk tkrk gSA
la[;k Hkkjr esa gSA fo'o dh 1.3 vjc fu/kZu tula[;k ftudk uke 1934 ds fjtoZ cSd a vf/kfu;e dh nwljh
dk lokZf/kd 36% Hkkx Hkkjr esa gSA bu fu/kZuksa dh vk; vuqlp w h esa lfEefyr dj fy;k x;k gSA
1 MkWyj izfrfnu ls de gSA • twu 2011 ds vUr rd dh fLFkfr ds vuqlkj ns'k esa
• 2001 dh tux.kuk ds vfUre vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj ns'k esa vuqlfw pr okf.kfT;d cSd a ksa dh 'kk[kkvksa dh dqy la[;k
dk;Z lgHkkfxrk nj (Work Participation Rate) vFkkZr~ 90775 Fkh] ftlesa ls xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dk izfr'kr 37.2 gSA
dqy tula[;k ds izfr'kr ds :i esa dqy Jfed 39.1 • {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd a ksa dh LFkkiuk 1975 ls dh xbZA
izfr'kr FkhA flfDde vkSj xksvk dks NksMd + j ns'k ds lHkh jkT;ksa esa
• 2001 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj iq#"kksa esa dk;Z lgHkkfxrk {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd a dk;Zjr gSAa budh dqy la[;k 196 ls
nj 51.7 izfr'kr rFkk efgykvksa esa 25.6 izfr'kr FkhA ?kVdj 31 ekpZ] 2006 dks 133 jg xbZ FkhA 31 vxLr]
• 3 fnlEcj] 2005 dks tokgjyky usg: jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k 2006 rd 134 {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd a ksa (RRBs) dks feykdj
fjU;wcy fe'ku izkjEHk fd;k x;kA 42 u, cSd a xfBr fd, x, gSAa bu cSd a ksa dks 16 jkT;ksa
esa 18 cSda ksa us izk;ksftr fd;k gSA vc RRBs dh la[;k
• o"kZ 2009&10 ds ctV esa 50% ls vf/kd vuqlfw pr 196 ls ?kVdj 82 jg xbZ gSA foy; izfØ;k vHkh tkjh
tkfr dh tula[;k okys xk¡oksa ds fy, iz/kkuea=h vkn'kZ gSA orZeku esa ;g la[;k 31 gSA
xk¡o ;kstuk ?kksf"kr dh xbZ FkhA efgyk lk{kjrk ds fy,
jk"Vªh; efgyk lk{kjrk fe'ku dh ?kks"k.kk Hkh 2009&10 • y?kq vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa ds fy, foÙk O;oLFkk djus ds
ds ctV esa dh xbZ FkhA mís'; ls 2 vizSy] 1990 dks Hkkjrh; y?kq vkS|ksfxd
fodkl cSd a (Small Industrial Development Bank of
eqnzk] cSfa dax ,oa iw¡th cktkj India–SIDBI) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA bldk eq[;ky;
y[kuÅ esa gSA
• ;wjksih; cSfa dax iz.kkyh ij vk/kkfjr ns'k esa igyk cSd a
,tsDts.Mj ,.M dEiuh }kjk lu~ 1770 esa dksydkrk • Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd iqfuekZ.k cSd a (Industrial
¼dydÙkk½ esa ^cSd a vkWQ fgUnqLrku* uke ls izkjaHk fd;k Reconstrution Bank of India–IRBI) dh LFkkiuk 20
x;k FkkA ;g cSd a lQy u gks ldkA ekpZ] 1985 dks dh xbZ FhkA bldk eq[; mís'; #X.k
• ljdkj ds foÙkh; lg;ksx ls futh va'k/kkfj;ksa }kjk rFkk cUn iM+h vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa ds iqufekZ.k gsrq foÙk
1806 esa cS ad vkWQ caxky] 1840 esa cSad vkWQ ckWEcs miyC/k djkuk gSA bl cSd a dk eq[;ky; dksydkrk esa
rFkk 1843 esa cSad vkWQ enzkl dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA gSA
;g rhuksa cS ad iz slhMsUlh cS ad dgykrs FksA iz slhMsUlh • Hkkjr esa lkekU; chek (General Insurance) O;olk; dk
cS adksa dks 1862 rd dkxth uksV fuxZeu dk jk"Vªh;dj.k 1971 esa fd;k x;k rFkk Hkkjrh; lkekU;
vf/kdkj Hkh izkIr FkkA chek fuxe (General Insurance Corporation of India)
dh LFkkiuk uoEcj 1972 esa dh xbZ FkhA
• 1921 esa rhuksa izslhMsUlh cSda ksa dks feykdj bEihfj;y
cSd
a vkWQ bf.M;k dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA • Hkkjrh; lkekU; chek fuxe ds vUrxZr 4 lgk;d
• 1 tqykbZ] 1955 dks bEihfj;y cSd a dk vkaf'kd dEifu;k¡ dk;Zjr~ gSAa buds uke bl izdkj gS& a (1)
jk"Vªh;dj.k djds mldk uke LVsV cSd a vkWQ bf.M;k us'kuy ba';ksjUs l dEiuh fy- (2) U;w bf.M;k ,';ksjUs l
dj fn;k x;kA orZeku esa LVsV cSd a ns'k dk lcls cM+k dEiuh fy- (3) vksfj,UVy ba';ksjUs l dEiuh fy- rFkk
(4) ;wukbVsM bf.M;kba';ksjsUl dEiuh fy-A
O;kikfjd cSd a gSA
• iw.kZ:i ls igyk Hkkjrh; cSd a îatkc us'kuy cSd a * FkkA • Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe (Life Insurance Corporation
of India) dh LFkkiuk 1 flrEcj] 1956 dks dh xbZ FkhA
bldh LFkkiuk 1894 esa dh xbZ FkhA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• ns'k esa Ñf"k ,oa xzk eh.k fodkl dsf y, foÙk O;oLFkk • M2 dh x.kuk ds fy, M1 esa Mkd?kjksa ds ikl cpr
djus gsrq f'k[kj laLFkk ukckMZ (NABARD– cSd
a esa tek,a (Saving Deposits with the Post Offices)
National Bank for Agricultural and Rural tksM+h tkrh gSA
Development) gSA ukckMZ dh LFkkiuk 12 tq ykbZ ] • M3 Kkr djus ds fy, M1 esa cSd a ksa dh lkof/k tek,a
1982 dks dh xbZ FkhA (Time Deposits with Banks) tksM+ nh tkrh gSA
• lqfo/kktud 'krksZa ij vkokl foÙk miyC/k djkus ds • M4 eqnzk vkiwfrZ dk lcls foLr`r eki gSA blesa M3 ds
mís'; ls jk"Vªh; vkokl cSd a (National Housing Bank– lkFk&lkFk Mkd?kjksa dh leLr tek,a lfEefyr gksrh gSAa
NHB) dh LFkkiuk ,d f'k[kj laLFkk ds :i esa tqykbZ
• ljdkjh izfrHkwfr;ksa dk f}rh;d cktkj fodflr djus
1988 esa dh xbZ FkhA
ds mís'; ls ebZ 1994 esa Hkkjrh; izfrHkwfr O;kikj fuxe
• vk;kr&fu;kZr ds fy, foÙkk O;oLFkk gsrq ns'k esa f'k[kj (Securities Trading Corporation of India–STCI) dk
laLFkk fu;kZr&vk;kr cSd a (EXIM Bank) gSA bldh xBu fd;k x;kA
LFkkiuk 1 tuojh] 1982 dks dh xbZ FkhA
• 'ks;j ewY;ksa esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dks csgrj rjhds ls
• Hkkjr esa lgdkjh cSd a ksa dk laxBu f=Lrjh; gSA jkT; iznf'kZr djus gsrq eqEcbZ 'ks;j cktkj us 27 ebZ] 1994 ls
Lrj ij jkT; lgdkjh cSd a ] ftyk Lrj ij ftyk nks u, 'ks;j ewy; lwpdkad ch-,l-bZ-&200 rFkk MkWyDs l
lgdkjh cSd a vFkok dsUnzh; lgdkjh cSd a rFkk LFkkuh; (Dollex) pkyw fd, FksA BSE–200 dk gh MkWyj ewY; esa
Lrj ij izkFkfed lgdkjh lfefr;k¡ dk;Z djrh gSAa vU; lwpdkad MkWyDs l dgykrk gSA bu lwpdkadksa dk
• lgdkjh cSd a ksa esa jkT; lgdkjh cSd a ksa dks gh fjtoZ cSd a vk/kkj o"kZ 1989&90 gSA BSE–200 esa 200 pquhank
ls iqufoZÙk izkIr djus dh lqfo/kk izkIr gSAa dEifu;ksa ds 'ks;jksa dk lekos'k fd;k x;k gSA
• RBI us ,d gtkj #i, dk uksV 22 o"kksZa ds vUrjky ds • vksoj nh dkm.Vj ,DlpsUt vkWQ bf.M;k (OTCEI) us
ckn 9 vDVwcj] 2000 dks tkjh fd;k FkkA vusd lwphc) 'ks;jksa ,oa _.ki=ksa ds lkFk ebZ 1993 ls
• cSd
a nj og nj gS ftl ij dsUnzh; cSd a ] cSd
a ksa ds izFke dk;Z djuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA ;g eqEcbZ esa fLFkr gSa
Js.kh ds fcyksa dh iqudZVkSrh (Rediscount) djrk gSA • fnYyh LVkWd ,Dlpst a (DSE) us vkWuykbu Vsfª Max (DOTs)
Hkkjr esa 17 vizSy] 2012 ls cSd a nj 9.0 izfr'kr gSA ds ckn ,d vR;k/kqfud cSd a vkWfQl VsªfMax flLVe izkjEHk
• [kqys cktkj dh fØ;kvksa ds vUrxZr ns'k dk dsUnzh; cSd a fd;k gS] ftldh lgk;rk ls vc 'ks;j nykyksa dks LVkWd
ekU;rk izkIr ljdkjh izfrHkwfr;ksa dk Ø;&foØ; [kqys ,Dlpsat fLFkr vius dk;kZy; ls gh dkjksckj djuk
cktkj esa djrk gSA vko';d ugha gSA 'ks;j nyky vius ?kjksa ls ;k vius
• ujflage lfefr us viuh flQkfj'kksa esa lkafof/kd rjyrk dk;kZy;ksa ls gh dEI;wVjhÑr V–SAT usVodZ dh lgk;rk
vuqikr dk ml le; ds 38.5 izfr'kr ls /khjs&/khjs ls 'ks;jksa dk Ø;&foØ; dj ldrs gSAa
?kVkdj vxys ik¡p o"kksZa esa 25 izfr'kr rd ykus dh • jk"Vªh; LVkWd ,Dlpst a us vizSy 1996 esa NSE–100 ds
laLrqfr dh FkhA LFkku ij u;k 'ks;j ewY; lwpdkad NSE–50 yk¡p fd;k FkkA
• ujflage lfefr dh flQkfj'kksa esa ns'k esa cSd a ksa dk <k¡pk blesa 50 dEifu;ksa ds 'k;j gh lfEefyr fd, x, gSAa
pkj Lrjh; djus] futh {ks= esa u, cSd a [kksyus dh • ØsfMV jsfVax ,tsUlh ^fØfly* (CRISIL) }kjk 500
vuqefr nsu]s cSd a ksa dks 'kk[kk foLrkj esa LorU=rk nsu]s pquhank dEifu;ksa ds 'ks;j ewY;ksa ij vk/kkfjr ,d 'ks;j
Hkfo'; esa vkSj cSd a ksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k u djus] fj;k;rh ewY; lwpdkad (CRISIL - 500) dh 'kq:vkr 18 tuojh]
C;kt njksa dh O;oLFkk lekIr djus vkfn dh flQkfj'ksa 1996 ls dh xbZ gSA bldk vk/kkj o"kZ 1994 gSA
'kkfey FkhaA • 10 ekpZ] 2012 ls CRR dks 4.75% dj fn;k x;k gSA
• cSd
a ksa esa xzkgd lsok lq/kkjus gsrq lq>ko nsus ds fy, • 17 vizSy] 2012 ls jsiks nj dks 8.0% dj fn;k x;k gSA
xksbiksfj;k lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k FkkA bl lfefr ¼jsiks nj og nj gS ftl ij okf.kfT;d cSad RBI ls
us viuh fjiksVZ 5 fnlEcj] 1991 dks ljdkj dks izLrqr vYidkyhu jkf'k;k¡ izkIr djrs gSa] tcfd fjolZ jsiks jsV og
dj nh FkhA nj gS] ftl ij okf.kfT;d cSad viuh Qkyrw] rjyrk
• 'ks;j ?kksVkys dh tk¡p gsrq fjtoZ cSd a }kjk vizSy 1992 vYidky ds fy, fjtoZ cSd a ds ikl tek j[krs gSa½
esa tkudhjeu lfefr dk xBu fd;k FkkA • 17 vizSy] 2012 ls fjolZ jsiks nj dks 7.0% dj fn;k
• fuos'kdksa ds fgrksa dh lqj{kk o iw¡th cktkj ds leqfpr x;k gSA
fofu;eu ds mís'; ls Hkkjrh; izfrHkwfr ,oa fofue; cksMZ • ekpZ 2008 ds vUr esa lkoZtfud {ks= ds lHkh cSd a ksa dh
(Securities and Exchange Board of India–SEBI) dh ldy xSj&fu"iknu ifjlEifÙk;k¡ (NPA) 62510 djksM+
LFkkiuk vizSy] 1988 esa dh xbZ FkhA 30 tuojh] 1992 #i, Fkha] tcfd 'kq) xSj&fu"iknu ifjlEifÙk;k¡ 34420
dks jk"Vªifr ds ,d v/;kns'k }kjk bls oS/kkfud ntkZ djksM+ #i, FkhaA
iznku fd;k x;kA • fons'kh eqnzk ds ok;nk dkjksckj ds fy, ;wukbVsM LVkWd
• 1970&71 ls Hkkjr esa eqnzk vkiwfrZ dh eki ds fy, M1, ,Dlpst a vkWQ bf.M;k fy- (USEIL) uke ls pkSFkk
M2, M3 rFkk M4 dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA cktkj dh vuqefr lsch us Qjojh] 2009 esa iznku dj
• M1 ds vUrxZr yksxksa ds ikl udn eqnzk] cSd a ksa ds ikl nh xbZ o blls igys dk;Zjr~ rhu LVkWd ,Dlpst a gS& a
ek¡x tek,a rFkkfjtoZ cSd a ds ikl vU; tek,a 'kkfey jk"Vªh; LVkWd ,Dlpst a (NSE), cEcbZ LVkWd ,Dlpst a
dh tkrh gSAa (BSE) rFkk eYVh deksfMVh ,Dlpst a ds LVkWd ,Dlpst a
(MCX-SX)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

tula[;k (iii) lokZf/kd efgyk lk{kjrk tSu leqnk; 90.6%
U;wure efgyk lk{kjrk eqfLye leqnk; 50.1%
• 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj 1 ekpZ] 2011
dks lw;ksZn; ds le; Hkkjr dh dqy tula[;k 121.02 (iv) lokZf/kd fyaxkuqikr bZlkbZ leqnk; 1009 efgyk
djksM+ FkhA izfr 1000 iq#"k
• mDr tula[;k esa iq#"k tula[;k 62.37 djksM+ rFkk L=h U;wure fyaxkuqikr fl[k leqnk; 893 efgyk izfr
tula[;k 58.65 djksM+ FkhA 1000 iq#"k
• 2001 dh tula[;k dh rqyuk esa 2011 esa tula[;k esa • la;qDr jk"Vª la?k ds tula[;k izHkkx dh ,d rktk
dqy 18.15 djksM+ O;fDr;ksa dh o`f) gqbZA bl izdkj fjiksVZ ^fjohtu vkWQ n oYMZ ikWiqy's ku izkslisDVl* ds
2001&2011 ds n'kd esa tula[;k esa 17.64 izfr'kr dh vuqlkj fo'o dh dqy tula[;k o"kZ 2009 rd 6.83
o`f) gqbZA vjc Fkh] 31 vDVwcj] 2011 dks ;g 7 vjc ds vk¡dM+s
• jkT;ksa esa lokZf/kd n'kd o`f) nj es?kky; esa ¼27-82 dks ikj dj xbZ FkhA lu~ 2050 rd fo'o tula[;k
izfr'kr½ jgh] tcfd U;wure uxkyS.M esa ¼–0.47 9.18 vjc gks tk,xhA blh vof/k esa tgk¡ fodflr ns'kksa
izfr'kr½ jghA dh tula[;k 1.28 vjc ds Lrj ij gh cus jgus dk
• 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa L=h&iq#"k vkdyu gSA ogha fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa tula[;k dk
vuqikr 940 efgyk,a izfr gtkj iq#"k jgkA jkT;ksa esa orZeku Lrj 5.6 vjc ls c<+dj 7.9 vjc rd igq¡pus
izfr gtkj iq#"kksa ij efgykvksa dh lokZf/kd la[;k dsjy dk vuqeku gSA
esa ¼1084 efgyk,a izfr gtkj iq#"k½ rFkk lcls de
gfj;k.kk esa ¼877 efgyk,a izfr gtkj iq#"k½ jghA fofo/k
• 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj ns'k esa tula[;k dk • dsUnz ljdkj dh xqMx + k¡o ds fudV ,d lSVy s kbV ÝsV
?kuRo 382 O;fDr izfr oxZ fdyksehVj FkkA flVh (Satellite Freight City) fodflr djus dh ;kstuk
• jkT;ksa esa lokZf/kd ?kuRo fcgkj esa ¼1102 O;fDr izfr oxZ gSA blls Qwyks]a lfCt;ksa tSlh 'kh?kz u"V gksus okyh
fdeh-½ rFkk lcls de v#.kkpy izn's k esa ¼17 O;fDr oLrqvksa (Perishable Goods) ds Rofjr fu;kZr dks
izfr oxZ fdeh-½ jgkA izkRs lkgu feysxkA blds fy, pksek xk¡ esa yxHkx 250
• dsUnz'kkflr {ks=ksa esa lokZf/kd ?kuRo fnYyh esa ¼11297 ,dM+ Hkwfe dk vf/kxzg.k Hkh fd;k tk pqdk gSA
O;fDr izfr oxZ fdeh-½ rFkk lcls de v.Meku • lfCt;ksa ds mRiknu esa Hkkjr dk fo'o esa igyk LFkku
fudksckj }hilewg esa ¼46 O;fDr izfr oxZ fdeh-½ FkkA
gSA
• lokZf/kd lk{kjrk dsjy esa ¼93-91 izfr'kr½ rFkk lcls
de fcgkj esa ¼63-82 izfr'kr½ ikbZ xbZA • vke vkSj dsys ds mRiknu esa Hkkjr dk fo'o esa igyk
LFkku gSA
• efgykvksa esa lokZf/kd lk{kjrk dsjy esa ¼91-98 izfr'kr½
rFkk lcls de jktLFkku esa ¼52-66 izfr'kr½ ikbZ xbZA • Hkkjr esa euhvkWMZj iz.kkyh dh 'kq:vkr loZiFz ke 1880
• ns'k esa vc rd iw.kZ lk{kj ?kksf"kr fd;k tkus okyk bZ- esa gqbZ FkhA
,dek= jkT; dsjy gSA • Hkkjr esa igyk Mkd fVdV 1854 bZ- esa djkph esa tkjh
• 2001 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj ns'k esa vuqlfw pr tkfr fd;k x;kA
dh tula[;k 16-66 djksM+ ¼dqy tula[;k dk 16-2 • Hkkjr esa Mkd?kj cpr cSd a 1882 bZ- esa izkjEHk dh xbZA
izfr'kr½ rFkk vuqlfw pr tutkfr dh tula[;k 8-43
djksM+ ¼dqy tula[;k dk 8-2 izfr'kr½ FkhA • Hkkjr dk izFke iw.kZr% dEI;wVjhÑr (Fully
Computerised) Mkd?kj ubZ fnYyh esa LFkkfir fd;k
• Hkkjr esa igyh ckj tux.kuk dk dk;Z 1872 esa gqvk Fkk]
x;kA bldk mn~?kkVu 10 vDVwcj] 1994 dks fd;k x;k
fdUrq og tux.kuk fu;fer ugha FkhA 10 o"khZ;
vUrjky okyh igyh fu;fer o vf[ky Hkkjrh; FkkA
tux.kuk 1881 esa lEiUu gqbAZ rc ls izfr nl o"kZ ckn • ljdkj us MkW- vkj- ,u- eygks=k dh v/;{krk esa chek
tux.kuk dh tkrh gSA {ks= esa lq/kkj gsrq flQkfj'k nsus ds fy, ,d lfefr dk
• 25 flrEcj] 2002 dks gfj;k.kk ljdkj us ^nsoh:id xBu fd;k Fkk lfefr us viuh fjiksVz 7 tuojh] 1994
;kstuk* izkjEHk dhA bl ;kstuk dk mís'; jkT; esa dks izLrqr dj nh FkhA
tula[;k fu;a=.k ds lkFk&lkFk fyaxkuqikr (Sex Ratio)
• vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k (IMF) dh LFkkiuk 27 fnlEcj]
esa vk jgh fxjkoV dks jksduk gSA
1945 dks dh xbZ Fkh] fdUrq blus okLrfod :i esa dk;Z
izeq[k fcUnq %
1 ekpZ] 1947 ls izkjEHk fd;k FkkA
(i) 1991&2001 esa fgUnw tula[;k o`f) 20% tcfd
lokZf/kd o`f) eqfLye oxZ esa 29.3% • Hkkjr IMF dk ,d laLFkkid lnL; gSA Hkkjr dk foÙk
(ii) lokZf/kd lk{kjrk tSu leqnk; 94.1% U;wure eU=h IMF ds xouZj e.My dk insu (Ex-Officio)
lk{kjrk eqfLye leqnk; 59.1% xouZj gksrk gSA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

History of Census
Hkkjr ewyr% xkoksa dk ns'k gSA bl ns'k esa dqy 6.41
loZiFz ke tux.kuk&1749 esa LohMu }kjk djk;k x;k yk[k xzke gS]a tgk¡ ns'k dh 68.84 izfr'kr ¼2011½ tula[;k
FkkA fczfV'k Hkkjr esa igyh tux.kuk 1872 esa ykMZ es;ks ds fuokl djrh gSA
dk;Zdky esa gqbZ FkhA 1881 bZ- esa ykMZ fjiu ds le; ls Hkkjr dh tula[;k esa lokZf/kd o`f) 1961&71 ds n'kd
izR;sd nl o"kZ ds vUrjky ij tula[;k dk Øeokj esa 24.80% gqbZ FkhA lokZf/kd rFkk U;wure n'kdh; tula[;k
vkdyu izkjEHk gqvk] tks vkt Hkh tkjh gSA o`f) nj Øe'k% nknj ,oa ukxj gosyh (55.5%) vkSj
Hkkjr dk {ks=Qy fo'o ds {ks=Qy dk ek= 2.4 izfr'kr ukxkyS.M (–) 0.47% dk jgkA /;krO; gS fd 2001 ds
gS] tcfd Hkkjr dh tula[;k fo'o dh dqy tula[;k dk tux.kuk esa ukxkyS.M esa n'kdh; tula[;k o`f) nj
17.5 izfr'kr gSA lokZf/kd (64.53%) FkhA
vkSlr tula[;k ;k o`f) nj okys 'kh"kZ
n'kkCnh jkT; o`f) nj ¼izfr'kr es½a
tula[;k iz f rn'kd okf"kZ d
vUrj nknj vkSj uxj gosyh
o"kZ ¼djksM+ o`f)nj ?kkrkad 55.50
¼djksM+ neu nho
es½a (%) o`f)nj 53.54
es½a iqnqpsjh 27.72
(%)
1901 23.83 – – –
1911 25.20 1.36 +5.75 0.56 U;wure n'kdh; tula[;k o`f) nj okys jkT;
1921 25.13 0.07 –0.31 –0.03 jkT; o`f) nj ¼izfr'kr es½a
1931 27.89 2.76 +11.00 1.04 ukxkyS.M (–) 0.47
1941 31.86 3.96 +14.22 1.33 dsjy 4.86
1951 36.10 4.24 +13.31 1.25 y{k}hi 6.23
1961 43.92 7.81 +21.64 1.96
n'kdh; tula[;k o`f) (2001–2011) ds vuqlkj
1971 54.81 10.89 +24.80 2.20
jkT;ksa dk Øe
1981 68.33 13.51 +24.66 2.22 jkT; o`f) nj ¼izfr'kr es½a
1991 84.64 16.30 +23.87 2.16 es?kky; ¼jkT;ksa esa izFke½ 27.82
2001 102.87 18.23 +21.54 1.97 v#.kkpy izn's k 25.92
2011 fcgkj 25.07
121.01 18.14 +17.64 1.64
¼vufUre½
tux.kuk ds egRoiw.kZ vkadM+s

2001 2011
O;fDr 1,02,87,37,436 1,21,01,93,422
(i) iq#"k 53,22,23,090 (51.73%) 62,37,24,248 (51.53%)
(ii) efgyk,a 49,65,14,346 (48.27%) 49,65,14,346 (48.46%)
0&6 vk;q tula[;k – 13.16%
uxjh; izfr'kr 27.81 31.16%
n'kd esa % o`f)nj 21.54 17.64
okf"kZd o`f) nj % esa 1.97 1.64
fyaxkuqikr 933 : 1000 940 : 1000
lk{kjrk % 64.8 74.04
(i) iq#"k lk{kjrk % 75.26 82.14
(ii) efgyk lk{kjrk % 53.67 65.46
tu?kuRo ¼O;fDr@oxZ fdeh-½ 324 382
tula[;k dh n`f"V ls lcls NksVk jkT; &flfDde

tula[;k dh n`f"V ls 'kh"kZ ik¡p jkT;
jkT; tula[;k ¼djksM+ es½a tula[;k dh n`f"V ls 'kh"kZ rhu ds- iz- {ks=
mÙkj izn's k 19.958 (16.16%)
jkT; tula[;k ¼djksM+ es½a
egkjk"Vª 11.237 (9.42%)
fnYyh 16753235
fcgkj 10.380 (8.07%)
iqnqpsjh 1244429
ia- caxky 9.134 (7.79%)
p.Mhx<+ 1054686
vkU/kz izn's k 8.466 (7.41%)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

fyaxkuqikr fyaxkuqikr % 1961 ls 2011 rd dqy tula[;k vkSj
0&6 vk;q dh tula[;k dk rqyukRed vkadM+k&
(Sex Ratio – 2011)
tula[;k dh fyax lajpuk dks fdlh vuqikr esa O;Dr fyaxkuq
kuqikr 0&6 dqy vkSlr
o"kZ
djuk] fyaxkuqikr dgykrk gSA Hkkjr esa ;g vuqikr izfr vk;q oxZ esa fyaxkuqikr
1000 iq#"kksa ij fL=;ksa dh la[;k ds :i esa n'kkZrs gSAa 1961 976 941
1971 964 930
Hkkjr esa fyax lajpuk 1981 962 934
o"kZ fyaxkuqikr o"kZ fyaxkuqikr 1991 945 927
1901 972 1961 941
2001 927 933
1911 964 1971 930
2011 914 940
1921 955 1981 934
1931 950 1991 927 o"kZ 2011 esa Hkkjr esa izfr 1000 iq#"kksa ij fL=;ksa dh
1941 945 2001 933 la[;k tgk¡ 940 Fkh ogha phu esa ;g vuqikr 926] la;qDr
1951 946 2011 940 jk"Vª vesfjdk esa 1025] b.Mksufs 'k;k esa 988] czkthy esa 1042]
ikfdLrku esa 943] ckaXykns'k esa 1167] :l esa 1055] tkiku
'kh"kZ rhu fyaxkuqikr okys jkT; esa 987 rFkk ukbthfj;k esa 978 gSA
jkT; fyaxkuqikr
dsjy 1084 lk{kjrk nj
rfeyukMq 995 (Literacy Rate)
vkU/kzizn's k 992
lk{kjrk dks fodkl ,oa ekuo thou dh xq.koÙkk dk
U;wure ik¡p fyaxkuqikr okys jkT; lwpd ekuk tkrk gSA
jkT; fyaxkuqikr lk{kjrk dh x.kuk ds fy, 7 o"kZ ls Åij ds vk;q oxZ
gfj;k.kk 877 dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA dksbZ Hkh O;fDr ;fn og
tEew d'ehj 883 i<+fy[k ldrk gS] rks og lk{kj gSA
flfDde 889
Hkkjr esa lk{kjrk & 2011
'kh"kZ rhu fyaxkuqikr okys dsUnz'kkflr izn's k lk{kjrk tula[;k izfr'kr
jkT; fyaxkuqikr O;fDr 77,84,54,120 74.04
iqnqpsjh 1038 iq#"k 44,42,03,762 82.14
y{k}hi 946 L=h 32,42,50,358 65.46
vaMeku 878
lk{kjrk nj esa izxfr
U;wure rhu fyaxkuqikr okys dsUnz'kkflr jkT; o"kZ O;fDr iq#"k L=h
izn's k fyaxkuqikr 1951+ 18.33 27.16 8.86
neu ,oa nho 618 1961 +
28.30 40.40 15.35
nknj ,oa uxj gosyh 775 1971+ 34.45 45.96 21.97
p.Mhx<+ 818 19810 43.57 56.38 29.76
lokZf/kd fyaxkuqikr okys 2 ftys 19910 52.21 64.13 39.29
ekgs ¼iqnqpsjh½ 1176 2001 0
64.84 75.26 53.67
vYeksM+k ¼mÙkjk[kaM½ 1142 20110 74.04 82.14 65.46
U;wure fyaxkuqikr okys 2 ftys ladsr % + lk{kjrk dk vk/kkj 5 o"kZ ls Åij ds yksx
neu ¼neu nho½ 533 0 lk{kjrk dk vk/kkj 7 o"kZ ls Åij ds yksx
ysg ¼yík[k½ ¼tEew d'ehj½ 583
'kh"kZ rhu lk{kjrk nj okys jkT;
0&6 vk;q oxZ ds 'kh"kZ fyaxkuqikr okys jkT;
jkT; izfr'kr
jkT; fyaxkuqikr
dsjy 93.91
fetksje 971
fetksje 91.58
0&6 vk;q oxZ esa U;wure fyaxkuqikr okys jkT;
f=iqjk 87.75
gfj;k.kk 830
U;wure rhu lk{kjrk nj okys jkT;
0&6 vk;q oxZ
oxZ esa 'kh"kZ vkSj U;wure fyaxkuqikr okys
fcgkj 63.82
dsUnz'kkflr izn's k
v#.kkpy izn's k 66.95
v.Meku ,oa fudksckj 966
jktLFkku 67.06
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

tu?kuRo
'kh"kZ rhu dsUnz'kkflr lk{kjrk okys izn's k (Density)
izfr oxZ fdeh- ij fuokl djus okyh tula[;k dks
izn's k izfr'kr tu?kuRo dgrs gSAa
y{k}hi 92.91 tula[;k ?kuRo dk rkRi;Z tula[;k ,oa /kjkry ds
,d vuqikr ls gSA
neu nho 87.07 tux.kuk o"kZ ?kuRo ¼O;fDr@oxZ fdeh-
fdeh-½
iqnqpsjh 86.55 1901 77
1911 82
U;wure rhu lk{kjrk nj okys dsUnz'kkflr izn's k
1921 81
nknjk ,oa uxj gosyh 77.65 1931 90
neu ,oa fudksckj }hi 86.27 1941 103
fnYyh 86.34 1951 117
1961 142
1971 177
L=h lk{kjrk okys rhu 'kh"kZ jkT;
1981 216
jkT; izfr'kr 1991 267
dsjy 91.98 2001 325
fetksje 289.40 2011 382
f=iqjk 83.15
'kh"kZ rhu tu?kuRo okys jkT;
U;wure L=h lk{kjrk okys rhu jkT; jkT; tu?kuRo@oxZ fdeh-
fdeh-
jktLFkku 52.66 fcgkj 1102
if'pe caxky 1029
fcgkj 53.33 dsjy 859
>kj[k.M 56.21 U;wure rhu tu?kuRo okys jkT;
v#.kkpy izn's k 17
fetksje 52
vo'; ;kn djsa flfDde 86
• fdl n'kd esa fuj{kjksa dh la[ ;k esa lokZf /kd deh
gqbZ \ rhu 'kh"kZ tu?kuRo okys dsUnz'kkflr izn's k
–1991–2001 izn's k tu?kuRo@oxZ fdeh-
fdeh-
fnYyh 11297
• orZeku esa (2011) Hkkjr esa dqy fdrus yksx lk{kj gSa \ p.Mhx<+ 9252
–77.84 djksM+ iqnqpsjh 2598
U;wure rhu tu?kuRo okys dsUnz'kkflr {ks=
• lk{kj fL=;ksa dh la[;k orZeku esa (2011) fdruh gS \ vaMeku ,oa fudksckj 46
–32.42 djksM+
M+ nknjk ,oa uxj gosyh 698
neu ,oa nho 2013
• 1951 rFkk 2001 es a L=h lk{kjrk fdrus iz f r'kr
Fkh\ lokZf/kd tu?kuRo okys nks ftys
&Øe'k% 8.86 ,oa 53.67% ftys jkT; tu?kuRo
• lHkh jkT;ksa ,oa dsUnz'kkflr izn's kksa esa rqyukRed n`f"V ls m- iw- fnYyh fnYyh 37,346
lcls de lk{kjrk ik;h tkrh gS \ psUubZ rfeyukMq 26,903
&fcgkj esa (63.82.0%) Hkkjr esa U;wure ,d O;fDr@oxZ fdeh- okyk ftyk
• 2011 L=h Lkk{kjrk izfr'kr fdruk gS \ fnckax ?kkVh ¼v#.kkpy izn's k½] rFkk 2 O;fDr@oxZ fdeh-
okyk ftyk lEck ¼tEew d'ehj½ gSA
–65.46 fodykax tula[;k
• fdl jkT; ,oa dsUnz'kkflr izn's k esa L=h lk{kjrk lcls (Disable Population)
de ik;h tkrh gS \ 2001 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj Hkkjr dh dqy tula[;k
&jktLFkku (52.66%) dk 2.1 izfr'kr vFkkZr~ 2,19,06,769 O;fDr
1,02,87,37,436
fodykax gSAa
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

/kekZ/kkfjr tux.kuk&2001
(Religion Based Census – 2001)
Hkkjr o"kZ esa 80.5% fgUnw] eqfLye 13.4%, blkbZ 2.33%, flD[k 1.84%, ckS) 0.8% rFkk tSu 0.4% ik;s tkrs gSAa
/kekZ/kkfjr tux.kuk & 2001

dqy dqy efgyk n'kdh; o`f) % esa
lk{kjrk %
/keZ tula[;k tula[;k lk{kjrk % fyaxkuqikr
esa 1981–91 1991–2001
¼djksM+ es½a ¼izfr'kr es½a esa
fgUnw 82.75 80.5 65.1 53.2 25.1 20.0 931 : 1000
eqfLye 13.81 13.4 59.1 50.1 34.5 29.3 936 : 1000
bZlkbZ 2.40 2.33 80.3 76.2 21.5 22.1 1009 : 1000
fl[k 1.92 1.84 69.4 63.1 24.3 16.9 893 : 1000
ckS) 0.79 0.8 72.7 61.7 35.3 32.2 953 : 1000
tSu 0.42 0.4 94.1 90.6 4.6 26.0 940 : 1000
vU; 0.69 0.7 47.0 33.2 – – –
dsUnzh; lkaf[;dh ,oa dk;ZØe fØ;kUo;u ea=ky; ds

lfpo iz.ko lsu us ikapoh vkfFkZd tux.kuk ¼vkfFkZd lokZf/kd xzkeh.k tula[;k okys 3 jkT;
tux.kuk 2005½ ds vafre vkadM+s 28 ebZ] 2008 dks tkjh jkT; tula
tul[a ;k ¼fefy;u es½a
fd;sA mÙkj izn's k 155.11 (18.62)
fcgkj 92.08 (11.06)
vkfFkZd tux.kuk o"kZ ia- caxky 62.21 (97.5)
uksV % dks"Bd esa fn;k vk¡dM+k Hkkjr ds xzkeh.k
igyh ¼loZizFke½ 1977 tula[;k dh rqyuk esa jkT; dh izfr'kr xzkeh.k
nwljh 1980 tula[;k gSA
rhljh 1990 lokZf/kd xzkeh.k tula[;k izfr'krrk okys 3 jkT;
pkSFkh 1998 jkT; xzkeh.k
eh.k tula[;k % esa
fgekpy izn's k 89.96
ikapoha 2005 fcgkj 88.70
NBoha ¼tkjh½ 2011 vlkse 85.92
vksfM+'kk 83.32
tux.kuk 2011 % xzkeh.k&'kgjh tula[;k forj.k
lokZf/kd 'kgjh tula[;k izfr'krrk okys 3 jkT;
ns'k dh dqy 121 djksM+ tula[;k esa 37-7 djksM+ 'kgjh jkT; 'kgjh tula[;k % esa
xksok 62.17
{ks=ksa esa o 'ks"k 83-3 djksM+ xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa fuokl djrh gSA
fetksje 51.51
tula[;k esa 'kgjh tula[;lk vc 31-16 izfr'kr gS]
rfeyukMq 48.45
tcfd 68-84 izfr'kr tula[;k gh vc xk¡oksa esa fuokl djrh
gSA lokZf/kd 'kgjh tula[;k okys 3 jkT;
2001&11 ds n'kd esa ns'k esa 'kgjh tula[;k esa tgk¡ jkT; tula[;k ¼fefy;u
¼fefy;u es½a
9-10 djksM+ dh o`f) gqbZ gSA ogha xzkeh.k tula[;k esa o`f) egkjk"Vª 50.83 (13.48)
9-05 djksM+ jgh gSA ns'k esa xzkeh.k tula[;k esa tgk¡ 12-18 mÙkj izn's k 44.47 (11.79)
izfr'kr dh o`f) ntZ dh xbZ gS] ogha 'kgjh tula[;k esa rfeyukMq 34.95 (9.27)
o`f) 31-8 izfr'kr jgh gSA
'kgjh tula[;k okys U;wure rhu jkT;
tula[;k ¼djksM+ es½a jkT; tula[;k ¼fefy;u es½a
2001 2011 vUrj flfDde 0.15
Hkkjr 102.9 121.0 18.1 v#.kkpy izn's k 0.13 (0.1)
74.3 83.3 fetksje 0.56 (0.1)
xzkeh.k (72.19%) (68.84%)
9.0 uksV % dks"Bd esa ns'k dh 'kgjh tula[;k dk izfr'kr
28.6 37.7 gSA
'kgjh (27.81%) (31.16%)
9.1
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

29. jktLFkku 1.5
xzkeh.k tula[;k esa lokZf/kd o`f) nj okyk jkT; 30. mÙkj izn's k 1.5
jkT; o`f) nj % esa 31. vle 1.18
es?kky; 27.04 32. e/; izn's k 1.17
'kgjh tula[;k esa lokZf/kd o`f) nj okyk jkT; 33. fcgkj 0.84
flfDde 153.4
34. es?kky; 0.5
2011 esa xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh fyaxkuqikr Øe'k% 947 ,oa
926 gS] tks 2001 ds rqyuk esa Øe'k% ,d ,oa 26 vf/kd gSA 35. fgekpy izn's k 0.24
;Fkk&
fyaxkuqikr mÙkj izn's k tux.kuk&2011
tux.kuk&2011
{ks=d 2001 2011 vUrj (Uttar Pradesh Census-2011)
Hkkjr 933 940 (+) 7
xzkeh.k 946 947 (+) 1 izn's k dh dqy tula[;k
'kgjh 900 926 + 26
2011 ds tux.kuk ds vuqlkj jkT; dh dqy tula[;k
19]95]81477 gSA fo'o ds ns'kksa ds lUnHkZ esa phu] Hkkjr]
vesfjdk vkSj b.Mksufs 'k;k ds ckn 5 osa LFkku ij gSA Hkkjr
0&6 vk;q o"kZ dk fyaxkuqikr
dh dqy vkcknh esa ls 16.49% m-iz- esa jgrh gS] ysfdu izn's k
Overall 2001 2011 vUrj dk {ks=Qy ns'k dqy {ks=Qy dk 7.33 izfr'kr gSA ns'k dh
Hkkjr 927 914 (–) 13 dqy tula[;k esa m-iz- dh tula[;k dk fgLlk 6ok¡ gSA
xzkeh.k 934 919 (–) 15 vkcknh ds fglkc ls nks lcls cM+s uxj
'kgjh 906 902 (–) 4 y[kuÅ 2815033
dkuiqj 2769413
uxjh; tula[;k ds izfr'kr eessa o`f) % 2011 lokZf/kd vkcknh okys 3 ftys
Ø- jkT;@dsUnz Øe'k% o`f) ¼izfr'kr es½a bykgkckn 5959798
1. neu ,oa nho 38.91 eqjknkckn 4773138
2. y{k}hi 33.62 xkft;kckn 4661452
3. nknjk vkSj uxj gosyh 23.73 lcls de vkcknh okys 3 ftys
4. dsjy 21.76 egksck 0876055
5. flfDde 13.9 fp=dwV 0990626
6. xksok 12.41 gehjiqj 1104021
7. uxkyS.M 11.74 o`f) nj % 2001&2011 ds nkSjku izn's k ds tula[;k
8. f=iqjk 9.12 dh n'kdh; o`f) nj 20.09% jghA
9. paMhx<+ 7.48 'kh"kZ 3 n'kdh; o`f) okys ftys
10. vkU/kz izn's k 6.19
xkSre cq) uxj 51.52%
xkft;kckn 40.66%
11. gfj;k.kk 5.87
cgjkbp 30.12%
12. xqtjkr 5.22
U;wure ik¡p n'kdh; o`f) okys ftys
13. ef.kiqj 5.1
dkuiqj uxj 9.79%
14. mÙkjk[k.M 4.88 gehjiqj 11.09%
15. dukZVd 4.58 ckxir 11.87%
16. rfeyukMq 4.41
17. jk-jk-{ks- fnYyh 4.32 tula[;k ?kuRo 2011 % 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj
18. ia- caxky 3.92 jkT; dk vkSlr tu?kuRo 828 O;fDr izfroxZ fdeh- gSA
19. iatkc 3.57 lu~ m-iz- tu?kuRo Hkkjr dk tu?kuRo
Hkkjr 3.35 1901 165 72
1911 164 77
20. NÙkhlx<+ 3.15
1921 159 77
21. v.Meku@fudksckj 3.04 1931 169 85
22. egkjk"Vª 2.8 1941 192 98
23. tEew&d'ehj 2.4 1951 215 134
24. v#.kkpy izn's k 1.92 1961 251 134
25. fetksje 1.88 1971 300 173
1981 377 216
26. >kj[k.M 1.81
1991 548 267
27. iqMqpsjh 1.74 2001 690 325
28. vksfM'kk 1.69 2011 828 382
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

fyaxkuqikr 2011
'kh"kZ 3 tula[;k ?kuRo okys ftys
xkft;kckn 3954 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj izn's k esa 1000 iq#"kksa ij
okjk.klh 2399
fL=;ksa dh la[;k ¼fyaxkuqikr½ 908 jgkA
y[kuÅ 1815
U;wure 3 tula[;k ?kuRo okys ftys lu~ fyaxkuqikr
1901 994
yfyriqj 242
1911 915
lksuHknz 270
1921 909
gehjiqj 275
1931 804
1941 907
lk{kjrk nj 2011
1951 910
2011 esa m-iz- dh dqy lk{kjrk 69.72%, iq#"k lk{kjrk 1961 909
79.24% vkSj L=h lk{kjrk 59.26% jgh gSA 1971 879
1981 885
izn's k dh izn's k dh izn's k dh 1991 879
lu~ dhq lk{kjrk iq#"k L=h 2001 898
nj lk{kjrk nj lk{kjrk nj 2011 908
1951 12.2 19.17 4.07 'kh"kZ 3 flyaxkuqikr okys ftys
1961 20.87 32.08 8.36 tkSuiqj 1018
1971 23.99 35.01 11.23 vktex<+ 1017
nsofj;k 1013
1981 32.65 46.65 16.74
1991 41.60 54.82 26.31
vuqlfw pr tkfr;k¡ (SC) 2001
2001 56.36 68.8 42.2
2011 69.72 79.24 59.26
2001 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj jkT; esa vuqlfw pr
tkfr;ksa dh tula[;k 3]51]48]377 gS] tks fd izn's k ds dqy
tula[;k dk 21.1% gS] tcfd lEiw.kZ ns'k ds dqy tula[;k
lokZf/kd lk{kjrk okys 3 ftys
esa tuqlfw pr tkfr;ksa ds tula[;k dk izf'rkr 16.2% gSA
xkft;kckn 85.0%
xkSrecq) uxj 82.20% • ns'k esa tula[;k dh n`f"V ls lokZf/kd vuqlfw pr tkfr
dkuiqj uxj 81.31% okyk jkT; &mÙkj izn's k
• ns'k esa vuqlfw pr tkfr dh lokZf/kd izfr'kr okyk jkT;
vo'; ;kn djsa gS& &iatkc
• tula[;k vkSj {ks=Qy dh n`f"V ls m-izdk ns'k esa • izn's k esa lokZf/kd SC tula[;k okyk ftyk &lhrkiqj
LFkku Øe'k% gS& –izFke vkSj iape • izn's k esa lcls de SC tula[;k okyk ftyk &ckxir
• Hkkjr ds dqy tula[;k dk fdruk izfr'kr tula[;k
m-iz- esa jgrh gS \ –16.49% vuqlfw pr tutkfr;k¡ (ST)
2001 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj jkT; esa vuqlfw pr
• izn's k dh dqy tula[;k esa fdrus izfr'kr iq#"k vkSj
tutkfr;ksa dh tula[;k 1]07]963 gS] ftuesa 55]834 iq#"k
fL=;k¡ gS& a –52.4% vkSj 47.6% ,oa 52]129 fL=;k¡ gSAa
• 2001&2011 ds nkSjku izn's k dh tula[;k esa fdrus • jkT; ds dqy tula[;k esa ST tula[;k dk izfr'kr
izfr'kr dh n'kdh; ,oa okf"kZd o`f) nj jgh \ –0.06% gS&
&20.09% ,oa 1.85% • Hkkjr ds dqy tula[;k esa ST tula[;k dk izfr'kr
• 0&6 o"kZ ds vk;qoxZ esa m-iz- esa dqy la[;k fdruh gS \ 8.08% gSA
&2,97,28,235 • lokZf/kd v-t-tk- tula[;k okyk ftyk y[kheiqj [khjh
• 2001&2011 ds nkSjku fyaxkuqikr esa fdrus dh o`f) (37979) gSA
gqbZ& –10 dh mÙkj izn's k dh fofHkUu tkfr;k¡
• izn's k esa f'k'kq fyaxkuqikr fdruk gS \ 2001 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj izn's k dh dqy tula[;k
esa 20.5% lo.kZ ¼czkã.k] jktiwr] oS';] dk;LFk] Hkwfegkj½]
&899
16.7% Åij ds BC ¼;kno] dqehZ] yks/k] tkr] xqtZj½] 26%
• 2011 esa lokZf/kd efgyk lk{kjrk o`f) fdl ftys esa uhps ds BC ¼dks;jh] dgkj] xM+fj;k] rsyh] cjh] dsoV] ukbZ
ikbZ xbZ \ &xkft;kckn (81.42%) vkfn½] 21.1% nfyr tkfr;k¡ ¼pekj] iklh] /kksch] okYehfd
vkfn½ rFkk 15% eqlyeku vkSj 'ks"k esa vU; gSAa
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• izn's k dh dqy tula[;k esa dqN tkfr;ksa dk izfr'kr bl oS'; & 2.6%
izdkj gS& dgkj & 2.3%
pekj & 12.7% yks/kh & 2.2%
czkã.k & 9.2% xM+fj;k & 2%
;kno & 8.7% tkV & 1.6%
jktiwr & 7.2% dsoV & 1.1%
dksbjh & 4.1% dk;LFk & 1.0%
dqehZ & 3.5% Hkwfegkj & 0.5%
jkT; dh f'k'kq
efgyk dk;Z
dqy dqy fyaxkuqikr tula[;lk lk{kjrk
/keZ fyaxkuqikr lk{kjrk Hkkxhnkjh
tula[;k tula[;k ¼0&6 o"kZ½ dk vuqikr nj
nj nj
esa % ¼0&6 o"kZ½
fgUnw 13,39,79,263 80.6 894 911 18.6 58.0 43.1 33.2
eqfLye 3,07,40,158 18.5 918 935 20.9 47.8 37.4 29.1
bZlkbZ 2,12,578 0.1 961 936 14.6 72.8 67.4 33.9
fl[k 6,78,059 0.4 877 831 14.1 71.9 63.8 32.7
ckS) 3,02,031 0.2 895 928 19.9 56.2 40.3 33.4
tSu 2,07,111 0.1 911 846 11.9 93.2 90.3 28.8
World Population Scenario 1974 4.0 15

1987 5.0 13
ekuo foKku 'kkfL=;ksa dk fo'okl gS fd i`Foh ij ekuo 1998 (UNFPA) 6.0 11
dk mn~Hko Vf'kZ;jhdYi ds iyk;kslhu ;qx esa gqvkA ekuo
2011 (31 Oct.) 7.0 13
lH;rk ds bfrgkl ds vf/kdka'k dky esa ekuo f'kdkjh ,oa
2025–30 8.0 –
laxzg.kdÙkkZ dh Hkwfedk esa gh jgkA
o"kZ I.A.D. esa fo'o dh tula[;k yxHkx 30 djksM+ Fkh tks 2045–50 9.0 –
lkekU; xfr ls o`f) djrh gqbZ 1750 esa 76 djksM+ gks xbZA
fo'o tula[;k esa fcfy;u o`f) ds o"kZ fo'o dh dqy tula[;k dk 75.5% Hkkx ySfVu vesfjdk]
oSf'od vÝhdk] ,f'k;k] iksfyusf'k;k] esykusf'k;k rFkk ekbØksufs 'k;k
o"kZ tula[;k o"kkZUrj
¼fofy;u es½a ds vYifodflr {ks=ksa esa fuokl djrk gSA ;s lHkh {ks=
1804 1.0 – tukafddh laØe.k dh izFke ;k f}rh; voLFkk ls xqtj jgs
1927 2.0 1.22
gSAa
1959 3.0 32
egk}hih; tula[;k
;k forj.k
egk}hi tu?kuRo tula[;k ¼2011½ lokZf/kd tula[;k okyk ns'k lokZf/kd tula[;k okyk 'kgj
,f'k;k 86.7 41-40 B* phu ¼1-341 B*½ VksD;ks ¼37-73 M*½
vÝhdk 32.7 1-00 B* ukbthfj;k ¼0-5 B*½ dkfgjk ¼19-4 M*½
;wjksi 70 0-74 B* :l ¼0-142 B*½ ekLdks ¼14-83 M*½
mÙkjh vesfjdk 22.9 0-53 B* USA ¼0-31 B*½ eSfDldks flVh ¼21-2 M*½
nf{k.k vesfjdk 21.4 0-39 B* cskthy ¼0-19 B*½ lkvks ikmyks ¼19-67 M*½
vks'ksfu;k 4.25 0-04 B* vkWLVªfs y;k ¼0-02 B*½ flMuh ¼4-5 M*½
vaVkdZfVdk 0.0 4]490 N/A eSDlMksZ LVs'ku ¼955½
uksV % B* = fcfy;u ( M* = fefy;u
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

tula[;k dh n`f"V ls fo'o ds 10 lcls cM+s ns'k ¼2009½
Ø-
ns'k dk uke tula[;k frfFk oSf'od tula[;k dk %
1. phu 1,34,74,60,000 uoEcj&2011 19.3
2. Hkkjr 1,21,01,93,422 ekpZ&2011 17.5
3. la- jk- vesfjdk 31,26,15,000 uoEcj&2011 4.48
4. b.Mksufs 'k;k 23,84,00,000 ebZ&2010 3.36
5. czkthy 19,55,37,000 uoEcj&2011 2.8
6. ikfdLrku 17,78,25,000 uoEcj&2011 2.55
7. ckaXykns'k 15,85,70,535 tqykbZ&2011 2.27
8. ukbthfj;k 15,52,15,000 tqykbZ&2011 2.23
9. :l 14,19,74,297 tuojh&2010 2.035
10. tkiku 12,73,80,000 twu&2010 1.83
Mega City
fo'o % 'kh"kZ 3 tu?kuRo okys ns'k&2010
la;qDr jk"Vª la?k (UNO) ds vuqlkj&,sls uxjh;
ns'k tu?kuRo ladqyu ftudh tula[;k 10 fefy;u ¼vFkkZr ,d djksM+ ls
edkÅ 18658 vf/kd½ ls vf/kd gSA êsxk flVh* dh laKk ls vfHkfgr fd;k
eksud
s ks 16358 tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; tux.kuk&2011 esa bl vo/kkj.kk dks
Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA ns'k ds 53 fefy;u Iyl uxjh;
ckaXykns'k 1229 ladqyuksa esa ls rhu uxjh; ladqyu êsxk flVh* dh ifjHkk"kk
fo'o % U;wu 3 tu?kuRo okys ns'k & 2010 ds vUrxZr vkrs gSAa ;Fkk&
eaxksfy;k 2.0
1- o`gn eqEcbZ ¼18-41 fefy;u½
2- fnYyh ¼16-31 fefy;u½
ukehfc;k@cksRlokuk
lwjhuke@vkWLVsªfy;k @ 3.0 f'k'kq tula[;k ,oa fyaxkuqikr
vkblyS.M lokZf/kd f'k'kq fyaxkuqikr fr#vuariqje UA ¼dsjy½ esa
lwjhuke 4.3 971 vkSj U;wure f'k'kq fyaxkuqikr vkxjk UA esa dk 780 gSA
U;wure 7 tula[;k o`f) njokys ns'k vo'; ;kn djsa

