Petroleum Geo.d Chandra PDF

ISVNVEWA ‘WHHOWIY» AONADV 4008 WHY L eapueus ‘a ag (xaquog upipuz) WNA10ONLAdah . = Gosh 2 | uss PETROLEUM (INDIAN CONTEXT) a First Edition : 2003 rot 2u00-200) we spent apes eighty thousand roducts in foreign exchange we Price : 525.00 a © Authors {ital tors and Iti mesons a Vues Sais Foundaon Thi book ‘Apart from Purpose of private study, reseach, ok ‘Act, no pat of this book m (F Wy any means witheut prior permission ny fonn by ‘copyright holes, a Published by Jara Book Agency Rathayatra-Gurubagh Road t Varanasiz21010 a | lated at ara Printing Works . faranasion 99 2 2 09 6 98 +s +s ss zw a se we we 24 anjen oyriojea (a) ‘22 autog Suing pue awied yeeis “iMod sno 14 anofo9 pue x2put aannexu (I) ‘02 M8008 10 apni9 Jo sonido, 04 Ho 2pnsy ut seoumsans 2980 it suoword 2981, (4) 69 1 apnu9 Jo sivEII09 us o uy stow rauno (a) 29 souayeydsy’ pe sutsoy (a) 129 spunoduio} WeBAKO al) 'Z9 spuRadueg waBONIN ly) '99 spunoduo) snydins () SHO apna jo stuammsuen sOYR0 “Z 9 Suoqsesosphi 521g (ovanuag) onewosy (1) $59 suoqiesospay 24K0-uysIO (q)'b9 suageE2o%PKiY seuag (uyeredors 20) ouauryden (a) 'e9 suogierospAi sot29§ ulyeted (i) 10 epnsy Jo vomssoduiog yoquiayy “1 Sv THELIYN ANY TIO aaNza JO NOUISOAWOD + 6-erdoyD, 599 pu yo Jo uoreiedsueit "> ue SupoHUas 1044 (4) 88 uoHMporg axo¥sHIO m4 Jo uoneneng "> aiousyo (e) 46% Huy09 Suny “¢ Zp saensetonig pue Aransayou 4 se9 pue {lo ley UoMEsOISES ry Boro ) 1p senbuypoy(eo1way2099 ‘6e foams 289]90N '9¢ Aoains a1s98 ) '9¢ Zanans spouse ouIRORE Uwna[oned “t (NOLLYYOTEKD Wo Yo HoM¥AS + Jv2xdo49 ¢ suojsnnsut snoau8i (1) ‘1g sewed es () ‘oe sdex omydei8nens pur remans Je uoneuigwoy Gu) ‘oe sde4L Simoyuooun “oe sey audeBIES ‘epuo.es a) '6e aden, GaPejo|G 10 sePRjOWNN) soeY soso U) '6z ‘pou feaeiayy uy sdeut (a) gz sy0¥ atUeDIO Jo SasuD7 (ut) ‘ez SoupIQINL ‘2, susodoa fouuey (ia) ‘92 siea woysyo (i) “ez 2Bpom, PUES 2 sdeay BunseoUs (a) 2.7 seBueND sapeM Lh) 22 se=U—T LH) 22 aIeUS 40 Ae pues () ‘22 sdeLy aiydesSnens Gewpd () “zz sdest smydesinens ro) ¥ ¥ se or 6 6 3 + st a a ot on WOH (0) $2 auyu4s (a) '9¢ Buiplog & anp pawoy sdeny () “ve sdeus qeantona 50 "1 (SaviiL AML) S¥9 GNV TIO do NoUWTANNDOY : 9~21do¥, ‘onrunaL si pue uonei8in Atepuosas Jo auRsG = Avepuooss (at) "12 Aner9 sybseds 10 Aouesong 525 pue fc Jo UojesSi@ siete Jo s9poy say ‘ydevZodo,,pue Seip (e) oz reM (A) oe As TeaGojoap (in) tei anssang uy auarayra (H) ‘61 aumon uy uoysuedS ones jo seaney +2 61 wonesBiwy Aiepuo0es (1) S61 UoReIBIN At SVD ANY HO JO NoLYHONE : gofdoy ruse Ho pue p09 '@ inajong 2 wnajoueg jo Amend “9 SI stsouedenny (i) et ssaueBeID (4) “Zi sysaUaBeN lunajonag jo Amiens snsjoneg 0 sjewiey srpue sera jo sujewey 24) Jo vojeuuossuesL *p 16 uIBuo aque souooljs stue8i0 ue oqueSi0ul“) WATTOLAd 40 NIOTO | jondoug, 8 POY HomasaH Joo (ut) 19 si90u soniasay (lesWeLs) an5e{> (() sy0u slomasau Jo S244 ¢ Aumgeouag pur Ausorog usemiog wonejay “2 5 Auigeautied (1).*» sai0g Asepuoneg (a) “p seio4 ArowLd (2) +> Atso104 ‘Sspou sonsasoy Jo sonstaizeIeYD “1 SHOW MOANA : euordoyg/ WNATOULEd AO ANOLSTH ATV : @~roretoY uwnajonag Jo seen z lwnoqonag st 2eya\ “2 NOTLOAGOWINE : T9401 ig s790u romsoy sreuogie9 SINGFALNOO a4. The Compesiton Methane 75; Crudes 75, crudes 78; rmediate Crudes 75; (v) Atomatic-Naphthenic ‘Aromatic-Asphaltc Crades 76 (Chapter-10 : PETROLEUM REFINING AND TRANSPORTATION OF PRODUCTS. 1 Refining Processes (A) Separation Process crude oil Distillation or Topping 77; (B) Chemical Thermal Cracking 6: |: Petroleum Coke 8: Cracking 81, (a) Reforming 82; (b) Catalytic Polymerization 83; (¢) Alkylation 83; (@) Isomerization 83, (c) Tweating/ ‘Treatment Processes 83, () Sweeteting 84, (a) Doctor Treatment 84 (0) Copper Sweetening 84: () Hypochlorite Process 84; (i Desulphurzation| Chemicals 84; (i) Hydrodesulphuration with Catalysts 85; (iv) Solvent Extraction Process 85 2, Petrochemicals From Natural Gas 5. Transportation of Ol, Natural Gas and thelr Products ‘Transportation of Oil and Gas by Pipe Lines 86, Disteibution of (Chapter-11 ; PETROLEUM IN RELATION TO OTHER ENERGY RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT 1 tntioduetion {@) Non-Commercial Energy 89: (8) Commercial Energy 89. () Coal 90: i 0 and Natural Gas 90; (li) Nuclear Energy 0; (i) Hydroe ‘Advantages and disadvantage 90 2. Petroleum and Environment ) Seismic Survey 91 ‘1, ii) Refinery” Oe Ssuiphur Oxides 915 (Q) Hyeroca 92, (ly Water 02 Land Oil Seepages Vehicular Emissions The Greenhouse EMect, Global warming and Petroleum (Chapter-12 : ROLE OF OTL IN MEETING OUR DEMAND OF ENERGY AND OTHER RESOURCES OFO1L 1. Introduetion| s. 4 5. 6 n ™ w 7 85 56 aa 89 9 o 93 93 93 95 7 97 (Chapter-13 : WORLD PETROLEUM RESOURCES: 1. Geological and Geographical Distribution of Petroleum and Natural Gas )) Tertiary Accumu arternary Accurulations 2, World Ocwurrences of 9; cv) Kereh Peninsula Ci gion between Volga and Urals Eastern Side of Caspian Sea 120; (vl) Sakhalin ‘sland 120: Byelorussia 120. (x) Ukraine 120, Gas Pipe.Line 120 4, The Middle East (0) Saudi Arabia 121 Countries 122 5, The Caribbean CountresiSouth America (0) Mexico 125; (i) Venezuela 125; fan 122; (Ih) eq 122; (w) Other Persian Gul Trinidad 123, (v) colombia 124: (v) ‘Afgentina 125: (3) Brazil (i algeria 125, 7. Europe () Romania 126; Other Counttes 128 A aa Ee . rs write esd 7 o9 100 14 14 ug 123 125 126ouz oz we see we ise oz ore saz we we wae we rd ore 602 602 02 602 602 107 apt sessoy ‘Audet ondunsuoy éSieua Areuia pxpuaddy naa fasuneg + eypuadd ee sans, vorioauog (n) *1¢z swHoy aofeatahg ‘sqgRL Uolstoaian pue sui wuojeatabg > expuaddy suing UE © Fauptedy saolanaday see Aajos A310 outuaog (Bioug pu seu jepucuts wae, ‘ound Sep to fanitop sug oa "¢ 2864 yp Jo ABo1E8099 z ‘eqyue 1o“t AINONOO S¥IGNIZIAV-ZIN HAGIOULTE 40 TONVINOAN OISBLVALS + oT~xd>yD ‘sonpouy iajonag Jo sspapoug tn sonpotd uinajanag pus 0 app Jo uonenodsuel, “Of -4 Bp or 66 661 61 st set est ost as ast or ov at on ust ast ast set ssuuye 49 ondutsten 0 wonorpaud 19 apm19 Jo Sane sep [esmueN Jo 5250 4 wosodu0g wewpuy (na) ‘993 wise 261 uisea 22900 5 way 2I0US0 ‘a1 veg eid Teypeuray (9) 591 191 toa8ic 9) BuEpUEN- UREN ion ‘ypu u) S89 feImeN puE TO 30 iydeiBoan 's }pUL Se5 TeIRIEN PUE Jo Jo zuaLNIDO ye SEY aqaISs0d °Z ‘pur UF 10 Je A2bA0380*1 ‘VIGNE NISVD THHALYN ANY IO | FI--2HdTYD a 9 possnosi@-mpu 14 seo ins () “6z1 Spd 889 (@) "621 pluto ste 240 () “62 ‘1 “ez wespyed () siveches 31 oh 5 che son Ch. 10 = 10.1 cha cn ch. 13 37 LIST OF TABLES ‘Assessment of Prosities, Permeabiliies and Assessment of ‘Common Reservoir Rocks Assocation of oil and Gas in coal bearing Sediments ‘Common Factors in Coal & Pewaleum Genesis Diferences in Coal and Ptcoleum Formation ‘carbon Ratio Theory ‘The Average Composition of Resins and Asphaltenes (Wt &) Trace Elements in crude Os Relation Between API Gravity and Specific Gravity of ol Hyrocarbons in Natural Gas tons of some Crude of Diflerent Fields al Conversion Processes Share of Commercial and Non-commercial (Biomass) Enetgy of| Developing and Developed Counties Primary Energy (in %) Grams Per Kilometze) for Dern Vehicles ion Limits For Fetel-Deven Vehicles [Emission Limits For Diesel Vehicles Eluent Standards (in Principal Oil-Shale Deposits ofthe World Approximate Estimation ofthe Mal Analysis of Selected Gross Composition Of Some Heady OF Principat tn-Place Reserves of Heavy 991-2001) in ion Cubic heres ‘Word Natural Gas Production in Mi (1991-2001) World Natural Gas consumption (In Million Tonnes of oi Equivalent, 1991-2001) Toanes Oil Equivalent rams Pr Lite) for Ol! Refinery Industry se cha 15.8 Reserve, Production and Consumption Scenato of world Natual as (2001) 15.9 World oi! Refinery capa (1991-200) 144 Digbot 142 ‘Succession at Nahorkatiya 143. Succession at Moran 144 Succession In Cacha. Tripura and Bangladesh ribution of Oll and Gas Pools Geological Succession inthe Cambay Basin Geologicat Succession and Oi-Gas Occurence in West Coast offshore Geological Sucession of Krishna-Cedavari Basin er of Ol and Gas in Xeshna- Godavari Basin raphy of Mahanadi Offhote Basin raphy of Northeast Coast offshore Basin ised Stratigraphy in Different Pats of Bengal Ba 4.110) Local Stratigraphic Suezession ofthe Tetiaty Geosylinal ‘Sediments in Thipure-Cachae-Manipuc Mizoram Bangladesh. Arakzn Areas Stratigraphic Sequence of Andaman Basin (offshore) Froven and Balance Recoverable Reserves (In Milion Tonnes) of Cue Oil and Natural Gas (In Bilion Cube Metres) foun 1980 19 1999 14.14 Production (in Thousand Tonnes) of 14.15 olf consumption snes) 14.16 installed capacity es) and Refinery Throughput 14.17 Present Refining Capaccy and Estimates (In Refineries fer 2000-01 and 200¢ Refinery.Crude Throughput and Production (Thousand Tonnes) of Petroleum Products 1996 14.19 Exlsting roduet Pipeline Neework 1420 Production of we ot! 14.21 Consumption of etroleum Produets (In Thousand tonnes) 14.22 Consumption of Major Petroleum Products 1996. (4.25 _ Import of Cude oll and reroleum Products (lg Thousnad Tonnes) 1990.91 0 1998. 1424 Fetoleum Products and Subsidies by the central jon Rupees) 1991-92 to 1998.99, 1425 9 Natural Gas (In Millon Cubic Metes) by industry (426 mn Cubic Mewes au air 218o 3109 6% pos iss a S68) or esa oy sp sno e poanposd saan ¥o01 a a“ a * ssouppunay ‘pussoiony uoaaeg Uo ” Lu poe aoue}ayes atu 2] 2ouapyu0> og) saUpEAD Log % Syoyiog Woy s>o1 auaBarauIA wt sanew snoasRUORreD posiedsp Au uo Aureus posnseaus sauna (ap veneudsayy Kiepuncg) 29 a pue sno202tas9 s5H07 a) 10} SUBWIDD AN Jo dew ” ue ojo azuaxnane au ple sisodap 809 sy ot fe00| any jo se uonewsoy Aoepunoa 2 or uunaqonad ponpuog pur o Siupuodsen0o pue sex uonnau pue st) utes Jo BuuN SHotS op lunoys 6 2pu05 Jo ate padselu9 uy OF —_stoupo pu suostnau ‘ses nui se yons suone%per axeoIpes Ssiuswen ypiya zonjusuen e pue sreuo32)suyuoo ¥og isan ‘YL "UMOp parDmo| st f2pues) xoq TuaURLIsU 2 ot Bu se ‘pueg Seponsay 29uu ain now pasnseaw st nding suede spiny ue sauguny ftemssaoud ino peouds axe cpu ‘saposo(9 ind are {pure y uonesnsiguos suns sade saponmos jo uae se uy] 1UBtens e uy a9uesip[enbo ve punosS a uo paved ate sponse 94 woneand\yuon souuay od se sapontaj jo uawaneyg se suowreao os evegne Sundae jay 01 sonem punos persue dys 2 ae ‘98 ag pun sass S195 cl wee wen ora wi eu 4 7 tumous st wop ies & sua 085 ews e's) aauaess y wwesaegp sn ve or 151 fonins sm40i8 Jo agdoun 9 J0 Scr a Susujwexd 218 si801009 ve ‘DON (counseur re ot e 8 a ze 08 pue yo Jo uopejnsino J uo onesie Aiepuosas pe ee 508 pue yo Jo uopes3jw Asepuers pi “ suogueseipdy o zamnos puasee w suasaidsyuaoze4 Jo (sxauz pyos ony) oejansgns a Ut suoqzenezpay Jo sons © tuosaidexsssopjokuaypo99 “owed 2AUeSI0 Jo ernnon9 ‘ov preBes pin “suoremnis (o}8ojoa8 ur suoqvepospéy 3 sinos w 1 adfy us8019y Jo uonnyona zt (Ganau a) sade J0 UaLiNODe Haeiag HORE ' Jo uopeaio) aur wy day Y>IUM sysEOjH a ed Jo 31nos 8 se sae non swsquedio Jo sed wear € queso yom say se SAUNA AO LSTT + se cr by re 20 vw ewches ch ch. 10 chan 729 730 731 738 ngs Ships ie 3 foo bod by turet mooring. Tis hip ocd in pevallg winds and caren wale posited over te well ‘An hore ding ig ona sip (Sagar Wy which sued a & Platform for drilling (0.N.G.C.) ” Works highest (36m) ol podutnpafore Penetating gun Fenerating operation chcias ee Pump ed for iting o water de tas ap dive Suton gas dive ‘gpa! peton platorn Carton coi msc footing Seam fotig Chemie ating feuoleum moves tough bales ina horizontal sepaator where ses and glare separted by pray 3 VOC (in Sheng erinl where creo i 9.000 tones ane etch Spite Cela hr cords res change in nol ard gas production system ands ed to mente volume roguced PM The stucres of stutne and Isobutane The structures of Cylopropane and Cyabutane The suucture of Cydopopane ad is omer sea (rope) The suture ot benzene ‘ny ga shoving congestion oh sce of FatonatonColuna Fractionation Tower subble cap Factonaton over Hea ol padits tom vos Zenker os ness ofthe refining ate collet Int simple ian ter ning pata ie indates the nena of occurence so 50 st = 5 54 55 55 55 5s ST 5a 58 58 s9 6 6 6 65 2 18 78 7 80 ch chs cht Jemerd ab ore boa ow) Yeasta typeof fungl oe udolf Diesel 99 Producing algae Botryocoecus braun as seen under the Microscope 100 106 erent major coal bed methane basins inthe U.S.A Global distribution of coal and areas of CBM acvitles and produetion Potential gas hydrates acess in India Production of hydrogen by electolysis ull oF Mexico Gull of Cambay lifelds and Refineries inthe Middle East and North Afica Ol and Gas Fleds in Mesico Dlields and Refineries of Northern South America oil and Gas bearing Regions in Myanmar ‘enangyat, Lanyva and Chauk elds in Myenmar Yenangyaung fd In Myanmar Senama oilfeld in Myanmar Major Hydrocarbon Prospects of Sedimentary erties in India ds of Assam ‘Map of bighot otneté ough the Digho! an sn Map of Cachar and Adi Map of Cachar Geological Section of