ISAAH WILLEM JAMES F. LUMBANG PROF.

ESTHER MOGUER
11 - HUMSS AM 2 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

1. What is Statistics ?

 Statistics is the science of learning from data, and of measuring, controlling and communicating uncertainty.
It is also regarded as the practice or science of collecting and analyzing numerical data in large quantities,
especially for the purpose of inferring proportions in a whole from those in a representative sample.

2. Why do we study statistics ?(as a student, government, business, sports, etc.)

 Studying Statistics allow us to evaluate claims based on quantitative evidence and help us differentiate between
reasonable and dubious conclusions. That aspect is particularly vital these days because data are so plentiful
along with interpretations presented by people with unknown motivations.

3. Give the brief history of Statistics

 The word statistics is derived from the Latin word “status” or the Italian word “statista,” and meaning of
these words is “political state” or “government.” Shakespeare used the word statist is his drama Hamlet
(1602). In the past, statistics was used by rulers. The application of statistics was very limited, but rulers and
kings needed information about land, agriculture, commerce, populations of their states to assess their military
potential, their wealth, taxation and other aspects of government.
 Gottfried Achenwall used the word statistik at a German university in 1749 to mean the political science of
different countries. In 1771 W. Hooper (an Englishman) used the word statistics in his translation of Elements
of Universal Erudition written by Baron B.F Bieford. In his book, statistics was defined as the science that
teaches us the political arrangement of all the modern states of the known world. There is a big gap between the
old statistics and modern statistics, but old statistics is also used as a part of present-day statistics.

4. Define and give the different types of the ff:

I. Collection of data - is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an
established system, which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate.
 Survey - is an investigation about the characteristics of a given population by means of collecting data from a
sample of that population and estimating their characteristics through the systematic use
of statistical methodology.
 Experiments - is a data collection method where you as a researcher change some variables and observe their
effect on other variables.
 Direct observation - also known as observational study, is a method of collecting evaluative information in
which the evaluator watches the subject in his or her usual environment without altering that environment.

II. Presentation - refers to the organization of data into tables, graphs or charts, so that logical
and statistical conclusions can be derived from the collected measurements
 Textual presentation of data - means presenting data in the form of words, sentences and paragraphs.
 Tabular Presentation of data - is a method of presentation of data. It is a systematic and logical
arrangement of data in the form of Rows and Columns with respect to the characteristics of data. It is an
orderly arrangement which is compact and self-explanatory.
 Graphical representation of data - in which the data is represented by symbols, such as bars in a bar
chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie chart.

5. Define / give the importance of (formulas, grouped data, ungrouped data) of mean, median, mode.

 Mean, median, and mode are three kinds of "averages". The "mean" is the "average" you're used to,
where you add up all the numbers and then divide by the number of numbers. The "median" is the "middle"
value in the list of numbers. Measures of central tendency (mean, median and mode) serve as reference
points to interpret data obtained from a sample or population. The measures of central tendency involve
information regarding the average value of a set of values, so its purpose is to show where the data set is located.
 Ungrouped data is the data you first gather from an experiment or study. Grouped data are data formed
by aggregating individual observations of a variable into groups, so that a frequency distribution of these groups
serves as a convenient means of summarizing or analyzing the data.