¼2010&15 iz{ksfir½ • nf{k.kh vesfjdk dk lokZf/kd uxjhÑr ns'k Øe'k%
ns'k o`f)&nj % esa osuts q,yk (93.1%) ,oa m#Xos (92.4%) gS ¼2010½A
ekYnksfc;k x.kjkT;@cqYxkfj;k (–) 0.7 • lalkj esalokZf/kd uxjhÑr egk}hi Øe'k% mÙkjh
vesfjdk] ySfVu vesfjdk ,oa dSjfs c;u ns'k ,oa ;wjksi gSA
tkftZ;k (–) 0.6
• tula[;k o`f) dk lokZf/kd izfr'kr vÝhdk egk}hi
ykVfo;k@yqFkokfu;k (–) 0.4 dgk gSA rnksijkUr Øe'k% ,f'k;k] ySfVu vesfjdk ,oa
mØsu (–) 0.5 dSjfs c;u ns'kksa dk gSA
csyk#l (–) 0.3 • fo'o ds lokZf/kd xzkeh.k tula[;k okys ik¡p ns'k
Øe'k% Hkkjr] phu] b.Mksufs 'k;k] ckaXykns'k ,oa ikfdLrku
Øksf'k;k@teZuh@gaxjh@jksefu;k (–) 0.2 gSA
:lh la?k@lfcZ;k@tkiku@,LVksu;k (–) 0.1 • Jhyadk] usiky] ikfdLrku ,oa Hkkjr esa ls Hkkjr dk
tu?kuRo lcls vf/kd gSA
,d ls vf/kd ftyksa esa foLrkfjr uxjh; ladqyu (UA) • vÝhdk ds 'kh"kZ rhu uxjhÑr ns'k gS&a xScksu] if'peh
uxjh; ladqyu lgkjk rFkk ftcwrhA ,f'k ds rhu 'ks"kZ uxjhÑr ns'k gS& a
jkT; ftys
dk uke flaxkiqj] dqcSr] drjA
mÙkj&if'pe] mÙkjh] fo'o ds U;wure uxjhÑr ns'k
mÙkj&iwohZ] ubZ fnYyh] e/;] ns'k uxjhdj.k (%) esa
fnYyh UA fnYyh
if'peh] nf{k.k&if'peh ,oa cq#Ma h 11
nf{k.kh fnYyh ikiqvk&U;wfxuh 13
Fkk.ks] eqEcbZ ¼miuxj½] eqEcbZ ekyoh@f=funkn ,oa
o`gr eqEcbZ UA egkjk"Vª
uxj VkscSxks
14
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

uxjksa ds fodkl dh voLFkk,¡ fodkl lwpdkad (Human Development Index–HDI) n'kkZ,
x, gS]a ftlesa Hkkjr dk 134ok¡ LFkku gSA blls iwoZ o"kZ 2010
yqbl eEQksMZ us 1938 bZ- esa uxjksa ds fodkl dh 6 dh ekuo fodkl fjiksVz esa ekuo fodkl lwpdkad ds ekeys
voLFkkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS& esa 169 ns'kksa esa 119ok¡ LFkku Hkkjr dks fn;k x;k FkkA
(i) b;ksiksfyl % ;g uxjh; fodkl dh izFke voLFkk
gSA bl voLFkk esa Ñf"k ,oa i'kqikyu lac/a kh dk;kZsa e/;e fodkl okys ns'k
ds fodkl ds dkj.k xkaoksa dk fodkl gqvkA 97 Jhyadk 0.691
cM+&s cM+s ,oa dsUnzh; xkaoksa esa f'k{kk] laLÑfr ,oa 101 phu 0.687
dyk vkfn dk fodkl gqvkA 134 Hkkjr 0.547
de fodkl okys ns'k
(ii) iksf yl % bl 'kCn dk vFkZ uxj l gSA bl
145 ikfdLrku 0.504
voLFkk esa cM+s xkao dLcs dk :i /kkj.k djrs gSa 172 vQxkfuLrku 0.398
ftuesa O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;ksa dk fodkl gks 187 dkaxks x.kjkT; 0.286
tkrk gSA uxjh; vkdkfjdh dk fodkl izk jEHk
gks tkrk gSA
iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa okf"kZd o`f) njsa %
(iii) esVªki
s ksfyl % bl voLFkk esa uxj dk vkdkj o`gr~ ¼lzksr % vkfFkZd leh{kk 2010&11½
gks tkrk gSa o`gr~ Lrjij dkj[kkuks]a f'k{kk laLFkkuks]a
O;kikfjd laLFkkuksa vkfn dh LFkkiuk gks tkrh gSa y{; izkfIr
bl voLFkk esa uxj vius vkl&ikl ds uxjksa ls
cM+k gks tkrk gS ,oa uxj dk lac/a k nwjorhZ {ks=ksa ls igyh ;kstuk ¼1951&56½ 2.1% 3.7%
Hkh gks tkrk gSa
nwljh ;kstuk ¼1956&61½ 4.5% 4.2%
(iv) esxkyksiksfyl % ;g uxj dh pje voLFkk dks crkrkh
gSA uxj esa xUnh cfLr;ksa dk izknqHkkZo gks tkrk gS ,oa rhljh ;kstuk ¼1961&66½ 5.6% 2.8%
thou ukjdh; :i esa ifjofrZr gksrk gqvk fn[kkbZ nsrk
gSA iwt a hoknh O;oLFkk dk izlkj] uSfrdrk dk iru] rhu okf"kZd ;kstuk,a ¼1966&69½ – 3.9%
ukSdj'kkgh dk fodkl] ekuo dk 'kks"k.k;qDr thou bl
pkSFkh ;kstuk ¼1969&74½ 5.7% 3.4%
izdkj ds uxjksa dh fo'ks"krk gSA vesfjdk ds iwohZ rVh;
eSnku esa cksLVu ls Lisjks IokbaV rd ds uxjh; {ks= ik¡poha ;kstuk ¼1974&79½ 4.4% 5.0%
bldk mnkgj.k gSa cfeZa?ke] Vksfd;ksa] ;kdksgkek {ks=]
vesZLVMZeA okf"kZd ;kstuk ¼1979&80½ – –5.0%
egkuxj (Metropollition or Metropolis) : bldh
tula[;k 10 yk[k ls vf/kd gksrh gSA 2011 ds tux.kuk esa NBh ;kstuk ¼1980&85½ 5.2% 5.4%
bls ^fefy;u Iyl* uxjh; ladqyu@uxj dh laKk nh xbZ lkroha ;kstuk ¼1985&90½ 5.0% 5.5%
gSA
okf"kZd ;kstuk ¼1990&92½ – 3.2%
ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ&2011
vkBoha ;kstuk ¼1992&97½ 5.6% 6.6%
vkfFkZd fodkl ,d O;f"Vfu"B vo/kkj.kk gS] ftldk ukSoha ;kstuk ¼1997&2002½ 6.5% 5.5%
ifjek.kkRed eki leHko ugha gSA iqu'p bls ekius ds vusd
iz;kl fd;s x;s gSAa ekuo fodkl ds fofo/k vk;keksa dk vkdyu] nloha ;kstuk (GDP) ¼2002&07½ 7.9% 7.9%
bl fn'kk esa ,d lkFkZd iz;kl gSA la;Dq r jk"Vª fodkl dk;ZØe X;kjgoha ;kstuk ¼2007&12½ ¼y{;½ 9.0% –
(U.N.D.P.) }kjk ;g iz;kl 1990 ls lrr~ :i ls tkjh gS( ftls
êkuo fodkl fjiksV*Z dh laKk nh xbZ gSA la'kksf/kr y{; – 8.1%
o"kZ 2011 dh ekuo

fodkl fjiksVZ (Human 2007&08 – 9.8%
Development Report-2011) 2 uoEcj] 2011 dks tkjh dh
xbZA 'Sustainability and Equity : A future for All' vFkkZr~ 2008&09 – 6.6%
^lrrrk ,oa lkE;rk % lHkh ds fy, ,d csgrj Hkfo";* ij 2009&10 ¼Rofjr½ – 8.6%
dsfUnzr bl fjiksVz esa fo'o ds dqy 187 ns'kksa ds fy, ekuo
2010–11 (BE) – 9.0%
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

izFke f}rh; r`rh; prqFkhZ iape NBoha lkroha vkBoha uoha nloha X;kjgoha
¼1951&56½ ¼1956&61½ ¼1961&66½¼1969&74½¼1974&79½ ¼1980&85½ ¼1985&90½ ¼1992&97½ ¼1997&02½ ¼2002&07½ ¼2007&2012½
Ñf"k iqu% Ñf"k xjhch csjkstxkjh ekuo lalk/ku rhoz vkSj vf/kd
(2.1–3.6%) (5.6–2.5%) lekos'kh fodkl
vkS|ksfxdhdj.k fLFkjrk ds lkFk mnkjhdj.k o
(4.5–4.2%) vkfFkZd fodkl vk/kqfudhdj.k
vkRefuHkZjrk
dh izkfIr
TRYSEM IRDP NREP DWACRA RLEGP

:yj yksxksa dks :yj esa lHkh efgyk vkSj cky xkj.Vh nh xbZA
Vªfs uax fn;k x;k ds fodkl gsrq fodkl ds fy, ¼dk;Z dh½
¼;qokvksa ds ftuds ikl tehu ugha gSA
fgr gsr½q jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k Hkwfeghu ds fy,
ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr & 24 tqykbZ] 1991 esAa
3 ckj ;kstuk vodk'k jgk vFkkZr 6 o"kZA
xkj.Vh dkuwu 2005 esa dkaxzsl us ykxw fd;kA
16 Qjojh] 2006 esa (A.P.) ds oUnuk iYyh eujsxk dh 'kq#vkr fd;kA
igys ujsxk vkSj vc eujsxkA
15 ekpZ] 1950 esa ;kstuk vk;ksx dk tUe gqvkA
6 vxLr] 1952 & jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn
iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk • bl ;kstuk ds y{; Fks % 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dk iquokZl] [kk|kUuksa ds ekeys esa de ls lEHko vof/k
¼1951&1956½ esa vkRefuHkZjrk izkIr djuk vkSj eqnzkLQhfr ij fu;U=.k djukA blds lkFk&lkFk bl
;kstuk esa lokZxh.k fodkl dh izfØ;k vkjEHk dh x;h] ftlls jk"Vªh; vk; ds yxkrkj
c<+us dk vk'oklu fn;k tk ldsA bl ;kstuk esa Ñf"k dks izkFkfedrk nh x;hA
f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk • izk-s ih- lh- egkyuksfcl ds ekWMy ij vk/kkfjr bl ;kstuk dk y{; rhoz vkS|ksfxdhdj.k
¼1956&1961½ FkkA blds fy, Hkkjh rFkk ewy m|ksxksa ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;kA bu ewy egRo ds m|ksxksa
vFkkZr~ ykSg ,oa bLikr] vykSg /kkrqvks]a Hkkjh jlk;u] Hkkjh bathfu;fjax vkSj e'khu&fuekZ.k
m|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsus dk n`<+ fu'p; fd;k x;kA
rhljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk • rhljh ;kstuk us viuk y{; vkRefuHkZj ,oa Lo;a&LQwfrZ vFkZO;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk djuk
¼1961&1966½ j[kkA bl ;kstuk us Ñf"k dks loksZPp izkFkfedrk iznku dh] ijUrq blds lkFk&lkFk blus
cqfu;knh m|ksxksa ds fodkl ij Hkh i;kZIr cy fn;k tks fd rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy,
vR;ar vko';d FkkA
rhu okf"kZd ;kstuk,¡ • o"kZ 1965 esa Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ;q) ls iSnk gqbZ fLFkfr] nks lky rd yxkrkj Hkh"k.k lw[kk
¼1966&67 ls 1967&69½ iM+u]s eqnzk dk voewY;u gksu]s dherksa esa gqbZ o`f) rFkk ;kstuk mís';ksa ds fy, lalk/kuksa esa
deh gksus ds dkj.k pkSFkh ;kstuk dks vfUre :i nsus esa nsjh gqbZA blfy, blds LFkku ij
pkSFkh ;kstuk ds izk:i dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, 1966 ls 1969 rd rhu okf"kZd ;kstuk,¡
cuk;h x;haA bl vof/k dks ^;kstuk vodk'k*
vodk'k* (Plan Holiday) dgk x;k gSA
pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk • pkSFkh ;kstuk ds ewy mís'; Fks& fLFkjrk ds lkFk vkfFkZd fodkl rFkk vkRefuHkZjrk dh
¼1969&1974½ vf/kdkf/kd izkfIrA pkSFkh ;kstuk esa jk"Vªh; vk; dh 5.5% okf"kZd vkSlr o`f) nj izkIr djus dk
y{; j[kk x;k] ckn esa blesa lkekftd U;k; ds lkFk fodkl vkSj ^xjhch gVkvks* tksM+k x;kA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

ik¡poha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk • blesa nks eq[; mís';ksa vFkkZr~ xjhch dh lekfIr vksj vkRefuHkZjrk dh izkfIr ds fy, o`f)
¼1974&1978½ dh mPp nj dks c<+kok nsus ds vykok vk; dk csgrj forj.k vkSj ns'kh; cpr nj esa
egRoiw.kZ o`f) djus dh uhfr viuk;h x;hA ekpZ] 1978 esa turk ikVhZ dh ljdkj us pkj
o"kksZa ds i'pkr~ gh ik¡poha ;kstuk dks lekIr dj fn;kA
NBh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk • NBh ;kstuk nks ckj rS;kj dh x;hA turk ikVhZ }kjk ¼1978&83 dh vof/k gsrq½ ^vuojr
¼1980&1985½ ;kstuk* cuk;h x;hA NBh ;kstuk dk eq[; mís'; Ñf"k rFkk lEc) {ks= esa jkstxkj dk
foLrkj djuk] tu&miHkksx dh oLrq,¡ rS;kj djus okys dqVhj ,oa y?kq m|ksxksa dks c<+kok
nsuk vkSj U;wure vko';drk dk;ZØe }kjk fuEure vk; oxksZa dh vk; c<+kuk FkkA ijUrq
tc dkaxzsl ljdkj us u;h NBh ;kstuk ¼1980&85½ rS;kj dh] rc fodkl ds usg: ekWMy
dks viuk;k x;k] ftldk y{; ,d fodklksUeq[k vFkZO;oLFkk esa xjhch dh leL;k ij
lh/kk izgkj djuk FkkA
lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk • lkroha ;kstuk esa [kk|kUuksa dh o`f)] jkstxkj ds {ks=ksa dk foLrkj ,oa mRikndrk dks c<+kus
¼1985&1990½ okyh uhfr;ksa ,oa dk;ZØeksa ij cy nsus dk fu'p; fd;k x;kA
vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk • dsUnz esa jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk ds dkj.k vkBoha ;kstuk nks o"kZ nsj ls izkjEHk gqbZA vkBoha
¼1992&1997½ ;kstuk dk fooj.k ml le; Lohdkj fd;k x;k] tc ns'k ,d Hkkjh vkfFkZd ladV ls xqtj
jgk FkkA blds eq[; dkj.k Fks&Hkqxrku larqyu dk ladV] c<+rk gqvk _.k Hkkj] yxkrkj
c<+rk ctV&?kkVk] c<+rh gqbZ eqnzkLQhfr vkSj m|ksx esa izfrlkjA ujflag jko ljdkj us
vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa ds lkFk jktdks"kh; lq/kkjksa dh Hkh izfØ;k tkjh dh] rkfd vFkZO;oLFkk dks
,d u;h xfr iznku dh tk ldsA vkBoha ;kstuk dk ewyHkwr mís'; fofHkUu igyqvksa esa
ekuo fodkl djuk FkkA
ukSoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk • blesa fodkl dk 15 o"khZ; ifjiz{s ; 'kkfey fd;k x;kA ukSoha ;kstuk dk izeq[k y{; o`f)
¼1997&2002½ ds lkFk ^lkekftd U;k; vkSj lekurk* FkkA
nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk • bl ;kstuk esa igyh ckj jkT;ksa ds lkFk fopkj&foe'kZ dj jkT;okj fodkl nj fu/kkZfjr dh
¼2002&2007½ x;hA blds lkFk gh igyh ckj vkfFkZd y{;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd y{;ksa ij Hkh
fuxjkuh dh O;oLFkk dh x;hA
• nloha ;kstuk ds y{; %
;kstuk dky ds nkSjku th- Mh- ih- esa o`f) nj 8 izfr'kr igq¡pkukA
fu/kZurk vuqikr dks o"kZ 2007 rd de djds 21 izfr'kr vkSj o"kZ 2012 rd de
djds 15 izfr'kr rd ykukA
o"kZ 2007 rd izkFkfed f'k{kk dh igq¡p dks loZO;kih cukukA
o"kZ 2001 vkSj 2011 ds chp tula[;k dh nlo"khZ; o`f) nj dks 16-2 izfr'kr rd
de djukA
lk{kjrk esa o`f) dj bls o"kZ 2007 rd 75 izfr'kr vkSj o"kZ 2012 rd 80 izfr'kr
djukA
o"kZ 2007 rd ouksa ls f?kjs {ks= dks 25 izfr'kr vksj o"kZ 2012 rd 33 izfr'kr rd
c<+kukA
o"kZ 2012 rd ihus ;ksX; ikuh dh igq¡p lHkh xzkeksa esa dk;e djukA
lHkh eq[; ufn;ksa dks o"kZ 2007 rd vkSj vU; vuqlfw pr ty {ks=ksa dks o"kZ 2012 rd
lkQ djukA
X;kjgoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk • vkSlr thMhih o`f) nj dks 8.1% ls 9% djukA
¼2007&2012½ • Ñf"k thMhih o`f) nj dks 4 izfr'kr djukA
• Ldwy NksMu+ s okys cPpksa dh nj dks 2011&12 rd ?kVkdj 20 izfr'kr ds Lrj ij ykukA
• lk{kjrk nj dks 75 izfr'kr djuk
• iztuu nj dks 2-1 ds Lrj ij ykukA
• 2011&12 rd 0&6 vk;qoxZ ds fyaxkuqikr dks c<+kdj 935 djukA
• ou {ks= dks 5 izfr'kr vadksa rd c<+kukA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

blesa iqu% lalks/ku djds 1989 esa izk-s ydM+kokyk ds
xjhch }kjk cuk;k x;k lqpdkad xjhch ds ekiu ds fy, iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA dSyksjh dh {kfriwfrZ vc vyx&vyx jkT;ksa
lkis{k xjhch % esa Ñf"k Jfedksa ds fy, CPIAL (Consumer Price Index
• ykjst a oØ Agriculture Labour) rFkk vkS|ksfxd jfedksa ds fy, CPIIW
• fxuh xq.kkad dkk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl i)fr dks vkBoha iapo"khZ;
;kstuk esa ykxw fd;k x;kA orZeku esa Hkh ;gh py jgh gSA
lerk js[kk ls blds fy, xzkeh.k {ks=ksa gsrq 356 #- ekfld rFkk 'kgjh {ks=ksa
nwj dh js[kk 538 #- ekfld dSyksjh fuf'pr fd;k x;k gSA
fo'o cSd a rFkk vU; laxBu xjhch ekiu gsrq
ykjsal oØ vyx&vyx /kujkf'k dks iSekuk cuk, gSA fo'o cSd a ds
¾lerk js[kk vuqlkj tks O;fDr 1.25$ ;k blls de izfrfnu dek jgk gks
og xjhc dgyk,xkA
,f'k;u Development Bank 1.35$ rFkk Hkkjr ljdkj
vlekurk okyk {ks= 1.02$ dks xjhch js[kk dk ekid ekurs gSAa
Nk;kafdr {ks= Hkkjr esa xjhch ds ekiu ds fy, nks i)fr;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gSa&
lerk js[kk ds uhps dk Hkkx ¼1½ URP : (Unifor Recall Period) : ;g 30 fnolh;
uksV % vof/k ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA
• fo'o cSd a ds vuqlkj 13258 ls de izfr O;fDr vk; gSA NSSO ds 61osa pØ ds vuqlkj URP ds vk/kkj ij
• vius vk; ls tks O;fDr vius vko';drk dh oLrq,¡ u lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa 2004&05 dh vof/k esa 27.25% dh xjhch
[kjhn ikrk gks fujis{k xjhch dgykrk gSA ikbZ x;h gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa 28.30% rFkk 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa
• izk-s ydM+okyk % us 1998 esa dgk fd xjhch ekiu dh 25.7% dh xjhch ikbZ tkrh gSA
lqfp vyx&vyx {ks= esa vyx&vyx gksrk gSA blfy, MRP (Minimum Recall Period) : ;g 365 fnuksa ¼1
izR;sd {ks= dh vyx&vyx lqph cukbZ tkuh pkfg,A lky½ ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA blesa 5 xSj [kk| oLrqvksa dks
CPIAL = 2400 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA xSj [kk| oLrqvksa esa 1½ oL=] 2½ twrk
CPIIW = 2100 pIiy] 3½ edku] 4½ f'k{kk] 5½ laLFkkxr fpfdRlkA MRP ds
lokZf/kd xjhch dh la[;k ¾ mÙkj izn's k ¼5-90 djksM½+ vk/kkj ij 2004&05 dh vof/k esa lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa 21.8% dh
ijUrq % = 32% xjhch ikbZ x;hA
mM+hlk esa xjhch % = 46% lokZf/kd xjhch ds izfr'kr okys jkT;&
thou dh vk/kkjHkwr vko';drkvksa ds oapu ls xjhch ¼1½ mM+hlk & 46.4% lokZf/kd
dk vk'k; yxk;k trk gSA xjhch ds ekiu ds nks rjhds gSAa ¼2½ fcgkj & 41.41%
¼1½ lkis{k xjhch ¼2½ fujis{k xjhch ¼3½ NÙkhlx<+ & 40.9%
lkis{k xjhch % lEiw.kZ fo'o esa ik;h tkrh gSa bldk ¼4½ >kj[k.M & 40.3%
ekiu lEifÙk /kkj.k dh {kerk ls fy;k tkrk gSA blesa mÙkj izn's k esa xjhch dk %, 32.8% gSA
rqyukRed :i ls jkg ns[kk tkrk gS fd fdl O;fDr ds ikl uksV % lokZf/kd xjhcksa dh la[;k ¼5-40 djksM+½ mÙkj izn's k esa gSA
vU; dh rqyuk esa fdruh lEifÙk gSa bls ekius ds fy, egRoiw
egRoiw.kZ % ekpZ 2009 esa izdkf'kr izk-s lqj's k rsUnqydj
ykjsta oØ rFkk feuh xq.kkad dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA dh fjiksVZ us xjhch ds lEcU/k esa tks vkadM+s fn, gSa oks
fujis{k xjhch % xjhch dk okLrfod vk'k; fujis{k NSSO ds vkadM+ksa ls dkQh vyx gSA bUgksu a s xjhch ds ekiu
xjhch ls yxk;k tkrk gSA ,d O;fDr fujis{k xjhc rc ds MRP i)fr dks viuk;k gS ftlds vuqlkj lEiw.kZ Hkkjr
dgyk;sxk tc og viuh orZeku vk; ds ek/;e ls ewy Hkwr esa 37.2% dh xjhch ikbZ tkrh gSA
vko';drkvksa dks iwjh u dj ikrk gksA bls ekius ds fy,
Hkkjr ds ukscy iqjLdkj fotsrk vFkkZ'kkL=h izk-s veR;Z lsu Hkkjr esa lEiw.kZ Lrj ij xjhch ds lEcU/k esa
¼1998½ us Head Count Ratio tSlh fof/k dk iz;ksx djrs gSAa dqN vuqeku
budk ekuuk gS fd tks O;fDr xjhch js[kk ls ftruk gh uhps ;kstuk vk;ksx dk vuqeku ¼2005½
gksxk mruk gh T;knk xjhc gksxkA vFkkZr~ xjhch js[kk ds 2004&05 ewY; ij & 27.5%
uhps xjhch dk ?kuRo c<+rk tkrk gSA xzkeh.k {ks= 28.3%
Hkkjr esa xjhch dk vkdyu ;kstuk vk;ksx }kjk fd;k 'kgjh 25.7%
tkrk gS vkSj blls lEcfU/kr vkadM+ksa dk izdk'ku NSSO vtqZu lsu xqIrk iSuy
jk"Vªh; izfrn'kZ laxBu losZ laxBu }kjk fd;k tkrk gSa 2004&05 ewY; ij & 77%
;kstuk vk;ksx us 1969&65 esa izfr O;fDr 20 #i;k ekfld izfrfnu 20 #i;k
dks xjhch gsrq vk/kkj cuk;k ftldh dkQh vkykspuk dh xbZ ,u-
,u-lh-
lh- lDlsuk desVh ¼2009½
vkSj bls lalksf/kr djds xzkeh.k vkSj la'kksf/kr {ks= ds fy, xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky; }kjk fu;qä & 50%
20 o 25 #- fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;kA 1977 esa U;wure fo'o cSd a ¼2008 fjiksVZ½
vko';drk rFkk izHkkoiw.kZ ekax dh dk;Zny (task force) 1-25 Mkyj izfrfnu 2005 esa 41.6%
lqj's k Mh rsUnqydj ¼2009½
dSyksjh dks xjhch dk ekid cuk;k x;kA 2100 dSyksjh 'kgjh 2004&05 ewY; ij & 37.2%
{ks=ksa ds fy, rFkk 2400 dSyksjh xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fy, fuf'pr xzkeh.k & 41.8
fd;k x;kA 'kgjh & 25.7
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

mYys[kuh; gS fd rsUnqydj desVh us 2004&05 ewY; ij csjkstxkjh
xzkeh.k O;; dks 446-68 #- rFkk 'kgjh O;; dks 78-80
izfrekg ekurs gq, xkzeh.k {ks= ds fy, 41.8% rFkk 'kgjh {ks=
ds fy, 25.7% dk vuqeku fn;kA fo'ks"kK ;g ekurs gSa fd
fodflr ns'k vYi fodflr ns'k
rsUnqydj dk O;;lEcU/kh vuqeku ydM+kokyk vuqeku ls
vf/kd ij lsuxqIrk ds vuqeku ls de gSA
pØh; ?k"kZ.kkRed xzkeh.k 'kgjh
,p-
,p- Mh-
Mh- vkj-
vkj- ¼2010½ (HDR)
cgqvk;keh; xjhch lwpdkad (MPI) ij vk/kkfjr & 55.4% izPNUu ekSleh vkS|ksfxd f'kf{kr
gkf'ke desVh % 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa xjhch ds vuqeku ds fy, csjkstxkjh ls rkRi;Z ^^tc dksbZ O;fDr izpfyr etnwjh
;kstuk vk;ksx }kjk fu;qä desVhA dh nj ij dk;Z djuk rks pkgrk gS] ij mls dk;Z u fey
21 vizSy] 2011] ;kstuk vk;ksx us rsUnqydj ikrk gksA blesa 15 ,oa 65 o"kZ ds O;fDr;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k
desVh&QkewZys ds gh vk/kkj ij ;g LFkkfir fd;k gS fd tkrk gS lEiw.kZ fo'o esa csjkstxkjh dh izÑfr fHkUu&fHkUu gSA
fodflr ns'kksa esa rFkk fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa csjkstxkjh nks
2009&10 esa xjhch 37.2% ls ?kVdj 32% gks x;h gSA izdkj dh ik;h tkrh gSA
¼1½ ,sfPNd csjkstxkjh % ,sls yksx tks vius eu
cgq vk;keh xjhch lwpdkad eqrkfcd dk;Z ds vHkko esa fdlh vU; dk;Z dks ugha djuk
(Multidimensional Poverty Index) pkgrs mUgsa ,sfPN
PNd csjkstxkj dgk tkrk gSA
¼2½ vuSfPNd csjkstxkjh % ,sls yksx tks dk;Z djuk rks
o"kZ 2010 ls lk{kjrk vkSj vk; ij buds ladsrdksa dks pkgrs gS ia j mUgsa dk;Z u fey ikrk gks ,sls yksx gh
okLrfod :i ls csjkstxkj ekus tkrs gSAa
u;k :i fn;k x;k gS ftlds rgr ^ldy ukekadu nj* ,oa fodflr ns'kksa esa csjkstxkjh dk izeq[k dkj.k tgk¡ ek¡x
ô;Ld lk{kjrk nj* dks Øe'k% Ldwykof/k ds vuqekfur o"kZ dh deh gS ogha vYifodflr ns'kksa esa csjkstxkjh dk izeq[k
(Expected years of schooling) ,oa ^Ldwykof/k ds vkSlr o"kZ*
dkj.k lajpukRed ¼jsy] jksM] f'k{kk] laLFkkxr fpfdRlk] 'kq)
is;ty½ fodkl dh deh gSA
(Mean years of schooling) ls izfrLFkkfir fd;k x;k gS vkSj fodflr ns'k % blesa nks izdkj dh csjkstxkjh ikbZ tkrh
^ldy ?kjsyw mRikn* (GDP) dk LFkku ^ldy jk"Vªh; vk;* gSA fodflr ns'kksa esa rduhdh rFkk ?k"kZ.kkRed csjkstxkjh ikbZ
tkrh gSA
(GNI) us fy;k gS ftlesa vUrjkZ"Vªh; vk; izokgksa dks Hkh ¼1½ rduhdh csjkstxkjh % ,d rduhd ds LFkku ij
'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA tc nwljh rduhd vk tkrh gS rc iqjkuh rduhdh ij dke
djus okyk O;fDr tc rd izf'k{k.k izkir ugha dj ysrk rc
;w,uMhih us o"kZ 2010 ls ekuo fodkl lwpdkad rS;kj rd og csjkstxkj gksxkA
djus ds fy, ftl cgqvk;keh fu/kZurk lwpdkad dk bLrseky ¼2½ ?k"kZ.kkRed csjkstxkjh % tc O;kikj txr esa mrkj
fd;k gS] muds varxZr ,d gh ifjokj ds lnL;ksa esa ik, p<+ko ds dkj.k ekax de gks tkrh gS rks ;g viuk izHkko
lh/ks :i ls mRiknu ,oa jkstxkj ij Mkyrh gSA tSl& s eanh
tkus okys f'k{kk] LokLF; vkSj thou Lrj ls lEcfU/kr vHkkoksa ds fnuksa esa ekax dh deh ds dkj.k jkstxkj esa deh mRiuu
ij /;ku fn;k x;k gSA vFkkZr Hkkjr esa xjhch js[kk ls Åij gks tkrh gSA bl izdkj dh csjktxkjh Hkh ekax ds lkFk
lekIr gks tkrh gSA
ds yksxksa esa f'k{kk] LokLF; vkSj thou&n'kkvksa ls lEcfU/kr vYi fodflr ns'kksa esa izeq[k csjkstxkjh fNih gqbZ ;k
vHkko ik;s tkrs gSAa izNUu izdkj dh gSA ;g Hkkjr dh izeq[k csjkstxkjh gSA
izPNUu csjkstxkjksa dh lhekar mRikndrk 'kwU; gksrh gSA
fodkl dk;ZØe@jkstxkj dk;ZØe
dk;ZØe o"kZ mís';
izFke ;kstuk 1952 ns'k@jk"Vª dk lexz fodkl
y?kq m|ksx fodkl laxBu (SIDO) 1954 u;s m|ksxksa ds fodkl gsrq
l/ku Ñf"k ftyk dk;ZØe (IADP) 1960–61 Ñ"kdksa ds cht] moZjd] vkStkj vkSj _.k miyC/k djkukA
l?ku Ñf"k {ks=h; dk;ZØe (IAAP) 1964–65 fof'kf"V Qlyksa dk fodkl
lk[k vf/kdj.k ;kstuk (CAS) 1965 RBI dh p;ukRed lk[k uhfr dh ,d ;kstuk
vf/kd mit nsus okyh fdLeksa dk dk;ZØe 1966–67 Ñf"k mRikndrk c<+kus gsrq u;s fdLe ds chtksa dk iz;ksx
(High, Yielding Variety Programme)
Hkkjr i;ZVu fodkl fuxe 1966 gksVyksa ,oa vkjke x`gksa dk fuekZ.k
gfjr Økafr 1966–67 Ñf"k mRiknu esa o`f) djuk
cgq Qlyh dk;ZØe (MCP) 1966–67 Ñf"k mRiknu esa o`f) djuk
xzkeh.k fo|qrhdj.k fuxe 1969 Ñf"k ,oa m|ksxksa gsrq xzkeh.k {ks= esa fo|qr O;oLFkk
lekt ds detksj oxksZa dks fj;k;rh nj 4% ij _.k
foHksnhdj.k C;ktnj ;kstuk 1972
miyc/k djkuk
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa i;kZoj.k lUrqyu vkSj izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa
Rofjr xzkeh.k ty vkiwfrZ dk;ZØe 1972–73
dk laj{k.k
xzkeh.k jkstxkj ds fy, udn ;kstuk 1972–74 xzkeh.k fodkl gsrq
lhekUr Ñ"kd ,oa Ñf"k Jfed ,stUs lh 1973–74 rduhdh ,oa vkfFkZd lgk;rk
y?kq Ñf"kd fodkl ,stUs lh 1974–75 rduhdh ,oa vkfFkZd lgk;rk
deku {ks= fodkl dk;ZØe 1974–75 cM+h ,oa NksVh ;kstukvksa gsrq flapkbZ dh O;oLFkk
chl lw=h; dk;ZØe 1975 xjhch mUewyu ,oa jgu lgu mPphdj.k
jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k fodkl laLFkku 1977 xzkeh.k fodkl gsrq izf'k{k.k] 'kks/k rFkk lykgdkjh laLFkk
e#Hkwfe fodkl dk;ZØe 1977–78 e#Hkwfe foLrkj izfØ;k fu;a=.k ,oa i;kZoj.k lUrqyu
dke ds cnys vukt dk;ZØe 1977–78 fodkl izfØ;kvksa ds dke gsrq [kk|ké nsuk
• vUrksn; dk;ZØe 1977–78 jktLFkku esa xkao ds lcls xjhc ifjokjksa dks LokoyEch cukuk
• xzkeh.k ;qokvksa dk Lojkstxkj gsrq 15 Aug.
xzkeh.k ;qok oxZ dh csjkstxkjh dks nwj djus gsrq izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe
izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe (TRYSEM) 1979
• lefUor xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe 2 Oct., xzkeh.k fu/kZu ifjokjksa dks Lojkstxkj gsrq _.k miyC/k
(IRDP) 1980 djkuk
• jk"Vªh; xzkE; jkstxkj dk;ZØe (NREP) 1980 xzkeh.k fu/kZuksa dks ykHkizn jkstxkj miyC/k djkuk
• xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa efgyk ,oa cky fodkl 1982
BPL xzkeh.k ifjokjksa dh efgykvksa dks Lojkstxkj ds
dk;ZØe (DWCRA) volj miyC/k djkuk
• xzkeh.k Hkwfeghu jkstxkj xkj.Vh 15 Aug.,
Hkwfeghu Ñ"kdksa o Jfedksa dks jkstxkj miyC/k djkus gsrq
dk;ZØe (RLEGP) 1983
f'kf{kr csjkstxkj ;qodksa dks Lojkstxkj iznku
1983–84 Lojkstxkj gsrq foÙkh; lgk;rk ,oa rduhdh lg;ksx
djus dh ;kstuk
nkudrkZ ds dj esa 100% dh NwV rFkk xzkeh.k fodkl dh
jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k fodkl dks"k 1984
ifj;kstuk gsrq nku izkIr djuk
1 April,
O;kid Qly chek ;kstuk 1985
fofHkUu Ñf"k Qlyksa dh chek gsrq
bfUnjk vkokl ;kstuk 1985–86 xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa x`g _.k 5 yk[k #-
yksd dk;ZØe ,oa xzkeh.k izkS|ksfxdh fodkl xzkeh.k le`f) gsrq lgk;rk 28 fnlEcj] 2004 ls bldk
ifj"kn (Council for Advancement of 1 Sept.,
uke cnydj ^xaxks=h* dj fn;k x;k gS& xouZeVsa bu
People's Action and Rural Action 1986
Technology (CAPART))
,sD'ku foFk ,uthvks VªkUlQkesZ'ku vkWQ #jy bf.M;k
xzkeh.k tykiwfrZ dk;ZØe 1986 xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa is;ty O;oLFkk
'kgjh fu/kZuksa gsrq Lojkstxkj dk;ZØe 1986 Lojkstxkj gsrq foÙkh; ,oa rduhdh enn
(SEPUP)
lsok {ks= n`f"Vdks.k 1988 xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fy, ubZ lk[k uhfr
izkS<+ f'k{kk dk;ZØe 1988 xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa f'k[kk foLrkj
Hkjrh; i;ZVu foÙk fuxe 1989 i;ZVu ls lEc) ;kstukvksa gsrq foÙk O;oLFkk
x`g _.k[kkrk ;kstuk 1989 x`g lqfo/kk miyC/k djkus gsrq lgk;rk
• usg: jkstxkj ;kstuk (NRY) Oct. 1989 uxjh; csjkstxkjksa dks jkstxkj nsus gsrq
• tokgj jkstxkj ;kstuk (JRY) April, 1989 xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds csjkstxkjksa dks jkstxkj nsus gsrq
• dqVhj T;ksfr ;kstuk 1988–99 xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa BPL ifjokjksa dks fo|qr dusD'ku
Ñf"k ,oa xzkeh.k _.k jkgr ;kstuk xzkeh.k dq'ky Jfedks]a dkjhxjks]a cqudjksa dks 10000 #- rd
1990
(ARDRS) C;kt eqä _.k nsuk
'kgjh lw{e m|e ;kstuk 1990 'kgjh y?kq m|fe;ksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk
,d yk[k ls de tula[;k okyh 'kgjh cfLr;ksa esa xjhcksa ds fy,
'kgjh losru jkstxkj ;kstuk 1990
ewy lqfo/kk dh O;oLFkk djds etnwjh jkstxkj iznku djuk
1 yk[k ls 20 yk[k dh tula[;k okyh 'kgjh cfLr;ksa esa
'kgjh vkokl ,oa vkJ; lq/kkj ;kstuk 1990
vkJ; mUu;u ds ek/;e ls jkstxkj iznku djuk
2 Oct.,
jkstxkj vk'oklu ;kstuk 1993
jkstxkj miyC/k djkus gsrq
2 Oct.,
izkbe fefuLVj jkstxkj ;kstuk (PMRY) 1993
f'kf{kr ;qodksa dks jkstxkj iznku djuk
19 o"kZ ls vf/kd dks BPL xHkZorh efgykvksa dks 300 #-
jk"Vªh; ekr`Ro ykHk ;kstuk 1995
dh foÙkh; lgk;rk
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

iz/kkuea=h dh f'kf{kr csjkstxkj ;qodksa gsrq 18 Nov., 50000 ls 1 yk[k tula[;k okys {ks=ksa esa f'kf{kr ;qodksa
jkstxkj ;kstuk 1995 dks foÙkh; lgk;rk
jk"Vªh; lkekftd lgk;rk dk;ZØe 1995 fofHké ;kstukvksa }kjk BPL yksxksa dks lgk;rk
xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa O;fDr;ksa dks de ykxr ij thou chek
xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa lkewfgd thou chek 1995–96
lqfo/kk
65 o"kZ ;k vf/kd vk;q ds vlgk; o`)ksa dks 200 #i;k
o`)koLFkk is'a ku ;kstuk 1995
ekfld is'a ku
mÙkj&iwoZ fodkl cSd
a 1995 mÙkj&iwoZ {ks=ksa esa m|ksxksa dks lgk;rk
laxe ;kstuk 1996 fodykaxksa ds dY;k.k gsrq
15 Aug., uhph efgyk lk{kjrk okys ftyksa esa ckfydk fo|ky; dh
• dLrwjck xk¡/kh f'k{kk ;kstuk 1997 LFkkiuk
Hkwry ty ,oa Hkwfexr ty dh fudklh ,oa j[k j[kko gsrq
• xaxk dY;k.k ;kstuk (GKY) 1997–98
Ñf"kdksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk iznku djuk
'kgjh {ks=ksa esa ykHkizn jkstxkj miyC/k djkuk ;kstuk esa
1 Dec.,
• Lo.kZ t;arh 'kgjh jkstxkj ;kstuk rhu ;kstuk,a foy; dj nh x;h& (1) usg: jkstxkj
1997
SJSRY (75 : 25)
;kstuk (2) PM dks lefUor 'kgjh xjhch fuokj.k dk;ZØe
(3) 'kgjh csfld lsok xjhcksa gsrq
19 Oct.,
Hkkx Jh cky dY;k.k uhfr 1998
ckfydkvksa dh n'kk lq/kkjus gsrq
10 Oct.
jktjkts'ojh efgyk dY;k.k ;kstuk 1998
efgykvksa dks chek lqj{kk iznku djuk
1 April,
tokgj xzke le`f) ;kstuk 1999
lq/kkjuk vkSj ykHkizn jkstxkj miyC/k djkuk
19 March,
• véiw.kkZ ;kstuk 1999
o`) ukxfjdksa dks fu%'kqYd vukt
lexz vkokl ;kstuk 1999 o`gn~ x`g ;kstuk
lkewfgd iz;kl ij cy lgk;rk izkIr xjhc O;fDr dks 3
1 April,
• Lo.kZ t;arh xzke Lojkstxkj ;kstuk o"kZ esa BPL ds Åij ykukA blesa N% dk;ZØeksa dk foy;
1999
(SJGSY) (75 : 25)
dj fn;k x;k (i) IRDP, (ii) RRYSEM, (iii) DWCR, (iv)
SITRA, (v) MWS, (vi) GKYd
10 Aug.
tuJh chek 2000
BPL yksxksa dks chek lqj{kk dop nsuk
iz/kkuea=h xzkeksn; ;kstuk 2000 xk¡oksa dk lexz fodkl
ch-ih-,y- ifjokj ds lokZf/kd xjhcksa dks vukt 2 Rs./
vUrksn; ;kstuk 2000
fdyks xsgw¡] 3 Rs./ fdyks pkoy miyC/k djkuk
vkJ; chek ;kstuk June, 2001 jkstxkj NwVs deZpkfj;ksa dks lqj{kkdop iznku djuk
1 July, Ñf"k Jfedksa dks LIC ds lg;ksx ls lkekftd lqj{kk
Ñf"k Jfed lkekftd lqj{kk ;kstuk 2001 miyC/k djkuk
25 Sept.
lEiw.kZ xzkeh.k jkstxkj ;kstuk (SGRY) 2001 xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa jkstxkj dk l`tu
(75 : 25)
Dec. 2001
• okYehfd vEcsMdj vkokl ;kstuk 50 : 50
'kgjh Lye vkcknh dks LoPN vkokl miyC/k djkus gsrq
BPL ifjokjksa ds cPpksa dks 8oha ckn dh f'k{kk tkjh djus
f'k{kk lg;ksx ;kstuk 2001–02
gsrq vkfFkZd lgk;rk
2000–01
• loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku uoha 85 % 15 nloha 75 : 25
6&14 o"kZ ds lHkh cPpksa dks 2010 rd vkBoha rd dh
ckn esa 50 : 50
fu%'kqYd ,oa xq.koÙkk ;qä izkFkfed f'k{kk miyC/k djkuk
• [kk|kUu cSd
a ;kstuk 2001 ?kksf"krxzke iapk;r Lrj ij [kk|kUu cSd
a dh LFkkiuk
12 July, efgykvksa dk lkekftd vkfFkZd l'kähdj.k2;kstuk esa
efgyk Lo;a flf) ;kstuk 2001 bfUnjk efgyk ;kstuk vkSj efgyk le`f) ;kstuk dk foy;
30 Sept.,
ladV gj.k chek ;kstuk 2001
Ñ"kdksa ds fy, lkekftd lqj{kk ;kstuk
futh {ks= ds m|fe;ksa }kjk 2005 rd fLFkj tula[;k
ikiqy's ku QLVZ ;kstuk 2002
izkIr djus gsrq lgk;rk
25 Dec., xzke iapk;rksa ds ek/;e ls dq,]a ckcM=h o gS.MiEi yxkus
Loty /kkjk ;kstuk 2002 dh lqfo/kk miyC/k djkuk
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

15 Aug., efyu cfLr;ksa esa lkeqnkf;d 'kSpky;ksa dh lqfo/kk dk
• fueZy Hkkjr ;kstuk 2002 foLrkj
15 Aug.
va'knk;h chek ;kstuk 10 yk[k cqudjksa o f'kYidkjksa dks chek lqj{kk
2002
25 Dec., 100% dsUnzh; Ldhe] 500 ls vf/kd tula[;k okys xk¡oksa
iz/kkuea=h xzke lM+d ;kstuk 2000 dks tksMu+ k
1 #- izfrfnu Hkqxrku ls p;fur O;fä fu/kkZfjr vLirky
tuj{kk chek ;kstuk 2002–03
esa 30 gtkj #- rd dk mipkj
• t;izdk'k ukjk;.k jkstxkj xkjUVh 2002–03
ns'k ds fiNM+s xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa xjhcksa o t:jr eUnksa dks
;kstuk jkstxkj miyC/k djkus gsrq
27 Jan.,
• gfj;kyh ;kstuk 2003
xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa o`{kkjksi.k dks izkRs lkgu
• xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa 'kgjh lqfo/kkvksa dh 15 Aug.,
xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa mér lqfo/kk miyC/k djkuk
miyC/krk dk;ZØe (PURA) 2003
ns'k ds fiNM+s jkT;ksa esa 6 u;s AIIMS vLirkyksa dks
iz/kkuea=h LokLF; lqj{kk ;kstuk 2003
LFkkfir djus gsrq
dke ds cnys vukt 2004
vlaxfBr Jfesdksa dks lkekftd lqj{kk 23 Jan., vlaxfBr {ks= ds Jfedksa dks ikfjokfjd is'a ku chek o
ik;yV ;kstuk 2004 fpfdRlk vkfn lqfo/kk nsuk
us'kuy QwM Qkj oDlZ izkxs z Se 13/10/2004
tokgj yky usg: us'kuy vjcu fjuqvy 3 Dec.,
'kgjh voLFkkiuk fodkl
fe'ku 2005
12 April,
jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k LokLF; vfHk;ku 2005
izkFkfed LokLF; lqj{kkdks lqn`<= djuk
16 Dec.,
Hkkjr fuekZ.k ;kstuk 2005
xzkeh.k voLFkkiuk lokZx
a h.k rFkk O;kid fodkl ;kstuk
2 Oct., Hkwfe jfgr xzkeh.k ifjokj ds eq[k;k ;k vk; vtZd O;fDr
vke vkneh chek ;kstuk 2007 dh chek ;kstuk
1 Oct., chih,y ifjokj ds vlaxfBr {ks= esa dk;Z dj jgs izR;sd
• jk"Vªh; LokLF; chek ;kstuk 2007 O;fDr dks LokLF; chek nsuk
fd'kksjh l'kähdj.k dh dsUnzh; ;kstuk] ns'k ds 200 ftyksa
19 Nov.,
• tu'kkyk lcyk 2010
esa ykxw fd'kksfj;ksa ds LokLF; rFkk iks"k.k ls lEcfU/kr
;kstuk
27 Sept.
• LokoyEcu 2010
vlaxfBr {ks= ds fy, u;h is'a ku ;kstuk
1 April
• jktho xk¡/kh Ldhe Qkj ,sMksyslsUV xYlZ 2010 ls ICDS }kjk fØ;kfUor
ykxw
1 April
• efgyk Ñf"k l'kähdj.k ;kstuk 2010 ls us'kuy fyoyhgqM fe'ku dk ,d miHkkx
ykxw
• us'kuy :jy fyoyhgqM fe'ku 2009–10 SGSY dk u;k uke
• jktho vkokl ;kstuk (RAY) 2009–10 Lyeeqfä ls lEcfU/kr
• iz/kkuea=h vkn'kZ xzke ;kstuk 2009–10 vuqlfw pr tkfr cgqy xzke fodkl ;kstuk
xzkeh.k fdlku efgykvksa dh fof'k"V vko';drkvksa dh
• efgyk fdlku l'kähdj.k ;kstuk 2010–11
iwfrZ gsrq
2006 ls
'kq: ujsxk
dks 2 vDVw-
• egkRek xka/kh us'kuy :jy ,EIYok;esVa 2009 dks xzkeh.k {ks= esa jkstxkj dk vf/kdkj nsuk
xkjUVh izkx
s zke ¼eujsxk½ u;s uke
eujsxk ls
'kq:
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

Hkkjrh; Ñf"k • uhyh ØkfUr % eNyh mRiknu ds {ks= esa gqbZ izxfr dks
uhyh ØkfUr ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
• orZeku esa Ñf"k {ks= ns'k ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa 26% • xqykch ØkfUr % ekal O;kikj ds {ks= esa gqbZ izxfr dks
dk ;ksxnku djrk gSA 1950&51 esa ;g th- Mh- ih- dk xqykch ØkfUr ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
55.4% FkkA • lysVh ØkfUr % v.Ms mRiknu ds {ks= esa gqbZ izxfr dks
• Hkkjr esa Je 'kfDr dk yxHkx 65% Hkkx Ñf"k {ks= ls lysVh ØkfUr ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
thfodk ikrk gSA 2009&10 % 52% • Hkwjh ØkfUr % xSj&ijEijkxr bZ/a ku ds mRiknu ds {ks=
esa gqbZ ØkfUr Hkwjh ØkfUr ds :i esa tkuh tkrh gSA
• ;g cgq r fujk'kktud gS fd 1951&2001 ds nkS jku]
Ñf"k Jfedksa dk vuqikr 20% ls c<+d j 27% gks
x;k( tcfd Ñ"kdksa dh ek=k 50% ls ?kVdj 32%
Hkkjrh; foÙkh; iz.kkyh
gks xbZA Hkkjrh; foÙkh; iz.kkyh dks eq[;r% nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k
• Ñf"k ls izeq[k m|ksxksa dks dPpk eky feyrk gSA lwrh vkSj gSA ¼1½ eqnzk cktkj] ¼2½ iw¡th cktkj
eqnzk cktkj ds vUrxZr vYidkyhu izfrHkwfr;ksa esa
iVlu oL= m|ksx] phuh] pk;] ouLifr rFkk ckxku m|ksx]
O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ bldh vof/k 1 o"kZ ls de
;s lc Ñf"k ij fuHkZj gSAa gLrdj?kk cqukbZ] rsy fudkyuk] gksrh gS] tcfd iw¡th cktkj ds vUrxZr nh?kZdkyhu
pkoy dwVuk vkfn cgqr ls y?kq vkSj dqVhj m|ksxksa dks Hkh izfrHkwfr;ksa dk O;kikj fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ 3 o"kZ ls vf/kd
Ñf"k ls dPpk eky feyrk gSA 15 o"kZ ls deA
• fofuekZ.k&{ks= esa mRiuu vk; dk 50% bl {ks= ls vkrk gSA Hkkjrh; eqnzk cktkj dks laxfBr rFkk vlaxfBr nks {ks=ksa
esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA vlaxfBr ds vurxZr lsB] egktu]
• Hkkjr ls fu;kZr dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa esa eq[;r% Ñf"k lkgwdkj 'kkfey gS tcfd laxfBr {ks= ds vUrxZr RBI 'kh"kZ
oLrq,¡ glh gSAa ij dk;Z djrh gS rFkk blds lkFk&lkFk O;kikfjd cSd a o
• eksVs rkSj ij dqy fu;kZr esa Ñf"k oLrqvksa dk vuqikr xSj cSfa dax foÙkh; laLFkk,¡ (LIC, GIC) Hkh dk;Z djrs gSAa
yxHkx 15-20% gS rFkk Ñf"k ls cuh oLrqvksa dk vuqikr
20% gSA 1 o"kZ ls de 3&15 o"kZ
• Ñf"k Hkkjr dh ifjogu&O;oLFkk dk eq[; voyEc gS
'ks;j cktkj
D;ksfa d jsyos vkSj lM+d ekxZ dk vf/kdka'k O;kikj Ñf"k
oLrqvksa dks ykuk o ys tkuk gSA laxfBr vlaxfBr
lsB ns'kh _.k o fons'kh _.k
RBI va'ki= dk O;kikj
• vUrnsZ'kh; O;kikj dh oLrq,¡ Hkh eq[;r% Ñf"k oLrq,¡ gh CB lkgwdkj
gSAa NFBC psVV~ h ¼enzkl½
• vPNh Qly gksu s ij fdlkuksa dh Ø; 'kfDr c<+
tkrh gS ftlls m|ksx&fufeZr oLrqvksa dh ek¡x vkSj
Hkkjr esa izfrHkw
rHkwfr&eqnz.k ,oa flDdksa dk mRiknu
dhersa c<+ tkrh gS aA ifj.kker% m|ksxksa dh iz xfr (Printing of Securities and Minting in India)
gksus yxrh gS A
Hkkjr esa izfrHkwfr eqnz.k ,oa flDdksa dk mRiknu
• vesfjdk] :l vkSj phu ds ckn Hkkjr ldy moZjd
fuEufyf[kr LFkkuksa ij fd;k tkrk gS&
miHkkx esa fo'o esa pkSFkk LFkku j[krk gSA Nkis[kkus (Printing Press) :
• nqX/k mRiknu esa Hkkjr fo'o esa izFke LFkku ij gSA 1- bf.M;k flD;ksfjVh izsl] ukfld ¼egkjk"Vª½ % ukfld
• Hkkjr esa Ñf"k mRiknu esa i'kqikyu mRikn dk fgLlk jksM fLFkr Hkkjr izfrHkwfr eqnz.kky; (India Security
26% gSA Press) esa Mkd lEcU/kh ys[ku lkexzh] Mkd ,oa
mRiknu lEcfU/kr ØkfUr;k¡ Mkd fHkuu fVdVks]a vnkyrh ,oa xSj&vnkyrh
• gfjr ØkfUr % gfjr ØkfUr dk lEcU/k Ñf"k {ks= esa LVkEiks]a cSd
a ksa ¼RBI rFkk SBI½ ds psdks]a ckW.Mks]a
mRiknu rduhd ds lq/kkj ,oa Ñf"k mRikndrk esa o`f) jk"Vªh; cpr i=ks]a iksLVy vkWMZj] ikliksVZ] bfUnjk
djus ls gSA bl ØkfUr dk Js; eSfDldks ds MkW- ukWeZu fodkl i=ks]a fdlku fodkl i=ksa vkfn ds vykok
cksjykWx vkSj Hkkjr ds MkW- ,e- ,l- LokehukFku dks tkrk jkT; ljdkjks]a ljdkjh {ks= ds miØdks]a foÙkh;
gSA fuxeksa vkfn ds izfrHkwfr i=ksa dh NikbZ dh tkrh
• ihyh ØkfUr % [kk| rsyksa vkSj frygu Qlyksa ds gSA
mRiknu ds {ks= esa vuqlU/kku vkSj fodklA 2- flD;ksfjVh fizfUVax izsl] gSnjkckn % flD;ksfjVh
fizfUVax izsl] gSnjkckn dh LFkkiuk nf{k.k jkT;ksa dh
• 'osr ØkfUr % nw/k ds {ks= esa ØkfUr mRiUu djds Mkd ys[ku lkexzh dh ek¡xksa dks iwjk djus o iwjs
mRikndrk c<+kus ds dk;ZØeksa dks gh 'osr ØkfUr dk ns'k dh dsUnzh; mRikn 'kqYd LVkEi dh ek¡x dks
uke fn;k x;kA 'osr ØkfUr dh xfr dks vkSj rst iwjk djus ds fy, 1982 esa dh xbZ Fkh] rkfd Hkkjr
djus ds mís'; ls ^^vkijs'ku ¶yM** uked ;kstuk izfrHkwfr eqnz.kky;] ukfld jksM ds mRiknu dh
vkjEHk dh x;hA bl ØkfUr dk Js; Hkkjr ds MkW- vuqifw rZ dh tk ldsA
oxhZl dqfj;u dks tkrk gSA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