Cachar along NW to SE to Bhuban Antcline rvecural Trends i Cachar Geological Map of Mipura Geological Cross section of Tripura (S65°W-NES°E) Gas Fields of Tipura Geological Map of Cambay Basin Cross-section ofthe Camby Basin ura ‘est coast offshore basinpsonpotd ate apt ssep aqqenqeawy ate eq sjeyurqo Jo sparpunyy wnsjand jo "umajonag “ageraun aie No je ssn 241, -Ansnpur pue stodsuen up jar ueodem ue Keyd yom SoseaKS pu syuRoUgM ‘feu 0: pessso0ud sto apni pajnsip etn go %z 01 1 Atug —mp ‘saustod “sypue> Sunyeus 4g) pssn Sf xem uimafonag “sodind Buyooxd aren pue Buyoo! ‘speat ino seen oy pas 30 Yo 9prin Jo S2oubAsgns yenplsa EABOy ae ypxe se) 30 YpN "uouIayy afEUASY #3 20 fo Aq una ate stones Fao AUB sfepEnioN “an se (seD NoTONEE poubyy) 047 8 tnom S83 Bupyocd 20 auasaizy Amen al st Byooo seat wegen wt ‘se aussi jo diay ay ute Surry A sae8 7 Hotum uid « £4 popiaond 8 Suneoy Nous sume pjo spnpoud winajoned 242 toy psonpoud stomggray Suan Ay poxenyouy st syeate 20 sym ‘soygeiodoa Jo UpMo1D ‘Kop Aiaay Buyseanut | swonpeud annus wp 29 jane “sossaip Jno ayeur ob porn siaIpo puE UOse “OM ay sho oy pu Aosnpuy ‘ammo Jno SyoquaKp 30 1043p w ose ‘Buneay a paonp Jo fang anol yernsnput yo somnas soe “uajoned uo itapudap 4 ‘ate podsuan Jo sopour Zam jeranas pu saueydose 'suren ‘oypnsy ‘see sues pout am jo 360N “umojanad woy souln> pHom ayn jo Aou> foxy 2p JO JIeH WAMTOULd 40 SISA Supyar snounyn pasn 39 10 sujfoq ut pace ave se pexgeu pu se ‘soptsag ‘gaz my 27, $0 pqTe> pegs af Z2pun S9P0r Uy punoy sf 3} Se Yo Por se MmjaNed [69 2 AouNoD Ino wy 2m 20 yeydse se umoury st ued pyfos 20 pyos-Taas au, SEB fMYeU se UNO sy rpm aun Jo sogens atp sap djeteiedes pune 10 “wnafened Uso. pa esau, 0 fos, suo. af og Maanpadsea poy BupueoUr une, pue aus, pow uneT SIN WOH SaIEUO mofaned,ploM aU, WAXTOULId SILVA“ uonONpoUy T= am xog Asaieg ssaures pa aatoa y ore (661-1981) 2p4 wnajona3 Jo vorenan2 see 09 Jo uot unto put, ste ‘81007 Jo vondunsue) ste uanyip uy Jomas Auaeg jo seus sz same) 303 29219 oze warsfs uotssuisuen,(indysipSefndelq-2nzen) (art oz (oo0e fe seu (se9 feamen pouinbr) oy suauO:g sor 0007 nny ‘seyeuyoy pue “uoroansuod spun “Bujspea : soured npold 02 0002 "snay “sony pasodelg pue uopmnussuep zppun ‘Sunsixg "sound apn wey Sutog aT weld 927 J0.m2In ¥ ejengeg os enzeH wy sures trys re awed euouary leun ve rue sazyuag ap 30 maIA ¥ aL Jo uoneser {0N0) atoysyo Aequog ut se9 Sunes ror sulseg uewepuy yuck jo dev among, zs ‘uyseg wewepuy jo sameay U0. 61 tujseg je8u0g ssomry uondos j2/30}009 sneUaHDS set ‘seen ajueret snouea uf poll sm Buysoys use TeRLo ast uiseg 5009 19ea-spH0N az04s|10 ssOY UoMoS eBoteeD aHeUAIPS 281 __utseg aroysyo rpeueyen sso2o¥ 2oH295 [2}90|089 anewIS $81 sjfom Jo uojsoa Suscys ulsea weaepon-rusiy ain o ea [ed ea ‘seg fiaane> om jo de 2uram0 eat sursey ueazpoo euystiy pue AnaneD st snuaestel Jo dew re080}009 ett soysyO 8009 1944 SPIN 329 pUE HO WHALE (ie) oe est esi zai ret won oer seo soo sort ver len orn scr acyl wn oem se sort sent wn leer ocr orn re are ove aruEarly History — Since the dawn of civilization main has been making use of petroleum and pesrolewm products, Crude oll and ges come to the surface of th earth through fissures Inthe form of Seepages, On reaching the surface where atmospheric oxygen is ov and natural gas get ignited and make a spectacular scene while buring, Inthe ‘sed to be worshipped by man, Crude oil hardens on reaching the surface. in course of tine it fons p called bitumen, The bitumen was used in Southern Fersia (ran) as far back as 6000 B.C_ as ings and as a kind of glue for other uses. The Greek traveller and historian lived in the fifth century B.C, had quite @ bit to say abo Petioleum in the Persian Empire. He described the process of drawing the He commented that the oll was "dark and evi-smelling’ ‘Throughout that part ofthe world the Middle Bast there were a great and became the “eternal Dies" of gum in watfae, They shot arrow smtioned that the people ls. Baku, Is ou of the worlds lumen was used by the bulldrs of the Tower of Babylon idern rag between the evers Tigris ley of the rivers Tigris and ly of Euphrates. tas Yangon) and the East ‘Waterproofing and as a sour of lamp o Mey used bamboo pol rate water from brine in over to foam salt. In ‘on dead bodies before burial Woquols ly as 3 medicine, up their muscles ‘known that Mexicens found that Petroleum was es centuries ago. It was used for Chinese preserved ships. ropes with asa fuel to fe ! Barly History 3 led in the eastern part of the continent also began to use th nes they recovered it by soaking blankets inthe seepages a squeezing the oll out of them into vessels. They aso used to skim oating patches of il from the surface of water. Very lie was obtained by chis means, It was soldat a high price for medic was supposed (0 be 2 wonderful cues. It was rubbed on exter te cue rheumatism and also taken internally a5 a medic 1m carlier days, oil was obtained ftom hand dug wells. in 1848 Samuel M. Key, whi boring for salt water on the banks of the Allegheny river In Pennsylv accidently struck ell, He nar ‘Company was founded for we 27th August, 1859, Col, Drake was the PennsyWvania, He was fr 18g. 2.1) at at @ depth of only 21.2 m. 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Hostal $e UooI ae "oto syp0: ewuounpes Jo sonatie 1) Ayeosseq pune) are Sef emmy pur UNofona) i SYDOU MOATESOYy EBD peisnotreaeraesees6 Patroleun Indien Concert the medium, will low dhrough it under conditions of viscous low ata rate of one centimeter per second per square centimeter of cross-sectional area under hydraulic gradient of one atmosphere (76.0 cm. of Hg) per centimet darcy is equivalent to 1000 mllidarey (md). 2, RELATION BETWEEN POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY ‘A permeable rock is always porous but all the porous rocks are not permeable. The space for the accumulation of oil and gas is provided by the effective porosity whereas the ‘movement of oil and gas through the rocks is conducted by the permeebliy thods are used to Increase the porosity and perm ‘these methods are explosion, aciization and hydraul fracturing of the reservoir rocks thfough the bore holes. 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North Ailes a the USA. Permian oil Origin of Fetoteun 15 and gas flelds ace found in many countules and include some major ollieds inthe U.S. About 36.3% of the major non associated gas fields are found in Permian reservoir rocks. Hesozoic, Tassie has been comparatively unfavourable for oll formation due to snd arid conditions. Some small ollelés are found in Europe, South America, Cina, Austzlla and North America. furassic has been favourable for Nonth petroleum e reservlors of this age oocur in every continent, the most fotable ones are found in the U.S.R. and Madde East, specaly Saudl Arabia where some eas Tertiary reservotr rocks contain most of the age roughly fiom about a milion year to 60 accumulations ofthe world and vary in lon years. number of generally sandstones are one of the most important 3 Austilla, Plocene bods have important olflds it ne gas in Kay. Miocene Pocene oll and gas flelds In Quartemary ion and accumulatc ‘Alpine Orogeny 8 COAL AND OIL RELATIONSHIP ‘oth ceal and pettoleum contain organic ly produced from coal by sjthe in varying proportions in the same sediments depending upon the composition ff the organic matir, geological factors for thelr conversion and time available for the I known that hyiroearbons can also generate tor the decay ot in fresh water envitonments under reducing and ol genetic relation between then is quite natural, From the different parts of the 3né gos in coal bearing sediments have been known as gtven in Table 4.1 ‘Table 4a = Assocation of Oll and Gas tn Coal bearing Sediments (Biswas, 1987) ‘of oll and some oi! accumulations might thon ns the main constituent. 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Gt of Oil) Peautignte Heavy Ol! t 1 Brown Coal Lh oil 1 Condensate L 1 ard Coal cas 1 u ‘snthracte No olloas (to commercial Quantity) re Degrecof Metamorphism = caibonRatlo = FE [Fe caleultd oolsure Fre Ach fre Basi, VOL. laude: so Coal beds representing the end product of the coalition frequently altemae wi Inydrocarbon source rocks represented by dark organic rich shales In an area of laste deposition like a fuvio-deliae system. Those coal beds are often fractured and develop porosiyipermeability suitable for hydrocarbon reservoir rocks ‘produces of cil igh rated coal beds contain ens in noncomme ‘The coal-bearing sequences of Gondwana rocks may also have good prespect of ol like the Tertiary Baril group of Upper Assarm. The exploration for oil in Gondwana basins of Peninsular India may confirm in future Chapter —5 petroleum in fine grained rerogen shale, oll and natural gas remain ‘very limited pore spaces. Fevoleum afte its.origin comes out a the 5 shelter inthe adjoining coarse grained porous and permeable rocks. ‘his is known as migration of ol and gas. The advaniages of coarse grained sedimentary rocks are tht its pores are greater in size than that of fine grained vocks and It is much more permeable. 1, THE MIGRATION OF OIL AND GAS. ‘The migration of il and gas is of two types. imary migration, and ondary migration Primary Migration :The movement of oll (rom the source Tock to a porous rock, ‘which serves asa store house of ell (eservoir rock, Is called primary migration (Sead gration: primary mgmt ol ones out ofthe source ck the lay migration olf moves out of this reservoir rock ‘continues until itis stopped by some obstacle Le. 1 pools 2. ‘THE CAUSES OF MIGRATION ‘The migration of petoleum takes place by one or more than one causes ‘xyunsin in volume. As esl ofl and gas come out of the senso Meogen, Mostly ll ‘nd gas accumulations occur from the sutface up to a depth of about 6000 metres t0 7000 Imettes. and octasionally at greater depths. This causes the incease in temperature and Pressure with ineeasing depth of the source rocks, af well as, the reservoir rocks. ‘A study of different oilfields of the world indicates that durin the pied of generation source rocks tits migration the prevalling temperatures range between SO%C 10 about 180°C. Gora es Up fo about 250°C. In two deep wells If Coast the temperatures were found to be Diffennce in Pressure: We know that when we open a soda botle, soda gushes out ‘because the pressure ofthe gas associated with soda is ‘or any exit rou, come out to the # ray be mentioned that by digging weesas epveDe8 aun Ut Sau) Bn Arepuos9s 01 anp awop a pu popes a p 180,098 01 ang: normal Aipucces ue ayppie ayn ‘Aue ur yon 9 “don ayy ve sueuas 588 1x i040 Bufo $98 jesrseN, BIEN UO I rem ue sy uy £18 296 ‘smpted pues 43 dn 2 soepns amp 18 dn ‘smeuoqes pus sofeys Sujaq aaye SLURUIPAS 2H ‘vojeva uoqse2orpfy Jo 2eeyd ujew 94 Sunda 19) a9epn5-ans vuuey Bujeuyuop pue ywewoduy isow az st uonesSia sseyd uoosen0unAH sujseg d20p uy Aepads uopesSi Jo sse001d 1ueuoduy ue s woqseooiphy pontosnp Jo uoisnyid syp01 samnes ayy jo sev: uotsny)p LU=PapKp aun PU 1 suoqsesoypiy Jo uosesaUa8 249 “Sy201 anos ay Jo ssauraHG atp Aq pao ortaSius Jo ss2d0xd (eniut aut woo} 947 uodn ra 300 pun jo fo wonmiBiye ssuoqzesoupit ny tp steeds “uonnjos £4 wonesshu: Areusd aucAzepun sex wnatonod fom jo aBeruaored fous w AIuo “(ez61) sold <1 SmpuODY “anssaxl pus ammeroduor aswo.soy au sosearuy AAR}os ah fens “spo apr4d uy paypuua yout Aaa ae ang foorpaly poeanges siaio pue sjoyeoqe Sppe atuedio ‘auanqor Syqeuea axe yoqym suoge>aupey wnajoned_uteion tou aie pus Ztem vets xn 328 se poe ‘oueauag ‘se YpRs ate a1 TBxSMorL suoqueaospti jo ustusnots speud pue Uo|snpp seo} ‘tare aod yo iusutanoU on ttuip ate sonnyos zejaataur pus sa]qand “2qngo(3 ai. “ses aod wxeteH 20198: uv tuaisés pny see¥dnjnur 0 aseyd opus tp ae sore Suyjono ujew ays, TUDKIaAON Ou aT 20 “SONOS aes ‘gnnqonsip sr uedn spuadap se i") vndap pin amgeraduby ut souarayyp on amp aacays iow sonooq seine Jo AUATONpuED yy VOReBIU ALepLODNs BmNP AEEIAS dn sowoa pue paaeay 5138 qpdop 1yee13 ve Sus se ap umjon us ages sp Jo asmeaoq seseaiouy aunjon sy eee o aznesadse, Ut San aip tile “oun 204 "uonerapN Ur spy Jovem Jo Ayanonpg + Gumpued () geausg Sux eens ap oo ‘unop $208 soem tpi pareposse uinajonad Yar poupens op ut saMae 40 sNef iv sia J) sopisad adoqs au) uaxop Ase SOY sien: Acusodag pup Auszuo (e) ‘uo spundap ‘mol a, “nafoned jo uotex3kury Apeus day sitauno asx pannpond are suas JaTeN, Sroten Syo0s 247 unin APOEW ANA PIN paleposse afew} wnajonad 22700 (a) -sypor snowed ze0i3 anno op saxod any yBnoxp In ‘top spon snojued us uy patois se 20 o amasaid Arid oy ang: anyday (at) “solo Apnpezeduco aig [ood Aiox> Jo eDo1 00s ayy, sys0r afqeausad AG pononnsqo ruin oly ob amnion ue mens aqoauiod 129 Aeanoyos oy saumoey 10 szoeds ‘toy "tonerdr Arewd } ap $901 owas ayy Ut paors axe rei ‘SB 10 st © sy ‘po! 