3- djsUlh izsl uksV] ukfld ¼egkjk"Vª½ % ukfld jksM Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd
a ds xouZj
fLFkr djsalh uksV izsl 10] 50] 100] 500 rFkk 1000
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd
a dh LFkkiuk 1935 esa gqbZ FkhA
pkyw o"kZ 2010 esa viuh LFkkiuk ds 75 o"kZ Hkkjr ds bl
#i, ds cSd a uksV Nkirh gS vkSj mudh iwfrZ djrh dsUnzh; cSda us iwjs fd, gSAa bu 75 o"kksZa esa dqy 22
gSA O;fDr;ksa us bl cSda ds loksZpp xouZj in dks lq'kksfHkr
fd;k gSA bu lHkh 22 O;fDr;ksa ds uke o vkjchvkbZ
4- cSda uksV izsl] nsokl ¼e/; izn's k½ % nsokl fLFkr xouZj ds :i esa mudk dk;Zdky fuEufyf[kr gS&
cSd
a uksV izsl 20 #i,] 50 #i,] 100 #i, vkSj
Ø- xouZj dk;Zdky
500 i, ds mPp ewY; oxZ ds uksV Nkirh gSA cSd a
1- lj vkslcksuZ fLeFk 1&4&35 ls 30&6&37
uksV izsl dk L;kgh dk dkj[kkuk izfrHkwfr i=ksa dh (Sir Osborne Smith)
L;kgh dk fuekZ.k Hkh djrk gSA 2- lj tsEl Vsyj (Sir 1&7&37 ls 17&2&43
James Taylor)
5- 'kkgcuh ¼i- ¼i- caxky½ rFkk eSlwj ¼dukZVd½ ds 3- lj lh- Mh- ns'keq[k 11&8&43 ls 30&6&49
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a uksV eqnz.k fyfeVsM % nks u, ,oa 4- lj csux s y jkekjkm 1&7&49 ls 14&1&57
vr;k/kqfud djsUlh uksV izsl eSlwj ¼dukZVd½ rFkk 5- ds- th- vacx s kodj 14&1&57 ls 28&2&57
6- ,p-oh-vkj- vk;axj 1&3&57 ls 28&2&62
lkYcksuh ¼i- caxky½ esa LFkkfir fd, x, gSAa ;gk¡
7- ih-lh- Hkêkpk;Z 1&3&62 ls 30&6&67
RBI ds fu;a=.k esa djsUlh uksV Nkis tkrs gSAa bu
8- ,y-ds- >k 1&7&67 ls 3&5&70
u, eqnz.kky;ksa esa 1998&99 rd 10]000 fefy;u 9- ch-,u- vnkjdj 4&5&70 ls 15&6&70
djsUlh uksVksa dk vfrfjDr okf"kZd eqnz.k dk vuqeku 10- ,l- txUukFku 16&6&70 ls 19&5&75
FkkA nsokl rFkk ukfld jksM fLFkr djsUlh uksV 11- ,u-lh- lsuxqIrk 19&5&75 ls 19&8&75
izslksa esa izfro"kZ 6000 fefy;u djsUlh uksVksa dk 12- ds-vkj- iqjh 20&8&75 ls 2&5&77
eqnz.k gksrk gSA 13- ,e- ujflage 2&5&77 ls 30&11&77
14- vkbZ- th- iVsy 1&12&77 ls 15&9&82
6 - flD;ksf jVh isi j fey] gks' kaxkckn ¼e/; iz ns' k½ % 15- MkW- eueksgu flag 16&9&82 ls 14&1&85
cS ad vkSj djsUlh uksV dkxt rFkk ukWu 16- ,- ?kks"k 15&1&85 ls 4&2&85
t;wfMf'k;y LVkEi isi j dh NikbZ esa iz ;ksx 17- vkj- ,u- eYgks=k 4&2&85 ls 22&12&90
gksus okys dkxt dk mRiknu djus ds fy, 18- ,l- osd a Vkje.ku 22&12&90 ls 21&12&90
flD;wfjVh isi j fey] gks'kaxkckn esa 1967&68 esa 19- MkW- lh- jaxjktu 22&12&92 ls 21&11&97
pkyw dh xbZ FkhA 20- MkW- fcey tkyku 22&12&97 ls 6&9&03
21- MkW- okbZ- oh- jsìh 6&9&03 ls 5&9&08
Vdlky 22- Mh- lqCckjko 5&9&08 ls vc rd
(Mints)
Hkkjr dks FDI esa 'kh"kZLFk ns'kksa dk fgLlk
flDdksa dk mRiknu djus rFkk lksu s vkS j pk¡ nh dh ¼vxLr 1991 ls ekpZ 2007 rd½
ij[k djus ,oa rexks a dk mRiknu djus ds fy, Hkkjr FDI vUrizZokg
ns'k izfr'kr
ljdkj dh pkj Vdlkys a eq E cbZ ] dksydkrk] gS njkckn jkf'k
rFkk uks, Mk es a fLFkr gS A eq E cbZ ] gS njkckn vkS j 1- ekWfj'kl 18146.81 41.24
2- la- jk- vejhdk 5893.99 12.78
dksydkrk dh Vdlkysa dkQh le; igys Øe'k% 1830]
3- ;w- ds- 3857.25 6.68
1903 vkS j 1950 esa LFkkfir dh xbZ Fkha] tcfd uks, Mk
4- uhnjyS.M 2637.86 5.97
dh Vdlky 1989 es a LFkkfir dh xbZ FkhA eq E cbZ rFkk
5- tkiku 2208.51 4.85
dksydkrk dh Vdlkyksa esa flDdksa ds vykok fofHkUu 6- teZuh 1701.63 3.68
iz d kj ds indks a ¼esM y½ dk Hkh mRiknu fd;k tkrk gS A 7- flaxkiqj 1628.18 3.67
uk,Mk dh Vdlky esa uohure e'khujh rFkk midj.k 8- Ýkal 895.44 1.96
gS a] ijUrq vU; rhuksa Vdlkyks a dh e'khusa dkQh iq jkuh 9- nf{k.kh dksfj;k 822.68 1.66
gS a] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i muds j[kj[kko ij dkQh 10- fLoV~tjyS.M 692.17 1.50
ykxr vkrh gS A dqy ¼vU; dks lfEefyr
54628.85
djrs gq,½
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

Hkkjrh; cSafdax O;oLFkk % ,d ifjp;
Hkkjr esa ,d vkSj laxfBr rFkk vk/kqfud cSfa dax laxBu rFkk nwljh vksj vlaxfBr cSfa dax {ks= dk lg&vfLrRo ik;k tkrk
gSA Hkkjr esa cSfa dax laxBu dh lajpuk dks fuEufyf[kr rkfydk ds }kjk le>k tk ldrk gS&
Hkkjrh; cSafdax O;oLFkk
laxfBr {ks= vlaxfBr {ks=
dsUnzh; cSd
a
¼Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd
a ½ ns'kh cSd
a lZ xzkeh.k lkgwdkj
egktu ¼iatkc½
O;kikfjd cSd
a {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd
a lgdkjh cSd
a
lkgwdkj ¼;w-ih-½
jkT; lgdkjh cSd
a
lkoZtfud O;kikfjd cSd
a futh O;kikfjd cSd
a lsB ¼ekjokM+½
dsUnzh; lgdkjh cSd
a
psVV~ h ¼enzkl½
Hkkjrh; LVsV cSd
a vU; izkFkfed lk[k lfefr;k¡
rFkk jk"Vªh;Ñr cSd
a
mlds lg;ksxh cSd a
ns'kh cSd
a fons'kh cSd
a
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd

a gS]a tks LFkkuh; eqíksa dk v/;;u djds dsUnzh; cksMZ dks
(Reserve Bank Of India) ijke'kZ nsrs gSAa izR;sd LFkkuh; cksMZ esa dsUnz ljdkj }kjk
fgYVu ;ax vk;ksx us Hkkjr esa 1926 bZ- esa izpfyr euksuhr ik¡p lnL; gksrs gSAa
ekSfnzd ,oa lk[k iz.kkyh esa lq/kkj dh vko';drk dks Li"V cSd
a ds izpyu rFkk cSfa dax foHkkx eqEcbZ] dksydkrk] t;iqj]
djrs gq, ,d dsUnzh; cSd a dh LFkkiuk djus dk lq>ko psUubZ] ubZ fnYyh] ck;[kyk ¼eqEcbZ½] caxykSj] ukxiqj rFkk dkuiqj
fn;kA vk;ksx dh flQkfj'kksa ds vk/kkj ij ljdkj us dsUnzh; esa fLFkr gSAa bldk ,d dk;kZy; yUnu esa Hkh gSA
cSd
a dh LFkkiuk gsrq ,d fcy 1927 bZ- esa fo/kku lHkk esa fjtoZ cSd
a ds izeq[k dk;Z
izLrqr fd;k] tks nqHkkZX;o'k ikfjr ugha gks ldkA iqu% 1930 Hkkjr dk dsUnzh; cSd a gksus ds dkj.k fjtoZ cSd a ds dk;Z
bZ- esa dsUnzh; cSfa dax tk¡p lfefr us dsUnzh; cSda dh LFkkiuk vR;Ur foLr`r gS]a ftUgsa nks oxksZa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS&
dh flQkfj'k dh] ftlds vk/kkj ij 8 flrEcj] 1933 dks (A) lkekU; dsUnzh; cSfa dax dk;Z % bloxZ ds vUrxZr
fo/kku lHkk esa ljdkj us fjtoZ cSd a vkWQ bafM;k fo/ks;d fuEu dk;ksZa dk lEiknu fjtoZ cSd a ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS&
izLrqr fd;k] ftls fo/kku lHkk us ikfjr dj fn;kA bl 1- djsUlh uksVksa dk fuxZeu
fo/ks;d ij 6 ekpZ] 1934 dks xouZj tujy }kjk gLrk{kj 2- ljdkjh cSd a j dk dke djuk
fd;s x;sA rRi'pkr~ 1 vizSy] 1935 dks 5 djksM+ #i, dh 3- cSda ksa ds cSd
a dk dk;Z djuk
va'k iw¡th ds lkFk ¼100 #i;s ds iw.kZr;k izkIr va'kksa ds lkFk½ 4- fons'kh fofue; dk fu;a=.k
bldh LFkkiuk dh xbZA 5- lk[k fu;a=.k (Credit Control)
izkjEHk esa ;g cSda va'k/kkfj;ksa ds cSd
a ds :i esa dk;Z 6- Ñf"k foÙk dh O;oLFkk djuk
djrk Fkk] ftldh yxHkx lkjh iwt a h futh va'k/kkfj;ksa dh (B) fodkl lEcU/kh ,oa izoru dk;Z % fjtoZ cSd a Hkkjr ds
FkhA 2,22,000 #i;s ds va'k gh ljdkj ds ikl FksA bl :i fodkl vkSj izorZu lEcU/kh vusd dk;ksZa dks lEikfnr djus esa
esa cSd
a us Lora=rk izkfIr ds le; rd dke fd;k] ijUrq 1 yxk gqvk gS] mnkgj.kkFkZ xzkeh.k rFkk fiNM+s {ks=ksa esa okf.kfT;d
tuojh] 1949 dks bldk jk"Vªh;dj.k dj fn;k x;kA rc ls cSd
a ksa dh uohu 'kk[kk,¡ [kqyokuk] yksxksa esa cpr dh vknr
;g dsUnz ljdkj ds LokfeRo esa gSA Myokuk] mUgsa xzkeh.k lkgwdkjksa o lwn[kksjksa ds paxqy ls vktkn
fjtoZ
fjtoZ cSd
a dk izcU/ku djkuk] Ñf"k gsrq laLFkkxr _.k miyC/k djkuk vkfnA cSadksa ds
fjtoZ cSda dk izcU/k vkSj lapkyu ,d chl lnL;h; tekdrkZvksa dks lqj{kk iznku djus ds mís'; ls 1962 bZ- esa
dsUnzh; funs'kd cksMZ djrk gS] ftlesa ,d xouZj] pkj ^thou chek fuxe* dh rFkk cprksa dks izkRs lkfgr djus gsrq 1964
mi&xouZj] Hkkjr ljdkj dsfoÙk ea=ky; dk ,d vf/kdkjh bZ- esa ^;wfuV VªLV vkWQ bafM;k* dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA Ñf"k ds
o ljdkj }kjk euksuhr nl funs'kd tks ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl gsrq lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ds fodkl dks izkRs lkfgr djus esa
thou ds egRoiw.kZ igyqvksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSa rFkk pkj fjtoZ cSd a dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA blh izdkj vkS|ksfxd
LFkkuh; cksMksZa dk izfrfu/kRo djus okys pkj funs'kd ¼dsUnz fodkl gsrq Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd foÙk fuxe vkSj jkT; foÙk fuxeksa]
ljdkj }kjk gh euksfur½ gksrs gSAa Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd fodkl cSad vkfn dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA bu
eqEcbZ fLFkr iz/kku dk;kZy; ds vykok fjtoZ cSd a ds lHkh fodkl dk;ksZa esa fjtoZ cSda dh Hkwfedk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ jgh
pkj LFkkuh; cksMZ eqEcbZ] dksydkrk] ubZ fnYyh vkSj psUubZ esa gSA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

R.B.I. ds izeq[k dk;Z % (ii) SLR : (Statury Liquidity Ratio) : RBIds
fu;ekuqlkj izR;sd okf.kfT;d cSd a viuh
¼1½ i= eqnzk dk fuxZeu % 2 #- ls ysdj 1 gtkj rd
izkjfEHkd tek dk 25–35% rd vius ikl j[k
ds eq[; lHkh uksV tkjh djus dk dk;Z RBI djrk gSA izkjEHk
ldrk gSA ftls RBI vko';drkuqlkj cnyrh
esa uksV tkjh djus dh iz.kkyh vuqikfrd dks"k iz.kkyh Fkh
vFkkZr~ 60% ewY; ljdkjh izfrHkwrh ;k #i;s esa rFkk 40% jgrh gSA orZeku esa bldh nj 25% gSA
lksus o fons'kh izfrHkwrh esAa vDrwcj 1956 ls U;wure~ dks"k uksV % 2008 esa bldh U;wure lhek Hkh lekir dj nh
iz.kkyh viukbZ xbZA blds vUrxZr 515 djksM+ dh izfrHkwfr xbZ vkSj bls ?kVk dj 24% dj fn;k x;k gSA
U;wure~ :i ls j[kuk gksxk ftlesa 400 djksM+ dh fons'kh vYi dkfyd _.k ds mik; %
izfrHkwfr;k¡ rFkk 115 djksM+ dk Lo.kZ j[kuk vfuok;Z gSA
orZeku esa ;gh iz.kkyh izpfyr gSA (1) Repo (Re Purchase Option) : tc Hkkjr ljdkj
¼2½ cSd a ksa dk cSd
a % ;g lHkh izdkj ds cSd
a ksa ij fu;U=.k vFkZO;oLFkk esa O;kIr eanh dks nwj djus ds fy,
djrk gS vkSj bUgsa vfUre :i ls _.k Hkh iznku djrk gSA vYidkyhu _.k yksxksa dks nsrh gS rks bls Repo dgk
tkrk gSA blls rjyrk esa o`f) gksrh gSA
¼3½ ljdkj dk cSd a % ;g dsUnz rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa ds
cSd
a j ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS rFkk dsUnz dks vYidkyhu (2) Reverse Repo : tc vFkZO;oLFkk ls eqnzk LQhfr dks de
_.k Hkh miyC/k djkrk gSA djuh gksrh gS rc og bldk mi;ksx djrh gSA nksuksa
fons'kh fofue; dks"k dk izcU/k Hkh djrk gSA ;g dsUnzh; dh njsa Øe'k% 6 vkSj 5% gSA
cSd
a ds lHkh fons'kh ysu&nsu dks Hkh fu;fer djrk gS vFkkZr Hkkjrh; #i;k % Hkkjrh; #i;k n'keyo iz.kkyh ij
fons'kh _.k ds lEcU/k esa ljdkj ds izfrfuf/k dk :i esa vk/kkfjr gSA 1957 ls iw.kZ #i;k ,dUuh] nwvUuh] poUuh ds
dk;Z djrk gSA vuqikr esa c¡Vk gksrk FkkA 1957&64 ds chp u, iSls esa cny
¼4½ lk[k fu;a=d (Credit Control) : x;kA 1964 ds i'pkr u;k iSlk&iSls esa cny x;kA 1 #i,
dh uksV fiRr ea=ky; }kjk tkjh dh tkrh gSA bl ij foÙk
lpho ds gLrk{kj gksrk gSA orZeku esa bls cUn dj fn;k
x;k gSA
Hkkjrh; okf.kfT;d cSd
a
ek=kRed (Quantitative) xq.kkRed (Qualitative) (Indian Commercial Banks)
uSfrd ncko bZ LV bafM;k dEiuh us Hkkjr esa cS afdax iz .kkyh dh
lk[k LohÑfr
ekftZu fu/kkZj.k uhao MkyhA Hkkjr esa iz Fke fefJr iwath cSad ^cSad vkWQ
cSd
a nj [kqys cktkj dh fØ;k,¡
fgUnqLrku* Fkk] ftldk izc U/ku fczfV'k gkFkksa esa FkkA
ifjorZuh; dks"k vuqikr ekftZuy LVSfa Max QSflyhVh (MSF) izFke iw.kZ r;k Hkkjrh; fefJr cS ad ^vo/k okf.kfT;d cS ad *
Fkk] ftldh LFkkiuk 1881 bZ- esa gqbZ FkhA 1894 bZ- esa
îatkc us'kuy cSad* vkSj 1901 bZ- esa îhiqYl cS ad * dh
CRR SLR Repo - Reverse Repo
¼uxn dks"k vuqikr½ ¼oS/kkfud dks"k vuqikr½ LFkkiuk gqbZ A 1913 bZ - rd 5 yk[k #i;s ;k blls
vf/kd iw¡th okys cS adksa dh la[ ;k flQZ 18 FkhA 1921 bZ-
fjtoZ cSd a vkWQ bf.M;k vFkZO;oLFkk esa O;kIr eanh ;k esa orZ eku rhuksa iz slhMsalh cS adksa dk foy; djds
eqnzk LQhfr dks nwj djus ds fy, lk[k fu;a=.k dh fØ;k ^bEihfj;y cS ad * dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA Lora=rk iwoZ
viukrh gS bls gh lk[k fu;a=.k ds ekSfnzd mik; Hkh dgrs cS afdax O;oLFkk esa dkQh vLFkkf;Ro Fkk vkS j vusd cSad
gS&a vlQy gks x;s Fks] tSl s& cS ad vkWQ vij baf M;k]
ifjek.kkRed mik; % ,yk;al cS ad vkWQ f'keyk] Vªo udksj us'kuy vkSj Dohuy
cS ad vkfnA
¼1½ cSd a nj % cSd a nj og nj gS ftl nj ij dsUnzh; Hkkjr esa okf.kfT;d cSd a ksa dks nks oxksZa esa oxhZÑr fd;k
cSd
a O;olkf;d cSd a ksa dks m/kkj ;k _.k nsrk gSA blh dks tk ldrk gS& 1- vuqlfw pr cSd a vkSj 2- xSj&vuqlfw pr cSd a A
fcyksa dh iwujdVkSrh Hkh dgrs gSAa bldh orZeku nj 6% gSa vuqlfw pr cSd a os gS]a ftudk uke fjtoZ cSd a dh f}rh;
eqnzk LQhfr ds fnuksa esa bls c<=k fn;k tkrk gS rks eanh ds vuqlp w h esa mUgha cSd
a ksa ds uke iathÑr gksrs gS]a ftudh pqdrk
nkSj esa bls ?kVk fn;k tkrk gSA iwt
a h vkSj dqy tek feykdj ik¡p yk[k #i;s ls vf/kd gSA
¼2½ [kqys cktkj dh fØ;k,¡ % RBI blds vUrxZr bu cSd a ksa dks viuh dqy ek¡x ns;rkvksa rFkk lkof/k ns;rkvksa
izfrHkwfr;ksa esa O;kikj djrh gSa vFkkZr~ tc eqnzk LQhfr dh dk 3% Hkkx fjtoZ cSd a ds ikl udn dks"k ds :i esa tek
fLFkfr gksxh rc og izfrHkwfr;ksa dks cspx s hA blds foijhr djuk iM+rk gSA fjtoZ cSd a dks bl udn dks"k dks 15% rd
eanh ds fnuksa esa izfrHkwfr;ksa dks [kjhn ysrh gSA djus dk vf/kdkj izkIr gSA lkFk gh] ;s cSd a viuk
¼3½ ifjorZuh; dks"k vuqikr % lk[k fu;a=.k ds ys[kk&tks[kk gj lIrkg fjtoZ cSd a ds le{k izLrqr djrs gSAa
lokZf/kd mi;qZDr mik; blh esa 'kkfey gSA ik¡p yk[k ls de pqdrk iwt a h vkSj tek j[kus okys cSd a
(i) CRR : RBI ds fu;ekuqlkj izR;sd okf.kfT;d xSj&vuqlfw pr cSd a dgykrs gS]a ftu ij fjtoZ cSd a dk dksbZ
a viuh izkjfEHkd tek dk 3 ls 15% rd
cSd egRoiw.kZ fu;a=.k ugha gksrkA bu cSd a ksa dks viuk
RBI ds ikl j[krk gSA RBI vFkZO;oLFkk dh ys[kk&tks[kk izR;sd egk fjtoZ cSd a ds lkeus izLrqr djuk
fLFkfr ds vuqlkj bls ?kVk&c<+k ldrh gSA gksrk gSA bUgsa Hkh vius dqy tek dk ,d fuf'pr Hkkx fjtoZ
orZeku esa bldh nj 6% gSA cSd
a ds ikl j[kuk gksrk gSA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

Hkkjrh; LVsV cSd
a
LVsV cSd
a vkWQ eSlwj
iwoZ uke % cSda vkWQ dydÙkk ¼1806 bZ-½] cSd a vkWQ
caxky ¼1809 bZ-½ vkSj baihfj;y cSad vkWQ bafM;k ¼1921 bZ-½A iwoZ uke % cSd
a vkWQ eSlwj fyfeVsMA
LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1806 bZ-A LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1913 bZ-A
laLFkkid % ,e- fo'os'ojS;kA
laLFkkid % caxky ljdkjA jk"Vªh;dj.k % 1959 bZ-A
jk"Vªh;dj.k % 1955 bZ-A iz/kku dk;kZ
dk;kZy; % caxykSj ¼dukZVd½A
iz/kku dk;kZy; % eqca bZ ¼egkjk"Vª½A fgLlsnkjh % 92.33% ¼,l-ch-vkbZ-½A
fgLlsnkjh % 59.73% ¼vkj- ch- vkbZ-½A LVsV cSd
a vkWQ ifV;kyk
ifjlaifÙk % 4812 djksM+ #i;sA
iwoZ uke % ifV;kyk LVsV cSda A
1 tuojh] 1949 dks fjtoZ cSd a ds jk"Vªh;dj.k ds lkFk LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1917 bZ-A
gh ^cSfa dax fu;eu vf/kfu;e* ikfjr fd;k x;k] ftlds laLFkkid % egkjktk Hkwfianj flagA
}kjkHkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a dks okf.kfT;d cSda ksa ij fu;a=.k j[kus jk"Vªh;dj.k % 1959 bZ-A
dk foLr`r vf/kdkj izkIr gks x;kA ;|fi xzkeh.k cSfa dax iz/kku dk;kZy; % ifV;kyk ¼iatkc½A
tk¡kp lfefr ¼1950 bZ-½ bEihfj;y cSd a ds jk"Vªh;dj.k ds fgLlsnkjh % 100% ¼,l-ch-vkbZ-½A
i{k esa ugha Fkh] ij vf[ky Hkkjrh; lk[k losZ{k.k lfefr
¼1952 bZ-½ us bEihfj;y cSd a ds lkFk dqN jkT;&lEc) cSd a ksa LVsV cSd
a vkWQ Vªsous dksj
dks feykdj ^LVsV cSd a vkWQ bf.M;k* dh LFkkiuk dh laLrqfr iwoZ uke % Vªsous dksj cSd
a fyfeVsMA
dhA QyLo:i 1 tqykbZ] 1955 ls bEihfj;y cSd a dh lHkh LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1945 bZ-A
lEifÙk;ksa rFkk nsunkfj;ksa dks vf/kxzg.k djds Hkkjrh; LVsV jk"Vªh;dj.k % 1959 bZ-A
cSd
a us dk;Z djuk 'kq: fd;kA iz/kku dk;kZy; % f=osna ze ¼dsjy½A
lkoZtfud {ks= esa nks izdkj dh cSd a dk;Zjr~ gS& a 1- fgLlsnkjh % 75% ¼,l-ch-vkbZ-½A
Hkkjrh; LVsV cSd a lewg rFkk 2- vU; jk"Vªh;Ñr cSd a Asa
O;kikfjd cSd a oxZ ds vurxZr lkoZtfud {ks= esa Hkkjrh; vU; jk"Vªh;Ñr cSd
a
LVsV cSd a 'kh"kZ LFkku dh cSda gSA twu] 2006 ds vUr esa LVsV
cSd
a lewg dh 13501 'kk[kk,¡ dk;Z dj jgha FkhA orZeku bykgkckn cSd
a
le; esa ^Hkkjrh; LVsV cSd a * lewg dh 15000 ls Hkh vf/kd LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1865 bZ-A
'kk[kk gks pqds gSAa vHkh ,l-ch-vkbZ- ns'k dk lcls cM+k cSd a jk"Vªh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A
rFkk 'kk[kkvksa dh la[;k dh n`f"V ls fo'o dk lcls cM+k iz/kku dk;kZy; % dksydkrk ¼if'pe caxky½A
cSd
a gSA fgLlsnkjh % 55.23% ¼dsUnz ljdkj½A
SBI ds jk"Vªh;dj.k ds ckn 1959 bZ- esa blds lkFk vU;
8 cSda ksa ¼orZeku esa dsoy 5½ dks SBI ds lgk;d cSd a vka/kzk cSd
a
(Associate Bank) ds :i esa cny fn;k x;k Fkk vkSj bls
LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1923 bZ-A
^LVsV cSd a lewg* (State Bank Group) dk uke fn;k x;kA laLFkkid % MkW- ch- iêkfHk lhrkjeS;kA
24 tqykbZ] 2008 dks LVsV cSd a vkWQ lkSjk"Vª ,oa 26 vxLr] jk"Vªh;dj.k % 15 vizSy] 1980A
2010 dks LVsV cSd a vkWQ bankSj dks Hkkjrh; LVsV cSd a esa iz/kku dk;kZy; % gSnjkckn ¼vkU/kz izn's k½A
foy; dj fn;k x;kA bl izdkj orZeku esa Hkkjrh; LVsV fgLlsnkjh % 62.50% ¼dsna z ljdkj½
cSd
a ds lgk;d ¼LVsV cSd a ,lksfl,V~l½ ik¡p cSd a ifjlaifÙk % 48 djksM+ #i;sA
fuEufyf[kr gS& a
cSd
a vkWQ cM+kSnk
LVsV cSd
a vkWQ chdkusj ,aM t;iqj
LFkkiuk o"kZ % 15 tqykbZ] 1908 bZ-A
iwoZ uke % n xksfoan cSd a izkbosV fyfeVsMA laLFkkid % egkjktk l;kthjko&III
jk"Vªh;dj.k % 1959 bZ-A jk"Vªh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A
iz/kku dk;kZy; % t;iqj ¼jktLFkku½A iz/kku dk;kZy; % eqEcbZ ¼egkjk"Vª½A
fgLlsnkjh % 75% ¼,l-ch-vkbZ-½A fgLlsnkjh % 66.83% ¼dsna z ljdkj½A
uksV % 1955 bZ- esa chdkusj vkSj t;iqj ds vyx&vyx ifjlaifÙk % 619 djksM+ #i;sA
LVsV cSda Fks] ftUgsa ckn esa feykdj ,d dj fn;k x;kA
cSd
a vkWQ bafM;k
LVsV cSd
a vkWQ gSnjkckn
iwoZ uke % gSnjkckn LVsV cSd
a A laLFkkid % eqca bZ ds O;kikfj;ksa dk lewgA
LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1941 bZ-A jk"Vªh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A
jk"Vªh;dj.k % 1959 bZ-A iz/kku dk;kZy; % eqca bZ ¼egkjk"Vª½A
iz/kku dk;kZy; % gSnjkckn ¼vka/kz izn's k½A fgLlsnkjh % 69.47% ¼dsna z ljdkj½A
fgLlsnkjh % 100% ¼,l-ch-vkbZ-½A ifjlaifÙk % 1554 djksM+ #i;sA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

cSd
a vkWQ egkjk"Vª vksfj,aVy cSd
a vkWQ dkWelZ
LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1935 bZ-A LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1943 bZ- ¼ykgkSj½A
jk"Vªh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A laLFkkid % jkecgknqj ykyk lksgu ykyA
iz/kku dk;kZy; % iq.ks ¼egkjk"Vª½A jk"Vªh;dj.k % 15 vizSy] 1980A
fgLlsnkjh % 76.77% ¼dsna z ljdkj½A iz/kku dk;kZy; % dukWV Iysl] ubZ fnYyhA
ifjlaifÙk % 280 djksM+ #i;sA fgLlsnkjh % 66.5% ¼Hkkjr ljdkj½A
dsujk cSd
a
iatkc ,aM fla/k cSd
a
iwoZ uke % dsujk cSd
a fganw ijekusVa QaMA LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1908 bZ-A
LFkkiuk
LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1906 bZ-A jk"Vªh;dj.k % 15 vizSy] 1980A
laLFkkid % ,- lqCckjko ikbZA iz/kku dk;kZy; % jktsUnz Iysl] ubZ fnYyhA
jk"Vªh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A
iz/kku dk;kZy; % caxykSj ¼dukZVd½A iatkc us'kuy
'kuy cSd
a
fgLlsnkjh % 73.17% ¼dsna z ljdkj½A LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1895 bZ- ¼ykgkSj½A
ifjlaifÙk % 1125 djksM+ #i;sA jk"Vªh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A
iz/kku dk;kZy; % Hkhdkth dkek Iysl] ubZ fnYyhA
lsVa ªy cSd
a vkWQ bafM;k fgLlsnkjh % 57.79% ¼Hkkjr ljdkj½A
LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1911 bZ-A ifjlaifÙk % 119 djksM+ #i;sA
laLFkkid % lksjkCth iksP[kkuokykA
jk"Vªh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A flafMdsV cSd
a
iz/kku dk;kZy; % eqca bZ ¼egkjk"Vª½A LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1925 bZ-A
ifjlaifÙk % 814 djksM+ #i;sA laLFkkid % ;w-,l- ikbZ] oeu dqok ,oa Vh-,e-,- ikbZA
jk"Vªh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A
dkWiksZj's ku cSd
a iz/kku dk;kZy; % ef.kiky ¼dukZVd½A
fgLlsnkjh % 73.52% ¼Hkkjr ljdkj½A
LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1906 bZ-A ifjlaifÙk % 425 djksM+ #i;sA
jk"Vªh;dj.k % 15 vizSy] 1980A
iz/kku dk;kZy; % eaxykSj ¼dukZVd½A ;wdks cSd
a
fgLlsnkjh % 57.17% ¼dsna z ljdkj½A iwoZ uke % ;wukbVsM dkWef'kZ;y cSd
a fyfeVsMA
ifjlaifÙk % 206-8 djksM+ #i;sA LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1943 bZ-A
jk"Vªh;dj.k
;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A
nsuk cSd
a iz/kku dk;kZy; % dksydkrk ¼if'pe caxky½A
fgLlsnkjh % 74.98% ¼Hkkjr ljdkj½A
iwoZ uke % nsodj.k ukUth cSfa dax dEiuh fyfeVsMA
laLFkkid % izk.k yky nsodj.k ukUthA ;wfu;u cSd
a vkWQ bafM;k
jk"Vªh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1919 bZ-A
iz/kku dk;kZy; % eqca bZ ¼egkjk"Vª½A jk"Vªh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A
fgLlsnkjh % 51.19% ¼dsna z ljdkj½A iz/kku dk;kZy; % eqca bZ ¼egkjk"Vª½A
ifjlaifÙk % 591 djksM+ #i;sA fgLls
fgLlns kjh % 60.85% ¼dsna z ljdkj½A
bafM;u cSd
a ;wukbVsM cSd
a vkWQ bafM;k
LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1907 bZ-A iwoZ uke % ;wukbVsM cSd
a vkWQ bafM;k fyfeVsMA
jk"Vªh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1950 bZ-A
iz/kku dk;kZy; % psUubZ ¼rfeyukMq½A jk"Vªh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A
ifjlaifÙk % 418 djksM+ #i;sA iz/kku dk;kZy; % dksydkrk ¼i- caxky½A
bafM;u vksojlht cSd
a
fot;k cSd
a
LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1937 bZ-A LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1931 bZ-A
laLFkkid % ,e- fpnacje~ psfÙk;kjA laLFkkid % ,- ch- 'ksêhA
jk"Vªh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A jk"Vªh;dj.k % 15 vizSy] 1980 bZ-A
iz/kku dk;kZy; % psUubZ ¼rfeyukMq½A iz/kku dk;kZy; % caxykSj ¼dukZVd½A
fgLlsnkjh % 75% ¼Hkkjr ljdkj½A fgLlsnkjh % 53.87% ¼dsUnz ljdkj½A
ifjlaifÙk % 319 djksM+ #i;sA ifjlaifÙk % 77-5 djksM+ #i;sA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

okf.kfT;d cSd
a ksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k cSd
a dk uke iz/kku dk;kZy;
1- vkU/kz cSd a gSnjkckn
igys futh cSd a sa vius /ku dh lqj{kk vkSj ykHk dh n`f"V 2- iatkc ,.M fla/k cSd a ubZ fnYyh
ls dsoy cM+s m|ksxifr;ksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa dks gh _.k fn;k 3- vksfj,.Vy cSd a vkWQ dkWelZ ubZ fnYyh
djrh FkhaA Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd mUufr dh n`f"V ls ,oa ns'k dh 4- fot;k cSd a caxykSj
xjhch nwj djus ds fopkj ls ;g vko';d le>k x;k fd 5- dkWiksZj's ku cSd
a eaxykSj
detksj oxksZa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk nh tk,A vr% cSd a ksa dh 6- U;w cSda vkWQ bf.M;k ----------------
_.k uhfr esa ifjorZu vko';d FkkA ;g lkspk x;k fd
detksj oxksZa dks fcuk izfrHkwfr ds _.k nsus dh O;oLFkk dh uksV % orZeku esa jk"Vªh;Ñr O;kikfjd cSd
a ksa dh dqy
tk,A futh {ks= esa ,slk djuk lEHko ugha FkkA vr% ,slh la[;k 20 ls ?kVdj 19 jg xbZ gS] D;ksfa d 4 flrEcj] 1993
fLFkfr esa cSd
a ksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k vko';d gks x;k FkkA dks ljdkj us Û;w cSd
a vkWQ bf.M;k* dk iatkc us'kuy cSd a
esa foy; dj fn;k gSA
blh ls lEc) vU; mís'; Hkh Fks] tSl& s cSda ksa dh
'kk[kk,¡ izk;% 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa gh FkhaA xk¡oksa vkSj dLcksa esa cSda ksa 11 vDVwcj] 2004 esa Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd fodkl cSd a
dh 'kk[kk,¡ LFkkfir djuk vko';d Fkk] lkFk gh xzkeh.k {ks=ksa (IDBI) dk jk"Vªh;dj.k dj nsus ds mijkUr jk"Vªh;Ñr cSd a ksa
ls /kujkf'k ,d= djus ds fy, rFkk cSd a ksa dk {ks= c<+kus ds dh la[;k iqu% orZeku esa 20 gks xbZ gSA
fy, mudks xzkeh.k turk ds fudV ys tkuk vko';d FkkA
;g futh {ks= esa lEHko ugha FkkA futh cSd
a ksa dk lkoZtfud {ks= ds cSd
a ksksa esa foy;
cSd
a sa de&ls&de tksf[ke dk dke djrh FkhaA bl ftlesa foy; fd;k
dkj.k Ñf"k ,oa y?kq m|ksxksa dh lgk;rk djus ds fy, Ø- futh {ks= ds cSd
a
x;k
mudk jk"Vªh;dj.k vko';d gks x;k FkkA cSd a ksa ij
iw¡thifr;ksa dk izHkko Fkk] os cSd a ksa ds }kjk vuqfpr :i ls 1- cSd
a vkWQ dksphu LVsV cSd
a vkWQ bf.M;k
ykHkkfUor gks jgs Fks vkSj lkekU; tuksi;ksxh fgrksa dh vis{kk
gks jgh FkhA 2- y{eh dkWef'kZ;y cSd
a dsujk cSd
a
vr% cSd a ksa dks jk"Vªh; fu;kstu dh eq[; /kkjk esa tksMu+ s 3- cSd
a vkWQ fcgkj LVsV cSd
a vkWQ bf.M;k
ds mís'; ls ljdkj us 19 tqykbZ] 1969 dks 14 cM+s 4- fgUnqLrku dkWef'kZ;y cSd
a iatkc us'kuy cSd
a
O;kikfjd cSd a ks]a ftudh tek,¡ 50 djksM+ #i;s ls vf/kd Fkh]
dk jk"Vªh;dj.k dj fn;kA ;s cSd a fuEufyf[kr Fks& 5- fejkt LVsV cSd
a ;wfu;u cSd
a vkWQ
cSd
a dk uke iz/kku dk;kZy; bf.M;k
1- lsVa ªy cSd
a vkWQ bf.M;k eqEcbZ 6- VsªMlZ cSd
a cSd
a vkWQ cM+kSnk
2- iatkc us'kuy cSd a ubZ fnYyh 7- cSd
a vkWQ ØsfMV dkWelZ LVsV cSd
a vkWQ bf.M;k
3- cSda vkWQ bf.M;k eqEcbZ
8- cSd
a vkWQ rfeyukMq bf.M;u vksojlht cSd
a
4- ;wukbVsM dkWef'kZ;y cSd a dksydkrk
5- fl.MhdsV cSd a ef.kiky 9- ratkoqj cSd
a bf.M;u cSd
a
6- dsujk cSd a caxykSj 10- ik:y lsVa ªy cSd
a cSd
a vkWQ bf.M;k
7- cSda vkWQ cM+kSnk eqEcbZ 11- ;wukbVsM b.MfLVª;y cSd
a bykgkckn cSd
a
8- nsuk cSda eqEcbZ
12- iwokZp
a y cSd
a ls.Vªy cSd
a vkWQ
9- bykgkckn cSd a dksydkrk
bf.M;k
10- bf.M;u cSd a psUubZ
11- bf.M;u vksojlht cSd a psUubZ 13- cSd
a vkWQ djM+ cSd
a vkWQ bf.M;k
12- cSda vkWQ egkjk"Vª iq.ks 14- cjsyh dkWjiksj's ku cSd
a cSd
a vkWQ cM+kSnk
13- ;wukbVsM cSd a vkWQ bf.M;k dksydkrk 15- flfDde cSd
a ;wfu;u cSd
a vkWQ
14- ;wfu;u cSd a vkWQ bf.M;k eqEcbZ dkWelZ
u;s chl&lw=h; dk;ZØe dks xfr nsus ds fy, rFkk 16- cukjl LVsV cSd
a cSd
a vkWQ cM+kSnk
izkFkfed {ks= (Priority Sector) dks _.k nsus ds fy,
vfrfjDr /ku dh vko';drk FkhA vr% iqu% 15 vizSy] 1980 17- iatkc dksvkWijsfVo cSd
a vksfj,.Vy cSd
a vkWQ
dks ljdkj us 6 cM+s O;kikfjd cSd a ks]a ftudh tek,¡ 200 dkWelZ
djksM+ #i;s ls vf/kd Fkh] dk jk"Vªh;dj.k dj fn;kA bu N% 18- nksvkc cSd
a cSd
a vkWQ cM+kSnk
cSd
a ksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k dj nsus ls ljdkj dks 945 djksM+
#i;s dh /kujkf'k rRdky miyC/k gks xbZA blds lkFk gh 19- usnquxM+h cSd
a iatkc us'kuy cSd
a
;g ckr Hkhlkeus Fkh fd ljdkj cSd a dh _.k&uhfr ij 20- Xykscy VªLV cSd
a vksfj,.Vy cSd
a vkWQ
vf/kd izHkko'kkyh fu;U=.k dj ldsxhA ;s u;s jk"Vªh;Ñr dkWelZ
cSd
a Fks&
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

{ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd
a Hkkjr ds O;olkf;d cS ad % O;kolkf;d cS ad os cS ad
(Regional Rural Banks) gS a tks turk ls cpr dks tek ds :i esa Lohdkj djrs
gS a vksj mUgsa vYidkyhu _.k miyC/k djrk gSA mudk
cSd
a ksa ds jk"Vªh;dj.k ds i'pkr~ Hkh okf.kfT;d cSd a ksa dh eq[ ; mís'; vius ykHk dks vf/kdre djuk gSA ;s
igq¡p xzkeh.k Lrj rd ugha gks ik;hA xzkeh.k {ks= cSfa dax O;olkf;d cS ad 3 :iksa esa [kkrk [kksy djds turk dh
lqfo/kkvksa ls oafpr gh jgsA fo'ks"kdj Ñf"k {ks= dks cSd a ks dk cpr dks Lohdkjrs gSaA
cgqr de ykHk izkIr gqvkA Ñf"k ,oa xzkeh.k dkjhxjksa dks
vkfFkZd lgk;rk igq¡pkus rFkk mudhcprksa dks mi;qDr vk/kkj ¼1½ pkyw [kkrk % blds vUrxZr ;s tek ij dksbZ C;kt
nsus ds mís'; ls vkj- th- lqj; S k dh v/;{krk esa ,d vk;ksx ugha nsrs gSa cpr [kkrk /kkjd izfrfnu viuh
xfBr fd;k x;k ftlus tuojh] 1972 esa viuh fjiksVZ izLrqr vko';drkuqlkj dbZ ckj ysu&nsu dj ldrk gSA cSd a bl
dh] ftlesa vk;ksx us xzkeh.k cSd a dh ladYiuk izLrqr dhA ij lqfo/kk pktZ yxk ldrk gSA
QyLo:i Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k lk[k dh deh dks nwj djus ds ¼2½ cpr [kkrk % [kkrk /kkjd lIrkg esa 2 ls 3 ckj
mís'; ls ljdkj us 26 flrEcj] 1975 dks ,d v/;kns'k rd gh iSls fudky ldrk gS rFkk tek dbZ ckj dj ldrk
}kjk ns'kHkj esa ^{ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd a * (RRB) dh ?kks"k.kk dhA gSA bl 'krZ ds ikyudrkZ dks cSd a 3.5% rc okf"kZd C;kt
ns'k esa 2 vDVwcj] 1975 dks ik¡p {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd a LFkkfir nsrh gSA
fd;s x;s&
1- eqjknkckn ¼mÙkj izn's k½ & fl.MhdsV cSd a ¼3½ fe;knh [kkrk (Time Deposit) : bldks Fix
2- xksj[kiqj ¼mÙkj izn's k½ & LVsV cSd a vkWQ bf.M;k Deposit Hkh dgrs gSAa blds vUrxZr [kkr /kkjd viuh
3- fHkokuh ¼gfj;k.kk½ & iatkc us'kuy cSd a /kujkf'k dks LosPNkuqlkj fuf'pr vof/k ds fy, dj nsrk gSA
4- t;iqj ¼jktLFkku½ & ;wukbVsM dkWef'kZ;y cSd a ftl ij le;kuqlkj fuf'pr C;kt nj feyrh gSA
5- ekYnk ¼if'pe caxky½ & ;wukbVsM cSd a vkWQ bf.M;k O;kikfjd cSd a % O;kolkf;d cSda ksa esa lcls cM+k cSd
a SBI
izR;sd {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd a dh vf/kÑr iwt ¡ h (Authorised gSa bldh LFkkiuk vf[ky Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k lk[k losZ{k.k
Capital) 1 djksM+ #i;s vkSj tkjh vkSj pqdrk iwt ¡ h (Issued and lfefr ¼1952½ ftls eks[kkyk lfefr Hkh dgrs gSAa blus
Paid up Capital) 25 yk[k #i;s FkhA {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd a dh bEihfj;y cSd a dks jk"Vªh;Ñr djus dk lq>ko fn;k FkkA
fgLlk iwt ¡ h esa dsUnzh; ljdkj }kjk 50%, jkT; ljdkj }kjk blh ds vk/kkj ij 1 tqykbZ] 1955 esa bEihfj;y cSd a dk
15% rFkk yhM cSd a }kjk 35% dk ;ksxnku fn;k tkrk gSA jk"Vª;dj.k djds bldk uke Hkkjrh; LVsV cSd a dj fn;k
bu cSd a ksa }kjk miyC/k djk;h x;h lk[k lqfo/kk dk x;kA
75% xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds detksj oxksZa dks miyC/k djk;h tkrh
gSA 1 twu] 1996 rd ns'k esa bu cSd a ksa dh 19516 'kk[kk,¡ Fkh ukckMZ NABARD (National Bank of Agriculture and
rFkk ns'k ds 389 ftyksa esa budk QSyko gSA {ks=h; xzkeh.k Rural Development) : LFkkiuk % 12 tqykbZ] 1982 esa dh xbZ
cSd
a flfDde vkSj xksok dks NksMd + j ns'k ds lHkh jkT;ksa esa ;g cSd a xzkeh.k fodkl ds fy, _.k nsrk gS vkSj RBI ds
dk;Zjr~ gSAa vHkh ns'k esa dqy 82 {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd a gSAa bu fu;a=.k esa dk;Z djrk gSA
cSd
a ksa us 7500 djksM+ #i;s okf"kZd lk[k lqfo/kk miyC/k djk;s 'kk[kk cS afdax % ,dkdh LokfeRo ,oa laLFkk ds
gSAa vUrxZr nks ;k nks ls vf/kd cSafdax 'kk[kk,a blds vUnj
lgdkjh _.k lfefr;k¡ % lgdkjh foÙk izc/a k xzke _.k dk;Z djrh gS aA 'kk[kk cS ad vkWLVªsf y;k] dukMk rFkk
dk lcls lLrk vkSj mÙke lzksr gSA blesa fdlkuksa ds 'kks"k.k bf.M;k esa izpfyr gS aA
dk Hk; ugha jgrkA blds }kjk vYidkyhu vkSj e/;dkyhu bdkbZ cSd a % ,d dk;kZy; esa fLFkr cSfa dax iz.kkyh gS ;g
_.k miyC/k djk;s tkrs gSAa bu lfefr;ksa }kjk 1981 bZ- esa
U.S.A. esa izpfyr gSA
Ñf"k {ks= esa dqy vko';drk dk 33% _.k tqVk;k x;k]
tcfd 1951&52 esa ;g vuqikr dsoy 3% FkkA ;s lfefr;k¡ loZ O;kih cSfa dax % tc okf.kfT;d cSd a lkekU; cSfa dax
86 izfr'kr xk¡oksa esa QSyh gqbZ gSAa fØ;kvksa ds lkFk&lkFk vkS|ksfxd bZdkbZ;ksa dks nh?kZdkyhu
ns'kh cSda j % xzkeh.k vkSj dLckbZ {ks=ksa esa nks izdkj ds _.k miyC/k djk, rc bl izdkj ds cSd a dks loZO;kih cSd a
ns'kh cSd a j gksrs gSAa izFke izdkj ds cSd a j] cSfa dax dk;Z djus dgrs gSAa
ds lkFk&lkFk Ñf"k] O;kikj rFkk vU; dk;Z Hkh djrs gSAa dksj cSfa dax (CORE BANKING) : tc dqN cSd a ksa dh
nwljh Js.kh esa os cSd a j gS]a ftudk cSfa dax O;olk; gh eq[; lsok,¡ vkil esa usV ds ek/;e ls tqM= dj ,d gks tkrh gSa
is'kk gSA buds _.k nsus dh iz.kkyh vR;ar ljy gS] ;s blh dks baVjusV cSd a ;k E-Banking Hkh dgrs gSAa blds
mRiknd vkSj vuqRiknd nksuka izdkj ds _.k nsrs gSAa budk vurxZr fdlh vU; cSd a dk xzkgd vU; esa Q.M dks tek
vius xzkgdksa ls izR;{k O;fDrxr lac/a k gksrk gSA blesa dj ;k fudyk ldrk gSA
lkekU;r% C;kt dh nj vis{kr% vf/kd gksrk gSA 1951&52 esa
tgk¡ buds }kjk dqy xzkeh.k _.k dk 70 izfr'kr miyC/k Free Banking : ,d ,slh O;oLFkk ftlesa uksV fuxZeu
djk;k tkrk Fkk] ogha o"kZ 1991 rd budk Hkkx fxjdj dk dk;Z dsUnzh; cSd a ds ikl ugha gksrk gS cfYd lHkh cSd a ksa
17.6% gks x;kA dks bldk vf/kdkj izkIr gksrk gSA
O;olkf;d cSd a % Hkkjr dk igyk cSd a tks Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk uksV % LVsV cSda lewg dh la[;k 7 ls ?kVdj 6 gks xbZ
lapkfyr FkkA 1881 esa vo/k dkef'kZ;y cSd a ds uke ls D;ksfa d State Bank of Indore dk foy; Hkkjrh; SB esa dj
[kksyk x;kA ;g Hkkjrh;ksa ds izfr lhfer nkf;Ro dkk cSd a fn;k x;k blds igys lkSjk"Vª cSd a dk foy; SBI esa dj
FkkA tcfd iw.kZrk Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk lapkfyr cSd a iatkc us'kuy fn;k x;kA
cSd
a ¼1894½ FkkA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

Credit Card & Debit Card : Credit Card m/kkj nsus a ksa dh 'kk[kk,a ¼30 twu] 2009 dh fLFkfr½ %
O;kikfjd cSd
dk ,d u;k rjhdk gSA bldh 'kq#vkr 1920 esa U.S.A. esa
dqy esa
dh xbZ FkhA blesa C;kt nj lkekU; C;kt nj ls dkQh Å¡pk dqy cSd
a xzkeh.k
gksrk gS D;ksfa d Credit Card fcuk fdlh izfrHkwfr ds _.k cSd
a ksa ds uke
'kk[kk,a 'kk[kkvksa dk
miyC/k djkrh gSA izfr'kr
Debit Card dk lcls vPNk mnkgj.k ATM LVsV cSd
a vkWQ bf.M;k rFkk
(Automated Tailer Machine) gSA 16294 34.49
lg;ksxh cSd
a
cSfa dax {ks= ls lEcfU/kr izeq[k lehfr;k¡ % jk"Vªh;Ñr cSd
a 39703 33.81
1- ujflaEgu lehfr % 17 vxLr] 1991 esa LFkkfir dh xbZ
{ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd
a 15199 76.61
bldk mís'; cSfa dax <k¡pk esa ifjorZu djukA
2- f}rh; ujflEgu lfefr % tqykbZ] 1998 esa xfBr dh xbZ dqy lkoZtfud {ks= ds cSd
a 71196 43.1
Fkh tks cSd a ksa ds dk;Z fnolksa esa o`f) gsrq lq>ko nsA vU; Hkkjrh; vuqlfw pr cSd
a 8979 12.54
3- xksMi+ fj;k lfefr % blds v/;{k M. N. xksbifj;k Fks fons'kh cSd
a 295 1.36
bldh LFkkiuk 1990 esa dh xbZ bldk mís'; xzkgd
leLr vuqlfw pr cSd
a 80470 39.54
lsok lq/kkj FkkA
xSj&vuqlfw pr cSd
a 44 25.00
vU; cSd
a ,oa foÙkh; laLFkk,¡ % leLr O;kikfjd cSd
a 80514 39.53
cSd
a dk uke LFkkiuk o"kZ mís';@izeq[k dk;Z
jk"Vªh;Ñr cSd
a ,oa muds foKkiu LykWxu
Hkkjrh; tuojh] 1955 vkS|ksfxd bdkbZ;ksa
vkS|ksfxd _.k dks izkRs lkgu nsuk cSda foKkiu LykWxu
o fofu;ksx ,oa lgk;rk djukA bykgkckn cSd a & "A Tradition of Trust"
fuxe (ICICI) vkU/kzk cSd a & "For all your needs"
Hkkjrh; tqykbZ] 1964 nh?kZdkyhu cSd
a vkWQ cM+kSnk & "India's International bank"
vkS|ksfxd fodkl vkS|ksfxd foÙk cSd
a vkWQ bf.M;k & "Relationship beyond banking"
cSd
a (IDBI) iznku djukA cSd
a vkWQ egkjk"Vª & "One family one bank"
dsujk cSd a & "Together we can"
jk"Vªh; Ñf"k o tqykbZ] 1982 xzkeh.k lk[k iznku lsUVªy cSd a
xzkeh.k fodkl djus okyk 'kh"kZ vkWQ bf.M;k & "Build a better life around us"
cSd
a cSd
a A dkWjiksj's ku cSd a & "A premier Government of
(NABARD) vkWQ bf.M;k India Enterprise"
nsuk cSda & "Trusted family Bank"
Hkkjrh; tuojh] 1982 fons'k O;kikj ls IDBI cSd a & "Banking for all"
fu;kZr&vk;kr lEc) dEifu;ksa dks bf.M;u cSd a & "Taking banking Technology
cSd
a (EXIM foÙkh; lgk;rk o to the comman man"
BANK) lqfo/kk,¡ iznku bf.M;u vksojlht
djukA cSd
a & "Good People to grow with"
Hkkjrh; ekpZ] 1985 chekj vkS|ksfxd vkWfj;UVy cSda & "Where every Individual is
vkS|ksfxd bdkbZ;ksa ds vkWQ dkWelZ committed"
iqufuZekZ.k cSd
a iqu#)kj ds fy, iatkc us'kuy cSda & "The name your Bank upon"
(IRBI) foÙk eqgS;k djukA iatkc ,.M fla/k & Where service is a way of"
cSd
a & tgk¡ lsok gh thou /;s; gSA
jk"Vªh; vkokl ekpZ] 1988 vkokl cukus ,oa LVsV cSd
a vkWQ & "Pure Banking Nothing else"
cSd
a (NHB) lEifÙk ds fodkl bf.M;k
ds fy, foÙk iznku flafMdsV cSd
a & "Your faithful & friendly
djuk] xanh cfLr;ksa financial partner"
dk iqufoZdkl ;wdks cSd
a & "Honours your Trust"
vkfnA ;wukbVsM cSd a
vkWQ bf.M;k & "The Bank that begins with u"
Hkkjrh; y?kq vizSy] 1990 y?kq {ks= ds m|ksxksa ;wfu;u cSd a
m|ksx fodkl dk fodkl o vkWQ bf.M;k & "Good people to Bank with"
cSd
a (SIDBI) lEo)ZuA fot;k cSd a & "A friend you can bank on"
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• Hkkjrh; lkekU; chek fuxe ds vUrxZr 4 lgk;d
izeq[k cSfa dax lfefr;k¡ dEifu;k¡ dk;Zjr gSAa buds uke bl izdkj gS&
a (1)
lfefr {ks= us'kuy ba';ksjsUl dEiuh fy-] (2) U;w bf.M;k ,a';ksjsUl
ujflEgu lfefr & cSfa dax lq/kkj dEiuh fy-] (3) vksfj,UVy ba';ksjUs l dEiuh fy- rFkk
psyS;k lfefr & dj lq/kkj (4) ;wukbVsM bf.M;k ba';ksjsUl dEiuh fy-A
jaxjktu lfefr & Hkqxrku larqyu
tkudhjeu~ lfefr & izfrHkwfr ?kksVkyk • IRDA Insurance Regulatory and Development
egkyuksfcl lfefr & jk"Vªh; vk; Authority : chek fu;ked vkSj fodkl izkf/kdj.k dk
eygks=k lfefr & chek lq/kkj xBu 19 vizSy] 2000 esa fd;k x;k ;g chek dEifu;k¡
HkaMkjh lfefr & {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSda lq/kkj ,oa chek /kkjdksa ds fgr ls lEcfU/kr dk;Zokgh djrh gSAa
vkfcn gqlSu lfefr & y?kq m|ksx bldh LFkkiuk ds ckn chek dk;Z futh {ks= ds fy, Hkh
[kksy fn;k x;kA
cSfa dax ,oa iw¡th cktkj % • Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe (Life Insurance
Corporation of India) dh LFkkiuk 1 flrEcj] 1956
• Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd lk[k ,oa fuos'k fuxe fy-
dks dh xbZ FkhA
(Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of
India Ltd.) dk uke cnydj flrEcj] 1998 esa ICICI • ns'k esa Ñf"k ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl ds fy, foÙk O;oLFkk
Ltd. dj fn;k x;k FkkA djus gsrq f'k[kj laLFkk ukckMZ (NABARD–National
Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development) gSA
• Hkkjrh; eqnzk cktkj esa fjtoZ cSd a vkWQ bf.M;k dk 'kh"kZ ukckMZ dh LFkkiuk 12 tqykbZ] 1982 dks dh xbZ FkhA
LFkku gSA
• lqfo/kktud 'krksZa ij vkokl foÙkk miyc/k djkus ds
• eqnzk cktkj vYidkfyd lk[k miyC/k djkus okys mís'; ls jk"Vªh; vkokl cSd a (National Housing Bank–
laxBu dks dgk tkrk gS] tcfd iw¡th cktkj dk dk;Z NHB) dh LFkkiuk ,d f'k[kj laLFkk ds :i esa tqykbZ
nh?kZdkfyd lk[k miyc/k djkuk gSA 1988 esa dh xbZ FkhA
• ns'k esa vkS|ksfxd foÙk dh f'k[kj laLFkk Hkkjrh; • vk;kr&fu;kZr ds fy, foÙk O;oLFkk gsrq ns'k esa f'k[kj
vkS|ksfxd fodkl cSd a (Industrial Development Bank laLFkk fu;kZr&vk;kr cSd a (EXIM Bank) gSA bldh
of India–IDBI) gSA bldh LFkkiuk tqykbZ 1964 esa dh LFkkiuk 1 tuojh] 1982 dks dh xbZ FkhA
xbZ FkhA y?kq vkS|ksfxd fodkl cSd a dh LFkkiuk ds • i;ZVu ls lEcfU/kr ifj;ktukvksa ds fy, foÙkk O;oLFkk
i'pkr~ ;g vc dsoy cM+h o e>ksyh vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa djus gsrq Hkkjrh; i;ZVu foÙk fuxe (Tourism Finance
ds fy, gh foÙk ,oa iqufoZÙk (Re-finance) dh O;oLFkk Corporation of India–IFCI) dh LFkkiuk 1989 esa dh
djrk gSA xbZ FkhA
• y?kq vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa ds fy, foÙk O;oLFkk djus ds • Hkkjr esa lgdkjh cSd a ksa dk laxBu f=Lrjh; gSA jkT;
mís'; ls 2 vizSy] 1990 dks Hkkjrh; y?kq vkS|ksfxd Lrj ij jkT; lgdkjh cSd a ] ftyk Lrj ij lgdkjh cSd a
fodkl cSd a (Small industrial Development Bank of vFkok dsUnzh; lgdkjh cSd a rFkk LFkkuh; Lrj ij
India–SIDBI) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA bldk eq[;ky; izkFkfed lgdkjh lfefr;k¡ dk;Z djrh gSAa
y[kuÅ esa gSA • lgdkjh cSd a ksa esa jkT; lgdkjh cSd a ksa dks gh fjtoZ cSda
• Hkkjrh vkS|ksfxd iqfuZekZ.k cSd
a (Industrial ls iqufoZÙk izkIr djus dh lqfo/kk izkIr gSA
Reconstruction Bank of India–IRBI) dh LFkkiuk 20 • lgdkfjrkvksa dks ljdkjh fu;a=.k ls eqDr djus okyk
ekpZ] 1985 dks dh xbZ FkhA bldk eq[; mís'; #X.k ns'k dk igyk jkT; vkU/kz izn's k gSA
rFkk cUn iM+h vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa ds iqufuZekZ.k gsrq foÙk • RBI us ,d gtkj #i, dk uksV 22 o"kksZa ds vUrjky ds
miyC/k djkuk gSA bl cSd a dk eq[ky; dksydkrk esa ckn 9 vDVwcj] 2000 dks tkjh fd;k FkkA
gSA
• dsUnz ljdkj us lkoZtfud {ks= ds cSd a ksa dks viuh dqy
• ;wfuV VªLV vkWQ bf.M;k (UTI), thou chek fuxe m/kkfj;ksa dk 5% lw{e lk[k ds :i esa miyC/k djkus
(LIC) rFkk lkekU; chek fuxe (GIC) Hkh m|ksxksa dks dk y{; fu/kkZfjr fd;k gSA
nh?kZdkfyd foÙk miyC/k djkrs gSAa • lk[k fu;a=.k ds ifjek.kkred mik;ksa esa cSd a nj dh
• Hkkjrh; ;wfuV VªLV (UTI) dh LFkkiuk 1964 esa yksxksa uhfr] [kqys cktkj dh fØ;k,a (Open Market
dh y?kq cprsa ,df=r djds muds mfpr ,oa ykHknk;d Operations) rFkk ifjorZu'khy vkj{k.k vuqikr
fofu;kstu ds mís'; ls dh xbZ FkhA lkafof/kd rjyrk vuqikr (Statutory Liquidity Ratio–
SLR) rFkk udn vkj{k.k vuqikr (Cash Reserve
• Hkkjr esa lkekU; chek (General Insurance) O;olk; dk
Ratio) egRoiw.kZ gS] tcfd ekftZu vko';drkvksa esa
jk"Vªh;dj.k 1971 esa fd;k x;k rFkk Hkkjrh; lkekU; ifjorZu] lk[k dk jk'kfuax] miHkksDrk lk[k dk fu;eu]
chek fuxe (General Insurance Corporation of India) uSfrd ncko o izR;{k dk;Zokgh vkfn lk[k fu;a=.k ds
dh LFkkiuk uoEcj 1972 esa dh xbZ FkhA xq.kkRed mik; gSAa
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• cSd
a nj og nj gS ftl ij dsUnzh; cSd a ] cSd
a ksa ds izFke iw¡th cktkj
Js.kh ds fcyksa dh iqudZVkSrh (Rediscount) djrk gSA
Hkkjr esa 30 vizSy] 2003 ls cSd
a nj 6-00 izfr'kr gSa iwt
a h cktkj foÙkh; iz.kkyh dk egRoiw.kZ vax gSA ;g
nh?kZdkyhu dks"k dk cktkj gSA blesa va'k i=ksa ¼'ks;j½ rFkk
• [kqys cktkj dh fØ;kvksa ds vUrxZr ns'k dk dsUnzh; cSd a _.k ds ek/;e ls iwt a h dk ysu&nsu fd;k tkrk gSA blds
ekU;rk izkIr ljdkjh izfrHkwfr;ksa dk Ø;&foØ; [kqys nks Hkkx gSA
cktkj esa djrk gSA 1- izkFkfed cktkj (Primary Market) : ;g u, fuxZeuksa dk
• ujflage lfefr us viuh flQkfj'kksa esa lkafof/kd rjyrk cktkj gS bl cktkj esa lHkh izfrHkqfr;k¡ igyh ckj
fcdus dks vkrh gSAa mnkgj.k& ?kjsyw dEifu;ksa }kjk
vuqikr dk ml le; ds 38-5 izf'rkr ls /khjs&/khjs
fuxZfer ¼'ks;j½ va'k i=
?kVkdj vxys ik¡p o"kksZa esa 25 izfr'kr rd ykus dh
2- ljdkjh foÙkh; dEifu;ksa }kjk fuxZfer va'k i=
laLrqfr dh FkhA
3- fons'kh okf.kfT;d m/kkj
• ns'k ds foÙkh; <k¡ps esa lq/kkj ds fy, flQkfj'ksa nsus gsrq 4- izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k (FDI)
Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ujflage lfefr dk xBu 14 vxLr] izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k % tc dksbZ fons'kh dEiuh ns'k ds
1991 dks fd;k FkkA bl lfefr us viuh flQkfj'ksa 20 vUnj mRiknu gsrq HkkSfrd lEinkvksa ¼Hkwfe] dkj[kkus] iwt a hxr
uoEcj] 1991 dks izLrqr dj nh FkhA oLrq,¡½ esa fuos'k djs rks bls FDI dgrs gSAa bllls vf/kd
• ujflage lfefr dh flQkfj'kksa esa ns'k esa cSda ksa dk <k¡pk ek=k esa fons'kh eqnzk rFkk mPp xq.koÙkk okyh rduhdh dh
izkfIr gks tkrh gSA
pkj Lrjh; djus] futh {ks= esa u, cSd a [kksyus dh
Hkkjr esa lokZf/kd izR;{k
;{k fons'kh fuos'k djus okys ns'k
vuqefr nsu]s cSda ksa dks 'kk[kk foLrkj esa LorU=rk nsu]s
Hkfo"; esa vkSj cSd
a ksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k u djus] fj;k;rh ¼1½ ekWfj'kl & 44.24%
C;kt njksa dh O;oLFkk lekIr djus vkfn dh flQkfj'ksa ¼2½ U.S.A. – 9.37%
'kkfey FkhaA ¼3½ U.K. – 7.98%
¼4½ uhnjyS.M & 5.8% ¼bls fupys tehu dk ns'k½
cSfa dax ls lEcfU/kr egRoiw.kZ rF;
lcls vf/kd fons'kh fuos'k izkIr djus okys jkT;
iw.kZ:i ls igyk Hkkjrh; cSd a iatkc us'kuy cSd a ¼1½ egkjk"Vª & 22.78%
Hkkjr dk dsUnzh; cSd a fjtoZ cSd
a vkWQ bf.M;k ¼2½ fnYyh & 13.07%
fjtoZ cSda ds xouZj MkW- Mh-
Mh- lqCckjko ¼3½ rfeyukMq & 11.03%
¼4½ dukZVd & 9.61%
ns'k ds 14 cM+s cSda ksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k 19 tqykbZ] 1969
F.D.I. dh lhek %
N% vU; cSd a ksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k vizSy 1980
¼1½ Hkou fuekZ.k
orZeku esa jk"Vªh;Ñr cSd a ksa dh la[;k 19
¼2½ fjVsy Vªfs Max ¼[kqnjk O;kikj] QqVdj O;kikj½
Hkkjrh; eqnzk cktkj esa 'kh"kZ LFkku fjtoZ cSd a vkWQ bf.M;k
¼3½ nok
Hkkjrh; ;wfuV VªLV (UTI) dk LFkkiuk o"kZ 1964
¼4½ foKku o rduhd
UTI dk foHkktu o"kZ ¼ UTI-I ,oa UTI-II½ 2003 ¼5½ gksVy rFkk i;ZVu rFkk dqfj;j lsokvksa esa 100%
ukckMZ dh LFkkiuk 12 tqykbZ] 1982 rd izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k dh NwV gSA
SEBI dh LFkkiuk vizSy] 1988 foKku o j{kk ds {ks= esa 26% FDI NwV gSA LVkWd ekdsZV
lkoZtfud {ks= ds cSd a ksa }kjk tkjh fdlku ØsfMV rFkk O;olkf;d cSd a ksa esa 49% dh NwV gSA F.M. jsfM;ks esa
20% rd dh NwV gSA
dkMksZa dh la[;k ¼uoEcj 2009 rd½ 8-78 djksM+
¼5½ iksVZ Qksfy;ks fuos'k (Port Folio Investment) : tc dksbZ
lokZf/kd ldy xSj&fu"iknuh; ifjlEifÙk fons'kh dEiuh ns'k ds vUnj izR;{k mRiknu o forj.k
(Gross NPAs) okyk lkoZtfud {ks= dk cSd a dk dk;Z u djds ;gk¡ dh fdlh dEiuh esa 'ks;j ds
¼ekpZ 2007½ LVsV cSd a vkWQ bf.M;k ¼9998 djksM+ #i,½ ek/;e ls O;kikj esa lfEefyr gks rks bls iksVZ Qksfy;ksa
fuos'k dgrs gSAa bls fuos'k lwph Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
lokZf/kd 'kq) ykHk vftZr djus okyk
¼6½ xSj izoklh; Hkkjrh; (NRI) tek,¡ %
jk"Vªh;Ñr cSda ¼2008&09½ PNB ¼2767 djksM+ #i,½
ADR – American Depositary Received
lokZf/kd 'kq) ykHk vftZr djus okyk GDR – Global Depositary Received
lkoZtfud {ks= dk cSd a ¼2008&09½ SBI ¼8483 djksM+ #- #-½ IDR – Idian Depositary Received
PPF rFkk GPF ij okf"kZd C;kt 9.5% ¼16 flrEcj] 2010 ls½ mijksDr rhuksa vUrjk"Vªh; cktkj ls iwt
a h mckgh dk ,d
EPF ij okf"kZd C;kt 9.5% ek/;e gSA blds ek/;e ls fofHkUu cktkjksa ls Hkkjr
ljdkj iwt
a h tqVkrh gSA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

Secondary Market ikjEifjd vo/kkj.kk (Tradinational Concept) : 1977
bl cktkj ds vUrxZr ogh izfrHkwfr;k¡ fcdus gsrq vkrh esa RBI ds Working Group us eqnzk dh fuEufyf[kr
vo/kkj.kk,a nhA
gSa tks igys ls fcdh gqbZ gksrh gSA izfrHkqfr;ksa ds foØ; dk
M1 = Cp + DD
ek/;e dkuwu ds vUrxZr dke djus okys jftLVMZ LVkWd
Exchange ds ek/;e ls gksrk gSA blds vUrxZr jkT;
Cp = Coines and currency that held by public flDds
vkSj i= eqnzk tks ?kaVk vius ikl tsc esa j[krh gSA
ljdkj lkoZtfud o futh laLFkkvksa vkSj la;qDr LVkWd
DD = Demand Deposits
dEifu;ksa ds igys ls fcds gq, va'ki= ;k izfrHkwfr;k¡ fcdus
orZeku esa bls cny djds M1 = CP + DD + OD dj
gsrq vkrh gSAa fn;k x;k gSA
Hkkjrh; iw¡th cktkj ls lEcfU/kr egRoiw.kZ rF; M2 = M1 + P.D.
• BSE ¼ckEcs LVkWd ,DlpsUt½ % ;g ,f'k;k dk lcls P.D. = Post office Deposite
iqjkuk cktkj gS bldh LFkkiuk 1875 esa dh xbZ FkhA M3 = M1 + Time Deposite ¼foLr`r eqnzk½
bldks 1925 esa ckEcs flD;ksfjfVt dkUVsDV ,DV ds 1997 esa eqnzk iwfrZ ds lUnHkZ esa ?kfVr Y.B jsM~Mh lfefr
rgr feyh FkhA blds dqN egRoiw.kZ lwpdkad gSA us eqnzk iwfrZ ds lUnHkZ esa M0 dh ,d ubZ vo/kkj.kk nh rFkk
M4 dks lekIr dj fn;kA
• BSE Sensetive Index : bls lsUlsDl Hkh dgk tkrk
M0 ¾ cSd a ksa dk RBI ds ikl tek $ CP
gSA blesa 30 izeq[k dEifu;ksa dk 'ks;j 'kkfey gSA
Y.B. jsM~Mh us mijksDr ljyrk lwpdksa ds vykok 3
bldk vk/kkj o"kZ 1978&79 gSA
ljyrk leqPp; dks Hkh ifjHkkf"kr fd;kA
• BSE 200 : blesa 200 dEifu;ksa ds 'ks;jksa dk ewY; ;k
L1 = M3 + Pose Office dh lEiw.kZ tek,¡
lwpdkad iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA bldk vk/kkj o"kZ
L2 = L1 + T.D. fodkl foÙkh; laLFkkvksa ds lkof/k tek,¡
1988&89 gSA
L3 = L2 + NBFcs dh lkof/k tek,¡
• BSE Dollex : blesa BSE 200 dh dEifu;ksa dk ewY; NB = Non Bank financial corporation
;k lwpdkad MkWyj esa fn[kk;k tkrk gSA bldk vk/kkj rjyrk dk Øe = M1 > M2 > M3 .....
o"kZ Hkh 1988&89 gSA
↓ ↑
• BSE Banker : ;g ,d BSE dk u;k lwpdkad gSA blesa
rjyrk o`f)
12 cSda ksa dk ewY; lwpdkad iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
Lead cSd
a ;kstuk 1990& bldk mís'; ftl lk[k esa
• BSE dk National Index : blesa 100 dEifu;ksa ds o`f) djuk Fkk R.B.I. izR;sd cSd a dks ,d ftyk iznku djrk
'ks;jksa dk ewY; lwpdkad 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA gSA ml ftys esa cSd a lk[k O;oLFkk ds leUo; esa vxz.kh
bldk vk/kkj o"kZ 1983&84 gSA Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
• 29 vDrwcj 2007 esa 20]000 dk vkadM+k ikj djus Gild edge Market : ;s ljdkjh izfrHkwfr;ksa dk cktkj gSA
okyk Hkkjr fo'o dk 20oka ns'k cukA 10 tuojh 2008 ;gk¡ ij ljdkjh ;k v)Zljdkjh izfrHkwfr;ksa dk Ø; foØ; fd;k
tkrk gSA bu izfrHkwfr;ksa dk ewY; fLFkj jgrk gSA
esa BSE dk lwpdkad 21206 vad dks ikj dj x;k
UTI : orZeku esa UTI lcls cM+k E;wpv w y Q.M gSA
FkkA
bldh LFkkiuk 1 Qjojh] 1964 esa dh xbZA Hkkjr esa ljdkjh
• National Stock Exchange ¼jk"Vªh; 'ks;j cktkj½ % lk[k lfefr;ksa dk <kapk f=Lrjh; gSA
1991 esa dsjokuh lfefr us bldh LFkkiuk dh ¼1½ jkT; lgdkjh cSd a & ;g jkT; esa lgdkjh cSd a dh
flQkfj'k dh vkSj 1992 esa bldh LFkkiuk dh xbZ 'kh"kZ laLFkk gSa
blds izeq[k :i ls nks 'ks;jksa dh njsa izfl) gSA ¼2½ dsUnzh; lgdkjh cSd a & ;g ftyk Lrj ij ftyk esa
• MIBOR (Mumbai Inter Bank Offer Rate) : ;g 'kh"kZ lgdkjh cSd a gSA
m/kkj dh nj gSA ¼3½ izkFkfed _.k lfefr;k¡& lgdkjh cSd a dk izFke Lrj gSA
• MIBID (M.I.B. BIDE Rate) : ;g izkfIr dh nj gSA Hkkjr esa eqnzk LQhfr Fkksd ewY; lwpdkad (WPI) ij ekih
tkrh gS tcfd deZpkfj;ksa ds eagxkbZ HkV~Vdh {kfriwfrZ
NSE dk eq[;ky; Hkh eqEcbZ esa gSA orZeku esa Hkkjr esa
miHkksDrk ewY; lwpdkad CPI ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA
dqy 23 ekU;rk izkIr LVkWd ,Dlpst a dk;Zjr gSAa
Øsrk cktkj % Je la?k ¼ftlesa [kjhnus okyk ,d gks]
Hkkjr esa eqnzk iwfrZ dh vo/kkj.kk % eqnzk iwfrZ dk mís'; eqnzk foØsrk vusd½
iwfrZ dh o`f) ¾ vFkZ O;oLFkk dh fodkl nj eqnzk dh foy{k.krk foØsrk cktkj % tgk¡ cspus okys dk vf/kdkj gksA
mldh rjyrk gS] tks eqnzk dks vU; ifjlEifÙk;ksa ls vyx dj ,dkf/kdkjh& foØsrk & vusd Øsrk
nsrh gS D;ksfa d bls fcuk fdlh gkfu ds ekuo viuh okafNr bPNk };kf/kdkj& nks foØsrk
esa cny ldrk gS vkSj tks Hkh lEifÙk eqnzk ds :i esa utnhd ,dkf/kdkjh izfr;ksfxrk % mRiknd 5&10 gksA
vk,xh eqnzk iwfrZ esa lfEefyr gks tk,xhA iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk& Øsrkvksa vkSj foØsrk dh
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

dj jktLo xSj dj jktLo
Qhl o 'kqYd
n.M o tqekZuk
izR;{k dj vizR;{k dj ,d #i, ls de ewY;
ds uksV o flDds
dsUnzh; mRikn 'kqYd C;kt dk Hkqxrku
lhek 'kqYd
vk; ds vk/kkj ij lEifÙk ds vk/kkj ij fcØh dj (VAT)
vk;dj lEifÙk dj lsok dj
fuxedj migkj dj oLrq ,oa lsokdj
O;; dj ¼1 vizyS ] 2012 ls izLrkfor½
vfLrdj
(Estate Duty)
djk?kkr] djkikr ,oa dj foorZu % djk?kkr ls rkRi;Z uksV %

ftl O;fDr ij dj yxk;k tk, ;k ftl ij dj dk • Hkkjr esa dsUnzh; mRikn 'kqYd (Excise Duty) dsUnz
izkjfEHkd Hkkj iM+rk gksA djkikr ls rkI;Z ftl O;fDr }kjk ljdkj ds jktLo dk izeq[k lzksr gSA
dj dk Hkqxrku fd;k tk, ;k dj dk vfUre nkrk gh
djkikr dks lgu djrk gksA djk?kkr ls djkikr rd dj • jkT; ljdkj ds dj jktLo esa fcØh dj (Sales Tax)
dks Vkyus dh izfØ;k dks dj foorZu dgrs gSAa dk fgLlk lcls vf/kd gksrk gSA
• Hkkjr easa vk;dj izxkeh gS vFkkZr~ vk; esa o`f) ds
lkFk&lkFk dj esa Hkh o`f) gksrh gSA
djk?kkr ¼izkjfEHkd Hkkj½ djkikr ¼vfUre Hkkj½ izR;{k ddjj % ftl O;fDr ij dj yxk;k tk, vkSj mlh
ds }kjk bldk Hkqxrku fd;k tk, rks mls izR;{k dj dgrs
foorZu gSA blds vUrxZr djk?kkr rFkk djkikr ,d gh O;fDr ij
iM+rk gSA izR;{k dj esa dj foorZu dh lEHkkouk 'kwU; ikbZ
Hkkjrh; dj O;oLFkk %
tkrh gSA izR;{k dj dk ;ksxnku dqy dj jktLo esa 54.9%
• Hkkjrh; ljdkj dks djksa ls gh leLr jktLo dh izkfIr gSA
gksrh gSA vk;dj % O;fDr dh okf"kZd vk; ij yxus okys dj dks
djksa ds izdkj vk;dj dgrs gSAa bldk izkjEHk 1960 ls fd;k x;kA bldh
¼d½ izR;{k dj (Direct Taxes) : 3 izeq[k njsa gSAa ftlesa efgykvksa ds fy, vk;dj dh NwV 1
yk[k 90 gtkj ofj"B ukxfjdksa ds fy, 2 yk[k 40 vtkj
dsUnz ljdkj rFkk iq#"kksa ds fy, 1 yk[k 60 gtkj fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;kA
• vk;dj ¼O;fDr;ks]a vfoHkkftr fgUnw ifjokjksa rFkk bldh vf/kdre nj 30% gSA
laLFkkvksa dh vk; ij½] fuxe dj ¼dEifu;ksa dh vk; ij fuxedj % ftl izdkj O;fDr dh okf"kZd vk; ij
dj½] /ku&dj] ,LVsV M~;Vw h ¼lEink 'kqYd½] migkj&dj] vk;dj yxk;k tkrk gSA mlh rjg dEifu;ksa dh okf"kZd
O;;&dj] C;kt&djA vk; ij yxk;k tkus okyk dj fuxe ;k Carorate Tax
jkT; ljdkjsa dgykrk gSA bldh nj ?kjsyw dEifu;ksa ds lUnHkZ esa 30%
• gksVy izkfIr;ksa ij dj] Hkw&jktLo] Ñf"k vk; ij dj] fu/kkZfjr gSA
O;olk;&dj] xSj&'kgjh vapy lEifÙk;ksa ij dj] MAT (Minimum Alternative Tax) : ;g dEifu;ksa ds
jkstxkjksa ij djA fuoy ;k 'kq) ykHk ij yxk;k tkrk gSA bldh orZeku nj
15% ls c<+kdj 18% dj nh xbZ gSA
¼[k½ ijks{k dj (Indirect Taxes) :
dsUnz ljdkjsa % lEifÙk dj % cSd a tek dks NksM+ djds ftl O;fDr ds
ikl 30 yk[k ;k mlls vf/kd dh lEifÙk gS mls vius
• fcØh dj@O;kikj&dj] Mhty@isVªky s ij fcØh&dj] LVkEi thou dky esa ,d ckj lEifÙk dj nsuk gksxkA
,oa iath;u 'kqYd] jkT; mRikn 'kqYd] okguksa ij dj] oLrqvksa
O;; dj % ;s O;fDr ds okf"kZd dj ij yxk;k tkrk gSA
,oa ;kf=;ksa ij ifjogu dj] fo|qr ij dj ,oa 'kqYd xUus bl dj dh flQkfjl dsYMj uked vFkZ'kkL=h us dh Fkh
dh [kjhn ij 'kqYd rFkk midj] izo's k dj] foKkiu dj] ftls twu] 2010 esa lekIr dj fn;k x;kA
f'k{kk midj] dPps twV ij dj] lV~Vcs kth ij djA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

migkj rFkk vfLrdj % mijksD r nksuksa djksa dks djksa ds izdkj % vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa us eq[;r% 4 dj crk,a gSAa
Øe'k% 1 vDrwc j] 1998 rFkk 1 ekpZ ] 1985 esa lekIr dj ¼1½ izxfr'khy dj % tSl& s tSls O;fDr dh okf"kZd vk;
fn;k x;kA c<=rh tk, oSl&oSls dj dh nj esa Hkh o`f0 gks rks bls
izxfr'khy dj dgrs gSAa
viz R;{k
R ;{k dj ;k ijks{k dj % oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa ij
vk;
vk; dj dh nj dj vk;
yxk;k tkrk gS rFkk bl dj esa djk?kkr rFkk djkikr 1000 10% 100
vyx&vyx O;fDr;ksa ij iM+rk gS vFkkZ r~ blesa dj 2000 15% 300
foorZ u dh iwjh lEHkkouk ikbZ tkrh gSA ;g dj yxk;k 3000 20% 600
rks fdlh vkS j ij tkrk gS ij bldk Hkq xrku fdlh vkS j 4000 25% 1000
ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA dq y jktLo esa bldk ;ksxnku 5000 30% 1500
44.8% gSA
dsUnzh; mRikn 'kqYd % vktknh ds le; bldh rhu njsa ¼2½ izfrxkeh dj % blds vUrxZr tSl& s tSls vk; c<+rh
izpfyr FkhA ftls orZeku esa lekIr djds 8% dh ,d nj tkrh gSA oSl& s oSls dj dh nj ?kVrh tkrh gS ijUrq dj esa
ykxw gSA ls izkIr gksus okyh dqy vk; c<+rh tkrh gSA
lhek 'kqYd % bls vk;kr&fu;kZr dj Hkh dgrs gSAa 80 vk; dj dh nj ↓ ↑ dj vk;
ds n'kd ds iwoZ fons'kh vk;kr ij 300% dh nj ls yxk;k 1000 20% 200
tkrk FkkA orZeku esa xSj Ñf"k mRikn ij 10% dh nj ls 2000 15% 300
yxk;k tkrk gSA 3000 12% 360
fcØh dj % orZeku esa bls lekIr djds blds LFkku ij 4000 11% 440
ewY;of)Zr dj (VAT) 1 vizy S ] 2005 ls lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa 5000 10% 500
ykxw fd;k x;kA VAT ,d dj iz.kkyh gSA blds rhu njsa
ik;h tkrh gSAa 550 oLrqvksa ij 4% dh nj ls 270 oLrqvksa ¼3½ vkuqikfrd dj % blesa dj dh nj rks fLFkj jgrh
ij 12% dh nj ls rFkk Lo.kZ ,oa vkHkw"k.k tSlh 10 oLrqvksa gS tcfd dj ls gksus okyh vk; c<+rh tkrh gSA
ij 1% dh nj ls yxk;k tkrk gSA vk; dj dh nj dj vk;
1000 10% 100
VAT dks ykxw djus okyk izFke jkT; gfj;k.kk rFkk
2000 10% 200
vfUre jkT; U.P. (1st Jan. 2008) gSA
3000 10% 300
v.Meku fudksckj lewg rFkk y{;}hi esa fcØh dj 4000 10% 400
(VAT) ugha ykxw gSA 5000 10% 500
isVªkfs y;e mRikn rFkk 'kjkc ij VAT ugha ykxw gSA ¼4½ voØfed dj (Degrassive Tax) : blds vUrxZr dqN
Hkkjr esa VAT, L.K. lfefr dh flQkfjl ij ykxw fd;k lhek rd vk; esa o`f) ds lkFk&lkFk dj dh nj Hkh c<+rh gS
x;kA bls ifj{k.k ds rkSj ij 1986&87 esa fofufeZr (MAN) ijUrq ,d Lrj ds ckn dj dh nj fLFkj gks tkrh gSA
VAT ds :i esa dsUnzh; ljdkj us ykxw fd;k FkkA vk; dj dh nj dj vk;
MAN – Manufacturing 1000 10% 100
2000 25% 300
VAT dk loZiFz ke izfriknu 1918 bZ- esa oku lhesUl us 3000 20% 600
fd;k Fkk rFkk bls fodflr djus dk Js; ekWfj'k rFkk 4000 20% 800
dkyWliw dks tkrk gSA ;s Ýkal ds vFkZ'kkL=h FksA 1918 esa gh 5000 20% 1000
loZiFz ke bls teZuh esa gh ykxw fd;k x;k tgk¡ ij vlQy
Hkkjr esa vk;dj dh iz.kkyh Deressive Type dh gksrh gSA
gks x;kA 1954 esa bls Ýkal esa lQyrk iwod Z ykxw fd;k dsUnz rFkk jkT; }kjk yxk, x, djksa dk fooj.k %
x;kA
• dsUnz ljdkj ds izR;{k dj
lsokdj % 10 yk[k ;k mlls vf/kd dh lEifÙk izfnR; ¼1½ vk;dj
okys lsok iznkrk ij ;g dj yxk;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa ¼2½ fuxedj
bldh 'kq#vkr jktk th pSy¸s ;k lfefr dh flQkfj'k ij ¼3½ /kudj ;k lEifÙkdj
1994&95 esa yxk;k x;kA izkjEHk esa rhu lsokvksa ij ¼4½ migkj dj rFkk
¼VsyhQksu] lkekU; chek rFkk LVkWd czkd s j½ 5% dh nj ls ¼5½ O;; dj
yxk;k x;k FkkA orZeku esa ¼2010&11½ 122% lsokvksa ij uksV % O;; dj yxkus dh flQkfj'k dksYMkj us dh FkhA
10% dh nj ls yxk;k tkrk gSA bldh dqy nj 10.3% gS • jkT; ljdkjksa ds izR;{k dj %
D;skfa d bl ij 3% f'k{kk midj yxk;k x;k gSA 1½ gksVy izkfIr;ksa ij dj
2½ Hkw&jktLo dj
midj rFkk vf/kHkkj ¼ljpktZ½ % nksuksa izdkj ds dj
3½ Ñf"k vk; dj
fdlh fo'ks"k iz;kstu ds fy, yxk;s tkrs gSAa iz;kstu ds iwoZ 4½ O;olk; dj
gksus ij bls lekIr dj fn;k tkrk gSA ljpktZ dks tax on 5½ xSj 'kgjh vpr lEifÙk;ksa ij jax rFkk
tax Hkh dgrs gSAa 6½ jkstxkj djA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• dsUnz ljdkj ds vizR;{k dj eqnzk LQhfr ds dkj.k %
1½ lhek 'kqYd • ekSfnzd vFkZ'kkL=h ekurs gSa fd LQhfr dk izeq[k dkj.k
2½ dsUnzh; mRikn 'kqYd eqnzk dh iwfrZ esa o`f) gSA
3½ dsUnzh; fcØh dj rFkk • ykxr o`f) % ewY; Lrj ds c<+us ds dkj.k etnwj oxZ
4½ lsok dj dh okLrfod vk; de gks tkrh gS ftlls og vius ij
• jkT; ljdkj ds vizR;{k dj etnwjh c<+kus gsrq ncko Mkyrk gSA etnwjh ds c<+ tkus
1½ fcØh dj ij oLrq dh ykxr c<+ tkrh gSA ftlls mRiknd
2½ Mhty o isVªky s ij dj oLrqvksa ds nke esa vkSj o`f) dj nsrk gSA
3½ LVkEi ,oa iathdj.k 'kqYd • ?kkVs dh foÙk O;oLFkk % djkjksi.k & o`f)
4½ jkT; mRikn 'kqYd
5½ okgu ij dj LQhfr dk izHkko
6½ izo's k dj oxZ ykHk@gkfu
7½ foKkiu ij dj ¼1½ jkstxkj esa & o`f)
8½ 'kV~Vcs kth ij dj rFkk ¼2½ _.kh & ykHk
9½ euksjt a u dj ¼3½ _.knkrk & gkfu
• dj jkTo esa fofHkUu djksa dk fgLlk ¼2009&10½ ds ¼4½ O;kikjh & ykHk
vuqlkj ¼5½ fdlku & ykHk
1½ fuxe dj ¼23 iSlk½ ¼1 #- esa 23 iSlk½ ¼6½ fdjk;snkj & ykHk
2½ dsUnzh; mRikn 'kqYd ¼10 iSlk½ ¼7½ edku ekfyd & gkfu
3½ vk;dj o lhek 'kqYd ¼9 iSlk½ ¼8½ vk;kr & ykHk
4½ lsokdj ¼6 iSlk½ ¼9½ fu;kZr & gkfu ¼o cpr esa deh½
uksV % m/kkj ,oa vU; ns;rk esa 29 iSls dh izkfIr gksrh gSA ¼10½ fLFkj vk; oxZ &
lcls vf/kd #i;k dh izkfIr dsUnz ljdkj & m/kkj ,oa ¼11½ is'a kuHkksxh oxZ &
vU; ns;rkA
mÙkj izn's k dh vk; dk lcls cM+k L=ksr & fcØhdj eqnzk LQhfr jksdus ds mik; %
• Hkkjr ljdkj dh O;; dh ensa ¼#i;k tkrk gS½ ¼1½ ekSfnzd mik; % eqnzk LQhfr dks jksdus ds fy, dsUnzh;
1½ dsUnzh; vk;kstu ij & ¼21 iSl½s cSd
a fuEufyf[kr ekSfnzd mik; viukrk gSA
2½ O;; Hkqxrku ij & ¼19 iSl½s (i) cSda nj esa o`f)
3½ djksa ,oa 'kqYdksa (duty) esa jkT;ska dk fgLlk ¼16 iSl½s (ii) [kqys cktkj esa izfrHkwfr;ksa dk foØ;
4½ j{kk ij & ¼10 iSl½s (iii) CRR dh njksa esa o`f)
5½ vkfFkZd lgk;rk ij & ¼6 iSl½s (iv) SLR dh njksa esa o`f)
• xSj ;kstuk en dh lcls vf/kd Hkqxrku ¼O;;½ & C;kt (v) foeqfnzdj.k (Monetization) : iqjkuh eqnzk ds LFkku
dj ij ubZ eqnzk tkjh djukA
• fdl dj dk caVokjk dsUnz ljdkj] jkT; ljdkj ds ¼2½ jkT;dks"kh;
kh; mik; %
lkFk ugha djrh gS & fuxedj (i) vko';d lkoZtfud O;; esa deh
(ii) djksa dh nj esa o`f)
(iii) u, djksa dks yxkuk
eqnzk LQhfr (iv) cpr dk ctV
^^tc vFkZO;oLFkk esa eqnzk dh iwfrZ esa o`f) ds dkj.k oLrq ¼3½ vU; mik;
,oa lsokvksa ds nke c<+ tkrs gksa vkSj eqnzk dk ewY; ?kV tkrk (i) mRiknu esa o`f)
gks rks mls eqnzk LQhfr dgrs gSAa (ii) dher fu;U=.k
dkSu ,slk vFkZ'kkL=h gS tks dgrk gS fd eqnzk LQhfr
vkSj jkstxkj esa /kukRed lEcU/k gS & QhyhIl Hkkjr dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr;k¡
eqnzk LQhfr dks ysdj ds vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa esa vyx&vyx LorU=rk ls ysdj vkt rd vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds fy,
/kkj.kk,¡ izpfyr gSAa ijEijkxr vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa ds vuqlkj êqnzk Hkkjr ljdkj us fuEufyf[kr ize[q k vkS|ksfxd uhfr;k¡ ?kksf"kr dhaA
LQhfr og gS ftlesa eqnzk dk ewY; fxj jgk gks o oLrqvksa dk 1948 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr % bls izLrqr djus dk Js; ';kek
ewY; c<= jgk gks* blls y{k.k rks irk pyrk gS ijUrq izlkn eq[kthZ dks tkrk gSA blh esa fefJr vFkZo;oLFkk dh uhfr
dkj.k ughaA vk/kqfud vFkZ'kkL=h eqnzk LQhfr dks ,d ekSfnz viukbZ xbZ vkSj m|ksxksa dks rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa ck¡Vk x;k izFke Js.kh
izfrHkkl ekurs gSa vkSj izR;sd izdkj dh o`f) esa dqN dks gh esa 3 m|ksx j[ks x,A f}rh; Js.kh esa 6 m|ksx j[ks x,A r`rh;
eqnzk LQhfr crkrs gSAa Js.kh esa 18 m|ksxksa dks j[kk x;kA
izfl) vFkZ'kkL=h izk-s dhUl ¼O;kid vFkZ'kkL= tud½ us 1956 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr % bls izLrqr djus dk Js;
eqnzk LQhfr dks iw.kZ jkstxkj izfrHkkl dgk gSA buds vuqlkj tokgj yky usg: dks tkrk gSA bldks 17 m|ksxksa ij dsUnz
iw.kZ jkstxkj ds Lrj ds iwoZ dher Lrj esa o`f) fodkl dk ljdkj dk iw.kZ fu;U=.k Fkk rFkk 'ks"k m|ksxksa ij futh
izfrHkkl gSA blds iz'pkr~ ;fn dher Lrj c<+x s h rks eqnzk m|ksxifr;ksa dk fu;U=.k Fkk tks fo'ks"kdj miHkksDrk olrq ds
LQhfr ik;h tk;sxhA mRiknd FksA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

1977 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr % bls izLrqr djus dk Js; lqek[kju dh izfl) iqLrd Small is beautiful gSA y?kq
tkWtZ QukZMht dks tkrk gSA blesa fo'ks"k :i ls y?kq o m|ksxksa ij izfl) iqLrdsa 2006 ds vf/kfu;e ds vuqlkj y?kq
dqVhj m|ksxksa ds fodkl ij tksj fn;k x;kA y?kq m|ksxksa dks m|ksxksa dks NksVs (Small) y?kq (Micro) ,oa e>ksys
3 oxksZa esa j[kk x;kA (Midium) m|e ds :i esas tkuk tkrk gSA bl{ks= esa dqy 6
¼1½ vfr y?kq (Tinny Sector) : {ks= dh ubZ vo/kkj.kk djksM+ yksxksa dk orZeku esa jkstxkj feyk gSA
ykxw dh xbZ blesa fuos'k 1 Lakh #- rFkk bldh vfr y?kq {ks=ksa ds fy, fuos'k dh lhek vkfcn gqlSu
LFkkiuk 50 gtkj ls de {ks= esa dh xbZA lfefr dh flQkfj'k ij 5 yk[k ls c<+kdj 25 yk[k dj
¼2½ ftyk m|ksx dsUnz % y?kq m|ksx dks ,d LFkku ij fn;kx;k gS vkSj y?kq [ks=ksa esa fuos'k dh lhek 2000&2001 esa
lHkh lqfo/kk miyC/k djkukA 3 djksM+ ls ?kVkdj 1 djksM+ dj fn;k x;k gSA gFkdj?kk
¼3½ la;qDr {ks= dh vo/kkj.kk viukbZ xbZA {ks= ds fodkl gsrq 21 tuojh] 1997 esa ehjk lsB dh
1980 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr % bldk mís'; Hkkjrh; vFkZ v/;{krk esa lfefr xfBr dh xbZA
O;oLFkk dk vk/kqfudhdj.k foLrkj ,oa fiNM+s {ks=ksa dk CAPART ¼dikVZ½ Council of people action and
fodkl djuk FkkA advancement of rural technology dh LFkkiuk 1986 esa dh
ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr 24 tqykbZ 1995 % bls jko eueksgu xbZA ;g xzkeh.k {ks= ds LoSfPNd laxBuksa dks rduhdh
uhfr Hkh dgrs gSAa bl vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa mnkjhdj.k fodkl gsrq foÙkh; lgk;rk iznku djrh gSA
uhfrdj.k ,oa Hkwe.Myhdj.k dks viuk;k x;k blds fy, Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd x.kuk % Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd vkfFkZd
fuEufyf[kr eq[; dk;Z fd, x,& x.kuk dh 'kq#vkr 1977 esa gqbZ blesa xSj Ñf"k {ks= ds ,sls
vkS|ksfxd ykblsfUlx % tc ;g uhfr ykxw dh xbZ ml m|ksx 'kkfey fd, x, Fks ftlesa de ls de ,d deZpkjh
le; 18 m|ksxksa ij ykblsfa lax dh ikWfylh viukbZ xbZ fu;fer :i ls jkstxkj izkir djrk gksA nwljh] rhljh
vFkkZr~ ;s 18 m|ksx lqj{kk] lkekftd dkj.k] i;kZoj.k rFkk Øe'k% 1980 rFkk 90 esa dh xbZA ftlesa Ñf"k rFkk xSj Ñf"k
iznq"k.k dh n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ FksA orZeku esa 5 m|ksxksa ds nksuksa {ks= ds m|e 'kkfey FksA pkSFkh vkfFkZd x.kuk 1998 esa
fy, ykblsUl ysuk vfuok;Z gSA rFkk 5oha 2005 esa 'kq: gqbZ vkSj blds vfUre ifj.kke 12
¼1½ ,Ydksgy ;qDr is; inkFkZ dk vk'ou ,oa fuekZ.k twu] 2006 esa izdkf'kr gq,A
¼2½ rEckdw ds lhxkj o flxjsV rFkk blls cuh oLrq,¡ blds izeq[k rF; fuEufyf[kr gSa %
¼3½ bysDVªkWfud ,;jksLisl rFkk j{kk leku
¼1½ ns'k esa dqy m|eksa dh la[;k 4-212 djksM+ blesa
¼4½ vkS|ksfxd foLQksVd
¼5½ tksf[ke okys jlk;u xzkeh.k {ks= esa 2-581 djksM+ (61.5%) 'kgjh {ks= esa 1-
lkoZtfud {ks= % lkoZtfud {ks= esa 1998 rd 8 m|ksxksa 631 djksM+ (38-7%)A
lkoZtfud {ks ds fy, vkjf{kr FksA 2001 esa j{kk {ks= esa ¼2½ jkstxkj esa vkSlr okf"kZd o`f) nj 2.49% blesa
fons'kh fuos'k dh 26% dh NwV ds ckn bldh la[;k 4 ls xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa 3.33% 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa 1.68%A
?kVdj orZeku esa 3 cph gSA ¼3½ lokZf/kd m|e okys ik¡p jkT;] bu ik¡p jkT;ksa esa
¼1½ ijek.kq ÅtkZ foHkkx dqN m|ksxksa dk 50% ls vf/kd fgLlk vkrk gSA
¼2½ 15 ekpZ] 1995 SO 212 ds fuxZr (i) igys LFkku ij rfeyukMq & 10.56%
¼3½ jsy ifjogu (ii) nwljs LFkku ij egkjk"Vª & 10.39%
MRTP 1969 ds LFkku ij CCI (Comptation
(iii) rhljs LFkku ij i- caxky & 10.77%
Commission of India) 2002 : B.S. jk?kou dh v/;{krk esa
xfBr lfefr us ,dkf/kdkj ds LFkku ij izfrLi/kkZ dks c<+kus ds (iv) pkSFks LFkku ij vkU/kz izn's k & 9.55%
fy, Hkkjrh; izfrLi/kkZ vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh flQkfj'k dh (v) mÙkj izn's k & 9.53
bldh LFkkiuk 22 ebZ] 2000 esa dh xbZ vkSj izHkkoh 2002 ls gqbAZ ¼4½ lokZf/kd m|e okys dsUnz 'kkflr jkT;
Qsjk ds LFkku ij Qsek FERA – FEMA (Foreign (i) fnYyh & 1.79%
Exchange & Ragulatory Act) : 1973 ds rgr fons'kh (ii) paMhx<+ & 0.16%
fofue; dk fu/kkZfjr fLFkj nj ij fd;ktkrk FkkA bldk (iii) ikafMpsjh & 0.12%
mís'; fofue; lalk/kuksa dks cpkuk rkfd budk mfpr iz;ksx ¼5½ lokZf/kd jkstxkj okys 5 jkT;
gks ldsA mnkjhdj.k ds ckn blds LFkku ij Qsek dks twu] (i) egkjk"Vª & 11.95%
2000 esa ykxw fd;k x;kA
(ii) rfeyukMq & 9.97%
vkS|ksfxd #X.krk ¼fcekjh½ % ,sls m|ksx tks foÙkh; lalk/kuksa
ds vHkko esa cUn iM+s gq, Fks muds iuZfuekZ.k ds fy, ebZ 1987 esa (iii) i- caxky & 9.42%
vkS|ksfxd ,oa foÙkh; iqufZ uekZ.k cksMZ (B.I.F.R.) dh LFkkiuk dh (iv) vkU/kzizn's k & 8.96%
xbZA orZeku esa ;g futh ,oa lkoZtfud {ks= ds #X.k dEifu;ksa (v) mÙkj izn's k & 8.63%
dks foÙkh; lgk;rk iznku djrh gSA vkS|ksfxd #X.krk ij nks Hkkjr esa uojRu] egkjRu rFkk fefujRu % Hkkjr esa
lfefr;k¡ xfBr gks pqdh gSAa
¼1½ frokjh lfefr 1985 uojRu dh vo/kkj.kk tqykbZ 1797 esa izkjEHk gqbAZ tks m|e
¼2½ vksedkj ukFk xksLokeh lfefr] 1993 Xykscy dEiuh dh lEHkkouk j[krs gksa rFkk fiNys 3 o"kZ ls
31 vxLr] 2000 esa ckyÑ".k bjkMh lfefr us B.I.A.R. ykHk dek jgs gksA 97 esa 9 dsUnzh; miØeksa dks uojRu dk
dks lekIr djds jk"Vªh; dEiuh ykW fVªC;wuy (N.C.L.T.) dh ntkZ fn;k x;k FkkA 2008 esa iqu% 9 Eifu;ksa dks vkSj orZeku
LFkkiuk dk lq>ko fn;k FkkA esa vizSy] 2010 rd budh la[;k c<+dj 20 gks xbZ gSA 20oha
dEiuh Oil gSA 19oha dEiuh RINL gSA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