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Aeum=s64y 3 uloqie Jo afeiwerpe SERS | ye puns ayn seus yorum ain jo. aBeueape isles ar Sppsoia S0 UmOWY st puoi Japan sean ures. 8 yo anbuipa smh asm 5 ssomag as fiom) yo sf aaa ung unpuy ungjnng *3 Feroleum Indien context onshore vessels fey are conducted by to the geophones used waves ate produced by a vatieyy” of devices which most ‘commonly operate by teleasing pulses of compressed air into the water v- Nowadays a sleeve exploder (Fig 17.40) towed by a ship generates sound waves to help mapping subsea rock replaces by sip generate sound waves: Help manning ‘subsea rock 2 nd waves Shock wav Imagnedic tape on the a computer t produce p sections of the eat 256 apes are. processed ted displays representing. two. dimensional ver Fock layers which may contain the reservoirs in w (ivy Blecerical show measuring resistance of underground rocks we present ~The principe of measuring res (0 the ground (rom the st current is eceived in input and cutpur currents is raken as Underground. Zhis gives some Idea abot steueture, porosity, faults and o passed through a rock eitferent cocks t0cks, So by pes of rocks T Ep, Fig. 741: Plcemene of eeeuotes as per “Fig. 7.12 Placene Wenner configuration, The eleuodes ae caiiguatn. A ce in Spead. out_progiessialy utp Placed op the round at ea resistivity is mostly prefered as methods. pes of rocks. | In tha rection it may be me {ola in depth + ¢? tcear Explored dite ftom rod se the ath The capac of a ex ays. The amount ofthese sca responding nature of the fooks is found out arth an Instrument box radioactive radlations-gamma rays, neutrons ané (2) one of two receivers which record the radioactive rays that are scatereé by the rocks and further 9p electrodes Band cks inside the earth absorb these rays end after abso cays Ls measured, From let Sonde (Fg. 7.soxynasans 2 wo suopeveme uoqsesoiphy pa) ioe uo aati stuetd awoS -syp0) sae)INagn 10 eimtu ayy iydep ot spy Aiqeiopsuos ueI0q ple ABo|208 Jo pms panies V+ ABoyorqoxsnWoD! pe SuBI0GOoH suluey> (eiSoje2utus Jo} sens sip anwexa 10 sysedsp wnajoned woH prewdn dvs cour sased jo 49 20uzis9 J0 ouonuaw aioge. jeasqns fee 30 auamsued jes) 1weR6 op 30 Amen (@) poe pare 1 pasn Ajansoyoo sae BufBB0) nb 3 ss08 ayy 25juy n> abalgns aie ato 810 Jo Ah bo punoi8opun sso Jo yarew ay: jo sonsuaneieyD pu uo spusdap ease uieuas © 7 ware 29 ur 508 p jo syns ayy wor (up 20 22ej3ns a4 tos) pautngo sayéures a3, * ranma Jo aquenoayen jo stuayninseayt sisioika sysfieue voqre> aueai0 C ‘29 ue> pag e wr uous pinby) By uosmaw a wos) s3pi229 Fo] fsouod se uMOU 51 Boj uennau si 104 64304 Jo ‘ane sojeys asnenog s1 su “paveauyap 4 in, Sut889) Aer eure 4g pesnseau st sypor wo) pareueLe 903 “uns ‘ajeys Jo souesmo20 aieypuy apionss ‘sy Zeno] poe add ata exp s| Fann sean 20 papa Jo aBewweape sa1et8 B+ 5 Jo eaneaiput ae yensated joe ns (eRutod 98 2aneBau ayduexo 10g “Spor ayy Jo sanaey aun sou pod Jee pue Aanstsar 24) wong “ue99 20) sage wow sate! 5 Jo aouasoud anbyouze sia 2vojpuyAiensn yenuated ss aaneou 8, ys svoqpuy reused ys aaneBou ysty pu Ay red Zujueip uy wueodwy YSoW8 5} Bop NOMI pag 30 69 uy pus spoq Jo sazepunog ayy Sujuysp UF mpy ose ave so. 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A study Ye aon nd est ge mau ae ned og 7 19 See “Fikes mroorganisns i the so tase In preing oecurence of ao sae they dapend on the same dagenee cto fenperatue & te indents Ne sole weet in prea dene fecleum and gas depots I elated lo the rank of coal! Fg. 717) As such soto _ Companies use vitinite reflectance as the main Index of maturiy: The rank of coal is Stout on vine cefecance meaored mainly ot ely duped eaoracous mater thors (Chandra), with the help Calusa developed 9 mito tly ot candstonetelered toes minoyent ks by Temes (1982) i 148 nce of ol underground from the surface (Roy etl. 1989) | the occttence of oles in Lower Cretaceous (Wealden) and gas deposits inthe Uppet hts technique 8 anaplng Sl samp Ie poset pee the secaenee eee are tocar iecealcnied underground at any depth ‘here are certain microbes which thrive on oll and or gas. If there is any oll or gas inderground then the gas or gaseous vapours of oll come out an the surface, Due to his g55 some microbes thrive on the surface sol of these microbes + finitely small. For this, the surface sol is bro vironment of petoteum the si is Cultured. ‘he technique i simple ‘951/62, 1968) has observed that Lge ol North caucasus and in the Restor Wwiniterelectance hes between 02% a nlerobes grow in number. he sol sample is washed wit vedium taken in pet ‘medium. The medlum serves 4a nusient forthe growth ofthe bacterium. The pett dish or tet tubes ae placed in sicstors saturated with Hexane vapours. The peti dish of the test cubes are Jeubated in the saturated Hexane atmosphere for 10 days, after the incubation period ve umber of hydrocarbon uuiising bacterial colonies ace counted for each sample "there is any growth of micobes Is indicative ofthe existence of oll andor gus under se sutface from which the soil sample was taken. ® confirm the prediction Chandra et al, (1986) developed another technique. This schnlqu isa geochemical technique. By this technique fom the sutface sample orgenie fatbon content is measured. If there is any oll andior gas undetground the erganle arbon content increases with depth, hese techniques are easy to apply. ts less expensive about 10,000 times less than the onventional mettod of exporaton, Beside, in dificult cerain. > transport heavy equipments or machineries Tor exploration, ply these two techniques 1 this connection 's co-workers oF oF 3 3A as OF seme ato formation Pig, 7.48: Evolution paths of diferent pee of organic n source rocks. A 2 overmatire The boundary Benen Band By Hnieates me maximus of (Durand, 1980) ‘there the mean oll referance ranges between 0.60% to 0.74% the oll volumes are anal, Ha the ot quay is beter. when the mean ectance and gas depoalts i grestes ing the biggest inland offielé in Indi, Is obvious that preliminary expo so aandhar has boen proved to be fons using both the ticrobial end geochemical between 0.9 co 1.9% there ate usual ues are useful. Along with these techniques if the conventional techniques logical and geophysical) are used then an exact idea ofthe occurrence of petroleum ‘an azea can be formed leds are found in areas in which the itinite Exy ration for Oil & Gas by Reflecti ‘luorescence é ne ee 0.7%, But some oll deposits have Bee foundoe (uonmoyds) po 197 ys0es eg emp wnmeuag ”46 Petroleum Indian context 4 by Biswas and fn Krishna-Godavati Basin for determined and were pole. 1 of Wet gas in this diagram (ei. in that deepseated aRRE ~Petrlierous rocks when examined under the ight show distinct Muores Therefore as predicted flecance studies can be verified by Miorescence studies. Aer following tuminous groundmass and juss source rok ost tnd oF the ne age off ne he ding of Germany Meh nce DRILLING ded bits ace of a rope over he rock. A det known a¢ mud, Pipe to keep the bit cool. 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PRODUCTION @ Onshore Production through the ay zone the tubing iumgpeid uononpeu! (eda ve Bea povedsunis puv to apy uowsmpeiy wns sv ‘ios ip se asnezq snowed spoyrou sepuonas 30 A ‘Bunmrey 03 uo) ay Woy sped oy 19 ABI 9 aaros or uado 9 aimaey| oy aunsseid J2puN UMop podund o1e oysoun SP yons *s 5 wma(onad Jo NO ieisdo vonemjred 10 Sup TEU anjossip of uonewo) aul city pemafu su01se aq ued voHnpord AoDesHestN suey mat by> soy aos “uayestapun 99 © 88 Gof mnoueop 10 sedas sof e pm Ave ut wopanposd vy dosp dieus ©) sur ‘auado 24 Mou sau0 wat 30 pacers ou suonsoyad po sueou si 6 pales ag pion em ged 10 Popeye 41 aBewtep worsoiie> sourauim uo palouo] sivatinnsuy pue spool yo Aatien + Suen iene 3) sf: 1 ‘Suaigoud ay Jo sour swuataid soueuaiuteN a iapun Bumsquzed ie) pue w9s001 Set 1UBWi9g “Ino 42] ej adi o1 peat Kem so popensoo a stem add uoysouin ob UMop smojs sty “Suignt uy axeyMumNaDe ce ‘Suronpoxd © dang cx pave axe NOPEINIS TEM PUL TUFTS Tey CHT) 22188} yp Ip d29p 20} pa daop siea pu0 sapngus, seB aas01100 pur a0) ¥Bty asod ose eur siuoudinbo anisseu stow ao ‘sua|goud asnssaid yyy pue samesiduar mba S711 J0 uidop © IP S80 am 50da0p 2 Moniasea ayp jo sued uarayip qoees om paterson jam su '2'9 Sy Uw umoYs sf unopeId uoHenpeLd jeaIdA# Jo Lots seey so $e Pol a Jo gate we aBie| $e ufexp 01 sup a0w 10 Og 01 UaPep v fey wody rays 10} pous|sep oq Arus waopeyd ¥ py aya Jo 3 24a 30j se] snare rang wnpuy unpoiag 958 Petroleum Indian Context ‘The purpose of the enhanced recovery oF tertiary techniques 1s to recover residual ol lef the volume of the reservoir these trary techniques ate 0 ‘are much more effect from reservoiss, Li such as propane and ethane fiom natural gas ate used as 2 fld ionlée and water may also be injected to serve the purpose (ig. 8.9 (11) Thermal Recovery flows more easily reservoir (Fig, ly but reserve rock, The be called fie feoding (IID) Chemical Recovery ing recovery. by ability of water to a at remains wrapped covery. A ‘bank’ or ‘sug’ of iid (most 8 Injected to reduce the forces fesidual oi! and allow it to Mow 10 wells. The surfactant i wed. by -vater thickened maximize the Fig. 88: carbon a Fig. 611 hema! Roeeing Production of Crude Off and Transportation (IV) Microbial Recovery are now several reports of enhanced oi recovery using microorganisms. To ted along with appropriate cient in the well ase the output. The mlerobes grow in reservoir and produce rmohydrosufiricum) is possible to cecaver from wells earlier Qushed with water, of Bose institute, Kolkts, used thermophilic bacteria to mele waxy residue. The cxperime oved successful on a laboratory scale enhanced oll recovery with microbes has some ads ighty specific low east method. The cost of mi ian 280%. If any specimen of these bacteria ing those bacteia waxy residue of applying The pros 8. PRETREATMENT OF CRUDE O11 ne of ol, salted water, and possibly sand g. 8.12) where gravity forces are used 10 ugh a series of sequential pressureat 0} passzooud ‘uo usu ong uiypuy unaacag 09Chapter—9 eee C omposition of Crude Oil and Natural Gas SS ‘The nature of erude fom one olleld to another or between one location to ‘another in the same field ot unusual to find vatiation in the appearance obtained from different ba 38 same location, aie liuld, colourless or mnult-oloured-ight geen, light iY varies ftom 0.76 to 0.98. Another it shows golden Muorescence ‘he viscosity of erude because more gn moygen (may be up to 2%, ed with hydrocarbons, Besides, a number 9 of the crudes. These ate possibly derived from the o ‘materials (oxides, sulphides and chlorides) derived f an atom of an element with other atoms of the same element molecules differs, and different pes of hydeocasbons are addition there are 50 oxygen ing compounds, and 33 nitrogen beating compovsds Some Unsaturated hyroca ‘ypes) generally do not occur and even if they occur, their amount is very small (Hobson and The tydrocatbons found in eeade pe Paraffin of aliphatic hydrocarbons Nephthene or Cyeoparaffin type hydrocarbons }) Olefin ype hydrocarbons ') Aromatic hydrocarbons sed as LLL. | ompesition of Crude OW and Narural Gas 6 sandal its molecule in each case. Thus, ethane (CH + ch butane (CHy+ Cli, 4 chy + values upto n= 4 or Cqt at posse ‘normal butane (n-butane shown In Fig, 9. ] Boome. n-butane cis (CH, )5CHy Be-0.s%e ‘sobutane : (CHy),CHCH, sra2e Fig, 9.1: The stucures of abutane and isobutane ek —(¢a61 sum pue rossi) se0en uy pune) oste are pasuopuosou axe yore [lusydia se yong sod anewoIY “(S261) “qe Aeypyt pue (gz61) sauna pue pootasunay dq po1iodas uaeg asey sSutz anewose nt 01 any ways suogse>ospAy anewore seep rusted Jo S29eL} so 2pnz> uy (&t 01 dn) wEpUnge 591 iqensn 5} suzzveg ang eI o2 dn sux pur silo apniD ait jo yet ot dn sine 2uanfeL ‘swore uogse> [euoinppe sony 01 2u0 Uerue> auo}Ge PUR avanjor axit sannALDp pareve ays “GSU y) aUesKnp pue suarerqueZvag ‘auardd “(sBu ¢) oURDEN_VE ue auanynueuoyd *(s2up z) suaqeynydew “uy 1) auzzuag axe adfh 21509 shun Km pop sp ‘UL "sue HoYS Jo 1aguMU ems POF SPUN aiRWosR posuapUE> Daj 0 10) o ‘20 una ensh soneuiore fess ase Sureyp pus sBuls snewose Auo Surenuo0 sainoioN ‘sujose® wy wma pue so SuneuQA wr wmEKEN pune 21B spunoduie> anewore stonpoid uinajonad uy °eo} ps92x9 01 puna} xf s96e9 maj © ut AO “RI EWR ss Atensn st wonesiuanuoo soy! 1nq syo 2pns> Aueu ut puncy xe spunodwiod sneWoxe YBnoWIY “sdno18 seats 10 fay Yas sue uaSoipty Suipeidas Aq pouo) ave soaneatop soxpo Kueye (HSSHDYHPD ‘aUstuse 1GuroUp) auayéx pue CHDK aueInausuoyd 10 aueruaq yet) 2uanIo) axe sioquDU UOIUIOD 1aN10 [ok pUE ssayMofoD sf 1 “wmnorod ut uowuueD Sou st auaza¥aq Jo z2URLIN=20 ya "SouBs sp Jo sioquow au asSuowy 7%f%y gjnwno) yela¥ed sacy Buu sudzUIq "Yo paseq S008 su Jo spunodoa anewore 3yL~ “enneas poe paeimesun 1 voqeooiphy jo 94k sty “uaBoupAy Ha log avo tp pays) Wore Voaiea ypea “uneL “ee ug) plog a}4n0p Wilh apis 294R0 a4 UO pue “pLOg 240 yum 2p1S 2U0 uD wove UogrED 19I0UB Ue Pew 1 wow uoqie> 2uo Tuore uae auo st a1941 JeuI03 peo ur pue Buus ayp ur ssuia> xs xe aia “Uosexay pamwiAS JO UNO) aM Ul s} SUL yh auRzuaq ‘uowezaipiy sewore poje> s] Buy 2uaTeUeg 2u0 Ra] YE SUIEIUOD YpIMM puNeduo> aIUeHIO ay mMoqUUooupsH 891193 (OUOTUO) 9}7UNOY (AD)~ uy ouazuag Jo antnns 2q-¥6 SH 19s = wren @x?o) suarueg (9961 “uonosan) (GueyGoxg) upto fos} 9 pue aundandyohy Jo somone 26486 Bhat Ono) ouayidong PHFD) suedordorasy 2ouraa Dob sna so = tac} a0, aon S110 ot’ 89 99 pmaoN pur Wo 7pNID f6 worysedueD uo} B0}0W0U ang "swunowe 2580 u) oon ey pe fo apnia ux ma20 ‘uy Jo sraquaw ont Jayio ayy aie @H?9) eusysong pur C Hf) auaytdoss a 7 G) avaiSqiau wpo[e ads sow pue Tsay 242 rons 28 3) PUP spunoguion ujeYD uodo paeanTest ig tn SaUOS! ue 3soy), “HUY se umoUdy ese axe SLYsO HLM SNOSUVOONGAN TAAL N1AATO puUE f anaes pue aveoidopt > nun 66 Ma auedoiden auemngop ap——— ta 94 aie yo a co 84 vi unous sung Jo 2d a paw ab oop 2 Fea “aunseayd poe snes! ley Suedowdojf slaqubu owt Sid swore Woe 280 tou 9p spunodii> of ououco ale suve wogies.iaaepe ap 31 eredo_p% { alogiydeu suo) 1. "Sob e 70 uo) 29 Ut supe ue puog av0 Wyn UaSO.9Ay ya ports uote Uoqes vai “2p eo eioUad ney suogueDoupty Jo SOU=5 SL suoqiwaorpsyt soiz9g (wypeaedoraKy 10) auaurude. (UIT Zouersgns 2 2uasen uNUe> ayo as seam sp ts gua ts eid soos Und ou soso juepunge isou ait "sunaosed pnb pue snosred | sioquoW eulou o) voszeduea {rou pr somone eto Pt jo spun i suoqeoomp 3) Ja sonmcatdzes a dqaiin Suimous soquu fous 1) Aer seeeoDU) slats] J qu ‘oyesed yo 09 ut nuiod Bi > etnnoyZerotow rou 89°91 LOBODKH wee = 9 Yogi voRodu aes ane st pue (peed) sveadOs| ype a) suena sueriod eH A suewedo)oe 6 pue 8H ancy umpuy wnsjanay ”66 Fett nc 2. OTHER CONSTITUENTS IN CRUDE OILS Sulphur Compounds ‘Among the non-hydrocazbons sulphur compounds ate the most important consti Jn crudes. Crude olls completely free from in occurence. According to the ‘concentration of sulphur, the erude ols a 985) as (a) Very sweet crudes Low sulphur crudes less than 0.6% sulphur by weight. (© Intermediate sulphur crudes ~ have 0.6% 10 1.7% sulphur Some pettoleum theinsts consider this range as 0.7-2.0%, ~ sulphur occurs more than 1.7% ty wt. up to 4.9% in some oils and 5.5% in some degraded oils, = contain recognizable amounts of hydrogen (@ High sulphur erode (@) Sour crudes concentration of reservoirs of dolomite-anhyite contain more sulphur than light ols and possess higher molecular weight, ig point and more resins and asphaltenes. frudes, such as mercaptans of thio-alcohols (eg mmercaptan having bolling range below 150%. Disul disulphide thlopher Sulphur content of erude ols vais great even ine same produc ron uit, foreach kindof ol the sulphor eanteat of each tolling range alonvares,Gecenes sulphur in a crude indicts low temperature history becabse ‘sulphone hydrocarbons and forms at 100° ine and gas 3 undesable because It causes atmosphere rand bad odour A numberof diseases se cause due tol oc fiers, Indosal ates. Therefore, there a great demand of sweet rues which ae much les i ocance Nowadays surf fended fom the ol and 0s eloe ii supplied tothe consumer. The ocutene of tye sulpice (9) is considered tobe dangerous ifs condition exceeds 100 py Crude oils of vacious ongins have abundine thiophene derivatives which may average more than 20% of the aromatic fraction boilitig above 210°C. Thiophenic sulphur concenttaton increases wlth maturaton, whereas nonthiophenc sulphur compount are ‘sully abundant in mmatice cue ls. (Ho eta 19 Sulphur is associated only with carbon and hydrogen in low and medium moleular weight ange (ap fo Gln Reaier factions of owe a Inolecles consisting of nttogen, sulphur and xem nonvolatile residues lt te dsilaton nan average a In the compounds of high moleul sogen, sulphur and oxygen. Ce right ae found in naphtha and gas rogen conipounds like pytidine (C,H,N) and quinoline , nstituent of oil and gas. So it must be removed during the low temperature. (ID Oxygen Compounds 0 fee ong, pheno (0 apne ac i C00 Crude taying tween 04 aL pact oxygen accu in average concentration is are most important, Naphthenic ‘and eter ya and idrocarbons in the crues give rise tothe formation of resinous and ener onan aitogen, sulphur and oxen compounds of are mae of comple poe They ave the end enters of the ao css and bas Snd ation of petleu, Resins an asphaliena pounds are seated relpation although there ay ion For exile esas and asphaltenes ae seperated ies by propane preitaon. Then, ia is spate om aephatons by tion because resis solible and asphaltene ar soll ean spaated fom the cade os by mhetane opine Hastalurnsjonod ap Jo jeasnew somnos 241 tioy Yor sioneur aygeaBan pu "siuefd “soupae Teaniet ut wosiy atoydsoune sypieo amp Jo mda imoge st wy Jo uopesusotico 94 “8 1 njuean jo omenuzouoo op aq Aer winojond uy Aud sn Jo aniNes Jo\pOUY SIVBUl}pos aveoossepue[o yioqsonpond Yonge pio an ut (sot 1051) womenUSDUOD USK snoso Ssanpeoipes op Jo donetpes om toy parnap 20 ‘sed pue flo wou powers anew Au ‘Arvounuo> stow urnypH"weZOuju uF ye Aiensn are yaya sOse3 Lip aos Wambo Hare ‘ptias unyuern jo uoneadrend yp uy rgd feumeUH snoeDeuOgTED tp Aigegond Tom se *°S'0 spe80 Sonou ip S89 Aensn 5) waStypey yo Worendaoue® a, ‘eae 2 lero warp jo auios pur sfeta.eu snoxseuoqie> yak Paieposse aie sisodsp Untuern ae ‘Airey sase8 ferment pue souug peyjto uous ur suasaud ate Aesop aandeotpes ox anp patio} sompord ayn pue sjjo apni 9 ai axe UoIOLA pue Uoper "NodIe "wMey usBoxphe S80 TREN puU TI UT sIHOMIOTE x0ING (A) ‘ire uy sins90 uuneuesq, “By pub. jo woes pew ajeydse Jo suosansuoo ipo oun are syunowe ajqopandde ur raeu “yo oun wey sore | “UH IS em WA BHD IL IV aE aut pue wan wsleo anydins >ejod Hog UBIY sey pu same UT pyostae o) pos : pare + ‘ooo wy sperg ov uaaug $} 31 "Na|onod autos Jo SuRUYo! sip Jo anpisat W seo Ae snow \prgM spunodiun noqmSnIMGy Udi ‘yno[ou BIH Jo Manus yojeee nu xa.) pot anos | an ur sted uonnjneeyerdizo pu a apo uta serena one ache 1a go ata ui patedon 99 eo saute fo Inoneyay ah sued ie aaa -souyeudse Jo ouepange sn Ay fisona un uy ssraiMy stout souopog so Abou Jo wononpoat ois Bune itn pus ony Ss soneunt por suse sus, ‘0 papesiap Aas Fauna snauea TO 2am o Sunnsas suonjeuds (Geer “cose, 9 deus aiota “unoure up auepYsp 40 uy sau EL: a6 OVE susar pu suogserespay anewor Jo iuroure MaDUINS UEIUOD (Pius spo s8OKp sp We UE Usa se sxoqno AueU pe Aig ste sauayjeudse ous uorsmadsns wut sojprsed osauy daoy suonoerauy sueyise ‘is pue sto 2pm uy posindsip ake sauajeydse ayy “sus Jo one aun Cy “AgBoL] soweBoi930 uo) souajioydse ap suonnjos ainyp ut uaa -iozot te 2» sipudowpeon) uy ut aqnas pure sj apna a ‘ya dn owes osje syexourut 100 "Ad "US A EN 10, By ny Jo sven suuou]3 at JO 60H tunypeuea “unwopqsjout “wnguanys ‘aru ‘unjsousour "umes "umgurunye ua "Boo ne T Usawaag af AAsou yotyn sous wonenusouo> ovrjeydse pur yuaaos oxy jo amaeu ‘amerodutn 1p) uodn spuadop e a : “Greeroqet amp ut pasar uayon‘seucyeydse pareredss ip jo nem sefoofou! si stionypuoo pateusiteo 2 sounyeydse ‘sunjdond taddeo axe ain “oY poupal| Woy osfe SuIssI Zuneay uo -soUNHeUMSE ura) sua 01 posod ouiM “2(gBISUN ate pue sioyna pus Sted ‘SPIE 904) uted sus] ad aia yo ated yo 2p stay Aepuooas aze mydins ue winypeizea jo suonnaunuog ain searoyx Gettad st surydaod Bei | eiloe fou] sz [ve | mumreydey ain (G36t “pu0A) ommDpEA “VO 01 Sulpio>y “watt sot | eolez ex | ze jose seuimid spa sommes 7 se | silos foz| re [vee Ir o1_| so] 54 [oz | oorfons | “sen 0 29m 84 (0¢ uaansoq Aeon ‘9g pte 62 uaaHnog Buen sagt Uonzes ibn sno 3 xesto[x[sToT wT] 2 Pe usfonta Bujuuoo seed But uoqseorpy Jo sted 3t SBjoejour Buu etl (Geer ‘am pue 1550 fe a0) uruenuoo spo opnio jo susransue> seead ysl pul vapoo ah ale suse sauayeutsy pue suey jo donisoduiog aeany oui '5 nae S119 8pnIp 30 syUO;HOD OME 46 ge u unous sf ( tn)souayeylse pur sua 0 uonIsodtue> (sa6t sSuzeaP 2 “uonsodi Aigeqoad sj (wnuoty jo uoestaustp £4 paonposd (oz2-woped) uopsuey Jo adoros snoase opm uy pune} aso ox ‘uoto(j ‘uniper moj uoneuewa snoaseS va a J anea!w se pm "WOE 1 0 22909 SUA Spo YPULOL "po ‘Auteur ut sin2%0 wopey sdoxos| jo wuoy 2tp ul ase uy porous st 3} -waM ain ey) aun + 0% OF 99 det 1; Yo are;pauur-opeware ut 402 URI 1 otusinydeu-muypRaed ut soup 0007 moge s aaydsoune axa ut wopiodod sy Inq 9 WEIR atOU! sinod0 fare! Sse ‘Sea1Ya OT UeNR $89] 29 0 puna s sunjeydse pue auiax paziquio sto siugeded ut 6 9 mmany PUP NO apnss fo uomsaduen awue9 wou unejag. oF “0 Pocoteum Indian Content ‘Many crudes contain sodium chloride elther as crystals in it, of in in the reservoir water The occurrence of oid Is also unwanted because It cotrodes the ‘equipments and is excess amount AVI Other Substances in Crude Oil ‘A number of other organic, as well as. inowanic substanoes are formed in minute squanitis. fe petified wood fragmet ous skeletal tests, spores, cuticles, algae, resin nd lignite hagments, Insect scales and barbules. 2 SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CRUDE OILS ‘The physical properties of petroleum ate the outcome of is chemical composition. Some of the properties which are important to a geologist and can be easily observedidetesmined are the following ) Specific Gravity The specific gravity of crude 8) must be removed. varies berween 0.76 and 0.98 depending upon its ‘based, whereas heavy crudes are asphalt-based. Then, iy ofthe ofl occuring indifferent structures APL Gravity = 1515 at 60% us Spge of a n Between APL Since sp. gr of oll varies with temperature and Siavity and Specie Gravity of Ol| pressure In API method of measurement 18 Kept constant at GO" and pres a | Aptis TH gene eee Advantage of API gravity Is thatthe sp. gu is T8500] 430 joe ‘ cxpressed in full integers 10, 15, 20, et. The relation aa Se | between APL gr and sp ge ie shown in Table 9. In gosto | 675 | hs table me en AP! gravinysp. gt and 25 oso} — 6.90 proximate barrel 30 Jose] 739 35 oso) — a0 Da vecoee, a> foam | sas ‘he internal fiction ofa fluid which controls the eh esi) ae ‘ofa substance to ow is viscosity. is inversely so | 07796) goo Serre es so forer| eat even the small stresses for eo forse | ass plastic. Such substances sta $& -]0720 | 8.76 | owing only when there is an increase in the sess zo_Jorm| 69 _J ther ipa aoe Where increase in volume is not possible, then, in Increases, Ar the saturation pressure, the vis ‘maximum possible gas in solution and the excess gas is released. ‘The cofnposition of the oll decides is viscosity which varies with it like the specif gatviy. (Fig. 95), Viscosity can be defined by the ratio - force x distance 36°) having high parafin wax concentration would commonly flow under specific conuoptodoid a1p ‘Seu suey a) Ul suenioW (1) 1o 508 Jo ‘ood pogeumgns $e uscy 31 a asoin searayin sod payaunyesun od ou, e894) pue fo ylog Jo SASHADIE dn spuadap Ho Ut paafossip st se8 9 maoy puw 6 age, Mon axe sv yermew uy aeasoud Suoqtepompdy au, suorueDorpAy tow pure suogreozpc Ypoq Jo Ss|to9 pul AIqezopisuos sojea army snoase8 aip Jo uonysoduen ai, vayeM pareosse pe jo it panioosip S03 Sv fom so ‘S08 prnby ‘S03 aay se an200 ore 7 sone oro | Fo “UnOH soo | ro | ouempa | gro | 40 | oumeares zo | vr uern. AO NOLSOdWOO AHL P| Sin |) | sua to awa oan up aeoy nou ans | O90 | FE als Sujeeoun vo 1 Aawet3 oypods Susan yin | OF | |G! 29 ato san (Gabor “eosiem, puy UosqeH) (essqeuy jeoids) arm 0096 o1 uojeatnbo st jo apa 30 ‘uo Jo anfen aye “fy sgor st se Jo ayn U0 Jo anor syHoe “4 oBO'GS st Tio apruo Jo faareg avo Jo anfen autote9 $29 Jel Uy suoqteoornde, Lary = 21 !mag sp6'0 = BF 1 3jno{ ut st uoneyussaidat Jo prepuLss 3 10 oid st (AD sonpoud ‘umajonad pue unajonad Jo Sumpuey pue Stmsos uy uayer aq op ase sonneDatd ty pe sai ‘wed ysoy/se usu st avepins ain sa40 possod aul ata ule LoneAnp sroys 43a jo yseL & “ss amu Ho pareay ai jo aoeans ayn 28 Susu sno atp ypryan e atmetoduin 94) (26t "UoN) ‘suonpuo> payors poquosard sapun mop jm apne ypnyt ye axmersdaneyissmot sip 5| aod mad out, Miod Burusngy puy wrod UseLy “VUpOd aod (AD) p04 Se OF patter are maya Jo no] Ua pu oN or soya sepa 9Mp Jo sno} 3 ‘pul anne J9Mo} an apni aip os ssintaduor soso] 18 pue xapm) anaes somo] aney Sapna ht oF H°T usougoq softer sase> is0ur ut pue sup asneyed si si seen spud a4) Jo Op ‘anoeyay tp Teroua3 uj 38ueusejoofou ao nia Nope anhoesyar stop stp aay syed ue sousinydeu y pomoyos sopewoie up puro} s} Xopur sagiedjar WIMUIXMAN ap smoqop pue xepuy oanoKAsoH (ITT) {e861 "quON) pyjos fd oth “Suonypuco a2ejins fon 9nd “_COT<) dppf Bxoge almeadwin eB s1H0$ "Belg oF Umong ate sop asegaraydse FeeIo4M. ‘ay sopn.9 auyjereg “onssoduses su 1 Busptove sores auiosog pu de Asp A e011 uoperoye 40 soe We UoReA eanuep weap wnepmeg w” Pecoleue Inlan Contest ‘waters. Sea water sulphates age reduced to fe by bacterial