egkjRu dh dEifu;k¡ 3 ls c<+dj orZ eku esa 4 gks izkf/kdj.k (SAIL) o jk"Vªh; rki fo|qr~ fuxe (NTPC)
xbZ gSaA bu dEifu;ksa ij ljdkj dk gLr{ksi ux.; 'kkfey gSAa egkjRu dk ntkZ izkIr dEifu;ksa dks fuos'k ds
gksrk gSA ekeys esa vis{kkÑr vf/kd Lok;Ùkrk izkIr gksrh gSA ûojRu*
dk ntkZ izkIr dEifu;k¡ tgk¡ 1000 djksM+ #i, rd ds
1- jk"Vªh; rkih; fo|qr fuxe (NTPC- National fuos'k izLrkoksa ij dsUnz ljdkj dh iwokZuqefr ds fcuk gh
Thermal Power Corporation) fu.kZ; ys ldrh gS]a ogha êgkjRu* dEifu;ksa dks 5000 djksM+
2- rsy ,oa izkÑfrd xSl fuxe (ONGC - Oil and #i, rd ds fuos'k izLrkoksa ds fy, ;g Lok;Ùkrk izkIr gSA
Natural gas Corporation)
egkjRu dk ntkZ feyus ds i'pkr~ dksy bafM;k fy- vc
fons'kh ifj;kstukvksa esa fuos'k ds lEcU/k esa Hkh T;knk vklkuh
3- SAIL (Steel Authority of India Limited) ls fu.kZ; ys ldsx a hA
4- Oil (Oil India Limited) ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ QSlys ds rgr~ dks;yk {ks= dh gh
,d vU; dEiuh fuosyh fyXukbV] ftls ^feuhjRu* dk ntkZ
orZeku esa fefujRuksa dh la[;k 52 gSA buesa yklZu ,oa vHkh rd izkIr Fkk] dks ûojRu* dEiuh dk ntkZ ljdkj us
Vwczks (L & T), efgUnzk ,.M efgUnzk] TATA tSlh dEifu;k¡ vizSy 2011 esa iznku fd;k gSAa blls ns'k esa uojRu
'kkfey gSAa dEifu;ksa dh dqy la[;k 16 gh jgh gSA
feuh jRu dk ntkZ izkIr lkoZtfud {ks= ds miØe egkjRu ds ntsZ gsrq vko';d n'kk,a ,d n`f"V esa
gky gh esa dsUnzh; ljdkjh {ks= ds vkB m|eksa uker% • dEiuh 'ks;j cktkj esa lwphc) gksA
Hkkjrh; foekuiÙku izkf/kdj.k] ckMdkLV bathfu;fjax
dalYVsVa ~l vkWy bf.M;k fyp] dksphu f'ki;kMZ fy- • fiNys rhu o"kksZa esa dEiuh dk vkSlr dkjksckj 25]000
fgUnqLrku dkWij fy- bafM;u jsyos dsVfjax vkSj i;ZVu fuxe djksM+ #i, jgk gksA
fy-] feJ /kkrq fuxe fy-] us'kuy gkbMªkbs ysfDVªd ikWoj • bl nkSjku dEiuh us 5000 djksM+ #i, dk vkSlr 'kq)
dkWiksZj's ku fy- vkSj lryqt ty fo|qr~ fuxe fy- dks feuh ykHk vftZr fd;k gksA
jRu dk ntkZ iznku fd;k x;k gS ftlls feuh jRu izkIr • bu rhu o"kksZa esa dEiuh dk fuoy ewY; ¼usVoFkZ½ vkSlru
dsUnzh; ljdkjh {ks= ds m|eksa dh la[;k c<+dj 55 gks xbZ 15000 djksM+ #i, jgk gksA
gSA jk"Vªh; bLikr fuxe fy- dks vHkh rd futhdj.k dk • dEiuh ds ikl uojRu dk ntkZ gksA
ntkZ izkIr Fkk ftls ekpZ 2010 esa uojRu dk ntkZ iznku
djus dh LohÑfr nh xbZA Hkkjr dh 5 egkjRu dEifu;k¡
uojRu o feuh jRu dEifu;ksa dks E;wpqvy Q.Mksa esa ¼vizSy 2011 ds vUr rd dh fLFkfr½
1- Hkkjrh; bLikr izkf/kdj.k (SAIL)
fuos'k dh vuqefr 2- rsy ,oa izkÑfrd xSl fuxe (ONGC)
oSf'od eanh ds izHkkoLo:i f'kfFky gks jgs 'ks;j cktkj 3- Hkkjrh; rsy fuxe (IOC)
vkSj E;wpqvy Q.Mksa esa tku Qw¡dus ds fy, ljdkj us 4- jk"Vªh; rki fo|qr~ fuxe (NTPC)
lkoZtfud {ks= dh uojRu vkSj feuh jRu dEifu;ksa dks vius 5- dksy bafM;k fy-
vfrfjDr udn 'ks"k dk 30% E;wpqvy Q.M esa fuos'k djus
dh eatwjh iznku dh gSA lkoZtfud {ks= ds E;wpqvy Q.Mksa ds
ek/;e ls gh bu dEifu;ksa dks fuos'k dh vuqefr gksxhA bl 16 uojRu dEifu;k¡
vk'k; dk QSlyk vkfFkZd ekeyksa dks eaf=e.Myh; lfefr • Hkkjr bysDVªkWfuDl fy- (BEL)
(CCEA) us 26 fnlEcj] 2008 dks fd;kA uojRu o feuh • Hkkjr gSoh bysfDVªdYl fy- (BHEL)
jojRu dEifu;ksa dks ,sls fuos'k dh vuqefr igys Hkh vxLr] • Hkkjr isVªkfs y;e dkWiksZj's ku fy- (BPCL)
2007 esa iznku dh xbZ Fkh] fdUrq ;g dsoy ,d o"kZ ds fy, • fgUnqLrku isVªkfs y;e dkWiksZj's ku fy- (HPCL)
gh FkhA ftldh le; lhek 1 vxLr] 2008 dks lekIr gks
xbZ FkhA • egkuxj VsyhQksu fuxe fy- (MTNL)
• Hkkjrh; xSl izkf/kdj.k fy- (GAIL)
Hkkjr esa uojRu rFkk egkjRu dk ntkZ izkIr • fgUnqLrku ,;jksukWfVDl fy- (HAL)
lkoZtfud {ks= dh dEifu;k¡ • ikWoj fxzM dkWiksZj's ku vkWQ bf.M;k fy- (PGCIL)
lkoZtfud {ks= dh egkjRu dEifu;ksa esa ,d vkSj uke • jk"Vªh; [kfut fodkl fuxe (NMDC)
vizSy 2011 esa tqM+ x;k gSA dks;yk {ks= dh fnXxt dEiuh • xzkeh.k fo|qrhdj.k fuxe fy- (REC)
dksy bafM;k fy- (CIL), ftlus ns'k esa vc rd dk lcls • us'kuy ,Y;wfefu;e dEiuh (NALCO)
cM+k lkoZtfud fuxZe tkjh djds dhfrZeku vDVwcj] 2010 esa • jk"Vªh; bLikr fuxe fy- (RINL)
LFkkfir fd;k Fkk] dks êgkjRu* dk ntkZ ljdkj us vizSy • ikWoj QkbusUl dkWiksZj's ku (PFC)
2011 esa iznku fd;k gSA bl dEiuh dks ûojRu* dEiuh dk
ntkZ blls iwoZ izkIr FkkA êgkjRu* dk ntkZ feyus ls ns'k esa • Hkkjrh; ukSogu fuxe (SCI)
egkjRu dEifu;ksa dh dqy la[;k 5 gks xbZ gSA buesa dksy • vkWby bf.M;k fy- (OIL)
bafM;k fy- ds vfrfjDr rsy ,oa izkÑfrd xSl fuxe • fuosyh fyXukbV dkWiksZj's ku (NLC)
(ONGC), Hkkjrh; rsy fuxe (IOC), Hkkjrh; bLikr
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

psUubZ esa VkbMsy ikdZ dh LFkkiuk 16-
fo|qr~ ¼ijek.kq ÅtkZ ds
100
vykok½
gkMZo;
s j ,oa lkW¶Vos;j m|ksx dks vk/kkfjd lajpuk dh
lHkh lqfo/kk,a ,d gh LFku ij miyC/k djkus ds mís'; ls 17- QkekZD;qfVdYl ¼vkS"kf/k;k¡½ 100
psUubZ esa rkjkef.k (Taramani) esa vR;k/kqfud lwpuk 18- lM+d ,oa cUnjxkg 100
izkS|ksfxdh ikdZ dh LFkkiuk 4 tqykbZ] 2000 dks dh xbZ ftls 19- gksVy ,oa i;ZVu 100
VkbMsy ikdZ (TIDEL PARK) uke fn;k x;kA
20- [kuu vkSj [kfut 100
jkT;okj lap;h FDI dk vUrizZokg 21- dksfj;j lsok,a 100
¼vizSy 2000 ls uoEcj
uoEcj 2007 rd½
FDI
22- i;kZoj.k fu;U=.k 100
RBI dk
vUrizZokg 23- foKkiu] fQYe 74–100
Ø- {ks=h; 'kkfey jkT; esa fgLlk
dk;kZy; 24- j{kk vkSj lkefjd m|ksx 26
¼izfr'kr½
egkjk"Vª] nknj vkSj pk; m|ksx ¼pk; ckxku
25- 100
1- eqEcbZ uxj gosyh] neu 25.14 lfgr½
vkSj nho 26- fiz.V ehfM;k 100
fnYyh mÙkj izn's k foKku ,oa rduhdh
2- ubZ fnYyh dk dqN Hkkx vkSj 27- 100
22.68 i=&if=dk,a
gfj;k.kk cqfu;knh <k¡pk vkSj lsok {ks=
3- caxyq# dukZVd 7.03 esa fuos'k djus okyh
28- 49
rfeyukMq vkSj dEifu;k¡ ¼,slVs
4- psUubZ 6.69 fjdUlVªD'ku dEifu;k¡½
iqnqpsjh
5- gSnjkckn vkU/kz izn's k 4.12 mixzgksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj
29- 74
6- vgenkckn xqtjkr 2.84 lapkyu
lzksr % vkS|ksfxd uhfr vkSj lao/kZu foHkkx Ñf"k ¼Qqyokjh] ckxokuh]
30- chtksa dk fodkl] i'kqikyu] 100
eRL;ikyu] lCth vkfn½
izeq[k {ks=ksa esa fons'kh fons'kh lekpkj&i=ksa dk
izR;{k fuos'k (FDI) dh vf/kdre vuqeU; lhek 31- 100
izdk'ku
fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k 32- dkWQh ,oa jcM+ izlaLdj.k 100
Ø- {ks= dh vf/kdre lhek
¼izfr'kr½ 33- flxkj ,oa flxkj mRiknu 100
1- lkoZtfud {ks= dh cSfa dax 49 34- vYdksgkWy vklou 100
2- futh {ks= dh cSfa dax 74 35- [krjukd jlk;u 100
3- foÙkh; dEifu;k¡ 100 vkS|ksfxd foLQksVd
36- 100
mRiknu
4- chek dEifu;k¡ 26
37- xSj&cSfa dax foÙkh; dEifu;k¡ 100
5- Lons'kh foeku lsok 49 fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=&muesa
gokbZ vM~Mksa dk 38- 100
6- 100 ;wfuVksa dh LFkkiuk
vk/kqfudhdj.k
7- nwjlapkj ¼csfld] lsY;qyj½ 74 chek {ks= rFkk fons'kh lekpkj&i=ksa ds izdk'ku ds fy,
8- fuekZ.k fodkl ifj;kstuk,a 100 FDI lhek esa o`f)
isVªkfs y;e ¼fjQk;fuax&ubZ
9- 100 u, chek ¼la'kks/ku½ fo/ks;d 2008 esa chek {ks= esa FDI
bdkb;k¡½
lkoZtfud {ks= dh dh lhek ekStnw k 26% ls c<+kdj 49% djus dk ljdkj dk
10- 26
izLrko gSA o"kZ 2000 esa chek {ks= dks futh {ks= ds fy,
fjQk;ufj;k¡
11- foi.ku 74 [kksyk x;k FkkA ml le; bl {ks= esa 26% FDI dh vuqefr
12- viLVªhe 51–100
iznku dh xbZ FkhA
blh izdkj dsUnz ljdkj us fons'kh lekpkj&i=ksa ds
13- dks;yk [kuu 100 izfr:i ¼QSlhekby½ laLdj.kksa ds Hkkjr esa izdk'ku ds fy,
Fkksd O;kikj ,oa fu;kZr o fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k (FDI) dh lhek dks c<+kdj 100%
14- 100
y?kq m|ksx ds fy, O;kikj tuojh] 2009 esa dj fn;k gSA vHkh rd vf/kdre 26
15- izlkj.k 20–49 izfr'kr fuos'k gh bl {ks= esa vuqeU; FkkA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

,Q-Mh-vkbZ- & ekxZ vkxs dk fons'kh izR;{k (FDI) fuos'k uhfr
fjVsy {ks= esa ,Q-
,Q-Mh-
Mh-vkbZ- ykHk dSls nsxh \ ¼31 ekpZ] 2008½
oky&ekVZ tSls fo'o fjVsy laLFkk ds izo' s k ls u, fuos'k I. {ks= ftlesa FDI dh vuqefr ugha gS
fn[kkbZ nsus dh laHkkouk gSA 1- QqVdj O;kikj ¼,dy czk.M mRikn [kqnjk fcØh NksMd + j½
dqN gh le; vof/k esa blds 3&4 fefy;u u, jkstxkj
2- ijek.kq ÅtkZ
'kkfey djus dh laHkkouk gSA vU; 4&6 fefy;u 3- ykWVjh O;kikj
4- lêk cktkj vkSj tqvk
jkstxkj laHkkj&ra=] Bsdk Jfed] gkml&dhfiax vkSj 5- fpV Q.M O;kikj
lqj{kk ds {ks= esa l`ftr fd, tk ldrs gSAa 6- fuf/k dEiuh
laHkkj&ra=] dksYMpsu] HkkaMkxkjksa ds fodkl esa lgk;rk 7- VªkalQjscy Msoy s iesUV~l jkbV~l O;kikj
djus dh vk'kk gSA 8- os {ks= tks futh {ks= fuos'k ds fy, [kqys ugha gSAa
ljdkjh jktLo dks fofHkUu djksa ds ek/;e ls 24&30
II. {ks= ftlesa FDI ds fy, ljdkj dh iwoZ LohÑfr
fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj dh vfrfjDr jkf'k izkIr gks vko';d gS&
ldrh gSA 1- tgk¡ izsl uksV 1 ¼2005 Ük`[a kyk½ ds izko/kku yxs gksaA
ouLifr@lfCt;ksa rFkk [kjkc gksus okyh vU; lkefxz;ksa dh 2- tgk¡ 24% ls vf/kd fons'kh iw¡th mu oLrqvksa ds
{kfr de gksxh vkSj LQhfr fu;a=.k j[kus esa lgk;rk feysxhA mRiknu ds fy, yxkbZ tkuh gS] tks y?kq m|ksx
miHkksDrkvksa ds fy, 5–10% dh cpr gksxhA {ks= ds fy, vkjf{kr gSA
fdlkuksa dks 10–30% vf/kd vk; fnykus esa lgk;rk dj lzksr % Hkkjr 2008] ist 607 rFkk 616
ldrh gSA fo'o ds izeq[k 'ks;j ewY; lwpdkad
vkfFkZd fodkl esa o`f) gksxhA
'ks;j ewY; lwpdkad LVkWd ,Dlpst a
u, fu;e D;k dgrs gSa \ 1- MkWyDs l] lsalDs l BSE-20, cSd
a Ds l & BSE eqca bZ ¼Hkkjr½
,dy&czkM a fjVsy 2- fu¶Vh & NSE eqc a bZ ¼Hkkjr½
ljdkj us ,dy&czkM a fjVsy esa 100% ,Q-Mh-vkbZ- dh 3- Mh- tksUl & U;w;kdZ ¼vejhdk½
vuqefr ns nh gSA 4- fuDdh & Vksfd;ks ¼tkiku½
fons'kh fuos'kd czk.M ds Lokeh gksA a 5- feMMsDl] ÝSd a QVZ & teZuh
csps tkus okys mRikn dsoy ^,dy czk.M* gksus pkfg,A 6- gkax lsx a & gkaxdkax
mRikn Hkkjr ls fHkUu ,d ;k vf/kd ns'kksa esa ,d gh 7- flesDl] LV~Vs ~l VkbEl & flaxkiqj
czkMa ds uke ls csps tkus pkfg,A 8- dksLih & dksfj;k
[kjhns x, eky ds ewY; dk 30% dk lzksr Hkkjr ojh;r%
9- lsV & FkkbyS.M
y?kq ,oa e/;e bdkbZ;ks]a xzkeh.k ,oa dqVhj m|ksx] 10- rsu & rkboku
11- 'ka?kkbZ dkWe & phu
nLrdkjksa rFkk f'kYidkjksa ls fd;k tk,xkA 12- ukLMSd & l- jk- vejhdk
lzksr dh ek=k Lo&izekf.kr dh tk,] lkafof/kd 13- ,l- ,.M ih- & dukMk
ys[kk&ijh{kdksa }kjk tkap dh tk,A 14- cksosLik & czkthy
eYVh&czk.M fjVsy 15- fe"Vsy & bVyh
eYVh&czk.M fjVsy esa ljdkj 51% ,Q-Mh-vkbZ dh 16- vkbZ- ih- lh- & eSfDldks
vuqefr nsA 17- tdkrkZ dEiksftV & eysf'k;k
fons'kh fuos'kdksa }kjk ,Q-Mh-vkbZ- ds :i esa ykbZ tkus 18- fl;ksy dEiksftV & nf{k.k dksfj;k
okyh U;wure jkf'k 100 fefy;u vejhdh MkWyj gksxhA izeq[k mRikn
U;wure 50% dqy ,Q-Mh-vkbZ- rhu o"kksZa esa cSd&,M
mRikn ,oa mlls lacfa /kr ns'k
mRikn ns'k
vk/kkfjd lajpuk ij yxkbZ tk,A QksMZ & la- jk- vesfjdk
fufeZr@lalkf/kr mRiknksa dh izkfIr ds ewY; dh
oksDlosxu & teZuh
U;eure 30% jkf'k dk lzksr ,sls Hkkjrh; y?kq m|ksx fuLlku & tkiku
gks]a ftudk la;a= ,oa e'khujh esa dqy fuos'k 1 fefy;u jsuks & Ýkal
vejhdh MkWyj ls vf/kd u gksA gks.Mk & tkiku
fjVsy fcØh dsUnz dsoy mu 'kgjksa esa LFkkfir fd, tk,a ek#fr & Hkkjr
ftudh tula[;k 2011 tux.kuk ds vuqlkj 10 yk[k gq.MbZ & nf{k.k dksfj;k
ls vf/kd gks vkSj ,sls 'kgjksa dh uxj@'kgjh lhek ds ,y- th- & nf{k.k dksfj;k
vkl ikl dk 10 fdeh- {ks=Qy doj gksrk gksA fjcksd & la- jk- vesfjdk
bZ&dkWelZ ds ek/;e ls fdlh Hkh :i esa fjVsy VsªfMax ukbd & la- jk- vesfjdk
dh vuqefr ugha nh tk,xhA ,MhMkl & teZuh
ghjks & Hkkjr
Qy] lfCt;ks]a Qwyks]a vUu] nygu] rktk eqxsZ] eNyh ,oa
uksfd;k & fQuyS.M
ehV mRiknksa lfgr rktk QkeZ mRikn fcuk czk.M okys I;wek & bVyh
gks ldrs gSAa fQ,V & bVyh
QkeZ mRiknksa dks eqgS;k djkus dk igyk vf/kdkj ljdkj lSelUx & nf{k.k dksfj;k
dk gksxkA Vks;Vk & tkiku
fons'kh fjVsyj Hkkjr esa D;ksa izo's k djuk pkgrs gSa \ fgUnqLrku eksVlZ & Hkkjr
cM+s cktkj] c<+rh gq, iz;ksT; vk; ,oa [kpZ djus dh ,;jVsy & Hkkjr
'kfDrA cksMkQksu & fczVus
Hkkjrh; fjVsy cktkj dk vuqekfur vkdkj yxHkx 450 vesfjdu eksckby & eSfDldks
fefy;u vejhdh MkWyj dk gSA VsyhQksfudk & Lisu
pkbuk eksckby & phu
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

izeq[k m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk % Hkkjr ds vc rd ds foÙk eU=h %
m|ksx vk/kq
vk/kqfud rjhds m|ksxvk/kqfud rjhds ds o"kZ foÙk eU=h
ds izFke dkj[kkus izFke dkj[kkus dk
dk LFkkiuk o"kZ LFkkiuk o"kZ ,oa
1947&49 vkj- ds- "k.keqxe psV~Vh
,oa LFkku LFkku
lwrh 1818] dksydkrk lhes.V
1904] psUubZ
1949&51 tkWu eFkkbZ
oL= ¼enzkl½
twV 1855] fj'kjk ¼i- lkbfdy 1918] dksydkrk
caxky½ 1951&57 lh- Mh- ns'keq[k
yksgk 1870] dqYVh ¼i- dkxt 1812] lsjkeiqj
bLikr caxky½ ¼i- caxky½ 1957&1958 Vh- Vh- Ñ".kkekpkjh
phuh 1900] fcgkj moZjd 1906] rfeyukMq
m|ksx 1958&59 tokgj yky usg:
lkoZtfud {ks= ds bLikr dkj[kkus % 1959&64 eksjkj th nslkbZ
LFkku rF; 1966&67 lphUnz pkS/kjh

jkmjdsyk • f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr
1967&70 eksjkj th nslkbZ
¼mM+hlk½ teZuh dh lgk;rk ls LFkkfir fd;k
x;kA 1959 bZ- esa mRiknu 'kq: 1970&71 bfUnjk xk¡/kh
gqvkA
fHkykbZ • f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr 1971&75 ;'koUrjkt ch- pºok.k
¼e/; izn's k½ :l dh lgk;rk ls LFkkfir fd;k 1975&77 lh- lqczã.;e
x;kA 1959 bZ- esa mRiknu 'kq:
gqvkA 1977&78 ,p- ,e- iVsy
nqxkZiqj • f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr
1979&80 pj.k flag
¼i-
¼i- caxky½ fczVus dh lgk;rk ls LFkkfir fd;k
x;kA o"kZ 1962 bZ- esa mRiknu 'kq: 1980&82 vkj- osd
a Vje.k
gqvkA
1982&85 iz.ko eq[kthZ
cksdkjks • ,f'k;k dk lcls cM+k la;U=A bls
¼>kj[k.M½
¼>kj[k.M½ r`rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vurxZr 1985&87 oh- ih- flag
:l dh lgk;rk ls LFkkfir fd;k
x;kA o"kZ 1973 bZ- esa mRiknu 1988&89 ukjk;.k nÙk frokjh
vkjEHk gqvkA
1989&90 ,l- ch- pºok.k
cuZiqj • futh {ks= la;U= ds jk"Vª;dj.k
¼i-
¼i- caxky½ }kjk vf/kx`ghr ;g la;U= :l dh 1990&91 e/kq n.Mors
lgk;rk ls LFkkfir gqvkA
1991&92 ;'koar flUgk
fo'kk[kkiÙkue •
fo'kk[kkiÙkue pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr
¼vkU/kz izn's k½ 2256 djksM+ #i;s dh ljdkjh 1992&96 eueksgu flag
ykxr ls :l dh lgk;rk ls
LFkkfir fd;k x;kA 1996&98 ih- fpnEcje
lyse • pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr 1998&2003 ;'koUr flUgk
¼rfeyukMq½ LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
Hknzkorh • pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr 2003&2004 tloUr flag
¼dukZVd½ jk"Vªh;Ñr fd;k x;kA
2004&2009 ih- fpnEcje
fot;uxj • pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds rgr
¼dukZVd½ LFkkfir fd;k x;kA 2009&vc rd iz.ko eq[kthZ
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

vkfFkZd {ks= ls lEcfU/kr eq[; lfefr;k¡ % egktu lfefr ¼ekpZ] • phuh m|ksx
1997½
ds- ,u- dkcjk lfefr • ¶;wpj Vªfs Max
egkyuksfcl lfefr • jk"Vªh; vk;
fiUVks lfefr ¼1997½ • ukSogu m|ksx
jktk fpyS;k lfefr • dj lq/kkj
panzkés lfefr • 'ks;j o izfrHkwfr;ksa dh LVkWd
[kqljks lfefr • Ñf"k lk[k
,DlpsUtksa esa MhfyfLVax
;w-ds- 'kekZ lfefr xksbiksfj;k lfefr • cSd
a lsok lq/kkj
• ukckMZ }kjk {ks=h; xzkeh.k
cSd
a ksa dh ns[k js[k ujflEgu lfefr • cSfa dax lq/kkj
vthr dqekj lfefr • lsuk ds osruksa dh folaxfr;k¡ tkudhjeu lfefr • izfrHkwfr ?kksVkyk
¼1997½
js[kh lfefr • vizR;{k dj
lh- ch- Hkkos lfefr • dEifu;ksa }kjk lwpuk,¡
¼1997½ izLrqr djuk xksLokeh lfefr • vkS|ksfxd #X.krk
¼1993½
/kkuqdk lfefr • izfrHkwfr cktkj ls lEcfU/kr
¼2000½ fu;e frokjh lfefr ¼1984½ • vkS|ksfxd #X.krk
nos lfefr • vlaxfBr {ks= ds fy, is'a ku MkW- esgrk lfefr • vkbZ- vkj- Mh- ih- dh izxfr
dh flQkfj'k ij iqufoZpkj
eYgks=k lfefr • chek {ks= esa lq/kkj jaxjktu lfefr ¼1991½ • Hkqxrku lUrqyu
lsuxqIrk lfefr • f'kf{kr csjkstxkjh ok?kqy lfefr • E;wpqvy Q.M Ldhe
MkW- fot; dsydj • izkÑfrd xSl ewy; uknd.khZ lfefr • lkoZtfud {ks= dh
lfefr izfrHkwfr;k¡
ch- ,u- ;qxka/kj • jk"Vªh; lkekftd lgk;rk ds- vkj- os.kqxksiky • lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh ds
lfefr ¼1995½ ;kstuk lfefr ¼1994½ rgr dsUnzh; fuxZe ewy; fu/kkZj.k
Hk.Mkjh lfefr • {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd
a ksa dh ,e- th- tks'kh • nwjlapkj esa futh {ks= dk
¼1994½ iqulZajpuk lfefr ¼1994½ izo's k
'kadjyky xq# lfefr • Ñf"k foi.ku jkds'k eksgu lfefr • vk/kkfjd lajpuk foÙkh;u
¼1995½
Hkxorh lfefr • csjkstxkjh
Kku izdk'k lfefr ¼1994½ • phuh ?kksVkyk
okpw lfefr • izR;{k dj
ekysxke lfefr • izkFkfed iw¡th cktkj
,y- ds- >k lfefr • vizR;{k dj ¼1965½
LokehukFku lfefr • tula[;k uhfr ¼1994½ lks/kkuh lfefr • fons'kh eqnzk O;kikj
¼1965½
nkarokyk lfefr • csjkstxkjh ds vuqeku
,- ,y- diwj lfefr • y?kq m|ksxksa dh lk[k lEcU/kh
lq[ke; pØorhZ lfefr • ekSfnzd iz.kkyh ij iqufoZpkj
vxzoky lfefr • isVªkfs y;e Mhyjf'ki ds
ljdkfj;k lfefr • dsUnz jkT; lEcU/k vkcaVu dh tk¡p ds fy,
gtkjh lfefr ¼1985½ • vkS|ksfxd uhfr lqczã.;e lfefr • 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa dks ^MhEM
nÙk lfefr • vkS|ksfxd ykblsfa lax fo'ofo|ky;* dk ntkZ
iznku djus ds fy,
pØorhZ desVh ¼1985½ • ekSfnzd i)fr ds dk;ksZa dh leh{kk
dukZVd esa tux.kuk dh rtZ ij vc ekSrksa dh Hkh x.kuk
,l- ,l- rkjkiksj • iw¡th [kkrs dh tux.kuk dh rtZ ij vc ekSrksa (Deaths) dh x.kuk dk
lfefr ¼1997½ ifjorZu'khyrk dk;Z Hkh dukZVd esa izkjEHk fd;k x;k gS- e`R;q x.kuk djus okyk
dukZVd ns'k dk igyk jkT; gS rFkk ns'k esa vius fdLe dh ;g
ih- lh- ,ysDts.Mj • vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr;k¡ rFkk igyh x.kuk gS- e`R;q x.kuk (Death Census) rhu Jsf.k;ksa
lfefr ¼1978½ vk;kr ykblsal dk mnkjhdj.k ¼uotkr e`R;q] cky e`R;q rFkk o;Ld e`R;q½ esa dh tk jgh gSA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

;kstuk vk;ksx 10- LokLF; ij [kpZ ¼ldy
¼5 twu] 2009 dh fLFkfr½ jk"Vªh; mRikn dk 0.8 3.4
izfr'kr½
1- eueksgu flag ¼iz/kkuea=h½ v/;{k

11- izfr O;fDr ÅtkZ [kir
2- eksVa d
s flag vkgywokfy;k mik/;{k ¼fdyksxzke rsy ds 486.0 2002.0
3- fefgj 'kkg lnL; lerqY;½
4- lqfe=k pkS/kjh lnL;
12- fctyh [kir ¼fdyksokV
5- ujsUnz tkno lnL; 384.0 2460.0
izfr ?k.Vs½
6- ch- ds- prqosZnh lnL;
7- vfHkthr lsu lnL; 13- VsyhQksu ¼izfr gtkj
34.0 203.0
8- lbZnk gehn lnL; vkcknh ij½
9- lqHkk"kpUn ikf.k lfpo
14- O;fDrxr dEI;wVj ¼izfr
3.3 52.3
1000 ij½
bf.M;k fotu&2020 ds egRoiw.kZ y{;

15- vuql/a kku o fodkl esa
yxs oSKkfud o
Ø- fodkl 2000&2001 2020 dh bathfu;jksa dh la[;k 149.0 590.0
dh fLFkfr lEHkkouk ¼izfr ,d yk[k vkcknh
es½a
1- xjhch js[kk ls uhps dh
26% 13%
vkcknh ¼% es½a 16- okf"kZd o`f) nj ¼GDP
4.4% 9.0%
dk izfr'kr½
2- csjkstxkjh dh nj 7.3% 6.8%
17- ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa 28.0% 6.0%
izfr'kr fgLlk& (i) Ñf"k
3- Ñf"k esa jkstxkj 56% 40%
4- o;Ld iq#"k lk{kjrk 68% 96% (ii) m|ksx 26.0% 34.0%
5- o;Ld efgyk lk{kjrk 44% 94%

(iii) lsok {ks=
46.0% 60.0%
6- izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa
77.2% 99.9%
nkf[kyk
18- dqy iwt a h fuekZ.k esa
izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k dk 2.1% 24.5%
7- f'k{kk ij [kpZ ¼ldy fgLlk
jk"Vªh; mRikn dk 3.2% 4.9%
izfr'kr½
19- f'k'kq e`R;q nj ¼izfr
71.0 22.5
1000 thfor tUe½
8- thou izR;k'kk ¼tUe ds
64 o"kZ 69 o"kZ
le;½
20- dqy tula[;k esa 'kgjh
25.5% 40.0%
tula[;k dk izfr'kr
9- 5 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds
45% 8%
cPpksa esa dqiks"k.k
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa ls lEcfU/kr egRoiw.kZ rF;
laxBu LFkkiuk o"kZ eq[;ky; lnL;
vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k (IMF) 1945 okf'kaxVu Mh-lh- 186
fo'o cSd
a 1945 okf'kadVu Mh-lh- 186
¼iqufuZekZ.k ,oa fodkl gsrq vUrjkZ"Vªh; cSd
a (IBRD), vUrjkZ"Vªh; foÙk fuxe (IFC), vUrjkZ"Vªh; fodkl la?k
(IDA) rFkk cgqi{kh; fuos'k xkjaVh ,tsUlh (MIGA) fo'o cSda ls gh lEc) laLFkk,a gSAa ewyr% LFkkfir laLFkk
IBRD gS ftldh LFkkiuk 1945 esa gqbAZ IFC dh LFkkiuk 1956 esa o IDA dh 1960 esa gqbZ½
fo'o O;kikj laxBu (WTO) 1995 tsusok 151
,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSd a 1966 euhyk 61
nf{k.k iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dk 1967 tdkrkZ 10
la?k (ASEAN) ¼b.Mksufs 'k;k] fQyhihUl] eysf'k;k] flaxkiqj] FkkbyS.M]
czqubs Z] fo;ruke] ykvksl] E;kaekj rFkk dEcksfM;k½
uk¶Vk (NAFTA) 1992 3
¼vejhdk] dukMk] esfDldks½
,isd (APEC) 1989 21
¼vkWLVªfs y;k] vejhdk] dukMk] phu] esfDldks] tkiku]
gkaxdkax] rkbZoku] n- dkfj;k] b.Mksufs 'k;k]
fQyhihUl] czqubs Z] flaxkiqj] eysf'k;k] FkkbyS.M]
iiqvk U;wfxuh] U;wthyS.M] fpyh] is:] :l
rFkk fo;ruke½
¼,isd us lu~ 2020 rd ,f'k;k iz'kkUr {ks= dks Lora= O;kikj {ks= cukus dh ?kks"k.kk dh gSA ;g fo'o dk
lcls cM+k Lora= O;kikj {ks= gksxkA½
;wjksfi;u la?k 1958 esa czwlYs l 27
LFkkfir EEC dk ¼Ýkal] yDtsecxZ] msuekdZ] fczVus ] teZuh] csfYt;e]
ifjofrZr :i vk;jyS.M] gkWyS.M] bVyh] Lisu] xzhl] iqrZxky]
vkWfLVª;k] fQuyS.M] LohMu] iksyS.M] gaxjh] Lyksofs u;k]
Lyksokfd;k] fyFkqvkfu;k] psd x.kjkT;] ,LVksfu;k]
ykVfo;k] lkbizl] ekYVk] cqYxkfj;k rFkk :ekfu;k¡½
edksZlqj (Mercosur) 1995 4
¼;g nf{k.kh vejhdh {ks= esa Lora= O;kikj {ks= gSA½ ¼czkthy] vtsZUVhuk] ijkXos o m#Xos½
vksid
s (OPEC) 1960 fo;uk 13
¼vkWfLVª;k½ ¼vYthfj;k] b.Mksufs 'k;k] bZjku] bjkd] dqoSr
yhfc;k] ukbthfj;k] drj] lÅnh vjc]
la;qDr vjc vehjkr] osut s ,q yk] bDosMksj
,oa xScku½
n{ksl (SAARC) 1985 dkBek.Mw 8
¼Hkkjr] ikfdLrku] HkwVku] ckaXykns'k]
Jhyadk] usiky] ekynho] o vQxkfuLrku½
th&15 1989 tsusok 19
¼19 fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk laxBu½ ¼Hkkjr] esfDldks] teSdk] osut s q,yk] is:] czkthy]
vtsZUVhuk] lsux s y] vYthfj;k] ukbZthfj;k] ftEckCos]
felz] eysf'k;k] b.Mksufs 'k;k] fpyh] dhfu;k]
Jhyadk] dksyfEc;k o bZjku½
vkfFkZd lg;ksx ,oa 1948 esa LFkkfir isfjl ¼Ýkal½ 2+9
fodkl laxBu ;wjksih; vkfFkZd ¼vkWLVªfs y;k] vkWfLVª;k] csfYt;e] dukMk]
(OECD) lg;ksx laxBu pSd fjifCyd (Czech Republic), gaxjh]
dk ifjofrZr :i dksfj;k ¼fjifCyd½] esfDldks] iksyS.M] MsuekdZ] teZuh]
fQuyS.M] Ýkal] xzhl] vkblyS.M] vk;jyS.M]
bVyh] tkiku] yDtsecxZ] uhnjyS.M] U;wthyS.M]
ukWosZ] iqrZxky] Lisu] LohMu] fLoV~tjyS.M]
VdhZ] ;w-ds- rFkk ;w-,l-,-½
,lse (ASEM) 1996 25
¼;wjksih; la?k ds 15 o vkfl;ku ds 7 ns'kksa ds
lkFk&lkFk tkiku] n- dksfj;k o phu dks 'kkfey
djrs gq, ,f'k;k ds 10 ns'k½
,f'k;kbZ Dyh;fjax 1975 rsgjku 8
;wfu;u (ACU) ¼Hkkjr] ikfdLrku] ckaXykns'k] usiky
Jhyadk] bZjku] HkwVku] o E;kaekj½
la;qDr jk"Vª la?k (UNO) 1945 U;w;kWdZ 192
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

egRoiw.kZ lfefr;k¡
lfefr dk;Z{ks= 48- nos lfefr ¼2000½ vlaxfBr {ks= ds fy, is'a ku dh
1- jkt lfefr Ñf"k tksrdj flQkfj'k
2- Hkxorh lfefr csjkstxkjh 49- pØorhZ desVh ¼1985½ ekSfnzd ds dk;ksZa dh leh{kk
3- okapw lfefr izR;{k dj 50- vks- ih- lks/kkuh fons'kh fofue; cktkj
4- ,y- ds- >k lfefr vizR;{k dj fo'ks"kK ny ¼1995½ dk fodkl
5- LokehukFku lfefr ¼1994½ tula[;k uhfr 51- ,l-,l- rkjkiksjs lfefr ¼1997½ iw¡th [kkrs dh
6- Hkwrfyaxe lfefr etnwjh] vk; vkSj dhersa ifjorZu'khyrk
7- nkarokyk lfefr csjkstxkjh ds vuqeku 52- ih-lh- vysDts.Mj lfefr ¼1978½ vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr;ksa
8- lq[ke; pØorhZ lfefr ekSfnzd iz.kkyh ij iqufoZpkj dk mnkjhdj.k
9- ljdkfj;k lfefr dsUnz&jkT; lEcU/k 53- egktu lfefr ¼ekpZ 1997½ phuh m|ksx
10- oS|ukFku lfefr flapkbZ ds ikuh 54- vkj- oh- xqIrk lfefr ¼fnlEcj 1997½ Ñf"k lk[k
11- gtkjh lfefr ¼1967½ vkS|ksfxd uhfr 55- rkjkiksj lfefr ¼tqykbZ 2001½ ;w-Vh-vkbZ- ds 'ks;j
12- nÙk lfefr vkS|ksfxd ykblsfa lax lkSnksa dh tk¡p
13- egkyuksfcl lfefr jk"Vªh; vk; 56- ek'ksydj lfefr ¼tuojh 2002½ vkWVks ¶;wy uhfr
14- jktk psyS;k lfefr dj&lq/kkj ek'kysdj lfefr ¼vxLr 2003 esa fjiksVZ½ udyh nokvksa
15- [kqljks lfefr Ñf"k lk[k dk mRiknu
16- dksbiksfj;k lfefr cSda lsok lq/kkj 57- ,l- ,u- [kku lfefr ¼1998½ foÙkh; laLFkkvksa rFkk
17- ujflEge lfefr foÙkh; ¼cSfa dax½ lq/kkj cSd
a ksa dh Hkwfedk esa leUo;
18- tkudhjeu~ lfefr izfrHkwfr ?kksVkyk 58- ,u-,l- oekZ lfefr ¼1999½ okf.kfT;d cSd a ksa dh
19- js[kh lfefr vizR;{k dj iqulZajpuk
20- xksLokeh lfefr ¼1993½ vkS|ksfxd #X.krk 59- ikFkZ lkjFkh 'kkse lfefr dj uhfr
21- frokjh lfefr ¼1984½ vkS|ksfxd #X.krk 60- ,u- ds- flag lfefr dj uhfr dh lfe{kk
22- MkW- esgrk lfefr vkbZ-vkj-Mh-ih- dh 61- okbZ- oh- jsM~Mh lfefr ¼vDVwcj 2001½ vk;dj NwVksa dh
izxfr ij iqufoZpkj leh{kk
23- jaxjktu lfefr ¼1991½ Hkqxrku lUrqyu 62- Hkwjy
s ky lfefr eksVj okgu djksa esa o`f)
24- ok?kqy lfefr E;wpqvy QaM Ldhe 63- lIr_f"k lfefr ¼tqykbZ 2002½ Lons'kh pk; m|ksx
25- uknd.khZ lfefr lkoZtfud {ks= dh izfrHkwfr;k¡ ds fodkl gsrq
26- eYgks=k lfefr chek {ks= esa lq/kkj 64- vfHkthr lsu lfefr ¼tqykbZ 2002½ nh?kZdkyhu vukt
27- lsu xqIrk lfefr f'kf{kr csjkstxkjh uhfr
28- MkW- fot; dsydj lfefr izkÑfrd xSl ewY; 65- ,u- vkj- ukjk;.k ewfrZ lfefr ¼2003½ dkiksZjVs xousZal
29- ch- ,u- ;qxka/kj lfefr ¼1995½ jk"Vªh; lkekftd lgk;rk 66- ,u- ds flag lfefr fo|qr~ {ks= esa lq/kkj
30- uUtqUnIik lfefr ¼1993½ jsyos fdjk, HkkM+s 67- lq'khy dqekj lfefr chVh dikl dh [ksrh dh leh{kk
31- Hk.Mkjh lfefr ¼1994½ {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd a ksa 68- oh- ,l- O;kl lfefr ¼fnlEcj 2003½ Ñf"k ,oa xzkeh.k
dh iqulZjpuk lk[k foLrkj
32- lqUnjjktu lfefr ¼1995½ ¼[kfut½ rsy {ks= esa lq/kkj 69- fot; dsydj lfefr ¼ekpZ 2004½ fQLdy jsLiksfUlfcfyVh
33- Mh- ds- xqIrk lfefr ¼1995½ nwj lapkj foHkkx ,.M ctV eSut s esUV ,DV
dh iqulZajpuk ds vuqlkj vFkZO;oLFkk dh
34- 'kadjyky xq# lfefr Ñf"k foi.ku =Sekfld leh{kk
35- ds- vkj- os.kqxksiky lfefr ¼1994½ lkoZtfud forj.k 70- ykfgM+h lfefr ¼2005½ [kk| rsyksa ds ewY;ksa ij iz'kqYd
iz.kkyh ds rgr~ dsUæh; lajpuk lEcU/kh flQkfj'k gsrq
fuxZe ewY; fu/kkZj.k 71- lPpj lfefr ¼2005½ eqfLyeksa dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd
36- ,e- th- tks'kh lfefr ¼1994½ nwj lapkj esa futh {ks= ds o 'kS{kf.kd fLFkfr dk v/;;u
izo's k lEcU/kh fn'kk funsZ'k 72- uk;j dk;Zny ¼2006½ isVªkfs y;e {ks= esa fons'kh fuos'k
37- jkds'k eksgu lfefr ¼1995½ vk/kkfjd lajpuk foÙkh;u dks vkdf"kZr djus ds fy,
38- Kku izdk'k lfefr ¼1994½ phuh ?kksVkyk uhfrxr lq>ko nsus gsrq
39- ekysxke lfefr ¼1995½ izkFkfed iw¡th cktkj 73- jaxjktu lfefr ¼2006½ isVªkfs y;e mRiknksa ij
40- lks/kkuh lfefr ¼1995½ fons'kh eqnzk cktkj iz'kqYd lajpuk ds lEcU/k
41- ds- ,u- dkcjk lfefr ¶;wpj Vªfs Max esa flQkfj'ksa nsus gsrq
42- fi.Vks lfefr ¼1997½ ukSogu m|ksx 74- ekysxke lfefr ¼2006½ ys[kk ekudksa ij lq>ko gsrq
43- panzk=s lfefr ¼1997½ 'ks;j o izfrHkwfr;ksa dh LVkWd 75- 'kaxyw lfefr ¼2006½ ljnkj ljksoj ck¡/k ifj;kstuk
,Dlpst a ksa esa MhfyfLVax ds foLFkkfirksa ds iquokZl dh
44- ;w- ds- 'kekZ lfefr ¼1998½ ukckMZ }kjk {ks=h; xzkeh.k fLFkfr dh leh{kk gsrq
cSd
a ksa dh ns[kjs[k 76- ikBd vk;ksx ¼2006½ UNO ds rsy ds cnys vukt
45- vthr dqekj lfefr ¼1997½ lsuk ds osruksa dh dk;ZØe dh tk¡p gsrq
folaxfr;k¡ 77- feL=h lfefr ¼2007½ foÙkh; xfrfof/k;ksa ds
46- lh-ch- Hkkos lfefr ¼1997½ dEifu;ksa }kjk lwpuk,a lq/kkj gsrq lq>ko
izLrqr djuk 78- nhid ikfj[k lfefr ¼2007½ vk/kkfjd lajpuk ds
47- /kkuqdk lfefr izfrHkwfr cktkj ls lEcfU/kr fu;e foÙkh; ekeys esa lq>ko nsus gsrq
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

vUrjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; laLFkk,¡@O;kikfjd laxBu&rF; ,d n`f"V esa
(International Financial Institutions / Trade Organizations - Facts at a Glance)
laxBu rFkk lewg LFkkiuk o"kZ eq[;ky; lnL;ksa dh la[;k fo'ks"k

1- vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k (IMF) 1945 okf'kaxVu 188oka nf{k.k lwMku tqykbZ 2002 esa iwohZ freksj IMF dk
uohure lnL; cukA bldk
izeq[k&izcU/k funs'kd&;wjksih; dks gh
cuk;k tkrk gSA
2- fo'o cSd
a lewg 1945 okf'kaxVu 188oka nf{k.k lwMku Hkkjr ICSID dks NksMd
+ j vU; lHkh
a. vkbZ-ch-vkj-Mh- 1945 dk lnL; gSA
b. vkbZ-,Q-lh- 1956 fo'o cSd
a (WB) ls vk'k; IBRD rFkk
c. vUrjkZ"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn (IDA) 1960 IDA gSA bldk v/;{k in ij dksbZ
d. ,e-vkbZ-th-,- (MIGA) 1988 vejhdh gh lnk fu;qDr gksrk jgk gS
e. vkbZ-lh-,l-vkbZ-Vh- (ICSID) 1966 IDA dks WB dh fj;k;rhdj.k nsus
okyh f[kM+dh (Soft Loan Window)
Hkh dgrs gSAa
3- ;wjksfi;u la?k (EU) 1958 esa czqlYs l 27 Øks,f'k;k bldk 28ok¡ lnL; gksxkA
LFkkfir EEC ¼tuer laxzg gks pqdk gS½
dk ifjofrZr :i ;wjksfi;u ;wfu;u dkeu ekdsVZ dk
mnkgj.k gSA 1 tuojh] 2002 dks EU
ds 12 lnL; ns'kksa us ;wjks dks ,d
oS/kkfud eqnzk (Leagal Tender) ds
:i esa viuk;kA 1 tuojh] 2007 dks
Lykscfs u;k (Slovenia) us ;wjks eqnzk dks
Lohdkj fd;kA bl le; blds 17
lnL; gS ftUgksua s ;qjks dks Lohdkj
fd;k gSA
4- fo'o O;kikj laxBu (WTO) 1995 ftusok ¼dsioMZ 153ok¡½ cuqvkrq ¼vDVwcj] 2011½ :l
¼'kh?kz gh 157 ¼16 fnlEcj] 2011½ rFkk ekUVsusxzks
gksus dh vk'kk½ ,oa leksvk ¼17 fnlEcj] 2011½ dks
blds lnL; cukus dh ?kks"k.kk dh
x;h ij lnL; cuus dh yEch
izfØ;k ckdh gS iwjk gksus ds ckn
lnL;ksa dh la[;k 157 gks tk;sxhA
5- vkfl;ku (ASEAN) 1967 tdkrkZ 10 ;g LorU= O;kikj Cykd (Free
Trading Bloc) dk mnkgj.k gSa bldk
uohu lnL; dEcksfM;k ¼10oka½ 30
vizSy 1999 dks cukA
6- ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSd
a (ADB) 1966 euhyk 67 tkftZ;k ok¡ ;g ,d cgqi{kh; fodkl _.k la[;k
ds :i esa lnL; ns'kksa dks fj;k;rh
C;ktnj ij _.k nsrk gSA bldk
v/;{k ijEijk :i esa tkikuh dks gh
pquk tkrk gSA
7- mÙkjh vesfjdk eqä O;kikj 1994 03 ;g fo'o dk nwljk lcls cM+k eqä
le>kSrk (NAFTA) O;kikj {ks= (Free Trading Bloc) gSA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

8- ,f'k;k iz'kkUr vkfFkZd 1989 flaxkiqj 21 lu~ 2020 rd ,f'k;k iz'kkUr {ks= dks
lg;ksx (APEC) LorU= O;kikj {ks= cukus dh ?kks"k.kk
dh x;h gSA ;g fo'o dk lcls cM+k
Lora= O;kikj {ks= gksxkA
9- nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ {ks=h; lg;ksx 1985 dkBekaMw ¼usiky½ 8 vQxkfuLrku lkdZ dk vkBok¡ lnL;
la?k (SAARC) 4 vizSy] 2007 dks cukA
10- nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ojh;rk O;kikj 1995 dkBekaMw ¼usiky½ 7 SAFTA-nf{k.k ,f'k;k eqä O;kikj
le>kSrk (SAPTA) {ks= 1 tqykbZ] 2006 ls izHkkoh 2012
rd lnL; ns'kksa ds chp rVdj
dVkSrh 'kwU; Lrj rd ykukA
11- vkfFkZd lg;ksx vkSj fodkl 1948 esa isfjl ¼Ýkal½ 34 phyh 31ok¡ lnL; ns'kA blds ckn
laxBu (OECD) LFkkfir ;wjksih; btjkby] ,Lêksfu;k rFkk lzksofs u;k
vkfFkZd lg;ksx blds lnL; cusAa
laxBu dk 1961
esa ifjofrZr :i
12- nf{k.k lk>k cktkj 1991 eks.VsfofM;ks 07 êdksZlqj* Lisfu'k uke gSa ftldk
vfHkizk;&nf{k.k 'kadq dk lk>k cktkj
;g n- vejhdh {ks= dk Lora= O;kikj
{ks= gSA
13- isVªkfs y;e fu;kZrd ns'kksa dk 1960 fo;uk ¼vkWfLVª;k½ 11 05 laLFkkid lnL; ns'k o 06 vU;
laxBu lnL; bZjku] dqoSr lnL; ns'kA [kfut rsy dh vUrjkZ"Vªh;
rFkk lÅnh vjfc;k dherksa esa LFkkf;Ro ykukA 05 o"kZ esa
laxBu dk f'k[kj lEesyu vk;ksftr
gksrk gSA bUMksufs 'k;k us 2008 rFkk
bZjkd us 2009 esa lnL;rk NksM+hA
14- fgUn egklkxj rVh; {ks=h; 1997 & 19 bl laxBu esa ,f'k;k vÝhdk rFkk
lg;ksx laxBu ¼fger{ks=½ (IORARC) vkWLVªfs y;k ds os ns'k 'kkfey gSa tks
egklkxj ds rV ij cls gq, gSAa bl
laxBu dk izkjfEHkd uke M-7 FkkA
15- esd
a ksx
a &xaxk lg;ksx (MGC) 2000 fo,ufr,u 06
¼ykvksl½
16- 'ka?kkbZ lg;ksx laxBu (SCO) 1996 06 vafre laLFkkid lnL; mtcsfdLrku
;k ^'ka?kkbZ&6* gSA 07 twu] 2002 dks vkSipkfjd
vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBu dk ntkZ feykA
bls ^LorU= O;kikj {ks=* (Free Trade
Zone) esa ifjf.kr gksus dh fn'kk esa
iz;kl tkjh gSA
17- fcElVsd (BIMSTEC) 1997 & 07 izkjEHk esa 04 lnL; Fks twu 1997 esa
E;ksekj dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA 06
Qjojh] 2004 dks usiky rFkk HkwVku
dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA bldk
ifjofrZr uke cs vkWQ caxky
bfuf'k,fVo QkWj eYVh lsDVj
VsfDudy ,s.M bdksuksfed
dksvkijs'ku gSA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