action. Hydrogen sulphide formed by bacterial action reacts jodal ton of the sediments and forms ferous sulp colour black shales. I is noxious and comtosive and is removed by chemical processes fiom the natural gases GY) Nitrogen | Nitrogen dominates in the earths atmosphere. tis fo evolved due to maginatlc acon at depth. This nitroges nts and com of nltogen. The arm action may also form reverse is also Uwe () Helium, Argon And Radon low to very low (ess t aromatic content is less. The vscos eee emcee ee liLe Canposition of Oude Ol and Natural Gas 5 Table 95 Preinie 100 $> 0% Pacaffinic. Buus Aq paueiqo 99 te pe ue anpoid Jo Ayend panoatay =i. Supjoesy onsqereo UD) sete eng pu Gent us 1 2 ty purges 0 fn sheasta ss Spear Aaa © ener Nose sues 18 o's 003-008 pul 2b 18 sszeH! SuN2EN oI # St] oe } Buryeougsyg 40 Suryooag Sys0008%4 sseneiy WORIDAUGD FURY SOUR UL OT PIN sapennaa Jo angus 01 ages uf uMoYs 21 saSsa301d uofsaAUED [eqD sn sin so} &nsnpry umnjurye uy pue roysspou ese stoped! aoie ti posh sO) ue pia snag 298 ot $388001 si, Sper Jo uy poScojnd Ay npoxd uanog ath se pnpodl st ay09 aoa 240 som ssonud sg. Bune) naw fson0u! unop-qeata pasn sf poxnour sup stow ues “ZE61 UF pow UuMoUy st ssz00ad si4y, sanaajow UOqeDoIpAy ‘kxv24 Jo $9,992}0u Jo spiog uogse> ayn aunssan orp Uosreseupaty ro Away ata WOH PoureT SK i Buryoen 30 ai ERATE Tuod ATMO WAL Jo s|'o Away suzos [Jo apnsd JO wope! ‘wonoey Jenad wot) uononpo:d janed asearu 01 Ajgeiapisteo paday sey ssa2eud Supper) s 2yqlseod se Yonu se ro apa Jo 3n9 fonad jo tonanpaid tp 95ea!su C1 Bue ate sistonS Tana ‘@ ang -pauysaqa st jonsd gp sea Giana paonpoid fo 9pni9 axy Jo no [es0UaS Uy ee eee eee wonomay osteg fo Bunjoniy splaa warayia jo sapnin aides yo suonmeid yo m9 sonpord 01 sgnnuenb pasearnuy yonur 1 289 oy ued uo ‘uujose8 aig tava papuay 29 Ue aujosed pajper Aes smgered uae A 29 Jo suered pue sounipydeu jo 2503 aaq0u pauniog 1 uoon2q sou}d ayer ose suot>eas ArepuosAs =u, “Paluo] ate spunadute> paresntesun pute ‘sojoojour tojeus xaguny oxur dn aeaxq ujeSe BOY yn “ajmrsfoussefeas ch Mh 3eauq s2[n09f0u uoqtesoupay apuygered wey Su ap p09 HogeD e uayeD v Jo amd ©1 ang ‘woes apuyt 8 pu suoqrescupi payernestia Butte so1poq xojduso> sour UY 180] ate suimp aps ain ang pourexuiew sj suoqiesexpcy sague Uy ainionne Zut o3eq a4, outjose® Jo pipet stp ZmuowAne ut sdfay Supyre peuudyL los wos pue stonpoxt eajineas arou aun asSuoure aoe sR ase stead potied 240) © 20) anssand pue aimeraduay ySty ov papalans axe Aaxp ve "© Hig My 9) sojmasjour sayduns on dn yang saynsajau woqsesoHpA xo[dtO * Suppesg wus (1) pig umyaag Sepia 2yoor + 2,081 1s sonpous f0 uowmndsuots po oo82 ‘Petroleum Indian Context femperatures and pressures. At present, synthetic silica-alumina granules of suitable stzes and grading are used ac catalysts. When heavy hydrocabors react in the presence of Catalyst in a reactor then the molecules of heavy hydrocartons ate broken dow to for lig hydrocarbons. The catalysts help to accelerate the chemleal reason, ion of olefins and Hy wwansfer It Is also effective in the production of isoparafins of high knvckrating (se ‘Annexure + on octane number). The gasoline thus formed has low sulphur low gum centent and high knock-rating (Octane number, Appendix 1), ‘The catalysts are used either as fred bed catalysts or uid catalyts. The fluidized calalytle cracking process is most populac. The main advantages of catalytic cracking in compatison to thermal cracking ace (@) Unleaded production of motor gasoline having higher Octane number (> 90), (ee appendix for Octane number. ‘There is less degradation ofthe feed stock to gas and residuals; The production of gasoline Is more from heavy feedstocks Butane-butylene is produced simultaneously in exoess of that required for blending gasoline to meet vapour pressure specifications ed 50 clnculates at the rate bythe action of air or oll vapours and the catalytic ‘arred out at pressure between 1 and 2 atmospheres and 430°C Temperature, The catalyst and oll weight ratio is 5 to 20. ‘The charging stock is fist heated and then fed to the bottom of reactor whichis about 15m in height and about ain in diameter The temperatuce range of the reactor Is f {© S559. A stream of hot powdered catalyst joins the charging stock at lis entry completes the vaporization ofthe oll. The ell vapours take the finely powdered the teactor where it comes in intimate contact vith the molecules of the ction, the catalyst is continuously withdrawn from the bottom of the reactor The cracked \vapouts are sent to the fractionator ftom. the op of the reactor and flom the fractionator light hydrocarbons are recovered as gases and gasoline and th For geting mas roduc the Fede (slurry oi from the reactor and fractionator can tne gas-oil factions recovered from the Factlonator can also be reeled m gasoline production in addition to primary distilation of petroleum and the secondaty cracking ofthe heavy es, there are other processes aloo by which chemical conversion of hyurocartons ie done for improving the properties (pariculaly Octane Number) of the produced ga These processes are Reforming Reforming is used for the improvement of the straight run gasoline and conversion of naphtha Into gasoline. This process is cartied on at a temperature of 550% and. 800-1200 sl pressure. The time of the teatmtent is about 18 seconds, incase of reforming by us Catalysts both temperature and pressure are reduced, also better product containing, tn ‘aromatics without olefins are obtained. e.g Praleur Refing and Transportation of Products 8 Hepeane S205" 5 toluene + hydrogen Cyl > GMy + 4H, cyclohexane —28Y8 5 benzene + hydrogen Cally + 3H, Catalytic reforming in the presence of hydrogen is known as hyioforming. The veations which occu are all associated with mild cracking and ate dehydrogenation isomerisation and aromatisation, The catalysts used may be C140, oF AljO, of Moy at SOON temperatute and 130-300 Tbsin® pressure, ln another process of reforming (Patforming Process), the reactions take place at 480% ‘and 750 psi, pressure, To semove ary catbon ftotn the catalyst the hydrogen reaydled and by hydrogenation methane is formed. By this process naphiha (B having 94 Octane number is blended withthe recycled butane giving ge umber. Catalytic Polymerization Alkylation ln this process an olefine combines with a yee paraffinic or aromatic hydrocarbon to in hydrocarbon having a molecular weight equal to those of the rea ine with low boing isoparaffins to give high octane iso-parlfins boll ¢. Fro example, isobutane combines with butylenes and gives branched J) + buylene (GH) 29 , isooctane Used as caxaysts and ht alfglate of 90 Gevane mumber ‘ay be added to the gasol ocianes. eg. isobutane Isomerization By this process butane is converted into isobutane to maintain its requted prop gases produced fom crack ns. Isobutane Is needed for a pio catalyst used and « hhydrogen chloride 's used as promot (It) TreatingrTreatment Processes ‘The petroleum products obtained after distilaion of crude oil are further treated by chemicals to have finished products of specific requirement for the ma compounds which are removed fom the distillation products are usvall‘001 aarany ut anunuos oy sivadde 31 “se pur po jo AmqeH ee ‘2 wo quar real © oy spundap j2ajains pure aoumispo Jno "Be Jo Lape e sy sued Jo wouroetdar se sarpoq weumy ut uone sieee 205 EAM wIewAL PLE sieYTO pu HEIDE "sioquiay “ans “pa “ured 29] salousBe yermeU Ag pasodulon ‘Auey “siuepoersivaxe snoprezey pue iueseaidun proae ct 0} ale suonneaaid anp of -3}gnsnqulo> pu qeyea1q are 250 {asa tunes Aia4a you Jo sued ro RO Jo Led @ aurooaq axsy mpord winefonsd sano pu s snanpou uogiecipA are siaqno pue aprydinsip uoqie> ‘suygered sjounpow ‘auayix pur auanjoy “suszuag ‘suysjo “ouang “suDylaud 2u2 open sv svaigya sonpeed pur aniydine"uaBorpte stg Inns pure stony ‘sap ‘any pe zoqqns oom anaes ‘Saud poweine ‘i Supa ‘spoo8 papjnout pue (saption> autasiod) ana e038 zicjap pur sonauisen ‘suoum8 pur sagop imsiied ‘sonsoyba ‘som(ni| ‘soem ‘se ‘soseai8 “siuowes sUjee) “SiWeoughy “Seasaype siuyed “soponsad ‘syernnaseureyd “syeausup [emsnpur are sv8 2ip Jo Busou reorusyp wy) poutergo sionpord yueuodun ain Jo atuos 2 sso sup wie) 3no auies stzapaid pat nss2oo1d peoayporied pur pus auo wy Afsnomnue® pop a 14 aumng pus auedaid “sueypo axl] suoqresosnty Jo stunawe a1gezep away “aUBuIOU! 406 ot go Jo pasoduid aq Acw se AxpfwxdA vse Ay ‘Ayujous sures se oy) ayy, “ainssaxd pue axmezodura yaty repun aaessip Sse parenosse ue su 10 sjoniatal ayy uj S08 994] se sinz30 Se IER ‘S[eoRUAYDaNA Jo nmgepnves a Jo} afgpanongy stow! st seB ysrgeu wnajousad pnb o1 uosueduiod ut SVD TVAOLVN KOU STVOIWAHOOULAE —-z sn on ajgeeae stonpord jo aBtrer Supnos8 p19 919 2yeul op toda posordun Buyeq AAuEsuoD are Funwyer Jo sanbmyoor oy ‘agsaoqid uopweunydjesop Jo sequin v a1@ 2294, "8820010 ruesfapa, $8 unoty ssapord eu! fo pinby yal Bunzan hq ouasoray agp wo) peisem faze sopemore 2yous ss9p snl 2uasorey wing af “aussoiny Jo senodond Suman ay tho Simeon] jo sapzodeud xopuy Aysoasia amp Susy, 1oy pase ase sassas0xd 3504, ssopodg WONDRIA WONIOS (AD wonnos sunpy(e 10 eure we yam Buiggnios {4q ponowias s} pouug) StH 24, Taure> vue ue uo! payoddns (Sepr wnuepqAou pup aq Jo asraxna) as4jere> Jo aouasand ayn ut Sy yum uonovas on Aq son) OM ‘Buquasuleo Aq pasowaL are pos pd atp Jo spunodus mmydins axp sso200d sy Ul siasqeyeg wave uonezEMydmaseposPSHT (LID se srompayy 6 uoneredsus pur Suuybay urjony :wo| st sx Jo womenusauoo 3 asayd snoanbe tt afqrjos 348 som puesuendearou ue sx apne yim Pony ave spdeaau pee soins GIOEN 301) Smee ansmeo Tain owedsuaoues gH wo] Aumieystoagord Suton 1) posh} eA sg, Bung pre suposed paypes9 Areutssip 19) pasn sy ssea0xd STYL “¥e6-22 St pasn foséHt Jo WBUANS ay TaVEM Ip olsen eBe pue eye yim poseanay kath pe Jem inn poysem POST Buon tim Pnvan sto ay, Ss U8 myo pure aloes Buea soy poem opin ate spisy suonsey| uone| psp sq wy InAs BujrouAr 15 pas st wwaUean sxe pu POV ORMOND THEA woReZEMYdmMseG (11) ous axe se Suse 64 posouar at pur fo aa ur agayes a "uaunYos or aus a8 spe SL ‘sssp0ud st qm pean are znd ‘ul Hoe tnt sso004d (10H) e1Hsopo0d8y ‘auasoray 01 di 40 wononpar ai pu s2pH LIL 19 posh st sssaid say a1 snotdnd oF 9p ipo suexdeaio Jo wonepho an Saja ssaaud sso004y Susuappong s9dde narem Jose 91 ple be ‘siod 2 Jo suoruodo:d ut (ona) a8] paw onayes (oek) pos ons ain Busan Aq pasouat ae sueydesiautpue s°H 1.3000 30 Age aad pu Berne Uo fouapues sodop un abear2p or POR THN Peal ase fauzsacd4 puE SUH PD sojnsip amssad oy spunoduo> indjs pe anyeydse uh vp sf nas 4 UL pusuroay, 1090 ssuyeuat ququoo anyins feo aun nq "UoRNIOS U 559] 01 suerdearour ain aBuey ym pasn are ura yoga spundurn saya sea: [eu sssoed eu sumuaj99%§ (1) ssopoud wondenx> waajas (a) pu “sistonea gna uoreznadinsapozpars seat si uoneepnidnssa Bawavans Se paypissep ate sessaoo1d qwounean 24, jaseip uy auasaid uoya souSua uy wosoueD s3ene9 sanding sasssooud Suna oq aus ut jytlzey £35} pw SoNpold aussaeo euue) “DIO stung uo wonsniour suzy ‘sanjeneoy24p saonpat sjony uy anys Jo aouagaud ay, spunoduioy ouwsii0 ue ‘suoquescupy pe o10“sppe auaNRYdEN “soUDYS spnoducs pareusig 6} acy “sper spuneduaoo waSontn (@) siaure pue ss" ‘spaneduios nydies (9) sep pus wrod 886 Palen inan Concett 3. TRANSPORT OF OIL, NATURAL GAS AND PRODUCTS ‘The choice of a method for transporting oil, natural gas and petroleum products depends upon the economics of location of the source of crude and natural gas and distance from the refinery. The cost of erude transportation is usually an important factor in the selection of the site of a refinery. Crude oil is sent to the refineries by pipelines, railway tankers, road tankers, oll tankers and barges @) ‘Transportation of Oil and Gas by Pipelines ‘A network of pipelines is constructed fiom the producing areas or ocean ports to ferent refineries for transfer to tankers. The pipes are made of steel as per standard specification and’ thickness which varies usually between 6 mm and 10 mm and rately ‘xceeeding 11 mm. All the pipes, Atings and valves are welded carefully to avoid any leakage, ‘he pipes is maintained by gravity or pumps using electric motor ddiven centifugals or diesel engines. Sometimes steamdriven pumps ate also. used ving very high viscosity For pipes having 300 iam diameter, pressures of about 1200 ist are used whereas 500 to 800 psi pressures are cominonly maintained for pipes having 600 mm to 750 zum dlameter In case of long pipelines, the lose of pressure dae ‘fiction or gradient variations, booster stations are usually Installed at every drop of about 50 ps pressure. The number of pumping stations and the diameter ofthe pape depends on the necessy ‘and capital expenditure. Normally, capital cost is less in small diameter pipes ‘is more because the number of pumps and horse power to operate them eased, pipes are usually underground in populated areas and on the surface in remote areas like deserts. The pipes on the surface are painted and lald down on caverete blocks or metal supports. The underground pipes are mostly coated for protection against external corrosion. Necessary precautions are taken in designing and seting the support to avoid the effect of expansion and contaction of the sueface pipes which are made of stel The olls which ace heavy and viscous are transported after ceducing their viscosity by 4 number of methods, suci as la) heaung the olt beofe wansporting and at stations along the () insulating the line thermally: (9 mlxing water with the cil and dispesing the water at the term (@) diluting the oft with a solvent which is separated and used again, with the incteasing offshore production and use of large tankers for transport which cannot reach the shore, the underwater pipelines are being increasingly used. These pipes are coated and covered with afew centimeters conctete for protection. The weight of the contiete is also neoded to anchor the pipe against tidal curents. Several instruments are used 10 «contol functioning, expected dangers and warning about it. Efferts are Increasingly made to use automation and unattended statlon operssons using telephone cables, rao. control signals for transmitting information and effective cont Penoleun Refining and Transportation of Products a7 (11) Distribution of Petroleum Products Generally, thee ate installations which consist of facies for receiving and storing of supplies of petroleum products and sending them to the marketing. areas inttes. In nearby localities of the installauons che supplies ate usual greater distances the delivery of products is made through depots which as the secondary distebution centres. Organisations distribute the petroleum products produced by the refineries and products receved by tankers for marketing at pattern of distibution from refineries teumstances and varies tankers of by tunk Xepots to customer's premises or eta accordingly: The bulk distibution instal Pipelines nisporting In bulk the petroleum products fom depots by rll tank-wagons and box-wagons, The capacity and design of these wagons vaties and a tank-wagon carves only one product at a time. The ‘wagons are fited with transverse bafles to check the Surging of liquid or viscous contents when the wagons are ini ‘wagons caring bitumen are fed with to reduoe the loss of heat in transit Road Transport ‘Throughout the wliole world, there Is increasing road transport for the distibut bull and packed stocks fiom refineries, instal puadous ata time. every le and bottom outlets. They aze discharged by a bottam hose wom or by a power take off pump in case of discharge a Retail Outlets fe disttbution pattems tothe general public or consumers Vary to a gt In tins and drums to fulledged company or dealer ovr les together withthe display 4 with elecerically operated00g 01 1664 moy pue (et ‘nous woy (¢161-0061) Uonduinsucs pur Addns Btu sepnpuy AB sesuadxa ajqeiapsucn ABious aun Jo an 30j pe yng ut paanpal ‘ona wr woe sey sseworg | I veut use | gee wus 25mg Binz “tay ‘Bupjooo oy pesn st ssewoIg | maimunioruoy| _pavurias 2 Jo 0g erpur ue Buty “ussperSuca snunog podorerod pus Burd 0 ABiaw (seu ‘WON pte eeUTeD Jo: =zeuS © TE OTANI, [erator se wmouy ose st yotut ABtous sseuio se ‘sjauo ‘saojeyng ‘smao yo Auyiropted) spe jo ma (Shroug PePLOMNED-LON (1) ‘Brats jerxoueg ‘8ioue ferroun09-uON, JUSJWIUOIAUY puke sadinosay AB1OUT _JBYI0_ 01 VOHeIY UL wnaonsd SE SO MONCTON UL Winaponad Tf ~sandoyy ‘ajqeizae asueuy pue suonodwteo Jo eanyanae ayn ane so4%e8o%, nduinstca “uonesrununnen jo Suva ‘ssp 2p 30 Adées pu ap ‘Ansnpuy pue uoneindod Jo uoungnsip “xeu aIp Jo seul ple soowey ogee Aueur wo spudap rus UotNgLSIP fasodind pure exnoo4 1 08 Sey uimséS wonnamnsp ajay puB SuzsUE|e radar ‘uauidinbo pu stuo[é “sue Uopnqinsrp pu aodsuen Jo spoinu ‘apn jis Jo woNeo aap Jeo sIISS04 s} SKUL “ajpEsOM se s]MIOUOLD suapyye se aq pinoys sianpaid uinejonod jo woysis uonnqjasip pub SUNeLELL 9 wormaensta pur Seyuefa 9 ainssaid yo Zunsisuo> Burren woRMAy, eanuep woppuy wre90 Petoleum indian Context ‘Table 11.1(a) : World Energy Saale mie Table 11.1(6) + Consurmpeion of World Primary ‘Sources a) Wear | Goal | Pero [ipa | Wear | OFPWanaral] coal acear| Wore | Tora iam a eee oar Brey | eer | ution as | ey ‘ay. |ronnes oi w% pi ft quiring av | + | 4 | [i901 [sean Paane [arar | sas | ear 7% | 20 | « | | i903 | rr | 25.42 | 2643 | S05 | oe ro | 2s | 5 | | s095 | set | 2248 | 26.30 | 618 | 70 eo | 36 | 4 | | 1997 [seat | 22s | 2628 | oz | S06 ss | 40 | 5 | | 2000 | s869.| 23.72 | 2437 | eas | 619 40} so | io } | 200t | sa.a7 | 25:72 | 2471 | 6.59 | st ) Coat Inthe first half of the ewentieth century, cal dominated as the principal commercial source of energy of the world GD Oil and Natural Gas and natural gas atthe beginning of the twentieth ceneury (1900) had only 1% share al energy sources, of the and gas being clean to handle, easy to transport, easy to light have a higher calorific an eoal and also the over to oll and gas from traditional coal. As 2 re share of commercial energy has increased to about 628, AM) Nuctear Energy ‘Nuclear energy as a source of energy is comparatively new comer in the energy scenarlo, Since 1970 it posed a threat to coal industry. A that energy would be cheaper i the long run and would be source of energy. The impact of nuclear eneigy became share of 6% in the const Eg « accidents in nuclear power stations the share of nuclear energy in consumption of commercial energy has increased slowly since 1991 Table 11.1(b), AV) Hydroetectricity of a Is not only leanest pograpty for generating hye However, due to increased use of ease since 194 Advantage And Disadvantage ‘of the sbove sources of eneigy has its advantages and disadvantages. Except ‘and biomass energy (Le. noncommercial energy}; coal, oll and. gas ‘ oO cage, thats these three energy sources are the ling to global warming, 2, PETROLEUM AND ENVIRONMENT Long before pettoleum was used as a commercial energy and the effects of petoleum or petroleum like products on the environment were known. It is known that at Barksville in Kentucky county of USA the well that was drilled in 1829 for salt contained a substantial reservoir of petroleum. From this well every day 1000 bartels of oll was. obtained. Unfortunately as there was no arrangement for storage it was allowed to flow into rivers, People knev that it is combustible and when it bums obnoxious smell is produced 1m Ontario province of Canada thete Is @ uibutary of a river Sidenham which is called Black Greek. The geologists of Canadian Geological survey found petroleum to ootne out of a fissure into the river. The petroleum was black in colour. Consequertl, the colour of the ‘ater ofthe river and adjoining marsiy land was back, ané full of pungent smell. As such People avoided the place. Later on in this place in 1850 a big reservoir of petroleum was discovered ‘When the petroleum industry started at every stage ofits operation from the earliest stage of exploration to the end use of pevoloum products pollution crept in one way or the ther Scientists however became alert and tied their best to overcome the effect on pollution, @ Seismic Survey During seismic survey artificial selsmic waves are created by explosive charges: These ‘operations give rise to water and noise pollution (UD Drilling Operations (@) Mud : Huge quantity of mud is requied during dulling operations. the retum md ‘sweated from time to time. Finally the mud is disposed of in lage pits as effluent. Im testing for oll and gas in exploratory or wild cat wells water is allowed to flow in the wells fora few hours or even days. During this testing large quantities of sand, water, mud, oil and gas come out, Such effluents from a number of tested wells damage the neighbouring areas (©) Blow- Outs : Due wo accumulated cous occur which are disastrous. sinoke leading to considerable air pi and proper: (Refinery Operations Refinery operations affect ait water and land and thereby affect the surrounding community and fife-both the plants and animals, Therefore, refineries employ various ‘wchnigues for prosecting the environment quality of ait around a refineny Is maintained by controlling hydrogen hur oxides, hydrocarbon vapours, smokes and smells (a) Aprdinger Sulphides and Sulphur Oxides: Sulphur occurs in crudes in variable amounts and hydrogen sulphide gas which is toxic forms during reining processes. It is he trees catch fire resulting in huge sulfc damage to the environment, even lossore-0e9 .09z-n06'2 ‘SepHeA waz8NIG 39) (2nd ‘nopsezey Sussed a1e swernjod snoio8uep jou Jo IsneyxD 241 Woy) s2pl40 se mo 3103 ‘orga sear pea] pue inydias “aprxoucw uoqies due sweryiod tuomtodead Susmseye ayy Bump 2 seaye Ueqn UL Aer anos aun amoung yt ounucniuy pur seunosey Big L290 02 vonmey wy najanay ‘sem [eursnpur se aBenae yp eww pareypeip axe zea sszpoud pus tem ures xem Suyfond powean ou ious soem utes a] Suean Joye poBieypep uotp pue uleBe pasn 99 ew ores povean sq ove aun BuHeIpsIp aroyeq padonsop 29 pozoncnet Uoyp FUE DPanourss ae yptuse apiydins uoBorpAy pur ereourufe Aasout are sayeuTureucD iL, TLIO ‘Bupssoooud oun tq Peafoau st asne99q uoeuleRaoD iNeDyTUBIs se ImeN seaDh Soaps ayt ve SOY) aM Yo BuNIUIN|S pue 1uaSe uone|NADOg ue sopnied Surujouas axp.uredas pue seare woponpond tn Jo ‘oy sanutur Woy) afzeIDSIp stondsorany 2Stey yBaany sossed opeinuseon ay, uoneiodo uy swash ‘Busjooo soy pose ssazouy ax tol, paBkeyoetp cove at Jo Hou a ‘aaflns “12y0u Sujoao ae sassaraud SHY? 24 onoo o1 snap Atos 09 Bund Arouyar up nop ‘suasfs jonuo> avauny wzoponr Ay passat sf aos 0 wopeuno) ofp suosaid ay “pox Apuopigns You #1 128640 tare poonpaat os sung uso wepNsuL BuqupeUoD AUNT & LAU, pal ‘ujuyor Suunp aBeis Aue se aBeyea plone or uDye) shared Ata “uovg, eons sonpoud oi ut paqiosge pur 3peq 1u25 pue wansds AisnoDer q Kem LDH ‘are Yue e ul parajoo sunodea atp“ajggssod sou st sjocu SumBoy Jo asn arouse S609 Ut uwons21(02 anodes 10j quer 940 ut axeds ou sy atatp aeyp Aes. e yons ur apeur st suaucsueL ain ple toKesode? uasaid yonya sxuer Ut sjear Bupeog Suypicid 4p payonuo> are sinoden sea, 1 pasn sossmneud Auew Ay poonpar ave simoden uoxteaonpfe : sinadny woman (a) ‘ate pljos © 10 yons se potors aq ue Jessen uoRIeat ayy Jo ano soutoD ory anydhas wat pu papoo> axe anpoad uonoeay ‘ofc + se ————— os + s'uz se Bes 3s1y 940 ut peutcy FOS wale Sunoear Aq anydns suo] SH ai askew Jo souasoxd ath UW 199 oF Pome are stonpoxd wonsnquuoo ain pus sr Suruyetay xn '38e38 pUcdoe aN dot. oftte + 8 + 0s oz + stuz se mqdjns pue of os on posauo Aiensed et pur soeumy # uy uotssnqutos sooStepun sof s°H SmUL "paseopar st se sf paenusouen ple ainssaid mol 18 paieay st ainaxis aly, Uonnjos Vc ul soaossp se8 apqudns UaSompdy Lei st jus sup pw aanseard ‘By s9pun uonnjos sp Ynomp passed st aprydjas usdospAy SupuenMoD se wogtesaIpA, SUL JaIem UF LORS {¥aq) auTUPjoKEWIp BussA ssaDONd LoNReNXD NBAfOs Ay paxoUNal ug smppuy unepauas 29 ‘Petroleum Indian Contest ‘Table 11.3 : Emission Limits For Peol-Driven Vehicles (ling Conditions) [fern ‘Die of Whe | Ti er ety vay [ie mente x0 won as esc. 96 aon Cnn, acne wane 1p Fa ebb: aa an a ed oe Method of tse ight absorption | Basch | Hartadge ccefcient frat | “ones | "Ont Full ad ata spend of 6 70 per cant of maximutn cenginerated speed specified by the manufacturer 34 re sceeleration 25 ‘wee: CB, 196. Folucn Canta A Rats ond Nonion "Now Deis cena autos Conte! Bed nis of Sono ‘Table 11.5: EfMuent standards (In Milligrams "Fara forand greene Biologia exygen demand 5 days at 20° Petroleum products account for haf of the overall energy consumption antities of pollutants are discharged by the consuruption of petoleam products ia . vehicles and domestic cooking activites. The hazardous efnissons ae CO, NO hydrocarbons, ead compounds and particulate matters Petrol im of CO (85%) and NO, emmssions are more than 9O% fiom diesel ‘The important poll ‘The release of significant amount of CO, by burning fossil fuels and fuels based on biomass is causing a great concein in both developed and developing countries and it to expected to cause significant change in global climate and temperature tn the long un bt LE | tom other Energy Resourss and Environment 95 India is one of the topmost industalized countries of the world, Increasing industrialization, transportation and uibanization together with mechanization and development of agriculture are responsible for increasing use of petroleum and its products, ‘Therety we are heading towards the creation of hazardous pollution in many parts of the the atmosphere is maintained by natural greenhouse effect, ‘hich allows the short solar radiations coming fiom the sun to pass comparatively without absorbed and parllyemulted