18- G–8 1975 & 08 20&22 twu] 1997 dks vesfjdk ds
ioZrh; 'kgj ^Msuoj* (Denver) esa
lEiUu G–7 ds f'k[kj lEesyu esa
izFke ckj ^:l* dks bl laxBu ds
iw.kZ Hkkxhnkjh ds :i esa 'kkfey fd;k
x;kA ;g ,d xSj ljdkjh laxBu
gSA
19- G–77 1964 U;w;kdZ 133 bl lewg ds vf/kdka'k ns'k r`rh;
fo'o ls lEc) gSAa HkkjrHkh bldk
lnL; gSa
20- G–15 1989 ftusok 19 fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk lewg blls
Hkkjr Hkh lnL; gSA vafre lnL;
bZjku gSA
21- G–20 1997 & 20 1997 esa ,d vkSipkfjd laxBu dk
xBuA bl lewg ds izFke v/;{k iky
ekfVZx
a ¼dukMk½ FksA Hkkjr Hkh bldk
lnL; gSA
22- G–10 1962 isfjl 11 X;kjgoka lnL; 1984 esa fLoV~tjyS.M
cukA ;g IMF ds m/kkj ds lkekU;
O;oLFkkiu dks"k (GAB) ds fy,
vuqnku nsus gsrq vukSipkfjd ns'kksa dk
lewgA Hkkjr bldk lnL; ugha gSA
23- bClk (IBSA) 2003 & 03 Hkkjr] czkthy] n- vÝhdk ,d
f=i{kh; laxBuA vkSipkfjd :i ls
czkthy dh jkt/kkuh czklhfy;k esa 06
twu] 2003 dks xfBr fd;k x;kA
24- BRICS (R–5) 2009 & & czkthy] :l] bf.M;k rFkk phu rFkk
nf{k.k vÝhdk dk laxBu ftldh
igyh cSBd :l ds ;dVjhuoxZ 16
twu 2009 dks gq;hA bls R–5 ds uke
ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS D;ksfa d bu
lcdh djsUlh 'R' ls 'kq: gksrh
gS&czkthy&jh;y] :l&#cy]
bf.M;k ¼#i;k ;k #Iih½] phu
¼jsufeUFkh½] lkmFk vÝhdk ¼jSM
a ½A
25- ISO ¼bUVjus'kuy vkxsZukbts'ku 1947 tsusok 147 izkS|ksfxdh VsDlVkby iSdfs tax Hkou
Qkj LVSUMMZfits'ku½ vkfn ds lEcU/k esa ekud LFkkfir
djukA
26- GCC ¼xYQ dksvkijs'ku dSfa ly½ 25 ebZ] 6 fj;kn 4 vjc ns'kksa ds chp vkfFkZd lg;ksx
1981 LFkkfir djukA
27- BASIC 2010 czkthy] nf{k.k vÝhdk Hkkjr rFkk
phuA
28- dksyEcksIyku 1 tqykbZ] 1951 ,f'k;k isfLQd ns'kksa ds vkfFkZd ,oa
vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy,A
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