by the tice gases in the atmosphere collectively known as greenhouse gases. Excluding water vapour four main gases oxygen, angon and carbon dioxide) form 99.97% af the atmosphere and the gases pre in traces Include neon, krypton, bellum, xenon, hydrogen, nitrogen dioxide, pantcutarty se gases In the atmosphere> ng global warming. n global warming the role of 0, dangefous. The human ‘out of which 00, cont he largest source of CO, likely to do so in fatute temperature 0 even a ni thueat to all the coastal states figs a great Iuated along its nearly 6000 km coastal line. TheBuyprone 9 sy aes 3 a5 nresuoo ans reip jenuDss> aroaiayy st 2] sjryaea aid oyp 1 polunsion je szeaf Is na exp pareitss $431 pata 0 avdesat aq 12up pasteeydirs aq. pynoys $) apy pooper 2424 sazuunoe 3 dodutt ue wive paoey sem exp) “EZOL Mh “Sau Jo 10 ay) pase ayn Jo uonesiedard ayy jo tudo jo jo Aaeyignd aud a pany Stag 2jo0q 195 Teal & patayns Ajejeanced “yssn ain pue adam ip Te ASOUTY sIs10 ALOUD ayy se Uooiry Helm SAY Pentels $diou2 toy SV pue jo uo ay “inset sy “F265 J son op ut asearou ph q som ane3 siaonpoud qexy 19poq fe 20UO UBL pRss| BUpunddns soinun09 slp pue -y'Sin mn SuBATap Uo OBrwqUD ue aPeId pu To Jo andano axa 9 Supapoty ip yea ut Sen3ou no> qeIY ayy PUP JEL Uae JO 9p a8 uo SsiNtn09 ay UO ainsssid Buuq o1 poplap siaanpond at “E461 YaRoO WZ Uo speq JOE & pasalins Yo JO AoeuidNs 3 3e4 wep atour any w sous jeer xp Jo YEE pasos seB puE ‘oun “49 4904 Ppa pre 1 SUF ‘AUC Ho “AOE [B00 afm SaBerUD ued BAN 4 sainos aig se Jeo> 2240 Sue 1200 IPN Woy SEB pute [0 OF $2A0 tf Poeme ansy sio.ey 2ygeinosey ssa) ods oy soya pue ‘omy sayy are saypedea Suneay sayy‘ 3ex ‘sone ayoqeo Jo Ho U1 nds v sei axoyp se aousutzoud ext sues ‘Hom tn Jano 2 ABteus jo aomnos edad a1p se lengers seB yoru pur jo 0: yon dara : NOMONGOULNI *t eee lO Jo Saonosay Jao pue ABIoUy oO pueulad Ino Supsew UI [IO Jo ao¥ ef ~ Bid Joy Aiosinduieo 81 suopsquro ayouss yo Bupay sty ‘suotssiu ayous A MoU UI poonpony ale as8ped shou, sayoney 49 sono usqjodonoui Zqo pus enna} ut Aupsun’ aie sasng [029595 eq sasnq a He WF oD 30 Bsn paapio sey L3noD awaLdns Aiosjndiao> apeu Hq seu ronad papeaqun jo asn pzany auouuosats snoge pausaation Yon fips usage pe) “£190'2 epi pu e596 eo {4'B19 FA ‘s's0s"9 vsA aIe ston oInou Jo suoqrUr UI sei83aI9BL painseay. my 1M Yo’ pu 3K UI Ke-OF “W'S'n MH Re'Fe SIH Say Zz ISOMo| ) BIN JO-HEAeAINbD apexorp UoqreD Uy suotssta endeo Jou apes jeqo™d uo vein mow o: Buyueeay sit “33800 ajqfS5u 20 anon sso. panna! 99 WED SaBeH osmoLuaRH® Jo lwossia9 08-01 pte sayz atp Jo sou! 9g paonpoy aq Ket “Op Jo storssa 99 "pee aye sung aaous jt 320 ajgisucdsexojdood 44 suosssura segeB aenoujuaar Jo UoReAI9g09 fay aonpat or st sprezey pue syst swaqqaid patoades aaoqe ayn ie ca oun|os Au0 OU) sus ‘asnenog yse00 ySo9 247 uO ajgaroUna stout st asbo> asea| ruonbayy paw sade ao} si, peau wmpyy wrejonas 9698 Peele indian wasteful practices, using useful appliances const substicutes of pet (1) Fertilizer from Coal gas and the gas tha is obtained ffom petroleum refineries is used for the er. However, the same fertilizer can be prepared from coal by gasifying the coal. Nowadays synthetic gas equiva ave been found to be econ dla io coal Based fe other in Ramagundum, (U1) Alcohol as a Partial Substitute The automobile industry heavily depends on petrol and diesel. A mixture of 10% and 90% petol (called gasoline in the U.S.A) known be directly used in the cars without or with just a bare minimum ad ig les fuel; moreover, we may look for leum and pettoleum products. These may be done in various ways as hel powered cars been marketed in the U.S.A. gent for us in India to step up the production of alcohol from biomass and introduce gashol to save (IUDProduction of Al gar beet, molasses or Ip of yeast these can be fermented to produce alcohol Starch rich carbohydrate is obtained from ce, wheat ley. maize, potato, casava, et, (3) found in wood, straw, tee stem and branches, bvigs. pape cymes can break up carboharates or gat The sugar is 2a vases wpe of fun nproved strain of been developed by a team of sl ute of Microblat Technology ype of fungi. Fig 12.1) 8 reponed ad won a 200 Xr and castor ‘nperimental stecess to commer (IV) Biodiesel As early a8 i presented his new rom rapeseed a fuel prepared. This fuel is known as. Biodiesel es 65% less carbon diox fe than 300,000 n one year FUTURE POSSIBILITIES 3m the processes mentioned above c prepare fleur, Dehradun, ha ancigyphitila. The sc fe bioeride 94.3 ie petal or diesel. But the process has become commers Besides garden for its colourful leaves contain 2 over and. above, te of Petroleum, Dehradun, have produceda pdx ae ggg asou aun pue asmany s20u ws spo Buo|eq KOE YY JO gl gor snoqe yenfiojo29 “319 ct seozou‘sojeys yadosdes ‘alow ypnus aye asa sng Teoo 5 a aqazeduien spunoduie 208 fi au St {980124 WOH 1g "86-0 01 $80 UBaMIAg RUBLES AysUDp JON sredwoo wf 20 1 adh 1 sipersua8 sBuo}oq soduioo ueBorey aun ype paxedwen vayon 101 52°} uaaniag soizes ones 1 a4p Jo wontsoduo> 324 10 [04s au) YJo apna aBeLane unajened Jo sane a 020 o 20°9 toy soSue1 one! ineep\euo> 30 seo fauves ‘ste Spoys nssy ‘seme ‘soupid Sujppaq 349 uy pune) SI b 281 uy Sojeysasa4p w0N patanona aq Aru HOM ajoym aur ineyseon spouad jexoIo98 iy ayqnjosuy Aasour are siaiew 2quedi0 Jo spur} yelaase Jo suosodond Bayer Jo istsuo> s3y seus HO (1) To 0,6 smosey sano pun MBs f6 proueg sno Buvsow wy 10.2 30 swoliy $8 218 y> sad 39 puewap 20) sanmnes 4 aidood 2 Ona ‘WO IVaANUW 40 sa94NOS WARLO -y sata 49) oo, or porditord us9q 2 ze a2 1809s} ss20014 ays 008 0 anaw Og ® We Imo 2q ued 908.2 aeatp 30 sou prudesouoyy 2oipo uae sen "Sos=D019849-9ERYe Jo Sa ei umoUs ane SpUaIES HL psqns 2q ues yaya paonped st yon) e posn aq Una amie oun “pre A ® ort we (gsz) amos poonpord 24009 51 pid f1go 80 HN 8501p pa be Aye 2080 tH 21qss0d 99 © ae Jo sopads sup jo anmnno ayes SI pus jonad 59 ujeigo’ cr 2jqe wong 2404 hues 205} aut “una runny sn2oa20y 9 aeSTe sate Ysoy} jo 2d emeo umpuy wnaonag 00102 Peoleum Indian Context ole of olf tn Meeting our Demand of Energy and other Resources of Oi! 103 but are less rch in oll, The principal oll shale deposits of the wotld according to the age are tek a duction of gas on commercial scale massive breaking and facturing ofthese shales given below in Table 12.1 ited so that the free gas may be release, ‘Table 12.1 : Principal Oll-Shale Deposits of the World (North, 1985) idia occurrence of oi generating shales and associated coals has been reported in on 2) ene eyiae oa er eee ec ae et a ee oe been ie tue can ab of unig odoin of hos 49 lon ome ofl er annum jure-cetaccous tae cast mining method. Also oll ean be cae yb sho in 125, eaateee an ven ah ‘Sturian “oil shale a [0c ewes] oi Vild | Sararares ‘Shale Ol Analysis (wi basis) oe ae a oa I EF ra | 182 te ‘Table 12.2 ; Approximate Estimation cae me oe 2 | Resentioa eee - s a 7 Black Shales: Many Palaeozoic brown ot black shale deposits are poor to moderate source of shaie ol, tn some places these shales ate widespread and thick and form a potential source of miethane. Some of this gas occurs a5 ftee gas inthe fractures and pore, whereas most of ie occurs ag adsorbed i the shale matsik‘Aranodat ayy sage wns ul Aysoosta uBly © Ue> sto 25244. "aigese0 ave sonar ayqerznona ee faauo> Aq paonpoxd 29 Aipie uasueApE 2HN sy (9964 pues) Coo es sion0 ee ‘eeu aBueuL 1, veal ee srozebeed s0 o veya einsiian ssoxon | ows'sia oz 619 syozsoeea | (eugry) 2ffueyn aeuoaze> | peu owe snosean Ave ep2ura| 20s 0 061 | seas) ‘u2na-0840) anzeuan Go wo aniduy pumay | sour 0 28 pw une pur suiser yepeifop Jo 22182p aur 12 sassoneud 2s seN0J04 Jo S80} pue BuIyseN so1¥M. woRepes82po%q "uo sii apni pny popesBop jo anso1 aut 18 pom 218 Jo ee onal 1 90 Roa "2d Koval jo sanaszy 20818 8 aye spununod suasayrp ‘pom aut J9 $989691 Ho 64294 JBI 1 Jo I Je ypigM syo.Aaeet J Nd oar ora, ae tie 9a 698 om io son ae se a isto * fo ote s0o we roe or Anwai{ 9p Wo aBes9Ky | ee so fen sos ree oss ee . for ous Tet “pos ek on on ‘epanzauay “a 2 wor sors one var a1 09 s 9y soe tae eee Bay vans too tee eee gore See hoses tone eae exer ans Bie M0 mimes snouery sa Su suanoeey voor iy Ens toga (a61 FM UV 105SU) S110 &neDq autes JO UoRodiueD 58019 PET OLAEL sor 20 8 somesry ingo pum Mug fB prowog imo Rusone w 10 8 270 (ise pue sujsar et jstedso9 | (Sout Ayereopred) suaqe0zpKy 8 Sauyeydse ‘susarazOU! uretoo esayy‘souoyeldse todoid snotea ayt Jo pasodlule> axe slo éavon S110 Savory) sure Jo asodind op anaossojeyssuiteur anssasSoubn peaudsopiAyenbo pue sutseg Sszousy aBiel pre sasseut pur] wuoiama usasag 1u01x ftive peaudanpra Bulan lexseoo-otyop eiany aie susodap pues 261 afte a1p ye seoue 'ie) jo iaueul © oy 59] pur spunodulas aneutore ‘ni ue "sujsar “suonrescupty Jos HEA LAL smu 4221 nae pomeamges ant 023 ‘pum ana 08-05 +1 par isp “cuagqy ul ae snoapeiay 12m07 Jo sisodap plies 2m eyseqeipy prbenpi S98} otf (L461) uds}emag ob SUNpICODY No puts 1 (exreis jenuso-qion ‘ssodop yeU9t0 9) ejanzauy "00 so9s959 tunajoned Jo sompord sap are spues sen Jo so Aavaty Bmx pus ssuenb alow uf jo Axwaty e239 2 J9 sagrajpuy ate spies sey searayo Sionpodd «nn Silo AasoHt ‘spues aes pue jo away ary Uaaaaq 2ousiayin ¥ s} aia) uot, Zane on 49 woneymstp sanmasep stp Jo sonpeud pus ayy en usAfd st eu, suvU sip Aenioy. ‘ear pousenb 20 pot YBIOUL UoquenoupA ®surEQHOD aes 40 ss[0U a> O00" soqussar 28 pamseau ‘Gifoeta 2215-se8 yin euleu Uoesoipfy suleue> Weyl Datepliosuonn 10 paseprostuoe Aue st pues 2] y, Alaalng fetFoj00p “Sia ain Aq poUtysp sy ‘pues 36 ple fo Aavet Jo uoIEYap aqeidaode oMt st ath A Alvoutuioo ave fo sneosta ue Aae=4 oon yn paneUeidaa age lyn pus seoUNuteNE Spueg aK, 10 spues smouumt (I) sees Uk am osty “pajnstp sea aojeq patrenb 29 on 3 SY se asta NDR S| afeYs fo WON Ho Jo WoRNpoNd sea pout aq oo Pronpaud sev sofeys jo wey jo wun us unsA ut IeIB partodar oneroue8 remo’ Joy eruonsa u) psonpord u2dq sey sapeys jo wos Yo czor auIg 961 ot dn paserodo awed oy. “porsenxa sea jo apni jo (uoye3 s-az) sony] zt ynoqe ofeys Jo auuor yous wads “sfaned 20) ppp pe Spioyer 28s ut 9,008 01 pares] ple poysta Ui pue pauienb aay aram seus fo ss, ‘sszooud uoneinsip oanonnsap Aq pausego 51 10 Puerons Ut paonpord any sem Sojeys fo WON] Ho ISBT UL Says 20 JO uowonpady o) 10 Jo out Jad sant oz a anien woypuy unayany ea108 Paolewn Indian Contest is omy a few per cet thereby increase the mol Following the ch countries took 25 ion of coal and areas of CBM, ‘Methane along with various ypes of volume of gas occluded inception of mining. hazardous because when methane is mixed with dangerous y) was achi 18 (Chan buon and Arcee of CEM Actvly and Production (Chandra, 1997) occurring gas hydrates w the Mesoyokha gasfeld in western‘6-£ pHEOIP LORE pul %O2-11 UoFOXPMH “yOR-o2 aPhKoUON WoRReD “Kes-oF st aUIUED ‘sed sigi uy ‘$03 tsonpaud ‘WoRWoUseD (IA) onad owut asseig aurarens pu saisen yu 32% dom pue mens ‘syeate9 Buipeyour sonmen jo aBueI apie e sisnuc> Asa seq AOUDS © ‘paMUIr] Ara ‘Siang og “4a ‘saquedut0o omy “JoJo [ateg 2u0 uFEAgO 01 3 ue siy> poos jo 33 oy wong vamnésaid pe aimyezadoy Yat '2q Auotusaico te> saIsem itt mes pu sdiIp poow ssa001d ‘sujuafoutad yeuoruaauo> 24) ut woREDYTPOU YAU! ApH pOsM 3q LD STL ony fssIp ‘aur pawantos 9q Apoanp tro uu fo 20 Ly YB pt saiseas PUP Sox) : espera) ‘peonperd ose st atez9q yc0s1-2,006) Nopeztuoqie> aunveduty YBIy UL ‘fozu9g 982 or anoge spay HEP wo os sanoul ig ‘ajozing Jo uoye3 $~¢ spa 2400 Jo worn ‘saepy $08 way aueaut ano0ot 0 agetene sf anbumypo a} Ayeprourtos v se uoos ge sseR AuoHd UO patpistcy aq deur sayy se Jo uomeroydx> arsua seare Bussuiosd Sou ay) ale Uerepon-eUNST, spues) daopiny ox Buypoory “9-Zt kg wy Umoys axe You Sseaie aioysyjo do2p uf are eipuy uf soye4pey se3 Jo apuanaa0 jo sea (enustod at, ‘uoqeuos eps spreatcr paunqmuco syusunpos zadsap wo paesSius ‘sysous8ene0 Woy aueg.our feuUDIA °Z pur sisoua8eqp uunp poutoy aueinous Jo sed} omy, “unsaid Bry pur amaerodusey (euerpam squre) se8 jaro waxy pause spios ay 291 9U said vogi> 39 unowe 2p 244001 aueabo fsa uoque> Jo itl «91 se #301 1 wWofeanba are serpy S08 ul auonuen aumiayt “steipaur oasis aioue iueoyusis are sap $09 -sutou enuouguoo sino ve seave tea 9p 30 ‘rouaddn 99 woy pavodas ata soempy 03 o76T UL Igor "voEOREA) O96 Ul Cor oB saunosoy 2490 pun (Boug fo puma smo Rasvye w nO 2.0 py wy sexy sxespt seo yenunod ge MEih wt u10 Prtrleum Indian Context it may be mentioned that durin he last world war there was a shortage of petrol, so buses tui to be driven in Caleuta with producer gas. At the back ofthe bus a box used to be Bxed in which charcoal was burt in presence of ait The gas so released would feed the fine. Since these producer gas units were heavy, they were ideally suited lar heavy vehicles like trucks, buses and even locomotives (©) Sthett Gas: Besides producer gas, synthetic ges can be produced by heating biomass in the presence of ait In this case the gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide at Inyltogen. This type of gas is used in chemical industry to produce ammonia and menthane o Substitute Natural Gas (SMG) :This is also a synthetic gas with the same don of natural gas. Coal is gasifed by ogygen and steam to produce ‘this gas bon monoxide and hydrogen. The raw gas leaving the gasifier is of methane. Excess CO, is then removed. Finally, the hydrogen and carbon dioxides are Feacted in the methanation unit to produce SNG. (VIM) Liquification of Coat By lquification of coal substitute oil (petol and dese) can be produced. Thee ate two processes 4. Bergius process, and 2. Fischer and Tropsch process. 