vkfFkZd 'kCnkoyh pkfg,] ysfdu baVjusV dh okbZ&QkbZ rduhd esa
MsLdVkWi ;k ySiVkWi dEI;wVj dks VsyhQksu] dsfcy
vkSj czkMcSaM vkfn dh vko';drk ugha iM+rhA
• jsiks nj % vYidkfyd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gsrq okbZ&QkbZ rduhd ls tqM+s {ks= esa dEI;wVj Lor%
¼vksoj&ukbV gsrq Hkh½ ftl C;kt nj ij dkWef'kZ;y cSd a baVjusV ls tqM+ tkrs gSa ftlls dEI;wVj dks vyx ls
fjtoZ cSd a ls udnh _.k izkIr djrs gS]a ^jsiks nj* fdlh dusfDVfoVh dh t:jr ugha gksrh nwjnjkt ds
dgykrh gSAa orZeku ¼16 flrEcj] 2010 ls½ esa jsiks nj {ks=ksa ds fy, tgk¡ HkkSfrd dusfDVfoVh lEHko u gks
6-00 izfr'kr gSA mu {ks=ksa ds fy, ;g rduhd fdlh ojnku ls de
• fjolZ jsiks nj % vYidkfyd vof/k ds fy, fjtoZ ughaA
cS ad }kjk dkWef'kZ ;y cS adksa ls ftl C;kt nj ij
uxnh izkir dh tkrh gS ^fjolZ jsiks nj* dgykrh • uSuks rduhd % vkusokys le; esa uSuks rduhd vk/kqfud
gSA lkekU; cktkj esa eq nzk dh vkiwf rZ c<+ tkus ij izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa vyknhu dk fpjkx lkfcr gksxhA
mlesa deh ykus ds mís'; ls fjtoZ cS ad }kjk c<+h bl rduhd ds tfj, Ñf"k] i'kqikyu ,oa [kk|
C;kt njksa ij dkWef'kZ ;y cS adksa dks vYi vof/k ds izlaLdj.k esa peRdkfjd ifjorZu vk,xkA bl rjg ls
fy, udnh fjtoZ cSad esa tek djus gsrq izksR lkfgr xzkeh.k fodkl esa uSuksa rduhd vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkk,xhA
fd;k tkrk gSA orZ eku ¼16 flrEcj] 2010 ls½ esa bl rduhd ds tfj, ijkthuh Qlysa ;k Vªkaltsfud
fjolZ jsiks nj 5-00 izf r'kr gSA ØkWIl rS;kj dh tk ldsx a hA vHkh rd ,d iztkfr dh
nks vPNh fdLeksa ls csgrjhu thu fudky dj mEnk
• udn vkjf{kr vuqikr (CRR) : fdlh okf.kfT;d cSd a esa
fdLe rS;kj dh tkrh gS] ysfdu uSuks rduhd us bu
dqy tek jkf'k dk og ¼izfr'kr½ Hkkx ftls fjtoZ cSd a
lHkh dks peRdkfjd :i ls dj fn[kk;k gSA bl
ds ikl vfuok;Z :i ls tek djuk iM+rk gS] ûxn
rduhd ds tfj, ouLifr txr~ esa tUrq txr~ dh
vkjf{kr vuqikr* dgk tkrk gSA bldh nj ftruh Å¡ph
?kqliSB dks lEHko dj fn[kk;k gSA blds }kjk eupkgs
gksrh gS] cSd
a ksa dh lk[k l`tu {kerk mruh gh de gksrh
Lokn] jax] lqx/a k ,oa ikSf"Vdrk ls Hkjiwj Qlyksa dh
gSA orZeku ¼16 flrEcj] 2010 ls½ esa lh-vkj-vkj- 6-0
iztkfr;ksa dks rS;kj fd;k tk ldsxkA ;gh ugha] ikS/kksa esa
izfr'kr gSA
iks"kd rRo] [kkn&ikuh dh deh ,oa jksx&chekfj;ksa dks
• oS/kkfud
kkfud rjyrk vuqikr (SLR) : fdlh Hkh okf.kfT;d [kqn c;k djsx a As Qlyksa dks [kjirokjksa ds vkØe.k ls
cSd
a esa dqy tek jkf'k dk og ¼izfr'kr½ Hkkx tks uxn cpkuk gks ;k fQj feV~Vh dh moZjk 'kfDr dh
Lo.kZ o fons'kh eqnzk ds :i esa mls vius ikl vfuok;Z tk¡p&iM+rky djuh gks] lc dqN bl rduhd ls lEHko
:i ls j[kuk iM+rk gSA cSd a ksa dks foÙkh; ladV dk gks pyk gSA uSuksa rduhd ls i'kqvksa esa eu pkgh fo'ks"k
lkeuk djus gsrq fjtoZ cSd a }kjk ,slh O;oLFkk fu/kkZfjr uly ,oa mEnk xq.kksa ds i'kqvksa dks rS;kjk djuk lEHko
dh xbZ gSA orZeku ¼16 flrEcj] 2010 ls½ esa ;g nj 25 gqvk gSA izÑfr tks dfj'ek gtkjksa yk[kksa lky esa djrh
izfr'kr gSA Fkh] og tsufs Vd bathfu;jh ds tfj, iyd >idrs gh
• iw¡th i;kZIrrk vuqikr (CRAR) : og U;wure iw¡th ftls lEHko gks pyk gSA ijkthuh Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa phu
,d cSfa dax vkSj xSj&cSfa dax foÙkh; laLFkk dks vius ikl uEcj ,d ij gSA vHkh ijkthuh Qlyksa esa lks;kchu]
j[kuk pkfg,] [kkldj rc tc og fdlh O;kikfjd eDdk] dikl vksj dsuksy dk izeq[k LFkku gSA
lEifÙk dk l`tu djrh gks] iw¡th i;kZIrrk dgykrh gS]
tcfd iw¡th i;kZIrrk vuqikr tksf[ke Hkkfjr lEifÙk;ksa • Vsyh&esf Mflu % ;g lapkj ,oa lwpuk izkS |ksf xdh]
ds lkFk iw¡th dk vuqikr iznf'kZr djrk gSA orZeku esa fpfdRlk foKku] bathfu;fjax ,oa vk;qfoZKku dk
;g nj 9 izfr'kr gSA leUo; gSA Vsyh&esfMflu iz. kkyh ds vUrxZr fo'ks"k
• ECS iz.kkyh % bysDVªkfW ud Dyh;fjax flLVe ;kstuk ds :i ls rS ;kj fd, x, gkMZo s;j vksj lkW¶ Vos;j] jksxh
ek/;e ls cSd a }kjk vius xzkgdksa dks mlds }kjk vknsf'kr rFk MkWDVj nksuksa Nksjksa ij iznku fd, tkrs gSaA
fdlh Hkh laLFkk@O;fDr ds [kkrs esa fu;fer :i ls vUrfjr buds tfj, jksx fuokj.k ds midj.k] ,Dl&js] bZ-
dh tkus okyh /kujkf'k dks fcuk isij pSd dkVs gq, Lor% lh-th-] tk¡p fjiksVZ vkfn jksxh rd igq¡pk, tkrs gSaA
vUrj.k dh lqfo/kk iznku dh tkrh gSA ;g tkudkjh bulS V mixzg ds ek/;e ls izkIr dh
• okbZ&QkbZ (WiFi) rduhd % vkt ds nkSj esa baVjusV tkrh gSaA vkeweu jksxh dh chekjh ls lEcfU/kr
dk pyu vkSj mi;ksx ,d vfuok;Z vax cu x;k gSA leLr tkudkjh fo'ks"kK MkWDVj dks Hksth tkrh gS aA
baVjusV ds iz;ksx djus okyksa ds fy, baVjusV dh blds ckn MkWDVj tk¡p&iM+rky ds ckn jksxh ls
okbZ&QkbZ rduhd ojnku lkfcr gks jgh gSA lh/ks ohfM;ks dkWUÝsaflax ds }kjkckrphr djds jksx
okbZ&QkbZ ok;jysl qkbMfyVh dk laf{kIr uke gSA dk funku vkS j mipkj djrs gS aA bl dk;Z ds fy,
baVjusV dh lqfo/kk,a lkekU;r% VsyhQksu] dsfcy vkSj ljdkjh vLirky] dqN xSj&ljdkjh laxBu ;k
czkMcSaM ds tfj, yksxksa dks miyC/k djkbZ tkrh gSaA VªLVh vLirky pqus tkrs gS aA rkfd bl iz .kkyh dks
vktdy cgqr&lh izkbosV dEifu;k¡ ,d NksV&ls
lq pk# :i ls pykus esa i;kZi r izf 'k{k.k izkIr gks
eksMe ds tfj, Hkh baVjusV dh lqfo/kk yksxksa dks
miyC/k djkjgh gSaA baVjusV ds mi;ksx ds fy, lds vkS j vkxs pydj Vsyh&esf Mflu dks jk"Vªh ;
MsLdVkWi ;k ySiVkWi dEI;wVj mi;ksx esa yk, tkrs Lrj ij pyk;k tk ldsA vHkh gky gh esa dukZVd
gSaA baVjusV dh lqfo/kk ysus ds fy, bu dEI;wVjksa dks jkT; ds lHkh ftyk fpfdRlky;ksa esa Vsyh&esfMflu
mi;qZDr ek/;eksa esa ls fdlh ,d ls tqM+k gksuk lqfo/kk LFkkfir djus dk dk;Z vkjEHk dj fn;k gSA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• usV cSfa dax % baVjusV ,oa dEI;wVj dh lgk;kr ls ?kj • fLop vkWijs'ku (Switch Operation) : [kqys cktkj dh
cSBs cSfa dax ds dk;ksZa dk lapkyu fd;k tkrk gSA bl fØ;k (Open Market Operation) dk iz;ksx dsoy lk[k
izfØ;k dks usV cSfa dax dgrs gSAa usV cSfa dax ds ek/;e ls fu;U=.k ;k ekSfnzd uhfr esa u gksdj] cfYd ljdkjh
xzkgd vius dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx dj vius cSd a usVodZ izfrHkwfr;ksa ds Ø;&foØ; }kjk jktdks"kh; uhfr ds :i
vkSj osclkbV dks ,Dlsl dj ldrk gSA usV cSfa dax dk esa fd;k tkrk gSA fjtoZ cSd a }kjk izfrHkwfr;ksa dks Ø;
lcls cM+k ykHk ;g gS fd dksbZ Hkh ?kj cSBs ;k vkWfQl djuk ¼lkekU;r;k vYi vof/k dh½ rFkk nwljh
ls cSda lfoZl dk ykHk mBk ldrk gSA izfrHkwfr;ksa dk mlds LFkku ij foØ; ¼lkekU;r;k nh?kZ
rduhdh nq#i;ksx ds dkj.k usV dk tkylkt ,dkmaV vof/k dh½ djus dh fØ;k] ftlls izfrHkwfr;ksa dh
dks gSd dj cSd a ds xzkgd dks gkfu igq¡pk ldrs gSAa ifjiDork vof/k (Maturity Period) yEch gks lds] dks
,slh fLFkfr esa ;g t:jh gS fd usV cSfa dax ds mi;ksx esa
gh ge ^fLop vkWijs'ku* dgrs gSAa
lrdZrk cjrh tk,A usV cSfa dax dh 50 izfr'kr osclkbV
vlqjf{kr gksrh gSA vr% xzkgd lkbV [kksyus ls igys ;w- • lanfHkZr nj ;k izeq[k m/kkjh nj (Prime Landing
vkj-,y- vkSj Mkseus dks psd djsa vkSj ns[ksa fd ;g mlh Rate–PLR) : lanfHkZr nj] iw¡th cktkj dk fu/kkZj.k
cSd
a ds ;w-vkj-,y- vkSj Mkseus dh rjg gksAa blls vki djrh gSA ;g nj U;eure nj gksrh gS] ftl ij iw¡th
vk'oLr gks tk,xsa fd vki lqjf{kr osclkbV dk mi;ksx cktkj esa m/kkj fy;k ;k fn;k tkrk gSA cktkj esa
dj jgs gSAa izpfyr C;kt nj] ftl ij lkekU;r;k le>kSrk gksrk
;fn vki usV cSfa dax ds fy, baVjusV dSQs dk mi;ksx gS] lanfHkZr nj ls Å¡ph gksrh gSa blds }kjk C;kt nj esa
dj jgs gks]a rks vius ikloMZ dks cny ysAa blls vki gksus okyk ifjorZu funsZf'kr gksrk gSA fofHkUu ns'kksa esa
lqjf{kr gks tk,axAs ikloMZ dks fdlh isij ij u fy[ksAa fHkUu&fHkUu ukeksa ls lanfHkZr njksa dks tkuk tkrk gSA
bls vklkuh ls gSd fd;k tk ldrk gSA viuh flLVe vejhdk esa Feds Funds Rate, teZuh esa Ýsd a QVZ bUVj
ij LØhu lsoj ikloMZ Mky nsAa ftlls vkids flLVe a vkWQMZ jsV (FIBOR), tkiku esa Vksfd;ks bUVj cSd
cSd a
dk mi;ksx dksbZ vU; ugha dj ldsA
vkWQMZ jsV (TIBOR), yUnu esa yUnu b.Vj cSd a vkWQMZ
• izfrdkjh 'kqYd % fu;kZrd ns'k }kjk fu;kZr dh tkus jsV (LIBOR), bR;kfnA
okyh oLrqvksa ij lfClMh iznku djds mugsa uhph dher
ij fu;kZr djus ;k jkf'kiÙku djus dh fLfkfr esa ize[q k m/kkjh nj (Prime Lending Rate–PLR) : og C;kt
vk;krd ns'k }kjk ,slh oLrqvksa ij Å¡ph nj ls vk;kr nj gksrh gS] ftl ij cSda vius loZfiz; ¼fo'oluh;½ xzkgd
'kqYd yxkus ;k fo'ks"k vfrfjDr vk;kr 'kqYd yxk, dks _.k nsrk gSA ¼fo'ouh;rk ls rkRi;Z gS ftlesa tksf[ke
tkus dks izfrdkjh 'kqYd dgk tkrk gSA 'kwU; gksA½ PLR ,d izdkj ls vk/kkj C;kt nj dh Hkwfedk
• Vidu fl)kUr (Trickle Down Theory) : fdlh ns'k vnk djrk gSA blh PLR vk/kkj ij vU; m|fe;ksa dks _.k
esa jk"Vªh; vk; dh mPp fodkl nj dk ykHk lekt ds iznku fd;k tkrk gSA ;g nj ,d izdkj ls vk/kkfjd C;kt
lcls fupys ik;nku ij cSBs yksxksa rd igq¡pus dk nj ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA
fl)kUr Vidu fl)kUr dgykrk gSA blesa izfr O;fDr • oscjht oØ (Webriz Curve) : fdlh vFkZO;oLFkke sa
vk; esa o`f) ds lkFk&lkFk lekt esa vk; ,oa /ku ds csjktxkjh ds Lrj rFkk jkstxkj miyC/krk ds Lrj ds
forj.k dh vlekurkvksa esa Hkh deh djus dk iz;kl chp vkjs[kh; lEcU/k iznf'kZr djus okys oØ dks
fd;k tkrk gSA
ôscjht oØ* dgrs gSAa oLrqr% nksuksa esa foykse lEcU/k
• lh-
lh- lh-lh- vkbZ- ,y-
,y- (CCIL) : lh- lh- vkbZ- ,y- ik;k tkrk gSA
¼Dyh;fjax dkWiksZj's ku vkWQ bf.M;k fy-½ Hkkjrh; fons'kh
fofue; cktkj dk ,d fudk; gS] tks fons'kh ysu&nsu • bZ&xousZUl (E-Governance) : 'kklu ds fofHkUu
ds lek'kks/ku dk dk;Z djrk gSA ?kVdks& a foHkkxksa ,oa eU=ky;ksa ds lHkh Lrjksa dks dEI;wVj
• tksf[ke iw¡th th (Venture Capital) : cktkj esa vk/kkfjr usVodZ ls tksMd + j uhfr fu/kkZj.k] lalk/ku
fuos'kdrkZvksa ,oa dEifu;ksa }kjk O;kikfjd vfkok vU; vkcaVu] dk;ZØe dk;kZUo;u rFkk ewY;kadu dh iz.kkyh
izdkj dh fuos'kd xfrfof/k;ksa esa iz;qDr dh tkus okyh bZ&xousZUl dgykrh gSA
iw¡th ^tksf[ke iw¡th* dgykrh gSA bZ &iz'kklu vHkh O;kogkfjd :i ls Hkys gh nwj dh
• pkyw [kkrs ij cdk;k (Balance on Current A/c) : dkS M+h yxs] ysfdu ftl j¶rkj ls ns'k esa lwpuk
fdlh ns'k ds Hkqxrku lUrqyu ds pkyw [kkrs izkS|ksf xdh dk fodkl gks jgk gSA Hkfo"; esa
¼vk;kr&fu;kZr dk i.; O;kikj] tgktjkuh] cSfa dax] ns'kokfl;ksa fo'ks"k :i ls xzkeh.kksa rFkk nwjnjkt ds
O;fDr;ksa dks lcls vf/kd Qk;nk bZ &iz'kklu ls
i;ZVu] chek] vfuokfl;ksa }kjk fons'kh fuf/k;ksa ds
gksxkA baVjusV dk nk;jk nwjnjkt ds {ks=ksa rd
vUrj.k½ ds ysu&nsu dk pkyw [kkrs ds cdk;k ij ukes
QS ysxkA rc bZ &iz'kklu ls ljdkj vkS j xzk eh.kksa ds
,oa tek esa n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA
chp lh/kk lEidZ dk;e gksxkA izk ;ksf xd rkS j ij
• vfr b"V jk"Vª (Most Favoured Nation) : fdlh ns'k bZ &iz'kklu dks Hkw&vfHkys[k] lM+d ifjogu] okf.kT;
}kjk tc fdlh vU; ns'k ds vk;krks& a fu;kZrks]a iz'kqYdksa dj] jkstxkj dsUnz ] dks"kkxkj] Hkw&iath;u] iqfyl
vkfn ls lEcfU/kr dqN fof'k"V lqfo/kk,a ;k fj;k;rsa nh iz 'kklu ,oa f'k{kk vkfn egRoiw.kZ {ks=ksa ls izkjEHk
tkrh gSa rks ,lh lqfo/kk,a izkIr djus okyk jk"Vª ^vfr fd;k tk jgk gS A
b"V jk"Vª* dgykrk gSA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• bZ&pkSiky % bZ&pkSiky dsUnz futh dEifu;ks]a fodkl iz.kkyh mu yksxksa dks vkfFkZd {ks=d dh eq[; /kkjk ls
laLFkkvksa ,oa jkT; ljdkjksa dk ,slk usVodZ gS] tks tksM+rh gS tks lk/kughu gS rFkk lSdM+ksa o"kksZa ls
baVjusV ds ek/;e ls xk¡oksa esa gh fdlkuksa dks Ñf"k dh fu/kZurk&dqiks"k.k vf'k{kk&csjkstxkjh ds edM+tky esa Q¡ls
tkudkjh] cktkj dh ek¡x] foi.ku ,oa Ñf"k lEcU/k ubZ gSA blds vUrxZr ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks NksVh&NksVh cprsa djus ds
tkudkjh miyC/k djkrk gSA bZ&pkSiky dsUnzksa dk fy, Hkh izfs jr fd;k tkrk gS] rkfd os vUrr% LokoyEch cu
lapkyu ik¡p&Ng xk¡oksa dks feykdj ,d LFkkuh; O;fDr ldsAa
djrk gS ftldks dEI;wVj dh tkudkjh gksrh gSA ;g • C;korhZ ;kstuk (Rolling Plan) : izkQ s slj feMZy izFke
O;fDr ik¡p&Ng xk¡oksa dks feykdj bZ&pkSiky dsUnz dk vFkZ'kkL=h gS]a ftUgksua s viuh iqLrd 'Indian Economic
lapkyu djrk gSA bu bZ&pkSiky dsUnzksa ij fdlkuksa dks Planning in its Broader Setting' esa fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds
Ñf"k dh ubZ izkS|ksfxdh viukus dh tkudkjh] Qlyksa ds fy, C;korhZ ;kstuk dh flQkfj'k dhA C;korhZ ;kstuk esa
mRiknu c<+kus dh tkudkjh] ubZ mUur'khy fdLe ds izR;sd o"kZ rhu ;kstuk,a cukbZ tkrh gSa vkSj mu ij
cht] moZjdks]a nokvksa dh tkudkjh] Qlyksa ds vey fd;k tkrk gSA izFke] ,d ;kstuk pkyw o"kZ ds
jksx&chekfj;ksa ds funku ds mik; dh tkudkjh] cktkj fy, gksrh gS] ftlesa okf"kZd ctV rFkk fons'kh eqnzk
ewY;] cktkj ek¡x vkfn dh tkudkjh eqgS;k djkrk gSA ctV 'kkfey gksrs gSAa f}rh;] ,d ;kstuk dqN o"kksZa ds
• ds-ih-
ih-vks- (Knowledge Processing Outsourcing– fy, vFkkZr~ rhu] pkj ;k ik¡p o"kksZa ds fy, gksrh gSA bls
KPO) : ukWfyt izkslfs lax vkmVlksflZx a og izfØ;k gS vFkZO;olk;h vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj gj o"kZ cny
ftlesa Kku vk/kkfjr lsok,a tSls fd odkyr vkfn nwljs fn;k tkrk gSA blesa dher lEcU/kksa rFkk dher uhfr;ksa
ns'kksa ls djkbZ tkrh gSAa vkus okys fnuksa esa fodflr ns'k ds lkFk&lkFk mu y{;ksa ,oa rduhdksa dk mYys[k gksrk
viuh vusd Kku vk/kkfjr lsok,a Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy gS ftudk vuqlj.k ;kstuk dh vof/k ds nkSjku fd;k
ns'kksa ls djkuk izkjEHk dj nsx a ]s D;ksfa d ,slk djuk muds tkrk gSA r`rh;] izfro"kZ 10 o"kZ] 15 o"kZ] 20 o"kZ ;k
fy, lLrk gksxkA mlls Hkh vf/kd dh le;kof/k ds fy, ,d n`"V ;kstuk
• eqnzk xq.kd (Money Multiplier) M 
: izkjf{kr eqnzk (M0) ls izLrqr dh tkrh gS ftlesa O;kid mís';ksa dk mYys[k
c`gr eqnzk (M3) dk vuqikr  3  eqnzk xq.kd dgykrk jgrk gS vkSj vkxkeh fodkl dh :ijs[kk cukbZ tkrh
gSA Hkkjr esa ekpZ 2006 esa ;g M 0  FkkA
4-76 gSA okf"kZd ,do"khZ; ;kstuk dks mlh o"kZ dh ubZ rhu]
• vkbZ-ih-
ih-vks- (Initial Public Offcer) : buhf'k;y ifCyd pkj ;k ik¡po"khZ; ;kstuk esa fQV fd;k tkrk vkSj bu
vkWQfjax ls fdlh dEiuh }kjk tkjh fd;k x;k og nksuksa dks n`"V ;kstuk ds izdk'k esa rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA
izkjfEHkd fuxZe gS tks turk }kjk va'knku djus ds fy, • IykfLVd euh (Plastic Money) : iykfLVd euh ls
fd;k tkrk gSA rkRi;Z fofHkUu cS adksa] foÙkh; laLFkkuksa rFkk vU;
• lekosf'kr fodkl (Inclusive Growth) : ,slk fodkl dEifu;ksa }kjk tkjh fd, x, Øsf MV dkMksZa ls gS aA
lekosf'kr fodkl dgykrk gS ftlesa vkfFkZd fodkl Hkkjr ds yxHkx lHkh egkuxjksa esa ØsfMV dkMksZa dk
dh mPp nj ls tfur jk"Vªh; vk; ds forj.k esa pyu c<+ jgk gSA buls gokbZ tgkt dh fVdV]
lekt ds lcls detksj oxZ ds yksxksa dks mfpr diM+s] lkeku vkfn [kjhns tk ldrs gS aA vc rks
fgLlk feys vfkkZr~ jk"Vªh; vk; dk fjlko izHkko uhps cktkj esa isVªks dkMZ rd vk x, gS a ftuls xzkgd
dh vksj vf/kd gksA isVªk sy iEiksa ij isVªk sy@Mhty dk Hkqxrku ØsfMV
• fy;ksUrhQ iSjkMkWDl (Leontief Paradox) : fodflr dkMZ ds tfj, dj ldrs gS aA
ns'kksa iw¡th iz/kku oLrqvksa dk vk;kr djuk rFkk Je • Cyw Vªq Fk % Cyw VªqFk lwpuk izkS|ksf xdh ls lEcfU/kr
iz/kku oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr djuk ,oa Je iz/kku ns'kksa }kjk rhljh ih<+h dk midj.k gS ] tks lapkj {ks= ds fy,
Je iz/kku oLrqvksa dks vk;kr djuk o iw¡th iz/kku ,d ØkfUrdkjh rduhd lkfcr gqvk gSA dEI;wVj
oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr djuk fy;ksUrhQ iSjkMkWDl dgykrk txr~ esa Cyw VªqFk ,d ekud VsD uksykWth gS ftldk
gSA edln gekjs dEI;wVjksa dks rkjksa ds tky ls futkr
• ih-
ih-,-,u-
,u- (Permanent Account Number–PAN) : fnykuk gSA bl rduhdh dh enn ls lsyQksu vkSj
ijekusUV ,dkm.V uEcj ;k LFkk;h ys[kk la[;k vk;dj ySi Vki ;k ,sl s dksbZ Hkh nks vU; midj.k ¼ftuesa
nkrkvksa dks vkcafVr ,d ,slh la[;k gS ftlls mlds Cyw VªqFk rduhdh dk iz ;ksx fd;k x;k gks½ fcuk rkj
/kkjd }kjk fdlh o"kZ esa izkIr dh xbZ vk; ,oa vU; ds ,d&nwljs ls tqM + ldrs gS aA bl rduhdh dh
ysu&nsu] ftuesa ih-,-,u- dk mYys[k djuk vfuok;Z gS] enn ls ,d NksVh jsat esa jsfM;ks ÝhDosalh }kjk
dk ys[kk&tks[kk j[kk tkrk gS rkfd dj viopu dks vkokt lq uus rFkk MkVk LFkkukUrj.k dk dk;Z fd;k
jksdk tk ldsA tkrk gSA bldk jsat 10 lseh- ls 100 eh- rd fd;k
• lw{e lk[k dh vo/kkj.kk (Comcept of Micro Finance) : tk ldrk gS A rduhdh ds iz;ksxdrkZ fcuk dksbZ rkj
xzkeh.k fu/kZuks]a fo'ks"k :i ls efgykvks]a dks fcuk fdlh yxk, gh dEI;wfVax rFkk nwjlapkj midj.kksa rd
lEikf'oZd xkjUVh ds vk; l`tudkjh xfrfof/k;ksa ds viuh igq¡p cuk ysrk gSA blesa fofHkUu midj.kksa
lapkyukFkZ lk[k lqfo/kk miyC/k djkuk lw{e lk[k dgykrk dks vkil esa rkjksa ls tksM +us ds >a> V esa gesa
gSA fu/kZurk fuokj.k ,oa fodkl dk ykHkksa ls oafpr jgs Nq Vdkjk fey ldrk gSA 10oha 'krkCnh ds egku~
yksxks]a fo'ks"k :i ls efgykvksa ds vkfFkZd l'kfDrdj.k esa MSf u'k lezkV~ gS jkYM Cyw VªqFk ds uke ij fodflr
lw{e&lk[k ,d mi;ksxh ;U= ds :i esa lkeus vkbZ gSA dh xbZ gS A oS Kkfudksa dk dguk gS fd blds vk
bldh dk;Z iz.kkyh izkjEifjr cSad lk[k ls fHkUu gSA blds tkus ls lwpukvksa dk iz s"k.k u dso y vklku gks x;k
vUrxZr Lo;a lgk;rk lewg ds :i esa laxfBr fu/kZu gS ]- cfYd lwpuk jktekxZ ij c<+rs VSªfQd ls Hkh
O;fDr;ksa dks lk[k lqfo/kk eqgS;k djkbZ tkrh gSA blfy, ;g futkr fey xbZ gSA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• xSj&fu"iknuh; ifjlEifÙk;k¡ (Non-performing • o`f)eku iw¡th&fuxZr vuqikr (ICOR) : vFkZO;oLFkk esa
Assests) : xSj&fu"iknuh; ifjlEifÙk;k¡ cSd a ksa ,oa foÙkh; mRimknu dh ,d vfrfjDr bdkbZ izkIr djus ds fy,
laLFkkuksa }kjk forfjr os _.k gSa ftuds ewy/ku ,oa ml iw¡th dh ftruh vfrfjDr bdkb;ksa dh vko';drk gksrh
ij ns; C;kt dh okilh le; ls ugha gks ikrh ;k gS] mls o`f)eku iw¡th&fuxZr vuqikr vFkok o`f)eku
fcydqy ugha gks ikrhA iw¡th mRiknu vuqikr (ICOR) dgk tkrk gSA ICOR dk
lkekU;r;k cSd a ksa }kjk forfjr ,sls lHkh _.k vkSj ml vf/kd gksuk ;g crkrk gS fd mRiknu dh ,d
ij ns; C;kt xSj&fu"iknuh; ifjlEifÙk ds :i esa vfrfjdr bdkbZ dh izkfIr ds fy, T;knk iw¡th dh
igpkus tkrs gS]a ftuesa fdlh foÙkh; o"kZ esa ewy/ku dk vko';drk gSA
Hkqxrku 180 fnu rFkk C;kt dk Hkqxrku 365 fnu ls • ,EckxksZ (Embargo) : ,EckxksZ ls rkRi;Z O;kikj izfr"ks/k
vf/kd fnuksa rd jksd fy;k tkrk gSA ls gS] ftlds vUrxZr dksbZ jk"Vª ;k dqN jk"Vª feydj
fdlh fo'ks"k jk"Vª ds lkFk viuk lEiw.kZ O;kikj vFkok
• LohV 'ks;j (Sweat Shares) : LohV bZfDoVh 'ks;jksa ls
oLrq fo'ks"k dk O;kikj cUn dj nsrs gSAa ,EckxksZ dks ?kkV
rkRi;Z ,sls 'ks;jksa ls gS] tks dEiuh ds deZpkfj;ksa ;k
cUnh ds :i esa Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftlds vUrxZr
fdlh vU; dks fj;k;rh ewy; ij vkcafVr fd, x, gksa
dksbZ ,d jk"V vFkok ,d ls vf/kd jk"V feydj fdlh
;k fQj dksbZ izkS|ksfxdh vFkok ckSf)d lEink vf/kdkj
jk"Vª ds tgktksa ds c<+us ij jksd yxk nsrs gSAa ,slh
dEiuh dks miyC/k djkus ;k dksbZ vU; ewY; lao)Zu
fLFkfr esa mu tgktksa dks fdlh cUnjxkg ij jksd fn;k
(Value Addition) djus dh ,ot esa fu%'kqYd ;k
tkrk gS ;k fdlh fo'ks"k cUnjxkg ij igq¡pus ugha fn;k
fj;k;rh ewY; ij dEiuh }kjk miyC/k djk, x, gksAa
tkrk gSA
'ks;j cktkjksa ij fuxjkuh j[kus okyh laLFkk ^lsch* • gokyk (Hawala) : gokyk] O;kikj vf/kÑr fons'kh
(SEBI) us fo'ks"k Js.kh ds ^LohV bZfDoVh* (Sweat fofue; pS uyksa dks ckbZikl djus okyh ,d iz .kkyh
Equity) 'ks;jksa ds fy, rhu o"kZ dk ^ykWd bu ihfj,M* gSA bl O;kikj esa yxs yksx Hkqxrku ?kjsyw eq nzk
fu/kkZfjr fd;k gSA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd vkcaVu dh (Domestic currency) esa iz kIr djrs gS a rFkk blds
frfFk ls rhu o"kZ rd bUgsa fdlh vU; dks cspk ugha tk cnys fons'kksa esa fons'kh eqnzk ¼MkWyj½ dh vkiwf rZ dj
ldsxkA lkekU; bZfDoVh 'ks;jksa dh Hkk¡fr ;g 'ks;j] 'ks;j nsrs gSaA ;g O;kikj ,d izeq [k lapkyd ds fu;U=.k
cktkjksa esa lwphc) gksx a As esa dk;Z jr~ ,st sUVksa ds ek/;s ls ifjpkfyr gksrk jgrk
gSA gokyk O;kikj dh fofue; njsa ns'k ds fofHkUu
• gkyekdZ (Hallmark) : Lo.kkZHkw"k.kksa dh xq.koÙkk dks dsUnzksa esa izk ;% vyx&vyx gksrh gS aA dqN vk;krd
lqfu'pr djus ds fy, Hkkjrh; ekud C;wjks (BIS) us ,oa fu;kZ rd Hkh gokyk O;kikj ds ek/;e ls
,d ubZ ^gkyekdZ* (Hallmark) ;kstuk 12 vizSy] 2000 ysu&nsu esa #fp j[krs gS aA
ls izkjEHk dh gSA ch-vkbZ-,l- vf/kfu;e] 1986 ds rgr~ • vuq"kaxh fgrykHk (Fringe Benefits) : fu/kkZfjr ekSfnzd
tkjh fd;k tkus okyk ^gkyekdZ* mlh lksus ls cus osru ds vfrfjDr fu;ksDrkvksa }kjk vius deZpkfj;ksa dks
vkHkw"k.kksa ds fy, iznku fd;k tk,xk tks vkbZ-,l- 1417 tks vfrfjDr lqfo/kk,a miyC/k djkbZ tkrh gS]a mUgsa
ds ekudksa ds vuq:i gksxkA ^vuq"kaxh fgrykHk* dgrs gSAa
• fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k (Foreign Direct Investment) : • thjks usV&,M (Zero Net Aid) : tc fdlh ns'k fo'ks"k
HkkSfrd lEink tSls dkj[kkus] Hkwfe] iw¡thxr oLrq,a rFkk dh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk LofuHkZj gks tkrh gS rFkk mls fdlh
vk/kkfjr lajpuk okys {ks=ksa esa tc fons'kh fuos'kd viuk fons'kh vkfFkZd lgk;rk dh vko';drk ugha gksrh] rks
/ku yxkrs gS]a rks bls izR;{k fons'kh iw¡th fuos'k dgk og ^thjks usV ,M* dgykrh gSA
tkrk gSA vf/kdka'kr;k bl izdkj ds fuos'k cgqjk"Vªh; • ekuo fodkl funsZ'kkad (Human Development Indes–
dEifu;ksa }kjk fd, tkrs gSAa HDI) : ,d ns'k esa cqfu;knh ekuoh; ;ksX;rk dh vkSlr
• lafoHkkx fuos'k (Portfolio Investment) : foÙkh; foi=ksa izkfIr dks ekuo fodkl funsZ'kkad }kjk ekik x;k gSA
esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; fuos'k dks lafoHkkx fuos'k dgrs gSAa tc bldk vkdyu lEcfU/kr ns'k esa thou izR;k'kk (Life
,d ns'k ds fuos'kd nwljs ns'k dh dEifu;ksa ds va'kks]a Expectancy), f'k{kk ds Lrj rFkk okLrfod vk; ds
_.ki=ks]a ckW.Mksa rFkk vU; izfrHkwfr;ksa esa /ku yxkrs gS]a vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA
rks ,sls fuos'k dks lafoHkkx fuos'k dgk tkrk gSA
• izkFkfed cktkj (Primary Market) : iw¡th cktkj
• cgqjk"Vªh; fuxe (Multinational Corporation) : ,d nh?kZdkyhu foÙk dk cktkj gksrk gSA iw¡th cktkj dk og
,slh dEiuh ftlds dk;Z {ks= dk foLrkj ,d ls vf/kd Hkkx tgk¡ bfDoVh 'ks;j rFkk _.kksa ds u, fuxZeu }kjk
ns'kksa esa gksrk gS vkSj ftldk mRiknu ,oa lsok lqfo/kk,a foÙk ds nh?kZdkyhu lzksr miyC/k gksrs gS]a mls izkFkfed
ml ns'k ls ckgj Hkh lEiUu gksrh gSa ftlesa ;g tUe cktkj dgrs gSAa
ysrh gS] dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; dEiuh ;k cgqjk"Vªh; fuxe dgk • fxYV
fxYV ,t cktkj (Gilt Edge Market) : blds vUrxZr
tkrk gSA ,slh dEifu;ksa dh egRoiw.kZ fof'k"Vrk ;g gS Ø;&foØ; dh tkus okyh izfrHkwfr;ksa dk Ø;&foØ;
fd buds izeq[k fu.kZ; iwjs fo'o ds lUnHkZ esa ,d lkFk (RBI) ds ek/;e ls fd;k tkrk gSA bls ^ljdkjh
fy, tkrs gS]a ftlds dkj.k buds fu.kZ; cgq/kk ml ns'k izfrHkwfr cktkj* Hkh dgrs gS]a D;skfa d cktkj esa
dh uhfr;ksa ls csey s gks tkrs gS]a ftuesa ;g dEiuh dk;Z Ø;&foØ; dh tkus okyh izfrHkwfr;k¡ ljdkjh rFkk
dj jgh gksrh gSA v)Z&ljdkjh nksuksa gksrh gSAa
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• iz'kkflr ewY; (Administered Prices) : tc fdlh oLrq • Mh&eSV vdkm.V % ;g ,d izdkj dk cSd a [kkrk gS
ds ewY; dk fu/kkZj.k cktkj dh ek¡x o iwfrZ dh Lora= ftlesa #i;ksa dh txg 'ks;j o ckW.M j[ks tkrs gSAa bl
'kfDr;ksa }kjk u gksdj fdlh dsUnzh; 'kfDr }kjk gksrk [kkrs esa #i, dk ysu&nsu ugha gksrk gSA vxj dksbZ
gS] rks bl izdkj dk ewY; iz'kkflr ewY; dgykrk gSA O;fDr 'ks;j cktkj esa fuos'k djuk pkgrk gS] rks mls
fdlh ,dkf/kdkjh QeZ }kjk ,di{kh; rjhds ls fu/kkZfjr Mh&eSV [kkrk [kqyokuk t:jh gSa ^lsch* ds fu;eksa ds
ewY; ;k ljdkj }kjk fdlh oLrq dk fu/kkZfjr ewY; eqrkfcd vxj vkidks 'ks;j cktkj esa [kjhn&Qjks[r
vkfn iz'kkflr ewY; ds mnkgj.k gSAa djuh gks] rks og ^Mh&eSV* [kkrs ds tfj, gh gks ldrh
• ,eksVkZbts'ku (Amortization) : fdlh _.k ds e; gSA ;gh ugha vxj fdlh dEiuh ds ^vkbZihvks* esa fuos'k
C;kt ds iw.kZ Hkqxrku dks ,eksVkZbts'ku dgrs gSAa djuk gks] rks Hkh Mh&eSV [kkrk t:jh gSA Mh&eSV [kkrk
[kqyokus ij cSd a ;k czkd s j iSlk ysrk gSA ;g [kkrk 'ks;j
• dkyk cktkj (Black Market) : tek[kksjh }kjk cktkj ds u gksus ij cUn ugha gksrk gSA gk¡ blds fy, okf"kZd
esa Ñf=e deh iSnk djds oLrqvksa dh dhersa c<+kdj Qhl pqdkuh iM+rh gSA
vf/kd ykHk dekus dks dkyk cktkj dgrs gSAa • 'kkWVZ VeZ rFkk yksx a VeZ dSfiVy xsu % fuos'k ij yksx a
• dkyk /ku (Black Money) : ftl /ku dk rFkk 'kkWVZ VeZ ds fglkc ls dj yxrk gSA ,d lky ds
fglkc&fdrkc dj v/fkdkfj;ksa ls fNikdj j[kk tkrk ckn vxj ;wfuV csph tkrh gS rks mls ^yksx a VeZ
gS] mls dkyk /ku dgrs gSAa dSfiVy xsu* ekuk tkrk gSA ,sls esa fdruk gh ykHk gks]
ml ij vk;dj ugha yxrk gSA
• ctV (Budget) : fdlh laLFkk ;k ljdkj ds ,d o"kZ vxj fuos'k ,d lky ds vUnj fudkyk tkrk gS rks
dh vuqekfur vk;&O;; dk ys[kk&tks[kk ctV dgykrk ml ij ^'kkWVZ VeZ dSfiVy xsu* ekuk tkrk gSA bl ij
gSA ljdkj dk ctV vc dsoy vk;&O;; dk fooj.k 15 Qhlnh dh nj ls dj yxrk gSA elyu 20 gtkj
ek= glh ugha gksrk] vfirq ;g ljdkj ds fØ;kdykiksa dk fuos'k 6 eghus esa c<+dj 25 gtkj gks x;k vkSj
,oa uhfr;ksa dk fooj.k Hkh gSA ;g vk/kqfud dky esa fuos'kd mls fudky nsrk gS rks mls dqy 5 gtkj dk
lkekftd&vkfFkZd ifjorZu dk lk/ku Hkh cu x;k gSA ykHk gqvkA bl 5 gtkj ij mls 15% ;kfu 750 #-
vk;dj nsuk iM+x s kA
• cQj LVkWd (Buffer Stock) : vkikr fLFkfr esa fdlh • czkd s j % czkd
s j fuos'kdks]a VsM
ª jksa rFkk fdlkuksa dks vkWuykbu
olrq dh deh dks iwjk djus ds fy, oLrq dk LVkWd Vsfª Max dh lqfo/kk miyC/k djkrs gSa vkSj dkjksckj dh ek=k
rS;kj djuk cQj LVkWd dgykrk gSA ds vuqlkj 'kqYd olwyrs gSAa czkd s j cuus ds fy, O;fDr dk
• rstfM+;k vkSj eanfM+;k (Bulls and Bears) : ;g usVoFkZ dkQh vf/kd gksuk pkfg,A
LVkWd ,Dlpsat ds 'kCn gSa] tks O;fDr LVkWd dh deksfMVh ,Dlpst a ds lnL; ¼czkd s j½ vius dkjksckj ds
dhersa c<+kuk pkgrk gS] rstfM+;k dgykrk gS] tks foLrkj ds fy, lcczkd s j fu;qDr djrs gSAa dksbZ Hkh
O;fDr LVkWd dh dhersa fxjus dh vk'kk djds fdlh l{ke O;fDr vFkok cM+k fdlku lh/ks czkd s j ls lEidZ
oLrq dks Hkfo"; esa nsus dk ok;nk djds csprk gS] og dj lcczkd s j cu ldrk gSA og O;fDr ;k fdlku vius
eanfM+;k dgykrk gSA xk¡o] dLcs ;k 'kgj esa VfeZuy LFkkfir dj deksfMVh esa
ok;nk djksckj dh lqfo/kk izkIr dj ldrk gSA baVjusV
• usV ,lsV oSY;w (NAV) : E;wpqvy QaM esa fuos'k djus dusD'ku ysdj Hkh ok;nk dkjksckj esa VsªfMax dh tk
okyksa ds fy, ^,u-,-oh-* 'kCnm ,d igsyh dh rjg gSA ldrh gSA
bldk iwjk uke ûsV ,lsV oSY;w* gSA vxj QaM dh dqy • dksaLihdqvl dUtEi'ku (Conspicuous Consumption)
fuos'k oSY;w esa dqy ;wfuVksa dk Hkkx ns fn;k tk, rks : tc fdlh v)Zfodflr ns'k ds ukxfjd foykflrk dh
^,lsV oSY;w* fudyrh gS] elyu fdlh QaM esa 1 yk[k oLrqvksa dk vf/kdrk ls miHkkx djus yxrs gS]a tks ns'k
#i, tek gq,A blesa ls QaM gkml us 90 gtkj fuos'k dh le`f) rFkk fodkl ds fy, gkfudkjd gksrk gS] ,sls
fd,A bl fuos'k dh oSY;w jkst fudkyh tkrh gSA vc miHkkx dks ^dksaLihdqvkl dUtEi'ku* dgrs gSAa blls
eku ysa bldh oSY;w 1]80]000 #- gSA blds vykok 10 ml ns'k ds lk/kuksa dk gzkl gksrk gSA
gtkj #i, QaM gkml ds ikl udV cps gSAa ;kfu QaM • dLVEl M~;Vw h (Customs Duty) : bls lhek 'kqYd
dh dqy oSY;w gqbZ 1]90]000 #- vc ns[kk tkrk gS fd dgrs gSAa dLVEl M~;Vw h og dj gS] tks vk;kr o
bl ;kstuk dh fdruh ;wfuVsa tkjh gqbZ gSAa vxj ;kstuk fu;kZr dh oLrqvksa ij yxk;k tkrk gSA
esa 10 yksxksa us 10&10 gtkj #i, yxk, rks dqy 10
• ,Dlkbt M~;Vw h (Excise Duty) : ml dj dks ,Dlkbt
gtkj ;wfuVsa tkjh gqbZAa ekudj pyrs gSa fd ;wfuVksa dh
la;k ugha cnyrh gS] rks vc QaM dh ^,u,oh* M~;Vw h dgrs gS]a tks ns'k ds vanj fufeZr oLrqvksa ij
190000@10000 ¾ 19 #i, gksxhA mRiknu fcUnq ij gh yxk;k tkrk gSA bls ^mRiknu
'kqYd* dgrs gSAa
• Cywfpi dEifu;k¡ % os dEifu;k¡ tks vius {ks= esa dkQh • fMohMsUM (Dividend) : dEifu;ksa ls 'ks;jksa ij izkIr
le; ls dke dj jgh gSa rFkk vius {ks= dh 'kh"kZ rhu ykHkka'k ^fMohMsUM* dgykrk gSA
dEifu;ksa esa 'kkfey gks]a Cywfpi dEifu;k¡ dgykrh gSAa • voewY;u (Devaluation) : ;fn fdlh eqnzk dk fofue;
,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd bu dEifu;ksa esa fuos'k djuk ewY; vU; eqnzkvksa dh rqyuk esa tkucw>dj de dj
vf/kd lqjf{kr jgrk gSA ekuk tkrk gS fd vxj bu fn;k tkrk gS] rks bls ml eqnzk dk voewY;u dgrs gSAa
dEifu;ksa esa yk¡x VeZ fuos'k fd;k tk,] rks iSlk Mwcus ;g voewY;u ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj ljdkj Lo;a
dh lEHkkouk de jgrh gSA djrh gSA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• foeqnzhdj.k (Demonetization) : tc dkyk /ku c<+ tkrk gS • fjls'ku (Recession) : fjls'ku ls rkRi;Z eUnh dh
vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, [krjk cu tkrk gS] rks bls nwj voLFkk ls gS tc oLrqvksa dh iwfrZ dh rqyuk esa ek¡x de
djus ds fy, foeqnzhdj.k dh fof/k viukbz tkrh gSA blds gks rks fjls'ku dh fLFkfr mRiUu gksrh gSA ,slh fLfkfr esa
vUrxZr ljdkj iqjkuh eqnzk dks lekIr dj nsrh gS vkSj ubZ /kukHkko ds dkj.k yksxksa dh Ø; 'kfDr de gksrh gS vkSj
eqnzk pkyw dj nsrh gS ftuds ikl dkyk /ku gksrk gS] og mRikfnr oLrq,a vufcdh jg tkrh gSAa blls m|ksxksa dks
mlds cnys esa ubZ eqnzk ysus dk lkgl ugha tqVk ikrs gSa can djus dh izfØ;k izkjEHk gksrh gSa csjkstxkjh c<=
vksj dkyk /ku Lo;a gh u"V gks tkrk gSA tkrh gSA 1930 ds n'kd esa fo'oO;kih fjls'ku dh
• eqnzk ladqpu (Deflation) : tc cktkj esa eqnzk dh deh fLFkfr mRiUu gqbZ FkhA fo'o ds lHkh ns'kksa ij mldk
ds dkj.k dhersa fxj tkrh gS]a mRiknu o O;kikj fxj izfrdwy izHkko iM+k FkkA
tkrk gS vkSj csjkstxkj c<+rh gS] og voLFkk êqnzk • la;qDr {ks= (Joint Sector) : bl lsDVj esa yxk, x,
ladqpu* dgykrh gSA m|ksxksa esa ljdkj o futh {ks= ds m|ksxifr;ksa dk
• ghukFkZ izcU/ku (Deficit Financing) : tc ljdkj dk la;qDr LokfeRo gksrk gSA
ctV ?kkVs dk gksrk gS vFkkZr~ vk; de gksrh gS vkSj O;; • fof/kxzká eqnzk (Legal Tender Money) : ftl eqnzk esa
vf/kd gksrk gS vkSj O;; ds bl vkf/kD; dks dsUnzh; cSd a Hkqxrku djus ij ysunkj dkuwuh rkSj ij Lohdkj djus
ls _.k ysdj vFkok vfrfjDr i= eqnzk fuxZfer dj ls budkj ugha dj ldrk gS] mls ^fof/kxzká* eqnzk dgrs
iwjk fd;k tkrk gS] rks ;g O;oLFkk ^?kkVs dh foÙk gSAa Hkkjr dh fof/kxzká eqnzk #i;k gSA
O;oLFkk* vFkok ^ghukFkZ izcU/ku* dgykrh gSA lhfer
ek=k esa gh bls mfpr ekuk tkrk gSA ghukFkZ izcU/ku dks • izkbejh xksYM (Primary Gold) : 24 dsjVs ds 'kq) lksus
LFkk;h uhfr cuk ysus ds ifj.kke vPNs ugha gksrAs dks izkbejh xksYM dgrs gSAa
• ,sLVsV M~;Vw h (Estate Duty) : fdlh O;fDr dh e`R;q ds • fj¶ys'ku (Reflation) : fjls'ku vFkok eUnh dh voLFkk
i'pkr~ mldh lEifÙk ds gLrkUrj.k ds le; tks dj esa vFkZO;oLFkk esa dqN ,sls dne mBk, tkrs gSa fd yksxksa
ml lEifÙk ij yxk;k tkrk gSA mls ^,sLVsV M~;Vw h* dh Ø; 'kfDr esa o`f) gks vkSj oLrqvksa dh ek¡x c<+]s
dgrs gSAa blds ifj.kkeLo:i ewY; Lrj esa tks o`f) gksrh gS] mls
• Ýh iksVZ (Free Port) : ftl&canjxkg ij iqufuZ;kZr gksus fj¶ys'ku dgrs gSAa
okys leku ij dksbZ dj ugha yxk;k tkrk gS] mls ^Ýh • lkW¶V djsUlh (Soft Carrency) : tc vUrjkZ"Vªh; cktkj
iksVZ* dgrs gSAa esa fdlh eqnzk dh ek¡x dh rqyuk esa iwfrZ vf/kd gksrh gS]
• fQM~;fw l;jh b';w (Fiduciary Issue) : fcuk fjtoZ j[ks rks ,slh eqnzk ^lkW¶V djsUlh* dgykrh gSA
dkxth eqnzk dk pyu esa ys vkuk ^fQM~;fw l;jh b';w* • lkW¶V yksu (Soft Loan) : ftl _.k dks de C;kt vkSj
dgykrk gSA yEch Hkqxrku vof/k tSlh vklku 'krksZa ij izkIr fd;k
• migkj dj (Gift Tax) : fdlh migkj ds nsus ij tks tkrk gS] mls ^lkW¶V yksu* dgrs gSAa
dj yxk;k tkrk gS og ^migkj dj* dgykrk gS] ;g • lseh cksEcyk (Semi Bombla) : fdlh ns'k ds
,d izR;{k dj gSA vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;k izi=] ftlds }kjk
• Lo.kZeku (Gold Standard) : tc fdlh ns'k dh iz/kku dkyk /ku] eqnzk izlkj] dher o`f) vkfn dh leL;kvksa
eqnzk Lo.kZ esa ifjorZu'khy gksrh gS vfkok eqnzk dk ewY; dks lqy>kus ds fy, lq>ko nsrs gS]a ^lseh cksEcyk*
lksus esa ekik tkrk gS] rks bl ekSfnzd O;oLFkk dks dgykrk gSA
^Lo.kZeku* dgrs gSAa vc fdlh ns'k esa Lo.kZeku ugha gSA • foØsrk cktkj (Sellers Market) : tc ek¡x vf/kd gksrh
• gkMZ djsUlh (Hard Currency) : vUrjkZ"Vªh; cktkj es]a gS vkSj iwfrZ de] rc O;kikjh deh dk ykHk mBkdj
ftl eqnzk dh iwfrZ dh rqyuk esa ek¡x yxkrkj vf/kd oLrqvksa dks euekuh dherksa ij csprs gSAa ,sls cktkj dks
gksrh gS og gkMZ djsulh dgykrh gS izk;% fodflr ns'kksa ^foØsrk cktkj* dgrs gSAa
dh eqnzk gkMZ djsUlh dgh tkrh gSA
• VSfjQ (Tariff) : fdlh ns'k }kjk vk;krksa ij yxk, x,
• gk;j ijpst (Hire Purchase) : tc dksbZ oLrq ekfld ;k dj dks gh izk;% ^VSfjQ* dgk tkrk gSA
okf"kZd bULVkyesaV ds vk/kkj ij [kjhnh tkrh gS]rks bl fof/k
dks ^gk;j ijpst* dgrs gSAa blesa olrq dk LokfeRo mlds • lEifÙk dj (Wealth Tax) : fdlh O;fDr }kjk lafpr
ewY; dk iwjk Hkqxrku gksus ds ckn gh feyrk gSA lEifÙk ds vk/kkj ij yxus okys dj dks lEifÙk dj
• gkWV euh (Hot Money) : ml fons'kh eqnzk dks gkWV euh dgrs gSAa ;g ,d izR;{k dj gSA
dgrs gS]a ftlesa 'kh?kz iyk;u dj tkus dh izo`fÙkk gksrh • vf/kfod"kZ (Overdraft) : cSd a ksa ls tekdrkZ }kjk viuh
gSA ftl LFkku ij vf/kd ykHk feyus dh lEHkkouk tek jde ds vfrfjDr /ku fudkyuk ^vf/kfod"kZ*
gksrh gS] ogha ;g LFkkukUrfjr gks tkrh gSA dgykrk gSA
• eq nzk LQhfr (Inflation) : eq nzk izlkj ;k eq nzk LQhfr • fofue; nj (Exchange Rate) : ftl nj ij ,d ns'k
og voLFkk gS ftlesa eq nzk dk ewY ; fxj tkrk gS dh eqnzk nwljs ns'k dh eqnzk esa cny tkrh gS] mls
vkS j dhersa c<+ tkrh gSaA vkfFkZ d n`f"V ls lhfer ^fofue; nj* dgrs gSAa
,oa fu;af =r eq nzkLQhfr vYifodflr vFkZO ;oLFkk gsrq • xz's ke dk fu;e % xz's ke ds vuqlkj ;fn fdlh le;
ykHknk;d gksrh gS ] D;ksafd blls mRiknu esa o`f) vFkZO;oLFkk esa vPNh o cqjh eqnzk ,d lkFk izpyu esa gks]a
dks izk sRlkgu feyrk gS] fdUrq ,d lhek ls vf/kd rks cqjh eqnzk vPNh eqnzk dks izpyu ls ckgj dj nsrh
eqnzk LQhfr gkfudkjd gSA gSA bls gh xz's ke ds fu;e ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• rkykcUnh (Lock Out) : tc lsok fu;kstdksa }kjk fdlh • LVsx¶ys'ku (Stagflation) : LVsx¶ys'ku ls rkRi;Z
QSDVªh esa rkykcanh dj nh tk,] rkfd deZpkfj;ksa ls ^LQhfr;qDr xfrghurk* ls gSA LVsx¶ys'ku ,d ,slh
muds }kjk fu/kkZfjr 'krksZa dks euok;k tk lds] ;gh fojks/kkHkklh fLFkfr gS ftlesa vFkZo;oLFkk esa eqnzkLQhfr
^ykWd vkmV* dgykrk gSA ds lkFk&lkFk xfrghurk Hkh fo|eku jgrh gSA bl
• ys vkWQ (Lay Off) : fdlh vkS|ksfxd laLFkku esa fLFkfr esa vFkZO;oLFkk ds dqN {ks=ksa esa ,d vksj Å¡ps ewY;
mRiknu de gks tkus ;k ml oLrq dh ek¡x de gks rFkk vf/kiw.kZ jkstxkj dh fLFkfr n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gS] rks
tkus ij deZpkfj;ksa dks ukSdjh ls i`Fkd~ djuk ^ys vkWQ* nwljh vksj ds {ks=ksa esa xfrghurk dh fLFkfr vFkkZr~
dgykrk gSA vkS|ksfxd rFkk Ñf"k mRiknu esa deh] vR;f/kd ek=k esa
• ,M&osyksje (Ad-Valorem) : oLrqvksa ij yxk, x, tks csjkstxkjh bR;kfn n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA
dj (tax) mudh ek=k ds vk/kkj ij u yxkdj • ckSf)d lEifÙk (Intellectual Property) : ckSf)d
ewy;kuqlkj yxk, tkrs gS]a ^,M&osyksje* dgykrs gSAa lEifÙk (Intellectual Property) ekuo dh og lEifÙk
• ,¶yq,Va lkslkbVh (Affluent Society) : bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx dgykrh gS] tks mldh Lo;a dh ckSf)d {kerk ,oa
lekt ds ml oxZ ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS] tks vfr lEiUu ifjJe }kjk rS;kj dh tkrh gSA dykRed jpuk,a]
gS rFkk viuh reke ekSfyd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus ds oSKkfud vkfo"dkj] lkfgfR;d vkSj laxhrkRed jpuk,a]
mijkur Hkh bu yksxksa ds ikl bruh vk; cph jgrh gS fd uohu fl)kUr] lw=] midj.k vkfn lHkh l`tu djus
;s fofHkUu izdkj ds foykflrkiw.kZ miHkksx djus yxrs gSAa okys O;fDr dh ckSf)d lEifÙk gSA bl ckSf)d lEifÙk
izk-s th ds- xkyczFs k us bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx loZiFz ke if'peh dks vU; O;fDr pqjkdj Lo;a iz;ksx u djs blds fy,
;wjksi o vejhdk ds lUnHkZ esa fd;k FkkA jk"Vªh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij îsVVsa * ,oa leku :i ls
• ,U;qVh (Annuity) : fdlh iwoZ fu/kkZfjr ;kstuk ds vU; dkuwu cuk, x, gSAa fo'o O;kikj laxBu (WTO)
vUrxZr izfro"kZ ,d ;k vf/kd fd'rksa esa izkIr gksus okyk rFkk fo'o ckSf)d varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ckSf)d lEifÙk
Hkqxrku ^,U;qVh* dgykrk gS tSl& s ljdkjh _.ki=ksa ij dh lqj{kk esa lgk;d gksrs gSAa
C;kt dk Hkqxrku ^,U;qVh* ds :i esa gks ldrk gSA • ekbØks ØsfMV (Micro Credit) : ekbØks ØsfMV ;k
• vkfcZVªt s (Arbitrage) : bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx lkekU;r% ekbØks Qkbusal ;k lw{e foÙk NksVh&lh dtZ jkf'k
fons'kh fofue; ds lUnHkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA LorU= gksrh gS ] tksfd dkQh xjhc yksxksa dks nh tkrh gS]
fons'kh eqnzk cktkjksa esa ;fn fdlh LFkku ij dksbZ eqnzk rkfd os viuh thfodk pykus ds fy, NksVk&eksVk
de ewY; ij [kjhnh tk, rFkk rqjUr gh vU;= fdlh dke 'kq: dj ldsa lkekU; :i ls buesa os yksx
LFkku ij Å¡ps ewY; ij csp nh tk, rks bl fØ;k dks 'kkfey gksrs gS a] ftuds ikl cSadksa ls _.k ikus ds
^vkfcZVªt s * dgk tkrk gSA cnys fxjoh j[kus ds fy, dq N Hkh ugha gksrkA o"kZ
• vf/kÑr iw¡th (Authorised Capital) : iw¡th dh og 2006 dk uksc sy 'kkfUr iq jLdkj ckaXykns'k esa ekbØks
vf/kdre ek=k ftl lhek rd dksbZ dEiuh vius 'ks;j ØsfMV dks c<+kok nsus okys eqgEen ;quwl vkS j muds
tkjh dj ldrh gSA ;g vko';d ugha fd dEiuh }kjk xzk eh.k cSad dks iz nku fd;k x;k gSA
tkjh fd, x, 'ks;jksa dk ewY; vf/kÑr iw¡th ds cjkcj • pØh; csjkstxkjh (Cyclical Unemployment) : O;kikj
gh gks ;g vf/kÑr iw¡th ds cjkcj ;k mlls de gks pØ dh eUnh ds le; mRiUu csjkstxkjh ^pØh;
ldrk gS] fdUrq vf/kd ughaA csjkstxkjh* dgykrh gSA
• cSM MsIV (Bad Debt) : og _.k ftldh olwyh lafnX/k • e`R;q dj (Death Duty) : ;g ,d izR;{k dj gS] tks
gks vFkok lEHko u gksA ejus okys O;fDr dh lEifÙk ds gLrkarj.k ls iwoZ
• tUe&nj (Birth Rate) : fdlh {ks= esa fdlh o"kZ izfr mÙkjkf/kdkjh dks pqdkuk gksrk gSA
gtkj tula[;k ij tUe ysus okys f'k'kqvksa dh la[;k • ewY; ek¡x (Price Demand) : fdlh fuf'pr ewY; ij
tUe&nj dgykrh gSA fdlh le; esa fdlh oLrq dh ek¡xh tkus okyh ek=k
• Cyw fpi (Blue Chip) : ;g 'kCn izk;% mu dEifu;ksa ds ml ewY; ij oLrq dh ek¡x dgykrh gSA bls gh izk;%
'ks;jksa ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] tks vR;Ur lqn`<+ gSa ek¡x dgk tkrk gSA
rFkk ftudk izcU/k bR;kfn vfr dq'ky gSA ,sls 'ks;jksa • izPNUu csjkstxkjh vFkok vn`'; csjkstxkjh (Disguised
dks [kjhnus esa gkfu dh lEHkkouk cgqr de gksrh gS rFkk Unemployment) : ;g bl izdkj dh csjkstxkjh gS
tc pkgs] mfpr ewY; ij bUgsa cktkj esa cspk tk ldrk ftlesa O;fDr Li"V :i ls csjkstxkj izrhr ugha gksrAs os
gSA dke ij rks yxs gq, gksr gS]a fdUrq ml dke esa mudh
• fefJr ek¡x (Composite Demand) : tc dksbZ oLrq lhekUr mRikndrk 'kwU; gksrh gSA ,sls yksxksa dks ;fn
,d ls vf/kd mi;ksxksa esa iz;ksx dh tkrh gS] rks ,dlh dke ls gVk fn;k tk,] rks dqy mRiknu ij dksbZ
olrq dh dqy ek¡x mldh fofo/k mi;ksxksa gsrq ek¡x dk izfrdwy izHkko ugha iM+rkA Hkkjr esa Ñf"k {ks= esa i;kZIr
izPNUu csjkstxkjh ikbZ tkrh gSA
;ksx gksrh gSA ;g fefJr ek¡x dgykrh gSA
• eqnzk viLQhfr vFkok foLQhfr (Disinflation) :
• ykxr iz sf jr eq nzk LQhfr (Cost Push Inflation) :
eqnzkLQhfr ij fu;a=.k ykus gsrq tks iz;kl fd, tkrs gSa
tc oLrqvksa dh mRiknu ykxr esa o`f) gksus ds ¼tSls lk[k&fu;a=.k vkfn½] muds ifj.kkeLo:i
ifj.kke&Lo:i ewy;ksa esa o`f) gksrh gS ,oa eqnzkLQhfr dh nj ?kVus yxrh gS] dherksa esa fxjkoV
eqnzk LQhfr dh fLFkfr mRiUu gksrh gS] rks ,slh vkrh gS rFkk jkstxkj ij Hkh izfrdwy izHkko iM+rk gSa ;g
eqnzk LQhfr ykxr izsf jr dgh tkrh gSA Jfed la?kksa fLFkfr eqnzk viLQhfr vFkok foLQhfr dh fLFkfr
ds ncko esa etnwjh ds Lrj esa vuko';d o`f) ls dgykrh gSA bl fLFkfr esa ;|fi ewY;&Lrj fxjrk gS]
,slh fLFkfr mRiUu gks tkrh gSA rFkkfi ;g lkekU; ewY; Lrj ls Åij gh jgrk gSA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• Je foHkktu (Division of Labour) : fdlh dk;Z dh • djkikr (Incidence of Tax) : tSlkfd Åij crk;k x;k gS
lEiw.kZ izfØ;k dks ,d gh O;fDr }kjk u djkdj fofHkUu fd ;g vko';d ugha fd ljdkj }kjk dksbZ dj ftl
pj.kksa dks fHkUu&fHkUu yksxksa ls iwjk djkus dh izfØ;k gh O;fDr ij yxk;k x;k gS] ogh dj ds Hkkj dks vfUre :i
Je foHkktu dgykrh gSA Je foHkktu esa fof'k"Vhdj.k ls ogu djsA ;fn izFke djnkrk dj dh /kujkf'k dks fdlh
dks izkRs lkgu feyrk gSA vU; O;fDr ij ekuk tkrk gS] tks dj ds Hkkj dks vfUre
• jkf'kiru (Dumping) : fdlh oLrq ds vfr mRiknu dh :i ls ogu djrk gS] tSl& s mRiknu 'kqYd ljdkj }kjk
fLFkfr esa cktkj esa olrq ds ewY; dks ,d U;wure Lrj mRiknu ls olwy fd;k tkrk gS] fdUrq mRiknd dj dh
ls uhps fxjus ls jksdus ds fy, olrq ds vfrfjDr jkf'k dks oLrq ds ewY; esa 'kkfey dj nsrk gS ftlls
Hk.Mkj dks fons'kh cktkj esa cgqr de ewY; ij cspus djkikr miHkksDrk ij vkrk gSA
vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd u"V rd dj nsus dh izfØ;k • vYikf/kdkj (Oligopoly) : ;fn fdlh oLrq ds cktkj esa
jkf'kiru dgykrh gSA mRikndksa ds fgrksa dh lqj{kk ds foØsrkvksa dh la[;k cgqr de ¼fdUrq nks ls vf/kd½ gksrh
fy, dHkh&dHkh ,slk djuk iM+rk gS] rkfd vfrfjDr gS ftuds e/; vkil esa dksbZ le>kSrk lEHko gks ldrk
mRiknu dks cktkj ls nwj djds oLrq ds ewY; dks fxjus gks] rks ,slk cktkj vYikf/kdkj dgykrk gSA bl izdkj
ls jksdk tk ldsA ds cktkj esa olrq ,dlh Hkh gks ldrh gS rFkk oLrq esa
• vkfFkZd fu;kstu (Economic Planning) : vkfFkZd lalk/kuksa foHksn Hkh gks ldrk gSA
dk iwoZ ewY;kadu djds] iwoZ fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dks fu'pr le; • 'kk[kk cSfa dax (Branch Banking) : 'kk[kk cSfa dax iz.kkyh
esa izkIr djus gsrq lalk/kuksa dk ;kstukc) mi;ksx djuk ds vUrxZr fdlh cSd a ds ,d iz/kku dk;kZy; ds
vkfFkZd fu;kstu dgykrk gSA vkfFkZd fu;kstu ds vUrxZr vfrfjDr mldh vusd 'kk[kk,a ns'kHkj esa QSyh gksrh gSa
izkFkfedrkvksa dk fu/kkZj.k dj fy;k tkrk gS rFkk lk/kuksa dk vkSj dHkh&dHkh dqN 'kk[kk,a ns'k ds ckgj Hkh gksrh gSAa
vkcaVu mlh ds vuqlkj fd;k tkrk gSA • bdkbZ cSfa dax (Unit Banking) : blds vUrxZr ,d cSd a
• xq.kd (Multiplier) : fuos'k esa xbZ o`f) miHkksx izo`fÙk dk dk;Z lk/kkj.kr;k ,d gh dk;kZy; rd lhfer jgrk
ds ek/;e ls vk; esa cgqxq.kk o`f) djrh gSA fuos'k dh gS] ;|fi ,d lhfer {ks= esa ;s cSd a viuh dqN 'kk[kk,a
rFkk vk; dh o`f) ds chp ds bl lEcU/k dks dsUt Hkh LFkkfir dj ysrs gSAa bdkbZ cSfa dax iz.kkyh vejhdk esa
xq.kd ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA xq.kd] miHkksx v/fkd yksdfiz; jgh gSA
izo`fÙk nh gqbZ gksus ij] dqy jkstxkj vkSj vk; rFkk • vxz.kh&cSd a vFkok yhM cSd a ;kstuk (Lead Bank
fuos'k dh nj ds chp lgh lEcU/k LFkkfir djrk gSA Scheme) : ;g ;kstuk ftyksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk lq/kkjus ds
1 fy, 1969 esa izkjEHk dh xbZ FkhA blds vUrxZr izR;sd
lw= :i esa k =
1 − MPC ftys ds fy, ,d cSd a dks yhM cSd a ?kksf"kr dj fn;k
tgk¡ k xq.kd gS rFkk MPC lhekUr miHkksx izof` Ùk dks tkrk gSA ftl cSd a dks yhM cSd a ?kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gS]
n'kkZrk gSA og ftyk Lrj ij _.kksa dh ;kstuk cukus] fof'k"V
• ,afty dk fu;e (Engel's Law) : bl fu;e ds vuqlkj dk;ZØeksa esa vU; cSd a ksa dk lg;ksx ysus rFkk fuf'pr
de vk; okys miHkksDrk viuh vk; dk vf/kd Hkkx dk;ZØeksa esa vU; cSd a ksa dk lg;ksx ysus rFkk fuf'pr
Hkkstu vkfn ij O;; djrs gSAa vk; esa tSl& s Tls o`f) dk;ZØeksa ds fy, _.k tqVkus esa lHkh foÙkh; laLFkkvksa esa
gksrh gS] dqy vk; dk de Hkkx Hkkstu ij O;; gksrk gSA leUo; dk;e djus dk iz;kl djrk gSA
• fofue; fu;a=.k (Exchange Control) : ;g ml • psd (Cheque) : psd ,d izdkj ls fofue; gq.Mh (Bill
O;oLFkk dk uke gS ftlds vUrxZr dksbZ ns'k fons'kh of Exchange) gksrh gS] tks ,d fufnZ"V ¼fof'k"V½ cSd a ds
eqnzkvksa ds LorU= cktkj ij fu;U=.k djds viuh eqnzk Åij vkgfjr gksrh gS rFkk ek¡x ij gh] ftldk Hkqxrku
dh fofue; nj dks ml nj ls fHkUu j[kus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA psd esa rhu i{k gksrs gSa % (i) Hkqxrku dk
djrk gS] tks LorU= cktkj esa fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA vkns'k nsus okyk] vkgrkZ (Drawer), (ii) ftldks vkns'k
fn;k tkrk gS (Drawee) vFkkZr~ cSd a rFkk (iii) tks
• fxfQu oLrq,a (Giffin Goods) : fxfQu oLrq,a dqN
Hkqxrku izkIr djrk gS vFkkZr psd dk /kkjd (Payee)A
?kfV;k fdLe dh ,slh oLrq,a gksrh gSa ftu ij miHkksDrk
viuh vk; dk cM+k Hkkx O;; djrk gSA bu oLrqvksa ij • fofue; i= vFkok fofue; gq.Mh (Bill of Exchange) :
ek¡x dk fu;e ykxw ugha gksrk] cfYd ewY; esa o`f) ls ;g ,d ,dlk fyf[kr foi= gS] ftlesa mldk ys[kd
budh ek¡x c<+ tkrh gS rFkk ewY; esa deh ls ek¡x Hkh vius gLrk{kj dj fdlh O;fDr dks ;g 'krZjfgr vkKk
de gks tkrh gSA bl fojks/kkHkkl dks fxfQu dk nsrk gS fd og ,d fuf'pr /kujkf'k fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"k
fojks/kkHkkl (Giffin's Paradox) dgk tkrk gSA ;k mlds vkns'kkuqlkj fdlh vU; O;fDr dks ;k ml
foi= ds okgd dks Hkqxrku dj nsAa fofue; gq.Mh dsoy
• djk?kkr (Impact of Tax) : ljdkj }kjk yxk, x, dj
eqnzk ds :i esa fy[kh tkrh gS vFkkZr~ bldk Hkqxrku
dk ekSfnzd Hkkj] ftl O;fDr ij lcls igys iM+rk gS
dsoy eqnzk ds :i esa gh gksrk gS] fdlh oLrq tSls
vFkkZr~ ljdkj ftlls dj olwy djrh gS] ml ij
diM+k] vukt] lksuk] pk¡nh vkfn ds :i esa ughaA
djk?kkr gksrk gSA ;fn og O;fDr dj ds ekSfnzd Hkkj
dks fdlh vU; O;fDr ij Vkyus esa lQy gks tkrk gS] • lkekU; gq.Mh ,oa psd (Hundi and Cheque) : psd vkSj
rks djk?kkr rks izFke O;fDr ij gh jgrk gS] fdUrq gq.Mh esa eq[; vUrj ;g gksrk gS fd psd lnSo ek¡x ij gh
djkikr (Incidence) ml O;fDr ij jgrk gS] tks vfUre ns; gksrk gS] tcfd dqN gqf.M;k¡ ¼n'kZuh½ ek¡x ij ns; gksrh
:i ls dj ds ekSfnzd Hkkj dks ogu djrk gSA gSa vkSj dqN fuf'pr le; ;k vof/k ds cknA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• lk/kkj.k ;k /kkjd psd (Bearer Cheque) : tc rd • mÙkj fnukafdr psd (Post-dated Cheque) : ;fn fdlh
langs djus ds fy, dksbZ fo'ks"k dkj.k u gks] /kkjd psd psd dk vkgj.kdrkZ psd fy[krs le; ml ij dksbZ
dk Hkqxrku psd izLrqr djus okys fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks vkxkeh rkjh[k fy[k nsrk gS] rks ,sls psd dks mÙkj
fd;k tk ldrk gS] Hkys gh og psd mlds uke esa gks fnukafdr (Post-dated) psd dgk tkrk gSA ,slk psd
vFkok ughaA ,sls psd ds Hkqxrku ds fy, psd tkjh fof/k&vekU; rks ugha gksrk] vfirq ml rkjh[k ls izHkkoh
djus okys (Drawer) ds ,sls gh funsZ'k gksrs gSa fd
Hkqxrku psd ds /kkjd dks gh ns fn;k tk,A gksrk gS] tks mlesa fy[kh xbZ gSA
• Mªk¶V (Draft) : ;g ,d ,slk lk[k izi= gS] ftlesa
• vkfn"V psd (Order Cheque) : tc fdlh /kkjd psd fdlh cSd a }kjk viuh fdlh vU; 'kk[kk dks ikod
esa ls /kkjd (Bearer) 'kCn dks dkV fn;k tk, vFkok
(Payee) ds vkns'kkuqlkj Mªk¶V esa mfYyf[kr /kujkf'k
ml psd ij Order fy[k fn;k tk,] rks og psd
vkfn"V psd cu tkrk gSA bl psd dk Hkqxrku djus ds ek¡x ij Hkqxrku djus dk vkns'k gksrk gSA Mªk¶V fdlh
fy, cSd a Hkqxrku ysus okys O;fDr dh igpku djrh gSA cSd a }kjk igys ls Hkqxrku izkIr djds tkjh fd;k tkrk
bl vkSipkfjdrk ds ckn gh ml psd dk Hkqxrku fd;k gS rFkk ftl O;fDr vFkok laLFkk ds uke Mªk¶V cuk;k
tkrk gSA tkrk gS] mldh igpku djus ds ckn bldk Hkqxrku
• js[kkafdr psd (Crossed Cheque) : tc psd ds Åij dj fn;k tkrk gSA Mªk¶V Hkh pSd dh Hkk¡fr js[kkafdr
izk;% ckbZa vksj nks lekukUrj js[kk,a cuk nh tkrh gS]a rks vFkok vjs[kkafdr gks ldrk gSA
og psd js[kkafdr psd cu tkrk gSA bl js[kkafdr psd • lek'kks/ku x`g vFkok
vFkok Dyh;fjax gkml (Clearing House)
dk Hkqxrku cSd a dkmaVj ij udn izkIr ugha fd;k tk : lek'kks/ku x`g vFkok Dyh;fjax gkml izk;% izR;sd ,sls
ldrkA bldk Hkqxrku fdlh [kkrs esa mls tek djk dj 'kgj esa gksrk gS] tgk¡ 3&4 vFkok mlds vf/kd cSd a sa gksrh
gh izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
gSAa Dyh;fjax gkml og LFkku gS tgk¡ fofHkUu cSd a ksa ds
• ikod [kkrk psd (Account Payee Cheque) : tc fdlh izfrfuf/k izfrfnu ,d= gksrs gSAa bl LFkku ij mu
psd ds izk;% ckbZa vksj Åij dksus esa nks lekukUrj js[kkvksa izfrfuf/k;ksa ds e/; psdksa dk vknku&iznku rFkk tek&[kpZ
ds e/; 'Account Payee Only' fy[k fn;k tkrk gS] rks ml
psd dks ikod [kkrk psd dgrs gSAa bl psd dk Hkqxrku gksrk gSA bl izdkj ;gk¡ gtkjksa psdksa dk ysu&nsu cgqr gh
dsoy mlh O;fDr ;k izfr"Bku vFkok laLFkku ds [kkrs esa ljyrk ls rFkk FkksM+s le; esa gh lEiUu gks tkrk gSA bl
tek djds fd;k tkrk gS] ftlds uke og psd fy[kk gksrk izfØ;k dks lek'kks/ku (Clearing) dgrs gSAa Hkkjr esa ftu
gS vFkkZr~ bl izdkj ds psd dk vU; fdlh O;fDr ds i{k esa 'kgjksa esa fjtoZ cSd
a dh 'kk[kk gS] ogk¡ fjtoZ cSd
a dh 'kk[kk
gLrkarj.k ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ugha gS] ogk¡ LVsV cSd a dh eq[; 'kk[kk esa lek'kks/ku x`g
tc psd ds eq[ki`"B ij nks lekukUrj js[kkvksa ds e/; gksrk gSA
dlh cSd a dk uke fy[k fn;k tkrk gS] rks ;g psd • psd dysD'ku (Cheque Collection) : tc psd 'kgj ds
fof'k"V js[kkafdr psd cu tkrk gS rFkk ,slh fLFkfr esa ckgj fdlh vU; LFkku ij Hkqxrku ds fy, Hkstk tkrk
ml psd dk Hkqxrku dsoy mlh cSd a ds ek/;e ls gS] rks bls gh dysD'ku dgrs gSAa ,sls psd dk Hkqxrku
lEcfU/kr O;fDr ds [kkrs esa tek djds gh izkIr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA izkIr djus ds fy, cSd a xzkgd ls Mkd&O;; ,oa
deh'ku ysrh gSA
• ;k=h psd (Traveller's Cheque) : ;k=h psd fdlh
• ckW.M (Bond) vFkok fMcsUpj (Debenture) : ckW.M ,oa
cS ad }kjk tkjh fd;k x;k ,slk psd gksrk gS ] ftls
tkjh djrs le; psd ds eq[ki`" B ij vkosnd ¼psd fMcsUpj dk vFkZ _.ki=ksa ls gksrk gS] ftUgsa dsUnzh;
izkIr djus okyk½ ds gLrk{kj djk, tkrs gS aA bl ljdkj] jkT; ljdkj vFkok fdlh laLFkku }kjk _.k
psd dk Hkq xrku ns'kHkj esa lEcfU/kr cS ad dh fdlh ysdj tkjh fd;k tkrk gSA la;qDr iw¡th dEifu;k¡ _.k
Hkh 'kk[kk ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA psd dk izkIr djus ds fy, vius fMcsUpj tkjh djrh gSAa bu
Hkq xrku djus okyh 'kk[kk Hkqxrku ds le; iq u% psd ckW.Mksa dks gLrkUrfjr Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS] tks laLFkk
ds eq[ki` "B ij /kkjd ds gLrk{kj djkrh gSA nksuksa bUgsa tkjh djrh gSAa os bu ij /kkjd dks ,d fuf'pr
gLrk{kj feyus ij gh ;k=h psd dk Hkqxrku gksrk nj ls C;kt Hkh nsrh gSAa
gSA cS ad }kjk vf/kÑr izeq [k okf.kfT;d laLFkku Hkh • /kkjd ckW.M (Bearer Bond) : /kkjd ckW.M os _.ki=
;k=h psd udn eqnzk dh Hkk¡fr Lohdkj dj ysrs gS aA gS]a ftudk Hkqxrku ifjiDork ij dksbZ Hkh izkIr dj
bl izdkj ds psd ;kf=;ksa ds fy, cgq r mi;ksxh ldrk gSA bu ij u rks [kjhnnkj dk uke fy[kk gksrk
gksrs gS a] D;ksafd psd [kks tkus ij vko';d 'krsZ a iwjh gS vkSj u gh gLrkUrfjr djrs le; budh ihB ij
djds MqIyhdsV psd izkIr fd, tk ldrs gSaA gLrk{kj gh djus gksrs gSAa izk;% budk mi;ksx dkys /ku
• iwoZ fnukafdr psd (Ante-dated Cheque) : ;fn dks lQsn /ku esa cnyus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
vkgj.kdrkZ psd fy[kus dh rkjh[k ls igys dh dksbZ • lLrh eqnzk (Cheap Money) : og eqnzk ftls uhph C;kt
rkjh[k psd ij fy[krk gS] rks ,sls psd dks iwoZ nj (Low interest rate) ij izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS]
fnukafdr (Ante-dated) psd dgk tkrk gSA lLrh eqnzk dgykrh gSA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• cSd a nj (Bank Rate) : cSd a nj ls vfHkizk; ml nj ls • ek¡x tek (Demand Deposits) : ek¡x tekvksa ds
gS] ftl ij dsUnzh; cSd a lnL; cSd
a ksa ds izFke Js.kh ds vUrxZr mu leLr tek jkf'k;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k
fcyksa dh iqudZVkSrh djrk gS vFkok Lohdk;Z izfrHkwfr;ksa tkrk gS] tks tekdrkZ }kjk viuh bPNkuqlkj pkgs tc
ij _.k nsrk gSA dqN ns'kksa esa bls dVkSrh&nj Hkh dgk okil ek¡xh tk ldrh gSAa cSd a ksa esa pkyw [kkrs (Current
tkrk gSA cSd a nj esa ifjorZu djds dsUnzh; cSd a ns'k esa Account) rFkk cpr [kkrs (Saving Account) esa tek
lk[k dh ek=k dks izHkkfor dj ldrk gSA jkf'k;k¡ ek¡x tek ds vUrxZr vkrh gSAa
• [kqys cktkj dh fØ;k,¡ (Open Market Operations) : • cpr cS ad [kkrk (Savings Bank Account) : cpr
;g Hkh dsUnzh; cSd a }kjk lk[k fu;a=.k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ cS ad [kkrk mu O;fDr;ksa ds fy, gS ] tks viuh Hkkoh
mik; gSA [kqys cktkj dh fØ;kvksa ds vUrxZr dsUnzh; vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, viuh orZ eku
cSda }kjk eqnzk cktkj esa fdlh Hkh izdkj ds fcyksa vFkok vk; dk dqN Hkkx cpkdj j[kuk pkgrs gSaA bl
izfrHkwfr;ksa dk Ø;&foØ; gksrk gS] ijUrq ladh.kZ vfkZ esa [kkrs esa tek jkf'k ij dq N C;kt Hkh fn;k tkrk gSA
blls vfHkizk; dsUnzh; cSd a }kjk dsoy ljdkjh izR ;sd dys.Mj eghus ds nlosa fnu ds vUr ls
ysdj ml eghus dh vfUre rkjh[k rd dh vof/k esa
izfrHkwfr;ksa dk Ø;&foØ; gksrk gSA
tks Hkh U;wure tek ckdh jgrh gS] mdls vk/kkj ij
• E;wpqvy Q.M (Mutual Fund) : E;wpqvy Q.M ds C;kt fn;k tkrk gSA
vUrxZr tu&lk/kkj.k ds fuos'k ;ksX; /ku dks ,sfPNd
vk/kkj ij ,df=r djds fofu;ksx ds csgrj voljksa esa • pkyw [kkrk (Current Account) : ;g ,d izdkj dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bldh LFkkiuk izk;% fuos'k ek¡x tek (Demand Deposit) [kkrk gS ftlesa ls fdlh
lEcU/kh fu.kZ; ysus okyh n{k foÙkh; laLFkkvksa }kjk dh Hkh dk;Z fnol dks vusd ckj fdruh Hkh jkf'k dk
tkrh gSA Hkkjr esa ;wfuV VªLV vkWQ bf.M;k] LVsV cSd a ] ysu&nsu fd;k tk ldrk gSA bu [kkrksa esa tek jkf'k;ksa
ij dksbZ C;kt ugha fn;k tkrk] cfYd cSd a ysu&nsuksa
dukjk cSd a ] cSd
a vkWQ bf.M;k] bf.M;u cSd a rFkk thou
(Transactions) dh la[;k ds vk/kkj ij dqN lsok 'kqYd
chek fuxe vkfn us bl izdkj ds E;wpqvy Q.M (Service charge) [kkrk/kkjh ls olwy djrs gSAa
LFkkfir fd, gSAa
• izfrHkwfr (Security) : izfrHkwfr ,d O;kid 'kCn gSA ,d vFkZ • LekVZ dkMZ (Smart Card) : Mkd foHkkx }kjk pqfuank 'kgjksa
esa izfrHkwfr 'kCn dk iz;ksx izi=ksa ds :i esa foÙkh; esa izkjEHk dh xbZ izhfe;e cpr cSd a lsok ds vUrxZr
ifjlEifÙk;ksa rFkk 'ks;j] fMcsUpj o vU; _.ki=ksa vkfn ds izR;sd [kkrsnkj dks ,d ^LekVZ dkMZ* tkjh fd;k tk,xk]
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA cSfa dax esa ).kksa dh tekur ds lUnHkZ esa ftlls orZeku dkxt dh iklcqd O;oLFkk lekIr gks
tk,xhA ^LekVZ dkMZ* ds ek/;e ls [kkrsnkj fdlh ,d
Hkh îzfrHkwfr* dkQh iz;qDr gksrk gS] tgk¡ izfrHkwfr ls vfHkizk;
fuf'pr Mkd?kj ds LFkku ij fofHkUu Mkd?kjksa esa vius
ml chfer fgr ls gksrk gS] tks _.k ds Hkqxrku u gksus dh [kkrs esa /ku tek djk ldsaxs rFkk fudky ldsx a As
fLFkfr esa mRiUu gksrk gS vFkkZr~ izfrHkwfr _.k dk chek gksrh
gSA cSd a ksa }kjk _.kh dh O;fDrxr vFkok n`'; izfrHkwfr ij • vfuoklh ¼oká½ #i;k [kkrk [Non-Resident (External)
_.k iznku fd;k tkrk gSA Rupee Accounts] : bl izdkj ds [kkrs ize[ q k O;kikfjd
• izkFkfed izfrHkwfr (Primary Security) : izkFkfed cSd
a ksa esa vfuoklh Hkkjrh;ksa ds uke esa [kksys tk ldrs gSAa
;g [kkrs Hkkjrh; #i;ksa esa [kksys tkrs gSAa [kkrksa dk ewy/ku
izfrHkwfr ls vfHkizk; ml izfrHkwfr ls gksrk gS] tks _.k
rFkk ml ij vftZr C;kt dks fcuk fdlh dfBukbZ ds
dks eq[;r% lqjf{kr djrh gS rFkk ;g izfrHkwfr _.kh tekdrkZ dks mlds ns'k okil dj fn;k tkrk gS] ijUrq
}kjk iznÙk dh tkrh gSA #i;ksa dks fons'kh eqnzk esa ml nj ls ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk
• ljdkjh izfrHkwfr;k¡ (Government Securities) : gS] tksfd /ku Hkstus dh rkjh[k dks ykxw gksrh gSA bu [kkrksa
ljdkjh izfrhkwfr;ksa esa ljdkjh izfrKk&i= ij fn;k x;k C;kt dj eqDr gksrk gSA ,sls [kkrs vfuoklh
(Government promissory notes), jk"Vªh; cpr Hkkjrh;ksa (NRIs) rFkk Hkkjrh; ewy ds fonsf'k;ksa }kjk [kksys
izek.k&i= rFkk jk"Vªh; cpr ;kstuk] okgd cU/kd i= tk ldrs gSAa vU; fons'kh yksxksa dks ,sls [kkrs [kksyus dh
(Bearer bounds) vkfn lfEefyr fd, tkrs gSAa cSd a bu vuqefr ugha gSA
izfrHkwfr;ksa dh tekur ij ljyrk ls _.k iznku dj • fofue; lk/; foi= (Negotiable Instrument) :
ldrs gS]a D;ksfa d bu izfrHkwfr;ksa dk ewY; fLFkj jgrk gS fofue;&lk/; foi= ,d fyf[kr izi = gksrk gS] tks
rFkk ;s lqjf{kr le>h tkrh gSA fof/k vFkok O;kikfjd izFkk ds vUrxZ r vUrfjr fd;k
• lkof/k tek (Time Deposits) : lkof/k tekvksa ds tk ldrk gSA tks O;fDr ,slk izi = ln~Hkko ls rFkk
vUrxZr mu leLr tek jkf'k;ksa dks lfEefyr ewY ; ds cnys (in good faith and for value) izkir
djrk gS] ml O;fDr dks ,sl s izi = ij leqfpr
fd;ktkrk gS ] tks ,d fu/kkZfjr vof/k ds fy, cS ad
LokfeRo j[kus dk fo'ks"kkf/kdkj izkIr gksrk gS pkgs
ds ikl tek dh tkrh gS aA ;g tek jkf'k fofufnZ "V mlds vUrj.kdrkZ dk ml foi= ij dksbZ LokfeRo
vof/k lekIr gksus ij ns; (Repayable) gksrh gSA ugha Fkk vFkok nks"kiw.kZ LokfeRo FkkA opu&i=
cS ad ,slh tek jkf'k;ksa ij vis{kkÑr Å¡ph nj ls (Promissory note), fofue;&i= (Bill of exchange)
C;kt nsrs gS aA bl izdkj ds tek cS adksa }kjk izk;% rFkk psd (Cheque) dh x.kuk fofue; lk/; foi=ksa
lkof/k tek [kkrs (Fixed Deposit Account) rFkk ds vUrxZ r dh tkrh gSA bu foi=ksa dk fu;eu
vorhZ tek [kkrs (Recuring Deposit Account) esa ^fofue; lk/; foi= vf/kfu;e* (Negotiable
Lohdkj fd, tkrs gS aA Instruments Act) ds }kjk gksr k gSA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• ^vkWu&QkeZ okVj eSustesaV* (On-Farm Water • epsZUV cSfa dax (Merchant Banking) : okf.kfT;d cSfa dax
Management) Ldhe % dsUnzh; foÙk lgk;rk }kjk ds vUrxZr vkS|ksfxd rFkk O;kikfjd laLFkkuksa dks
,d ubZ Ldhe 'On-Farm Water Management' ekpZ fof'k"V izdkj dh lsok,a miyC/k djkbZ tkrh gSAa blesa
2002 esa iwohZ&Hkkjr esa Qly mRiknu c<+kus ds mís'; ifj;kstuk lEcU/kh ijke'kZ (Project Counselling),
ls 'kq: dh xbZA bl Ldhe dk eq[; mís'; ^xzkm.M O;ogk;Zrk fjiksVZ (Feasibility report) rS;kj djuk]
,.M ljQsl okVj* ds vR;f/kd nq#i;ksx dks jksddj izLrkoksa ij ljdkj dh lgefr izkIr djuk] u, fuxZeksa
,oa mlds dq'ky mi;ksx ls [kk|kUuksa ds mRiknu ,oa (New issues) ds izcU/kd ds :i esa dk;Z djuk]
mRikndrk esa o`f) djuk j[kk x;k Fkk] ftlesa] ckn dk;Z'khy iw¡th (Working capital) dh O;oLFkk djuk
esa vkfFkZd enn 20% ykHkkFkhZ }kjk] 30% Hkkjr vkfn ckrsa mYys[kuh; gSAa
ljdkj (GOI) }kjk ,oa 50% 'NABARD' }kjk 'Bank • ns'kh cSda O;oLFkk (Indigenous Banking) : Hkkjr esa
Loan' ds :i esa j[kh xbZ] ysfdu o"kZ 2006&07 ls ns'kh cSd a O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr ljkZQ] lsB] lkgwdkj]
;g Ldhe cUn dj nh xbZ gSA egktu] 'ksêh vkfn dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS] tks
• eqDr cUnjxkg % eqDr cUnjxkg ,d ,slk iÙku uxj gS #i;k m/kkj nsrs gSa rFkk gqf.M;ksa vFkok vkUrfjd
;k mldk dksbZ Hkkx gS tks oLrqvksa dks yknus vkSj fofue;&i=ksa }kjk foÙk izcU/k djrs gSAa ns'kh cSd a j vius
mrkjus ¼fu;kZr ,oa vk;kr½ ds fy, lhek 'kqYd ;k blh fe=ksa rFkk lEcfU/k;ksa ls tek Hkh Lohdkj djrs gSAa ;s
izdkj ds vU; fu;a=.kksa ls eqDr gksrk gSA eqDr cUnjxkg fjtoZ cSd a ds izR;{k fu;a=.k esa ugha gksrAs
ij vk;kfrr ;k fu;kZfrr vf/kdka'k olrq,a lhek 'kqYd • oSf'od xk¡o (Global Village) : lwpuk rduhd ds {ks=
ls eqDr gksrh gS]a ijUrq dqN fof'k"V oLrqvksa ij lhek esa gqbZ vHkwr&iwoZ Økafr] pkgs og mixzg ds ek/;e ls
'kqYd nsuk Hkh iM+rk gSA bls eqDr {ks= Hkh dgrs gSAa gqbZ gks ;k ekbØksoso ls ;k fd dEI;wVj iz.kkyh ls] gekjs
gkaxdkax] flaxkiqj] dksius gsxu ¼vkaf'kd :i ls½ eqDr fy, ,d uohu nqfu;k izLrqr djrh gSAa lwpuk ds ekeys
iÙku gSA esa nqfu;k dk vkdkj fnu&izfrfnu NksVk gksrk tk jgk gS
• dj] midj rFkk vf/kHkkj (Tax, Cess and Sur-charge) : vFkkZr~ ge ,d&nwljs ds vR;f/kd fudV vkrs tk jgs
dj] midj rFkk vf/kHkkj dj dh Js.kh esa vkrs gS]a fdUrq gSAa ek'kZy edyqgku blh fLFkfr dks gh ^Xykscy foyst*
;k ^fo'oLrjh; xk¡o* dgrs gSAa
midj rFkk vf/kHkkj dj ls fHkUu gSa fdlh mís'; fo'ks"k dh
iwfrZ ds fy, dj ugha yxk;k tkrk] tcfd midj rFkk • ;wjks&LVkj (Euro-Star) : baxyS.M vkSj Ýkal dks jsyekxZ
vf/kHkkj nksuksa gh fdlh mís'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, jktLo dh ls tksMu+ s ds fy, leqnz ds uhps cukbZ xbZ lqjx a ls
mxkgh ds fy, yxk, tkrs gSAa midj dj ds lkFk dj gksdj pyus okyh jsy;k=h xkM+h dks ^;wjks LVkj* dk uke
vk/kkj ij gh fdlh fo'ks"k iz;kstu ds fy, yxk;k x;k dj fn;k x;k gSA
gS] tcfd vf/kHkkj dj ds Åij dj gS] ftldh x.kuk dj • ykQj oØ (Laffer Curve) : vkVZ ykQj }kjk
nkf;Ro ij dh tkrh gSA lkekU;r;k vf/kHkkj izR;{k dj ij izfrikfnr rFkk vejhdh tuZfyLV twM oSfUuLdh }kjk
yxk;k tkrk gS] tcfd midj izR;{k rFkk ijks{k dj nksuksa cgqizpkfjr ykQj oØ ml fLFkfr dh O;k[;k djrk gS
ij yxk;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj fl)kUrr% midj dj tc ;g ekudj pyk tkrk gS fd ;fn djkjksi.k dh
vk/kkj ij yxk;k tkrk gS] tcfd dj Hkkj dj nkf;Ro ij njksa dks de dj fn;k tk, rks ljdkj dks izkIr gksus
yxk;k tkrk gSA okys jktLo esa o`f) gksxh] ysdu ;g o`f) ,d lhek
iqu% vf/kHkkj rFkk midj dh izkfIr dks jkT;ksa ds forj.k rd gh gksxhA djksa dh njksa esa bl lhek ls vf/kd deh
dj fn, tkus ij djkxr jktLo esa deh vk,xhA iwoZ esa
;ksX; iwy (Divisible Pool) esa ugha Mkyk tkrkA blds
blh vo/kkj.kk dks vejhdh jk"Vªifr jksukYM jhxu rFkk
jktLo dks mu mís';kas ij yxk;k tkrk gS] ftuds fy,
fczfV'k iz/kkuea=h ekjxzVs FkSpj viuk pqds gS]a ysfdu
bUgsa yxk;k tkrk gSA
mUgsa lQyrk izkIr ugha gqbZ FkhA
• udn vkj{k.k vuqikr (Cash Reserve Ratio–CRR) :
• gjh iapk;r % xzk eh.k jkst xkj miktZ u ;kst ukvksa ds
fjtoZ cSd a vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 42(1) ds vUrxZr
vUrxZr miyC/k fuf/k;ksa dh lgk;rk ls ouhdj.k
vuqlfw pr cSd a ksa dks ;g vfuok;Z gS fd os viuh
dk;Z 'kq : djus gsrq xzk e iapk;rksa dks iz sf jr djus ds
tekjkf'k ds de&ls&de 3% ds cjkcj jde fjtoZ cSd a
iz ;kst u ls i;kZo j.k vkS j ou ea=ky; }kjk ,d
ds ikl udn :i esa tek j[ksa fjtoZ cSd a dks ;g
iq jLdkj izkjEHk fd;k x;k gSA bl dk;Z Øe ds rgr~
vf/kdkj gS fd og bl vuqikr dks 3% ls c<+kdj 15%
izR ;sd ftys esa xzk e lHkk ds ouhdj.k ds ckjs esa
rd dj ldrk gSA bl vuqikr esa o`f) djus dk fd, x, iz ;klksa dk 4 o"kksZa ds i'pkr~ ewY ;kadu
ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd cSd a ksa ds ikl udn dks"k esa deh fd;k tk,xk vkSj tks xzke lHkk bl lEcU/k esa lcls
gks tkrh gS ftlds dkj.k _.kksa vkSj vfxzeksa dh ek=k vPNk izn'kZ u djsxh mUgsa ftys dh lcls ^gjh
Hkh de gks tkrh gSA 24 vizy S ] 2010 ls Hkkjr esa ;g iapk;r* gksus ds fy, ,d yk[k #i, dk uxn
nj 6-0 izfr'kr gSA iq jLdkj iznku fd;k tk,xkA
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• Lo;a lgk;rk lewg (Self Help Group–SHG) : • LoPNUn m|ksx (Footloose Industries) : LoPNUn
Hkkjr es a Lo.kZ t;Urh xz k e Lojkst xkj ;kst uk m|ksx ,sls m|ksx dks dgk tkrk gS ftls dgha Hkh
(SGSY) dk ,d egRoiw . kZ ?kVd (Group LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkkZr` ftlds fy, ifjogu
Approach) gS A bldk lEcU/k xjhcks a dks la x fBr ykxrksa dk dksbZ egRo ugha gksrkA ,sls m|ksx dPps eky
djds ^Lo;a lgk;rk lewg * (SHG) dk fuekZ .k ds lzksr ds fudV LFkkfir ugha fd, tkrs tSlk fd ykSg
djuk gS A ,d Lo;a lgk;rk lewg esa xjhch js[ kk ls ,oa bLikr m|ksx ds lkFk gksrk gSA LoPNUn m|ksx
uhps ds ifjokjks a ls lEcfU/kr 10 ls 20 O;fDr gks
izk;% fo'ofo|ky;ks]a vuql/a kku dsUnzksa ds fudV LFkkfir
ldrs gS a rFkk ,d O;fDr ,d ls vf/kd lewg dk
fd, tkrs gSAa ;s xSj&izn"w k.kdkjh m|ksx gSAa
lnL; ugha gksuk pkfg,A igkM+h {ks =ks a rFkk
jsf xLrkuh {ks =ks a esa rFkk fodykax O;fDr;ks a ds • xzke Kku dsUnz % dsUnz ljdkj us o"kZ 2005&06 ds ctV
ekeyksa es a ;g la[ ;k 5 ls 20 rd gks ldrh gS A esa 100 djksM+ dh ykxr ls xzke Kku dsUnz LFkkfir
^Lo;a lgk;rk lewg * es a efgykvksa ds fy, ojh;rk djus dh ?kks"k.kk dh FkhA ljdkj dk ;g dne xk¡oksa
iz nku dh xbZ gS A ;g ;kst uk ,d _.k ,oa lfClMh vkSj 'kgjksa ds chp lwpuk izkIr djus ds fy, fczt dk
;kst uk gS ] ftlesa _.k ,d iz eq [ k rRo gS A dk;Z djsxkA bu lwpuk dsUnksa ij xzkeh.kksa rFkk fdlkuksa
fHkUu&fHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ks a es a lfClMh dh lhek dks Ñf"k lEcfU/kr ubZ tkudkjh] cktkj Hkko] Ñf"k mit
ifj;kst ukvks a ykxr dh vyx7vyx fuf'pr dh ds foi.ku dh tkudkjh] cktkj dh ek¡x] f'k{kk] lwpuk
x;h gS A Lo;a lgk;rk lewg ks a ds fy, lfClMh ,oa lapkj vkfn ewyHkwr t:jrksa dks iwjk djsxkA gkykafd
ifj;kst uk ykxr dk 50%, fdUrq vf/kdre 1-25
xk¡oksa dks lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dk ykHk igq¡pkus dk dk;Z
yk[k #i, fu/kkZ f jr dh xbZ gS A flap kbZ
igys gh dqN futh dEifu;ks]a vkS|ksfxd izfr"Bkuksa ,oa
ifj;kst ukvks a ds fy, lfClMh dh dksb Z foÙkh; lhek
ugha j[kh xbZ gS A lfClMh dk;sZ Ù kj gS A jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk 'kq: fd;k tk pqdk gSA
• vkmVde ctV (Outcome Budget) : vkmVde ctV • fdlku dky lsUVj % vkt ds nkSj esa fdlku dky
ds vUrxZr ,d foÙkh; o"kZ ds fy, fdlh ea=ky; vFkok lsUVj cnyrs xzkeh.k Hkkjr dh ubZ rLohj is'k djrs gSAa
foHkkx dks vkcafVr fd, x, ctV esa vuqJo.k rFkk bu dsUnksa ls xzkeh.kksa vkSj fdlkuksa dks Ñf"k] i'kqikyu]
ewY;kadu fd, tk ldus okys HkkSfrd y{;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k eRL;ikyu] e/qkeD[kh ikyu] js'kedhV ikyu ,oa vU;
bl mís'; ls fd;k tkrk gS fd ctV ds fØ;kUo;u dh Ñf"k ls lEcfU/kr O;olk;ksa dh vk/kqfudre tkudkjh
xq.koÙkk dks ij[kk tkuk lEHko gks ldsA iznku djus ds lkFk gh mudk bu {ks=ksa esa vkus okyh
dfBukb;ksa ,oa leL;kvksa ds mfpr lek/kku Hkh lq>k,
Hkkjr esa dsUnzh; ljdkj us bl ubZ i)fr dks o"kZ
tkrs gSA ;s fdlku dky lsUVj mÙkj izn's k] jktLFkku]
2005&06 ds ctV esa izLrkfor fd;k FkkA buesa igyh
rfeyukMq vkSj egkjk"Vª lfgr ns'k ds vkB izkUrksa esa
ckj foÙk ea=h }kjk 25 vxLr] 2005 dks laln esa izLrqr
xzkeh.kksa dks c[kwch lykg] lgk;rk vkSj ekxZn'kZu dj
fd;k FkkA o"kZ 2005&06 ds ctV esa bls dsoy
jgs gSAa bu dsUnzksa ij miyC/k Vksy Ýh uEcj 1551 ij
vk;kstukxr ctV ds fy, gh izLrqr fd;k x;k Fkk]
ns'k ds fdlh Hkh dksus ls Qksu ij vko';d tkudkjh
ysfdu Hkfo"; esa bls vk;kstuk fHkUu ctV esa ykxw djus
eq¶r esa izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
dk ljdkj dk bjknk gSA bl izdkj vkmVde ctV
lkekU; ctV dh rqyuk esa ,d dfBu izfØ;k gS] ftlesa • lkoZtfud miØe
miØe lfefr % lkoZtfud miØe lfefr
(Committee on Public Under-takings) laln dh ,d
foÙkh; izko/kkuksa dks ifj.kkeksa ds lUnHkZ esa ns[kk tkuk
gksrk gSA fefr gS ftlesa jkT; lHkk ls 7 rFkk yksd lHkk ls 15
lnL; vFkkZr~ dqy 22 lnL; lfEefyr gksrs gSAa bldk
• lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e % fdlh O;fDr dks] tksfd
dk;Z lkoZtfud miØeksa ds izfrosnuksa vkSj
lwpuk ikus dk bPNqd gS] lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e
fglkc&fdckr ij fopkj djuk rFkk egkfu;a=d ,oa
2005 gSA bldh izLrkouk esa yksdrkaf=d vkn'kksZa dks
ys[kk ijh{kd ds izfrosnuksa dh tk¡p djuk gSA
loksZifj ekurs gq, ekuk x;k gS fd laons u'khy lwpuk
dh xksiuh;rk cukus dh tkudkjh dks NksMd + j 'ks"k • ,lVhVh ¼flD;ksfjVh Vªkt a Ds 'ku VSDl½ % 'ks;j cktkj esa
tkudkjh ls ukxfjdksa dks voxr djkuk gksxkA ;s izfrHkwfr;ksa (Securities) ds [kjhnus ;k cspus ij
ljdkjh] v)Z&ljdkjh Lok;Ùk laLFkk,a] uxj iapk;r] flD;ksfjVh Vªkt a Ds 'ku VSDl yxrk gSA bls gVk, tkus
uxjikfydk,a] xzke iapk;r bR;kfn lHkh dks ykxw gksxkA dh vk'kk Fkh] ysfdu 2009&10 ds ctV esa blesa dksbZ
cnyko ugha fd;k x;k gSA
***************
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

izeq[k fu;qfDr;k¡
• 'kkUrk flUgk % v/;{k] jk"Vªh; cky vf/kdkj laj{k.k • gk#fgdks dqjksMk (Haruhiko Kuroda) : v/;{k] ,f'k;kbZ
vk;ksx (NCPCR) fodkl cSd
a A
• oku dh&ewu ¼nf{k.k dksfj;k½ % egklfpo (UNO). • ekfj;ks&Mªk?kh ¼bVyh ds Mario Draghi½ % v/;{k]
;wjksfi;u lsUVªy cSd
a (ECB) ¼1 uoEcj] 2011 ls 31
• geZu oku jkWEiqbZ ¼csfYt;e ds iz/kkuea=h½ % v/;{k]
vDVwcj] 2019 rd½
;wjksih; la?k (EU).
• tqvku lksekfo;k % egkfuns'kd] vUrjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu
• vgen lyhe % egklfpo] n{ksl (SAARC)
• izk-s osn izdk'k % v/;{k] fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx
• ,l-- okbZ dqjS'kh % eq[; pquko vk;qDr ¼30 tqykbZ] 2010
,l
(UGC).
ls½
• eerk 'kekZ % v/;{k] jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx ¼2 vxLr]
• MkW- Mh-
Mh- lqCckjko % xouZj (RBI)
2011 ls½
• ikLdy ykeh ¼Ýkal½ % egkfuns'kd] WTO
• vkj-
kj- oh-
oh- duksfj;k % v/;{k] Hkkjrh; okf.kT; ,oa m|ksx
• vrqy dqekj jk; % lhbZvks ,oa ,eMh] Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd
ifjla?k (FICCI) vizSy] 2012
foÙk fuxe (IFCI)
• fte ;ksx
a fde % v/;{k] fo'o cSd
a
• HkwiUs nz dqekj jkBh % v/;{k] ,dkf/kdkj ,oa izfrcU/kkRed
• vkj-
vkj- ds- mik/;k; % ps;jeSu lgizcU/k funs'kd
O;kikj O;ogkj vk;ksx (MRTPC)
ch,l,u,y
• MkW- ve`rk iVsy % v/;{kk] us'kuy Ms;jh MsoyiesUV cksMZ
• jktsUnz ,l-
,l- iokj % v/;{k] us'kuy ,lksfl,'ku vkWQ
(NDDB)
lkW¶Vos;j ,.M lfoZlt s dEiuht (NASSCOM)
• fØLVhu yxkMZ % izcU/k funs'kd] vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzkdks"k ¼2011&12 ds fy,½
(IMF), twu 2011
• izrhi pkS/kjh % v/;{k] SBI ¼vizy
S ] 2011½
• ekjxzVs pku % egkfuns'kd] WHO
• ts- ,l-
,l- ljek % v/;{k] Hkkjrh; nwjlapkj fu;ked
• izdk'k c['kh % ps;jeSu] lgizcU/k funs'kd] NABARD
izkf/kdj.k (TRAI)
¼twu 2011 ls vDVwcj 2013 rd½
• fljkt gqlSu % v/;{k] lgizcU/k funs'kd] Hkkjrh; [kk|
• jktho dqekj % egklfpo] fQDdh (FCCI) ¼ebZ] 2011½ fuxe (FCI)
• vkj-
vkj- oh-
oh- oekZ % v/;{k] lgizcU/k funs'kd] jk"Vªh; vkokl • uanu fuysdf.k % v/;{k] fof'k"V igpku la[;k
cSd
a (NHB) ¼flrEcj] 2010½
izkf/kdj.k (Unique Identification Authority of India)
• lkseiky % v/;{k] jk"Vªh; fdlku vk;ksx • e/kq dUuu % izcU/k funs'kd] ckWEcs LVkWd ,Dlpst
a
• jru VkVk % v/;{k] fuos'k vk;ksx (BSE)
• ;w- ds- flUgk % v/;{k] lsch (SEBI) ¼17 Qjojh] 2011 • lSe fi=ksnk % v/;{k] jk"Vªh; Kku vk;ksx (National
ls½ Knowledge Commission)
• vkj-
vkj- ,e-
,e- ekyk % v/;{k lgizcU/k funs'kd] IDBI • vkj ds flUgk % funs'kd] HkkHkk ,Vksfed fjlpZ lsVa j
(BARC)
• MkW- lh-
lh- jaxjktu % v/;{k] iz/kkuea=h dh vkfFkZd
lykgdkj ifj"kn~ (EAC) ¼12 vxLr] 2009 ls½ • ,l] v¸;j % egkfuns'kd] Hkkjrh; Ñf"k vuqlU/kku
ifj"kn~ (ICAR)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

T. I. Heighlights
ECONOMICS
• Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd o`f) ds fy, cukbZ xbZ iapo"khZ; • leewY; ls lacfa /kr gksrk gS&
;kstukvksa dks vafre :i ls dkSu vuqeksfnr djrk gS \ &og nj ftl ij 'ks;j tkjh fd;k tkrk gS
&jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn • xkS.k cktkj (Secondary market) dk lac/a k fdlls gS \
• Hkkjr esa ,d #i;s ds djsUlh uksVksa ij fdlds gLrk{kj &izfrHkwfr;ksa dh iqu% fcØh rFkk [kjhn
jgrs gSa \ &lfpo] foÙk ea=ky; • cSd
a nj ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \
• Hkkjr esa lcls yEck jk"Vªh; jktekxZ ¼jk- jk- la[;k&7½ &og nj ftl ij lsUVªy cSd a okf.kfT;d cSd a ksa dks
fdu nks LFkkuksa dks tksM+rk gS \ m/kkj nsrs gSa
&okjk.klh vkSj dU;kdqekjh • vFkZ'kkL= esa fuos'k ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \
• ;kstuk vk;ksx dk igyk v/;{k dkSu Fkk \ &LVkWd vkSj fMcsp a j
&iafMr tokgjyky usg: • ,dekdZ fdlds fy, fn;k tkrk gS \ &Ñf"k inkFkZ
• fdlh ns'k dh Jfed 'kfDr D;k gksrh gS \ • ;kstuk vk;ksx ds v/;{k dkSu gksrs gSa \ &iz/kkuea=h
&jkstxkj ds fy, miyC/k tula[;k dk Hkkx • ns'k ds vxE; {ks=ksa esa LFkkuh; vko';drkvksa dh
• Hkkjr esa lcls cM+h cpr fdl {ks=d esa gksrh gS \ v/fkdrj vkiwfrZ dkSu djrk gS \
&?kjsyw {ks=d &xzkeh.k dqVhj m|ksx
• gokyk cktkj fdlls lEcfU/kr gS \ • fuoy jk"Vªh; mRikn ekywe djus ds fy, ge ldy
&xSj&dkuwuh fons'kh eqnzk fofue; jk"Vªh; mRikn esa ls D;k ?kVkrs gSa \ &gzkl
• ^vFkZ'kkL= dk firk* fdls dgk tkrk gS \ • fdlh oLrq ds fy, ekax oØ Åij tk,xk] tc&
&,Me fLeFk &miHkksDrk dh vk; c<+x s h
• Hkkjr esa {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd
a ksa us fdl o"kZ dke djuk 'kq: • ,d QeZ lqrqyu&Lrj fcUnq ij rc gksrh gS] tc
fd;k Fkk \ &1975 bZ- esa mldh&
• fdl Hkkjrh; cSd a dh fons'kksa esa lcls vf/kd la[;k esa &lhekar ykxr ¾ lhekar jktLo ¼vk;½ gks
'kk[kk,¡ gSa \ &Hkkjrh; LVsV cSd a • eqnzk dk eq[; dk;Z fdl :i esa dk;Z djuk gS \
• Hkkjr ljdkj dks jktLo dh lcls vf/kd jkf'k fdlds &fofue; dk ek/;e
tfj, izkIr gksrh gS \ &mRikn 'kqYd • eqnzk dk eq[; dk;Z fdl :i esa dk;Z djuk gS \
• eqnzk lapyu dh xfr fdldh lwpu gS \ &fofue; dk ek/;e
&jk"Vªh; vk; ls eqnzk dh ekax dk vuqikr • eqnzk ds voewY;u ls fdldk mYys[k gksrk gS \
• Hkkjr ds izFke ^VsªM s ikWbUV* dk mn~?kkVu fdl 'kgj esa &eqnzk ds ckgjh ewY; esa deh
fd;k x;k \ &ubZ fnYyh • fdlh oLrq dh ekax fdl ij fuHkZj djrh gS \
• ipkl iSls dk flDdk dSlk eqnzk gS \ &lhfer oS/k eqnzk &[kjhnus dh 'kfDr
• ykWMZ dhUl ds vuqlkj] C;kt dh nj fdldh iwfrZ vkSj • Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a ds djsUlh uksV ds ihNs dqN
ek¡x }kjk fu/kkZfjr gksrh gS \ &/ku@eqnzk ifjlEifÙk;k¡ gksrh gS]a ;s ifjlaifÙk;k¡ fdldh fu/kkZfjr
• ,d ,dkf/kdkjh vius ykHk dks vf/kdre dc djrk ek=k@jkf'k ls de ugha gksuh pkfg, \
gS \ &tc lhekUr ykxr ¾ lhekUr jktLo &lksuk vkSj fons'kh izfrHkwfr;k¡
• ^dks;yk* D;k ekuk tkrk gS \ &miHkksDrk eky • Hkkjr ljdkj ds lkoZtfud _.k izpkyuksa dks dkSu
• vfrfjDr fuos'k O;; rc rd gksxk tc rd iw¡th dh lapkfyr djrk gS \ &Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a
lhekUr mRikfnrk& &C;kt dh nj ls vf/kd gks • phu dh djsUlh ¼eqnzk½ D;k dgykrh gS \ &;wvkWu
• iw.kZ cktkj dk ;g vFkZ gksrk gS fd& • ^vksiu LdkbZ ikWfylh* ls D;k vk'k; gS \
&dbZ foØsrk gSa vkSj dbZ [kjh
[kjhnnkj
nnkj gSa &futh vkSj lkoZtfud foeku lsok] nksuksa dk dk;kZUo;u
• ^nqyZHk eqnzk* D;k gksrh gS \ • ^Qsjk* dk D;k vFkZ gS \
&ftldk ckgjh ¼fons'kh½ ewY; c<+ jgk gks &fons'kh eqnzk fofu;eu vf/kfu;e
• foÙk vk;ksx dh fu;qfDr dkSu djrk gS \ • ^,u baDok;jh buVZ n uspj ,aM dkWftt vkWQ oSYFk
&Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr vkWQ us'kUl* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa \ &,Me fLeFk
• fdl eqnzk dk #i, dh n`f"V ls lcls vf/kd ewY; gS \ • _.k fu;a=.k dk;Zokgh fdlds }kjk lapkfyr dh tkrh
&ikSM a gS \ &okf.kT; cSd a
• mRikn 'kqYd fdl ij yxk;k tkrk gS \ &mRiknu • fjtoZ cSda dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ Fkh \
• eqDr O;kikj (Free trade) dk vfHkizk; gS& &1 tuojh] 1935 dks
&varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj] ftlesa eky rFkk lsokvksa dk • ^pqx
a h dj* ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \
vfu;af=r vknku&iznku gksrk gS &uxj fuxe {ks= esa eky ds izo's k ij yxk;k x;k dj
• cSd
a nj (Bank Rate) dh o`f) ls • êqDr vkdk'k uhfr* ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \
&ØsfMV egaxk gks tk;sxk &ok;q ifjogu esa futh ,tsfa l;ksa dks 'kkfey djuk
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• vkbZ- lh- vkbZ- lh- vkbZ- (ICICI) dSlh laLFkk gS \ • la?k ljdkj ds dj jktLo esa lcls cM+k lzksr dkSu&lk
&foÙkh; laLFkk gS \ &lhek 'kqYd
• eqnzk&LQhfr ,oa ewY; o`f) ds dky esa eqnzk dh iwfrZ& • ;fn isIlh dh dher dksd rFkk 7&vi dh dher dh
&c<+ tkrh gS rqyuk esa ?kV tk, rks dksd rFkk 7&vi dh ek¡x ij
• fdlds fu;kZr }kjk lokZf/kd fons'kh eqnzk vftZr dh D;k izHkko iM+x s k\ &?kV tk,xk
tkrh gS \ &jRu ,oa vkHkw"k.k • fu;r ykxr dks vkSj fdl uke ls tkuk tkrk gS \
• ,f'k;u fodkl cSd a dk eq[;ky; dgk¡ gS \ &euhyk&euhyk esa &ewy ykxykxr r
• ^,e- ,e- ,Dl-* (MMX) VSDuksykWth fdlds }kjk izkjaHk • Hkkjr fdl ns'k dks lcls vf/kd fu;kZr djrk gS \
gqbZ \ &buVsy &la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk
• fdl O;fDr us ^lEifÙk ds Je&fl)kUr* ds i{k esa • nh?kkZo/kh okyh lkE;koLFkk esa dksbZ izfr;ksxh QeZ D;k
leFkZu fd;k Fkk \ &ts- ,l-
,l- fey vftZr djrh gS \ &vf/k&lkekU; ykHk
• nksgjh dher fu/kkZj.k dk D;k vFkZ gS \ • mRiknu izdk;Z ds lkFk fdldk lac/a k gS \
&iz'kklu }kjk fu/kkZfjr dher vkSj [kqys cktkj dh &vkxr o fuxZr dk
dher • Dykfldh iz.kkyh ds vuqlkj] cpr fdldk izdk;Z gS \
• vk;kr (Imports) dk vf/kdre Hkkx dgk¡ ls vkrk gS \ &dher Lrj dk
& vks- ih-
ih- bZ- lh-
lh- (OPEC) • og fLFkfr] ftlesa eky dks rHkh miyC/k djk;k ¼cspk½
• vUrjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; fuf/k (Moneatry Fund) dk eq[;ky; tkrk gS tcfd dherksa esa o`f) gks pqdh gks] rks mls D;k
dgk¡ fLFkr gS \ &okf'kaxVu Mh-Mh- lh-
lh- dgrs gSa \ &dkyk cktkjh
• tc fdlh oLrq X dh LFkkukiUu dh dher mrjrh gS] • ^^vkfFkZd vi{k;** fl)kUr ds izorZd dkSu Fks \
rc X dh ek¡x& &mrjrh gS &nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth
• ,d 45° dk iwfrZ pØ D;k iznf'kZr djrk gS \ • D;k izkjaHk djus ds ckn vUu dh forj.k iz.kkyh nks
&bdkbZ ykspnkj iwfrZ Lrjksa ij gksus yxh gS \
• Hkkjr esa Ñf"k {ks= esa fu;qDr Jfed la[;k dqy Jfed &y{;kuqlkj lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh
la[;k dk fdruk izfr'kr gS \ &yxHkx 64% • Hkkjr esa pkyw miHkksx ds Lrj esa o`f) ds dkj.k ,d
• ,d Ñ"kd ds }kjk VªSDVj dk Ø; D;k gS \ dkSu&lk Hkkoh ifj.kke gksus okyk gS \
&fu;r fuos'k &Hkfo"; esa vf/kd iwt
a h&lap;
• mRiknu dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr dh izeq[k [kk| Qly D;k • fdl inkFkZ dk ewY; ?kV tkus ij Hkh mlds ek¡x esa
gS \ &pkoy o`f) ugha gksxh \ &ued
• oLrq&fofue; og i)fr gS] ftles& a • fefJr vFkZ&O;oLFkk fdl vkfFkZd iz.kkyh dk lUnHkZ
&,d oLrq dk nwljh oLrq ds lkFk fofue; gksrk gS lwpd gS \
• tc iw.kZ mi;ksfxrk ,d fcUnq esa vf/kdre gS rc mikar &ftlesa ljdkjh {ks= rFkk futh {ks= nksuksa lkFk&lkFk
mi;ksfxrk dSlh gksxh \ &'kwU; dke djrs gSa
• tc dqy jktLo ds leku gh dqy ykxr gksrh gS] rc • izfro"kZ ^miHkksDrk fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS \
ml fLFkfr dks D;k dgrs gSa \ &larqyu&Lrj fcUnq &15 ekpZ
• i.; dh dher vkSj mldh ek¡x dk D;k lac/a k gS \ • ^dkjk/kku ds vfHkfu;eks*a (Canons of Taxation) dk
&izfrykse lac/a k izorZd dkSu Fkk \ &,Me fLeFk
• dher ds c<+us ds dkj.k jk"Vªh; vk; ds c<+us dks D;k • jkT; lgdkjh cSd a ksa dks foÙkk iznku djus dk dk;Z dkSu
dgrs gSa \ &jk"Vªh; vk; eqnzk dh c<+r djrk gS \ &Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a
• ljdkj dks tks ikuh dk 'kqYd fdlku vnk djrk gS] • Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds fdl {ks=d esa loksZPp
og fdls lwfpr djrk gS \ &e/;orhZ miHkksx mRikndrk gS \ &Ñf"k
• ys[kk ds 'kCnksa esa ^vafre eky* dk D;k rkRi;Z gS \ • jk"Vªh; vk; ys[kk }kjk fdlds lEiw.kZ vk; vkSj O;;
&vkjafHkd eky $ fuoy fuos'k & iw¡thxr gkfu dk v/;;u gksrk gS \ &vFkZO;oLFkk
;oLFkk
• ^dksVk* D;k gS \ &vk;kr dh ek=k dh lhek • jkT; ljdkj ds jktLo dk lzksr D;k gS \
• Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a ds eqDr cktkj izpkyu dk D;k &Ñf"k vk;dj
rkRi;Z gS \ &izfrHkwfr dk O;kikj • ljdkjh ctVksa esa thjks csl ctV igys dgk¡ izLrqr
• Ñf"k dk O;kikjhdj.k fdls lwfpr djrk gS \ fd;k x;k \ &;w- ,l-
,l- ,-,- esa
&foØ; ds fy, lL; dk mRikn mRiknu u • fdl iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk eq[; mís'; vkfFkZd
• ek¡x oØ dher vkSj ek¡x dh ek=k esa dSlk lEcU/k vkRe&fuHkZjrk Fkk \ &prqFkZ ;kstuk
iznf'kZr djrk gS \ &O;qRØekuqikrh vkSj izfrykse • jk"Vªh; vk; ds vkdyu dh rS;kjh fdldk nkf;Ro gS \
• Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; vk; dk lcls cM+k va'k dgk¡ ls vkrk &dsUnzh; lkaf[;dh; laxBu
gS \ &izkFkfed {ks= ls • ;kstuk vk;ksx dk v/;{k dkSu gksrk gS \
• T;ks&a T;ksa mRiknu esa o`f) gksrh gS] vkSlr fu;e ykxr &iz/kkuea=h
ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gS \ &de gksrh gS • nh?kZdky esa Hkh Hkwfe ij fdjk;k D;ksa fy;k tkrk gS \
&bldh iwfrZ nh?kZdky esa csyksp gksrh gS
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• fdlh vfr fodflr ns'k ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa Ñf"k • Hkkjr us iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,¡ dgk¡ ls xzg.k dh \
dk lkis{k ;ksxnku gksrk gS \ &vis{kkÑr fuEu &HkwriwoZ lksfo;r lkektoknh x.kra= la?k ls
• ,d fuf'pr lhek ds ckn foÙkh; ?kkVk fuf'pr :i ls • Hkkjr esa dsUnz jkT; foÙkh; lac/a kksa esa xkMfxy QkewZyk
fdldh vksj vxzlj gksxk \ &LQhfr dgk¡ iz;ksx esa vkrk gS \
• vFkZ'kkL= dk tud fdls dgk tkrk gS\ &,Me fLeFk &jkT;ksa ds chp dsUnnzzh; ;kstuk lgk;rk jkf'k ck¡Vus ds
• vFkZ'kkL= esa ^^cktkj** ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \ fy,
&izfr;ksfxrk dh mifLFkfr • fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk dh /kkj.kk ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \
• Hkkjr esa fdl izdkj dh okf.kT;h; cSfa dax O;oLFkk gS \ &futh rFkk lkoZtfud {ks=ksa dk ,d lkFk vfLrRo
&fefJr cSfa dax • ljdkjh ca/ki=ksa dh fcØh vk;] dkSu&ls vk;&O;;d
• Hkkjr esa iw¡th cktkj esa Js"B cktkj dk lUnHkZ D;k gS \ ¼ctV½ 'kh"kZd ds varxZr vkrh gS \
&fo|eku izfrHkwfr;ksa dk O;kikj djus okyk cktkj &iw¡thxr izkfIr;k¡
• fdlds }kjk Hkkjr ljdkj dks lokZf/kd jktLo izkIr • Hkkjr ds jkT;ksa dk izeq[k jktLo&lzksr D;k gS \
gksrk gS \ &mRiknu 'kqYd &Hkw&jktLo
• Hkkjr esa ).k fu;a=.k dk izpkyu fdlds }kjk fd;k • leLr ek¡x fdldk ;ksxQy gS \
tkrk gS \ &Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a &miHkksx ,oa mRiknu dk
• Je&foHkktu dh lhek D;k gS \ &dk;Z&LFkku • ek¡x vf/kd ykspnkj dc dgh tkrh gS \
• ukckMZ (NABARD) fdldk uke gS \ &tc dher dh ekewyh ifjorZu ls ek¡x esa fo'kky
&Ñf"k lgk;d fof'k"V cSd a dk ifjorZu gks tkrk gS
• fdl jkT; esa Hkkjr ds dqy js'keh diM+s dk 50% • tula[;k ds ?kuRo dk lwpd D;k gS \
mRiknu gksrk gS \ &dukZVd &tula[;k&Hkwfe vuqikkr r
• Hkkjr esa cSda ksa dk igyh ckj jk"Vªh;dj.k dc gqvk Fkk \ • fdlh vkfFkZd iz.kkyh esa mRÑ"V voLFkk ls D;k vfHkizk;
&1969 bZ- esa gS \ &fLFkj fodkl dk izkjEHk
• xk¡/khoknh vFkZO;oLFkk fdl fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr Fkh \ • dher Lrj esa o`f) ds izHkko ls okLrfod etnwjh ij
&U;kl/kkfjrk D;k izHkko iM+rk gS \ &?kV tkrh gS
• fo'o cSd a dk eq[;ky; dgk¡ gS \ &okf'kaxVu Mh- Mh- lh-lh- esa • fdl iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa Hkkjr ds fodkl dk izkFkfed
• ,f'k;k ,oa iz'kkUr ds fy, vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd vk;ksx nkf;Ro ljdkjh {ks= dks LFkkukUrfjr dj fn;k x;k Fkk\
(ESCAP) dk eq[;ky; dgk¡ fLFkr gS \ &cSd
a kd esa &izFke ;kstuk
• Hkkjr ds fdl m|ksx esa vf/kdre deZpkfj;ksa dks
• fdlh leqnk; ds LokLF; dk lcls vf/kd laons u'khy
ladsrd D;k gS \ &f'k'kq&e`R;q nj jkstxkj feyk gqvk gS \ &diM+k m|ksx
• LQhfr dk ,d vfuok;Z y{k.k D;k gS \
• o"kZ 1998 esa vFkZ'kkL= ds fy, ukscy s iqjLdkj fotsrk
MkW- veR;Z lsu fdl vkfFkZd fodkl ds ekxksZa ds i{k esa &dher esa o`f)
Fks \ &dY;k.k vFkZ'kkL= • lekdfyr xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe gS &
• ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn ^mi;ksfxrk* ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \ &,d lk{kjrk dk;ZØe
&fdlh i.; }kjk iznÙk larqf"V • izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa loksPZ p izkFkfedrk fdls nh
• uE; fofue; nj iz.kkyh ds varxZr fofue; nj fdlds xbZ Fkh \ &Ñf"k dks
}kjk fu/kkZfjr gksrh gS \ • thou&Lrj fu/kkZj.k ds fy, D;k egRoiw.kZ gS \
&fons'kh fofue; cktkj esa ek¡x vkSj iwfrZ dh 'kfDr;k¡ &okLrfod etnwjh
• fdlh mRikn ds fy, cktkj ds vkdkj dk lanHkZ fdlls • lektoknh fpard fdl {ks= esa lekurk ds vf/kdkj dks
gksrk gS \ c<+kus dh odkyr djrs gSa \ &vkfFkZd {ks=
&mRiknd ftl HkkSxksfyd {ks= ds fy, O;oLFkk djrs gSa • ;FkkewY; dj fdlds vuqlkj yxk;k tkrk gS \
• vkfFkZd leL;k eq[;r% D;ksa mRiUu gksrh gS \ &mRikndksa }kjk iznRr ewY; ds vuqlkj
&lalk/kuksa dh nqyZHkrk ls • fof/k ds vuqlkj yksxksa rFkk ljdkj }kjk Lohdkj dh xbZ
• og C;kt nj ftl ij okf.kfT;d cSd a fjtoZ cSd a vkWQ eqnzk dks D;k dgrs gSa \ &oS/k eqnzk
bafM;k ls /ku m/kkj ysrs gS]a mls D;k dgrs gSa \ • mRiknu ykxr ij jk"Vªh; vk; fdlds cjkcj gksrh gS \
&cSda nj &fuoy jk"Vªh; mRikn & vizR;{k dj $ lgk;rk
• ;fn fdlh i.; dh ek¡x esa ifjorZu dh nj ml i.; • mPp lkafof/kd udnh vuqikr&
dh dher dh rqyuk esa vf/kd rhoz gks] rks og ek¡x &m/kkj dks izfrcfU/kr ¼lhfer½ djrk gS
dSlh gksxh \ &ykspnkj • ml fLFkfr dks D;k dgrs gS]a ftlesa cgqr lh QesZa ,d
• Hkkjr esa lcls cM=k fu;ksDrk dkSu gS \ &Hkkjrh; jsy tSls eky dk mRiknu djrh gSa \ &iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk
• vUR;ksn; dk;ZØe dk izeq[k mís'; D;k gS \ • csfglkc /ku dk mi;ksx fdlh mRiknu dk;Z esa djus ds
&xzkeoklh fu/kZuksa dk mRFkku fy, ljdkj us dkSu&lh ;kstuk 'kq: dh gS \
• Hkkjr dh foÙkh; jkt/kkuh dgk¡ gS \ &eqEcbZ &fo'ks"k cs;jj ckW.M~l
• Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a fdl iz.kkyh ds vuqlkj uksV tkjh • dksphu fjQkbujh* fdl {ks=d ds vUrxZr vkrh gS \
djrk gS \ &U;wure vkj{k.k iz.kkyh &la;qDr {ks=d
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• ;w- Vh- vkbZ- dSlh laLFkk gS \ • mi;ksfxrkokn dk eq[; i+{k leFkZd dkSu gS \
&vkS|ksfxd foÙkh; laLFkk &tsjes h cSFa ke
• ljdkj dh dj rFkk O;; lEcU/kh uhfr dks D;k dgk • ûdnh fjtoZ vuqikr* ftruk de gksxk] cSd a ksa }kjk
tkrk gS \ &jktdks"kh; uhfr m/kkj nsus dh xqt a kb'k mruh gh& &cM+h gksxh
• ml /kujkf'k dks D;k dgk tkrk gS] tks fdlh ns'k esa • Hkkjr esa jkT;ksa ds fy, jktLo dk lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ
C;kt dh vuqdy w njsa izkIr djus ds mís'; ls mlesa lzksr D;k gS \ &fcØh dj
izokfgr gks tkrh gSa \ &mRizokgh /ku ¼gkWV euh½ • Hkkjr dh izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa fdldh izkFkfedrk
• Hkkjr dk og dkSu&lk cUnjxkg gS ftls êqDr O;kikj nh xbZ Fkh \ &Ñf"k dks
{ks=* dgk tkrk gS \ &dkaMyk • vFkksZik; _.k ls D;k rkRi;Z gS \
• ^îzR;sd dks mldh {kerk ds vuqlkj] ds LFkku ij &Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a (RBI) ls ljdkj dk vLFkk;h dtZ
izR;sd dks mldh vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj**& ;g • lkE;okn eq[;r% fdldk egRo nsrk gS \
fl)kUr fdldk gS \ &lkE;okn
&lkE;okn dk &vkfFkZd lerk dks
• ^Vh vkj vkbZ ih ,l* (TRIPS) dk iw.kZ :i D;k gS \ • ^Ô;kikj fodkl izkf/kdj.k** laLFkk lEcfU/kr gS&
&VsªM
s fjysVM s bUVySDpqvy izkWiVhZ jkbV~l &fu;kZr lao/kZu ls
• ldy ykHk dk D;k vFkZ gS \ • vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRikfnr vfUre eky ,oa lsokvksa ds /ku
&dqy O;; ij dqy izkfIr;k¡ dk ekid gS& &ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn
• dkSu&lk m|ksx lHkh vkS|ksfxd xfrfof/k;ksa dh vk/kkj • fl)kUrr% nks ns'kksa ds chp O;kikj fdl fy, fd;k
Hkwfe rFkk êkr` m|ksx* ekuk tkrk gS \ tkrk gS \ &ykxrksa esa rqyukRed vUrjksa ds dkj.k
&yksgk rFkk bLikr m|ksx • Je&foHkktu eq[;r% fdldk ifj.kke gS \
• jk"Vªh; vk; ys[kkdj.k esa fuoy jk"Vªh; mRiknu dk &fo'ks"kKrk dk
D;k vfHkizk; gS \ &ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn&ewY;gzkl • fofHkUu vkS|ksfxd QesZa eq[;r% fdlds v/khu ltkrh;
• fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk eq[; mís'; D;k gS \ eky dk mRiknu djrh gSa \ &iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk
&O;kikj izfrcU/kksa dks 'kuS% 'kuS% ?kVkrs gq, vUrjkZ"Vªh; • cgqjk"Vªh; fuxe dks vkSj D;k dgk tkrk gS \
O;kikj ds ifj.kke esa o`f) djuk &jk"Vªikj fuxe
• fdlds vurxZr iwjs cktkj esa ,d leku dher izpfyr • miHkksDrk fdlh oLrq dh ftruh dher nsus dks rs;kj gS]
gksrh gS \ &iw.kZ izfrLi/kkZ ml dher rFkk mlds }kjk oLrqr% nh xbZ dher ds
• ,sYdksgkWyh nzoks]a Lokid vkS"kf/k;ksa rFkk vQhe ij yxk, chp ds vUrj dks D;k dgk tkrk gS \
x, 'kqYd fdl foHkkx ds v/khu vkrs gSa \ &miHkks
&miHkksDrk vf/k'ks"k
&jkT; mRiknu 'kqYd • dEiuh ¼fuxe½ dj fdl ij yxk;k tkrk gS \
• Hkqxrku 'ks"k leL;kvksa dks nwj djus ds fy, vYikof/kd &dEifu;ksa dh fuoy vk; ij
_.k fdlds }kjk fn, tkrs gSa \ &vkbZ- ,e-
,e- ,Q-
,Q- • vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k (International Monetary Fund)
• dkSu&lh lkoZtfud ;wjksih; eqnzk tkjh gqbZ gS \ &;wjks dk eq[;ky; dgk¡ gS \ &okf'kaxVu Mh- Mh- lh-
lh-
• O;kolkf;d ysu&nsuksa ls izkIr lQy fcØh jktLo ij • okf.kfT;d cSd a ØsfMV l`ftr djrs gS& a
yxk, tkus okys dj dks D;k dgk tkrk gS \ &fcØhdj &viuh tek ds vk/kkj ij
• rjyrk vf/keku dk D;k vFkZ gS \ • fdlh fu;r vof/k ds fy, dqy jk"Vªh; mRiknu dk
&udnh ds :i esa ifjlEifÙk;k¡ j[kuk eqnzk ewY; D;k dgykrk gS \ &ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn
• lrr~ Hkqxrku&'ks"k ?kkVs ds dkj.k fxjrs gq, fofue; nj • cSd
a nzO; ls rkRi;Z gS& &djsalh uksV
okyh eqnzk dks D;k dgk tkrk gS \ &lqyHk eqnzk • fodkl ds {ks= esa vxz.kh m|ksxksa ;Fkk&bysDVªkWfuDl rFkk
• vUrjkZ"Vªh; foÙk fuxe lEcfU/kr gS& tSo izkS|ksfxdh dks D;k dgk tkrk gS \
&vkbZ- ch-
ch- vkj-
vkj- Mh-
Mh- ls &lujkbt m|ksx
• ,d o"kZ esa mRikfnr fuxZr dk dqy fuoy ewY; D;k • fdlh fodkl'khy ns'ke sa os Lofu;ksftr yksx tks y?kq
gksrk gS \ &cktkj dherksa ij fuoy jk"Vªh; mRikn Je&iz/kku dk;Z esa yxs gq, gSAa os fdl {ks=d ¼lsDVj½
• Hkkjr esa fons'k O;kikj esa enksa dh lkj.khc) lwph ls ls lEcfU/kr gSa \
D;k rkRi;Z gS \ &vukSipkfjd {ks=d
&dsoy jktdh; LokfeRo okys miØeksa }kjk vk;kr dh • vkbZ- ch- vkj- Mh- (International Bank for
tkus okys ensa Reconstruction and Development) dks vkSj D;k dgk
• ,dkf/kdkjh izfr;ksfxrk dk lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ y{k.k D;k tkrk gS \ &fo'o cSd a
gS \ &mRikn foHksnu • ^vkWijs'ku ¶yM* dk rkRi;Z fdl mRiknu ls gS \
• fHkykbZ] nqxkZiqj vkSj jkmjdsyk esa yksgs vkSj bLikr ds &nw/k ds mRiknu esa o`f) djus ls
m|ksx fdl iapo"khZ; ;kstuk vof/k ds nkSjku LFkkfir • ml lVksfj, dks D;k dgk tkrk gS] tks bl mís'; ls
fd, x, Fks \ &nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk LVkWd dks csp nsrk gS fd dher fxjus ij og mldks
• ml lVksfj;k dks D;lk dgrs gSa tks bl n`f"V ls lkSnksa iqu% [kjhn ysxk \ &eanfM+;k ¼fcvj½
dh [kjhn djrk gS fd og mUgsa dher c<+us ij fudV • lekarj vFkZO;oLFkk dk mn; fdlds dkj.k gksrk gS \
Hkfo"; esa csp nsxk \ &rstfM+;k ¼cqy½ &dj&vuqikyu ds dkj.k
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• tksf[ke&vadu dk D;k rkRi;Z gS \ • tc vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr }kjk fdlh ns'k esa vkfFkZd
&tksf[ke dk chek djkus dk dk;Z xfrfof/k;ksa dks izHkkfor djus fn;k tkrk gS] rks ml
• y{k}hi ds yksx ewyr% dkSu Hkk"kk cksyrs gSa \ vFkZO;oLFkk dks D;k dgrs gSa \ &[kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk
&ey;kye • HkkSfrd vkxr rFkk HkkSfrd fuxZr ds chp lEcU/k dks
• dfdl unh ds lEcU/k esa e/; izn's k] egkjk"Vª vkSj D;k dgrs gSa \ &mRiknu
&mRiknu Qyu
xqtjkr dk fookn py jgk gS \ &ueZnk • lkoZtfud {ks= ds m|ksx dk LokfeRo ,oa izcU/k fdlds
• ,f'k;k vkSj vejhdk ds rVksa dks Nwus okyk egklkxj }kjk fd;k tkrk gS \ &ljdkj
dkSu gS \ &iz'kkar egklkxj • larqyu dher dk D;k vfHkizk; gS \
• Hkkjr esa og Qly&ekSle dkSu&lk gS tks ebZ&twu esa &ek¡xh xbZ ek=k vkiwfrZr ek=k ds cjkcj gS
'kq: gksrk gS vkSj ftlesa /kku vkSj Tokj] cktjk vkfn • lEifÙk dj dSlk dj gS \ &izR;{k dj
eq[; Qlysa mxkbZ tkrh gSa \ &[kjhQ • vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl ds fy, dsUnzhÑr fu;kstu
• ^,XekdZ* D;k gS \ loZiFz ke fdl ns'k esa viuk;k x;k Fkk \
&;g Js.khÑr Ñf"ki.;ksa ds fy, tkjh dh xbZ ,d &lksfo;r la?k esa
^foi.ku lhy* gksrk gS • eqnzk dk eq[; dk;Z D;k gS \ &ewY; dk ekiu
• ^fHkykbZ bLikr la;a=* dh LFkkiuk fdl ;kstuk ds • ^dher lwpdkad* dk eq[; iz;kstu fdlesa gq, ifjorZuksa
nkSjku dh xbZ Fkh \ &f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds ekius ls gS \ &eqnzk dh Ø; 'kfDr
• vkSlr vk; lhekar vk; ds cjkcj fdlesa gksrh gS \ • dsna z vkSj jkT; ds chp dqN dj lalk/kuksa ds foÙkh;
&iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk esa forj.k dk fuiVkjk fdlds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS \
• ml voLFkk esa mRiknu dh ek=k dk fu/kkZj.k dj ysuk &foÙk vk;ksx
le>nkjh dk dke gS] tc m|ksx py jgk gks& • dkSu&lk jkT; cSfa dax fØ;k&dykiksa dks fofu;fer djus
&_.kkRed
&_.kkRed ¼fuxsfVo½ izfrQy dh voLFkk esa esa Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a ds vf/kdkj {ks= ls ckgj gS \
• vFkZO;oLFkk dks lHkh vuko';d fu;a=.kksa ,oa fofu;eksa &tEew vkSj d'ehj
ls eqDr djus dk D;k rkRi;Z gS \ &mnkjhdj.k • vkfFkZd fodkl ds foÙkh;u ds fy, lkoZtfud {ks=d
• eqnzk&LQhfr dks dSls jksdk tk ldrk gS \ dks i;kZIr lalk/ku miyC/k djkuk fdldk lokZf/kd
&eqnzkiwfrZ ?kVkdj egRoiw.kZ fl)kar gS \ &dj uhfr dk
• fxjrh fofue; nj dks vkSj D;k dgk tkrk gS \ • mRiknu fdl ij fuHkZj djrk gS \
&uE; fofue; nj &mRiknu dkjdksa dh ek=k vkSj xq.koÙkk rFkk izkS|ksfxdh
• U;w;kdZ 'ks;j cktkj esa lwphc) dh tkus okyh Hkkjr dh dh voLFkk ds lfEeJ.k ij
lcls igyh ljdkjh dEiuh dkSu gS \ • mDr oLrq dh ek¡x ftlds fy, miHkksDrk vH;Lr gksrk
&fons'k lapkj fuxe fyfeVsM gS] lkekU;r% dSlh gksrh gS \ &vykspnkj
• vk; vkSj miHkksx ds chp lac/a k dks D;k dgrs gSa \ • ;fn dksbZ ns'k miHkksDrk&oLrqvksa dks NksMd + j vkSj dksbZ
&miHkksx Qyu mRiknu ugha djrk gS] rks&
• la?k ljdkj ds jktLo ¼vk;½ dk lcls cM+k lzksr D;k &og 'kh?kz gh xjhc cu tk,xk ;fn mldk fons'k
gS \ &dsUnzh; mRikn&'kqYd O;kikj ugha gksxk
• ^dj okº;rk* dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ D;k gS \ • dsUnz ljdkj ds O;; dk lcls cM+k en D;k gS \
&dj&Hkkj dkSu lgu djrk gS \ &C;kt dk Hkqxrku
• dqy fu;r ykxr oØ dSlk gksrk gS \ &leLrjh; • isU'ku] csjkstxkjh jkgr vkfn ds :i esa tulk/kkj.k
• izfr O;fDr vk; esa o`f) dks yksxksa ds vkfFkZd dY;k.k esa }kjk izkIr fd, x, fgr&ykHk dks D;k dgrs gSa \
o`f) dk ladsr ml fLFkfr esa ugha ekuk tkrk gS ] tc& &varj.k vnk;xh
&,slh o`f) tks Ñf"k mRiknu esa o`f) ds ifj.kkeLo:i • Hkkjr esa fctyh dh fpjdkfyd deh jgh gS] D;ksfa d&
gqbZ gks &fctyh dh ek¡x c<+rh jgh gS] tcfd mldk mRiknu
• ;fn X eky dh dher de gks tkrh gS vkSj Y dh ek¡x vkSj forj.k ugha c<+k gS
Hkh de gks tkrh gS] rks & X vkSj Y izfrLFkkuh gSa • ifjlEifÙk;ksa dks udnh esa j[kus dh bPNk D;k dgykrk
• udnh fjtoZ vuqikr (CRR) dk fu/kkZj.k vkerkSj ij gS \ &rjyrk vf/keku
fdlds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS \ &lsVa ªy cSd
a ksa }kjk • ek¡x dk fu;e fdlds chp dk;kZRed lac/a k dks O;Dr
• fuxe dj la?k }kjk yxk;k tkrk gS vkSj mldk djrk gS \ &dher rFkk ek¡xh xbZ ek=k
fofu;kstu fdlds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS \ • mRiknd eky dks vkSj D;k dgk tkrk gS \
&jkT;ksa rFkk la?k nksuksa }kjk &iw¡thxr eky
• jkT; ljdkj dks lcls vf/kd jktLo fnyokus okyk • izfrLi/khZ eky ds vk;kr ij izfrca/k yxkrs gq, ?kjsyw
dj dkSu&lk gS \ &fcØh dj m|ksxksa dks izkRs lkfgr djus dh uhfr dks D;k dgk tkrk
• dher foHksn dc ykHknk;d gksrk gS \ gS \ &VSfjQ uhfr
&tc nks cktkjksa esa ek¡x dh yksp fHkUu&fHkUu gks • eku yhft, fd eky A vkSj B iwjd gS]a rks A dh dher
• êk¡x fu;e* ds vuqlkj& esa o`f) gksus dk D;k izHkko iM+xs k\
&tc
&tc dher fxjrh gS rc ek¡x c<+ tkrh gS & B dh ek¡x c<+ tk,xh
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

• vk; dj dSlk dj gS \ • ek¡ dk ,d lkekU; fu;e gS& ^êk¡xh xbZ ek=k c<+rh
&izR;{k dj gS**&
• okLrfod ldy ?kjsyw mRiknd dks ekik tkrk gS& &dher ?kVus ds lkFk
&fLFkj nkeksa ij • Hkkjrh; ;kstuk vk;ksx dk xBu dc gqvk Fkk \
• m/kkj yh xbZ fuf/k ds iz;ksx ds fy, fn, x, C;kt dks &o"kZ 1950 esa
D;k dgrs gSa \ &C;kt dh eqnzk nj ¼euh jsV½ • oLrq ds ewY; esa vf/kd ifjorZu gksus ij mldh ek¡x esa
• dqy Qly izfr'kr ds :i esa Hkkjr esa [kk|kUu dk ifjorZu ugha gksrkA bls dkSu&lh ek¡x dgk tk,xk \
mRiknu gS] yxHkx& & 70% &iw.kZr% csykspnkj
• Hkkjr esa dqy fo|qr~ 'kfDr esa ty&fo|qr~ 'kfDr dk • phtksa dh ek¡x esa deh ;k iwfrZ esa o`f) gksus ij D;k
;ksxnku fdruk gS \ &yxHkx ,d&frgkbZ gksrk gS \
• mRiknu Qly o.kZu djrk gS& &phtksa dh dhersa de gks tkrh gSgSa
&vkfFkZd lEcU/k dk
• Hkkjr esa dkxth uksV eqnzk dks tkjh djus dk iw.kZ
• y?kq m|ksxksa ds fy, mPpre foÙk fudk; dkSu&lk gS \ vf/kdkj fdlds ikl gS \
&SIDBI ¼flMch½
&Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a
• og nj ftl ij dsUnzh; cSd a okf.kT; cSda ksa ds fcyksa
rFkk izfrHkwfr;ksa dk iquHkkZtu ¼iqucZV~Vk½ djrk gS] D;k • ^vkijs'ku ¶yM* fdl dk;Z ls lEcfU/kr gS \
dgykrk gS \ &cSda nj &nqX/k mRiknu
• futh vk/kkfjr lajpuk ¼bUÝkLVªDpj½ ds fuekZ.k esa #fp • izfr o"kZ ^miHkksDrk fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS \
D;ksa ugha ysrs \ &15 ekpZ
&bldk izfrQy izkIr gksus esa cgqr le; yxrk gS • Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a ds eqDr cktkj izpkyu dk D;k
• fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ Fkh \ rkRi;Z gS \
&1955 bZ- esa &izfrHkwfr;ksa dk O;kikj
• Hkkjr esa xsgw¡ dk lcls vf/kd mRiknu djus okyk jkT; • tokgj jkstxkj ;kstuk fdlds }kjk fØ;kfUor dh tkrh
dkSu gS \ &mÙkj izn's k gS \ &dsUnzh; ljdkj }kjk
• nqX/k mRiknu esa lalkj esa Hkkjr dk dkSu&lk LFkku gS \ • Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a djsalh uksV tkjh djrk gS &
&igyk &fu;r U;wure vkj{k.k iz.kkyh ds varxZr
• Hkkjr esa dsUnzh; cSda dk dÙkZO; dkSu&lk cSd a fuHkkrk • Hkkjr esa FERA dk LFkku ys fy;k gS&
gS\ &Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a &FEMA us
• Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; vk; dk vkdyu igyh ckj fdlus • fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk esa eqnzk ds ewY; vkSj dher Lrj ds
fd;k Fkk \ &nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth us chp dSlk lEcU/k gksrk gS \
• ek¡x iSnk djus ds fy, t:jr gS& &vk; dh &izfrykse ¼buolZ½
• fdlus dgk Fkk ^^vFkZ'kkL= /ku dk foKku gS** \
• ewY; gzkl fdlds cjkcj gksrk gS \
&,Me fLeFk
&ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn fuoy jk"Vªh; mRikn
• egkyuksfcl ekWMy dk lEcU/k fdl iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds
lkFk tksM+k x;k gS \ • fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk esa {ks=ksa dks lkoZtfud vkSj futh esa
&nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk fdl vk/kkj ij oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gS \
• Hkkjrh; tula[;k ds bfrgkl esa fdl dky&vof/k dks &m|eksa dk LokfeRo
vkxs dh vksj ,d cM+h Nyk¡x dgk tkrk gS \ • LVSx¶ys'ku fLFkfr gS&
& 1921&1931 bZ- &xfrjks/k vkSj eqnzkLQhfr dh
• Hkkjr ljdkj dk lcls vf/kd jktLo vftZr djus • Mªus dk fl)kUr (The theory of Drain) fdlus
okyk ,dek= lzksr gS& izfrikfnr fd;k Fkk \
&lhek dj &nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth
• MkW- vYÝsM ukscy s }kjk fu/kkZfjr v{k; fuf/k esa ls fdl • ^miHkksDrk izHkqRo* dk D;k vFkZ gS \
{ks= esa ukscy
s iqjLdkj ugha fn;k tkrk gS \ &miHkksDrk viuh vk; dks viuh bPNkuqlkj O;; djus
&vFkZ'kkL= ds fy, Lora= gS
• ljlksa ds cht dk lcls vf/kd mRiknu djus okyk • vkfFkZd fodkl dk loksZÙke lwpdkad miyC/k djk;k
jkT; dkSu gS \ &jktLFkku tkrk gS&
• fo'o cSd a dk eq[;ky; dgk¡ gS \ &o"kkZ&izfr o"kZ] izfr O;fDr okLrfod vk; esa o`f) }kjk
&okf'kaxVu Mh-Mh- lh-
lh- esa • fdl izdkj ds mRiknksa ds fy, CACP U;wure leFkZu
• igyh jk"Vªh; vk; lfefr dk xBu dc fd;k x;k Fkk\ dher dh flQkfj'k djrk gS \
&o"kZ 1949 esa &Ñf"k mRikn
• tc fdlh oLrq dh ek¡x oØ ,Dl&v{k ds lekukarj
• izHkkoh ek¡x fuHkZj djrh gS&
gks] rc ml oLrq dh ek¡x&yksp gksrh gS& &'kwU;
&iwfrZ
frZ dher ij
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

lko/kku
One Day dh fjfDr;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,
vkt dbZ laLFkku [kqy x, gSa tgk¡ vuqHkoghu
f'k{kd Nk=ksa ds Hkfo"; ls f[kyokM+ djrs gSAa
,sls laLFkku flQZ One Day ds fjfDr;ksa dh
?kks"k.kk dk bUrtkj djrs gSaA ;gk¡ u dksbZ
Research Work gksrk gS u gh Material
DevelopmentA
;s flQZ xk¡o ds Hkksys&Hkkys Nk=ksa dks cjxyk
dj dekbZ dj jgs gSaA tkx:d cus ,oa ges'kk
vuqHkoh] izfrf"Br laLFkku dks pqu]sa tgk¡ xq.koÙkk]
bZekunkjh ,oa lQyrk dh iwtk dh tkrh gS vkSj
tgk¡ Kku ugha lsyDs 'ku fn;k tkrk gSA
THE INSTITUTE
tgk¡ lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-

Mob. :0532-3266722, 9956971111, 9235581475

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EXPLORER

For All One Day Exams

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Skeâ efpeo nw’~

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ek¡x ,oa iwfrZ dh vo/kkj.kk

okLrfod (Positive) vkn'kZ (Normative)

D;k gS \ D;k gksuk pkfg, \ O X

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D Px1 MUm (I)

ckn ?kVrh nj ls D;ksfa d MU fxjuk izkjEHk dj nsrh gSA

iw.kZ larfq "V fcUnq

#fp] QS'ku rFkk jhfr&fjokt

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tux.kuk ds egRoiw.kZ vkadM+s

tula[;k dh n`f"V ls lcls NksVk jkT; &flfDde

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/kekZ/kkfjr tux.kuk & 2001

dsUnzh; lkaf[;dh ,oa dk;ZØe fØ;kUo;u ea=ky; ds

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World Population Scenario 1974 4.0 15

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U;wure 7 tula[;k o`f) njokys ns'k vo'; ;kn djsa

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o"kZ 2011 dh ekuo

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TRYSEM IRDP NREP DWACRA RLEGP

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Hkkjrh; cSafdax O;oLFkk

laxfBr {ks= vlaxfBr {ks=

Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd

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