1. By Rergious process powdered coal is reacted with hydro and pressure 2. In Fischer Tropsch process coal and water are gasifled. The gas is then reacted with Iydeogen to produce aliquid fuel similar to petol During the world war Germany fist produced oll by hydrogenation of coal. For along tye South Altica Is producing oi ftom coal on eommerial basis in Sasabetg, ‘necessary to build up an expertise in the technology of conversion of coal ‘and to build up a plant for production of one milion tonnes of oil utlizing coal of our aster region. The Assam coal has some advantages. t has a high hydrogen and "possible to recover 40,000 tonnes verted to oll. This will be an additional bene supply In india. in addition too tonnes of ol, 1,000 tonnes of ammo 000 tories of phenol, 52,000 tonnes of ereasol and $7,000 tonnes of xlene at high temperature eal fuel. This is because 1 The thermal energy that is produced duc to combustion of t gram of hydrogen is equivalent to the thermal energy generated out of 4 gram of best quality coal 2 Due to combustion of hydrogen only water Is generated and this daes not pollute atinosphere 5. Hydrogen is produced from water which is freely avatlble In enormous quanti. laud hydrogen through pple ata cost less tequied for wansmting leet power trough powet 5 Instead of peo, cas can be diven by gud hydrogen. tn an experiment on ng earn Uh tthe USA hus been bse! tat 5 gums of ogen Is equivalent to one lit e? pe absorb Iydtogen, hence hydiogen canbe easly stored in metas. A car can rn for 300 lometes by the stout of tyogen tht is absorbed by 500 Klogems af mages fogen was aed © sp king Inthe space ere on Because of the importance of hydrogen as a fuel, scientists are trying to produce ‘hydrogen cheaply using solar energy. Water is composed of two parts of hytrogen and one part of oxygen. Scientists are uying to spit water into hydrogen and oxygen using catalyst method Is called pharayeic ‘and solar energy. 7 ay after paying another eight rupees per ty would have access to another source of energy which may be called we, Sclentsts believe that by 2050 A.D. hydrogen will be the most used by mankind that observed in an electrolytic plate and oxygen comes out at re no elect For the production of drogen at present a huge amount of eecticity is requlied and. such the method is costly and inellicieat. Hydel cleccity is comparatively cheaper Even mada where ye cletlty Is cheaper, 46 tonnes of hytrogen is produced pet day us it his purpose 100,ns ole of Ol in Meeting our Demand of Energy and other Resources of Ot Fig. 129; Gul of ConbayChapter 13 World Petroleum Resources the world in vasying amounts. The lly occurring all petoleurm products In re recovered by primary or secondary or enhanced recovery processes are iped together as Convencional ofl. The other accumulations which cannot be produced by conventional methods are hike tar sands, heavy o hydrocarbons present in rocks which can be produced by che hhave not been well explored as 1, GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS In generat, the age of ‘Exceptions ate those accumu rocks of one the migration of i socks of the other period. Js sles and [tequency of petroleum ate found in the reservoir s Source rocks becomes dicul. The determination enerating processss and the time taken in its determine with certainty occurrences of petroleum and natural ges according co the age are being summarised a5 follows (The Precambrian Accumulations Easler the Precambrlan rocks were co and gas shows inthe in the unmetamorphosed Precambrian rocks can However, comparatively rare possi frocatbon accumulations. Prova Ihydrocarbons are of abiogenic origin or fcom organisnis Which had no hard seletal sructures Which could be preserved as fossils in the Precambrian rocks which represent a period of about 2,500 In Polacozoic ces and 338 of the gas), N. (28% of the gas) (Tissot & Welle, 1988). 8 Word Petroleum Resources us during this period were deposited in shallow seas under platform environments and the cil accumulations faced the changes and survived for a long period up to about S00 rfillion years. Geemzence reservoirs of| and Silurian and New Mexico. La Michigan, Devoran oil has been produced from many olllelds inthe Wester Hemisphere in. the U.S.A, from Appalachian geosyncline, Michigan Basin, and West Texas Basin, Western CCenada and Bolivia. n the Eastern hemisphere, Devonian cils are produced from Algeria, ya and che Western USSR. famounts of Carboniferous ol! has been produced in Europe-in England ond ‘with gas in Germany and comparatively large volumes of ol from various parts of the USSR, Carboniferous found in Algeria and Egypt of North Africa and in ss common in Cambrian and kas been produced fom the oit ie U.S.A, Eastem Canada, Siberia and North Afica, Ondovictan 8 belt across North America through Kar s, Oklahoma, Texas fs also found in small quantity in Argentina ‘About 36.5% of the "glant" nonassociated gas reserves are found in the reservoir rocks of Permian age. The lage Khulf reservoirs of Middle East are also Permian (ii) The Mesozoie Accumulations Welds in Triassic reservoie rocks orcur in Atgentina and Bolivia of Sout a, Austria and Silly in Europe, Ceram in Indonesia and in Austealia, Tassie lations are also found in China, North Arica (Hast 'R’ Mel gas field and several ssic Cental Basin of Algela) One of the largest clfeld(Prudtoe Bay ol) lope of Alaska in North America Is Triassic ions are found in every continent North America (Rocky Mountain region in Texas, Alabana and Alaska; Tampico segion of Mexico and. sinal amounts in Western Canada; Germany and Ei Eup ids im Morosco and Australia. Most imporiant Jurassic oilfields occur in Middle East and the US.S.R. in West Siberia (along Ural Mountains foothill zones, Midéle Ob region and ‘Tyumen province), Byelorussia end Ural-Emba salt dame province, jurassic oll oocrs in Some of the largest oll accumulations of the world found in Saudi war tegion) are Jurassic. For the generation of oll and gas throughout the world Cretaceous is one of the most important period in the history of the earth. I is also important for the accumulation of associated gas. In the North Ainerita, large amounts of oil have been produced from the US.A, (Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi and Rocky Mountain Province), oll and gas from the Western Canada and Mexico. Considerable oil has been produced from the Westein Venezuela, Atgenting, Coloatbia and Peru in the South Ameria. in Europe France, Holland‘Ansnpur yo uesuouty op Jo 104 atp autesaq Ayo eWOHERYO Ua aYBleY st paypeD! UHOO9 Lo OC6T ‘Ul "ewoyepIO Pu sesuey ‘seea] wtproN sopmppUT Wo!EN [eIUQUINEO> ply UL, ‘sesury "egsepoaN jo unc ai Uf 68 U paLoE Sbae fo ants pao 904 Se STU Vein ap ut eae Sunpeud yo aoe] auf 8 sy HONEY rusweruao-PIT ud “1:21 Su) suorBas yo sofeu xs are ays yng -ys'9. ath Jo sued Aer wy sin230 0 aqery ypnes pur W's amt ‘quay sem eid suet $261 tun uonsnpord Jo Uh Surpeot Sexe “donaepoad SpNOM 306 IRORE IOP pawunos>e Y's’ OU auo ry xrnIUeD B UIA aroUr 10) ssonpoud o asae918 ain yj Aq sen V's" Ip ayy “Dnp sea 9m (1 feoFouINOS Isig spuom aq gget UF elueaySutad “affaemEL Te VS oN Ml -yS VORISIWY HRION (1) ac sain wou soutoo Ajddes spuoM 1883 2{PPIM ain pUE W'S'S'0 paplapun “woUUTY\RtON Ajattett seat Dep ‘asain Jo INO appa) ¥s's0 ‘sea SPP 2UL muy ‘edoma warsoy, ‘onoWY Wpnog pie HeagqueD 24 ‘epeuey pte “y's j-eotomy YuON opoUy une punoy are s08 pu yo atau soare (edu ays ess) stays 40 (put) atoysto sip ‘our osau‘siunowte Buyéren wy pom 24 1ySnong nano se Jem pu 6 2pra> 9, WARTOULAd AO AONIWINIDO ATIOM ~~ 3902 sToarasar snesoeiat otf Up puno} 2x8 plow aun Jo (og ynoqe) spfayse 1weIS poreDosse lures roe up yPor sons fo's2) Ktesad ap WENA asoU! st (yo'e2) se3 Jo aenuoiad uy ‘sypos stozoonyad wt eRNaL 3k 1 (4oo'sZ) unum pe “sFozOSSHY i UY CH) ‘umurpxewe sunooo se jeamtew ay jozooe(ed Ut Reb pure AteneL tz L¢ Ay pomottoy AS sJozosayy Jo spor sossosar aw pune 5} (gs) fo apmAD BLEU LEN PoREURSS Ht ‘iors Seo Jo spoued voys Juz parsodp aism sypor xunos wmnojotad Suis/uons ‘mofey Suid] S201 opto a1p wos) aBedaes au pu reste Dresdn atp Jo nsar a 0g Aur sioq20 puP iseeD fn9 “s'q‘StoUSyo ero “a seg ut Be auapoiso4d Jo uonM|nuInane yo ayy, sue J stoMENO pakorsoD ase nf sseud ase] st uy Auedo0I0 auidyy sys urMe}oned jo onejmunave pus tone/Sut ‘uore!sua8 an swumosey umes Pay, uy 30) stonipuo> canssaid pue samesaduoysieam 01 yetng d2ap J ype] pus s28uNeK Buoy 8939 oun oF amp Atgssod ares pue siowar axe suadczsaed 1) unajnned Jo saaUoLinaoS suopejuumasy Sreusorsen’y og, (A) “spaq auoxepues) 920% soniso1 auaoqig 941 u) eoUawy yInos OX UF Bfenzauag 1seg Uy otal ote soalosd algerepieuey ‘uedel vy pue (eatiog pue eissuopu eIsv Ise] v1 pune) oste a8 splsyio sumpord vetysaBueny pue YBea GEN ‘WHER Jo sUOIRSH ayL uy -y'sS'A FeUQ) U) puney aie sujoauasa ausboya Aue ano spyeyo 9430014-0 120 Spiayses aracysoBny uP enjenojsougezD ‘ensNy “ejuRWER uf pue 1 uy domng ut eh suozoy anvonpoud eusbonu ancy ey 2863 Ul oauiog pus eael ‘euewNs “ewng “wassy ‘stionpons ‘ow 218 (auso08}(0-9ussoHn) siovaiese1 eUSY UeN| UI Ise apoINN UL “EUS pu eese (tue9 ang are eoryy quoN ut sguiunes sioyso pu sioysuo BuraMpard Yo aussory pues ue (sursea ueldse9 wanes pue uejése3 sippy) 1 punoj sue spjoune aura “adoma Ul ‘pep seanpoid io Supe] | ejnzouay) eotauy ypnos ‘(eurjsinoy pue “sexa), Jo see Tete 3189 stousyO pue asoysuo "twIeyED) "VS-N EU aURUY GON ay UL AUoUAUCD Alene 1! Unowy ae (souenspues Ajezeu28) Sy>01 ossase1 auapony fenvorod ‘elesisny adam i, ue (Sulsea ume pu ogiezeieH sfonzavoq sea pue oqteresew ay u) punoj 218 siosiaor jo 1uentoduy‘szoonpoud win Pool sy suloalesos ouaiog-auaseaii9 pie auasoiyyau29. ue bes wu uoyieD pe uorBas rsee9 Jno) “y sf emueAw (elsy fetuog pue ease weldse) 4829) “WS'SA “puejed pue 2ouer3) adourg ut puna) sie sypor easy sunooRhO ‘yensny aseayines pue (uRueNfeN lurew) uersryed “bes, wayLioN Jon) "WS'S'a“(eueisn0T pur sexay se0KHNoS) “Ys ed wwevod “sina20 uinajosiad 2u990q pue su;009EIed 3S (BION 2X Ul pune} axP sxontasa2 auavooDpey “Sr soa uno} sz plo ay Jo sentasa4 se jo az pue whajoned Jo mee Inoay suoemnumasy Gene, ous, (41) emmy pUE west “bext yUON “(egea¥ Ipnes) 1803 apuN 341 sino20 sdeKrad pouad snesoeiaiy Jo 10 Jo uonemmunove wnudnerE tesay wissam pus (ejoBuy pue voaes) eoIyY wan4 “ecgrt 8 auso) eOIY YON 24H ut 3920 splajo snosoere/9 Bujsuiolg -(ezag)s ie 2 UY nwunaoe sa2Us Pe RHDQIS 35 2 Jo Sea UaUINAL PU qo SIPPIN.IouOIEa) equrg ue Snseanep ISeoyUON “URIensy ‘suIeNAA ism) S'S" aN WY puny aIP suoREIMaI He suosDeie%9 “sueriss atoysyo ueiBaalo pur ystueg “MuEtiie9 assmoN 10. 890) Snosoetz9 toddn ayy ut puna] ose st fo ansanpoxd aie 2yz0r sneapeio!y somo uleds pu onic ubgpuy unayang 1la 18 ‘Petroleum Indian Contest is occur In the Mid-West ip llinois,fadiana and Michigan eli orld Peroleum fesourcee (0, There isa 2624 km long pipe line fom. Edmonton to Beaufort Sea. 11) RUSSIA AND OTHER REPUBLICS yy And Mattop oifelds : Grozny and Mako Region Beeween Volga And because of the vast reserveoo "UY {BION ue ISEB >I a OT SSHUNEY OE SPAYNO EEE Hea 9 ea UY “bebay “G'e| “ig) eave wweLody wow ayn 2) UeZEY awOsBAd Ye ANAL UUIUEG aXH 2 EEE UI eIqeIY Ypnes UI paysoM as1y PUE POI9N0r5Ip Sem 11D Tene ap 1 se8 sapéins y>rym auadid aapy-e1eyseq—2u Jayio pue SuosueSRy ‘veg uo Aoisoy ay ssDeid 12410 Auew 1 pardéns jodonseig uoi8asjodosneas ut puro) id Buoy wy see © ‘q monsoyi 01 Stddns 10) padojanap uzoq aney se8 jesmBU Jo ssodap AoveeS 943, i sounossy unoyanas pooy mod sisi[e-pOE sSyeUA=TP sodap eB Rnqusto wois awry adi se) lodxo st yo “seep eng sap 22s under) oy 82 21M UO wos uondeny 2p18 w2I803 us) ‘dap winipou 10 pue ABysKaAny weLg “eUDYDeE “erENeL se spo4 aIe9 umpuy unamehd 22 ‘exoleum Indian Context the most productive Nels. Amongst the worlds eight giant oilfield Ghawar topped the list for maximum production of 9.0 bt in 1974. abgalg is another giant olfeld present in Saudi ‘Arabia. offshore wells of Safanlya are also important, The crude oit produced by Saudi Arabia is tansperted by pipe line for exports to various parts in the Persian Guif to the Mediteanean port of Saléa (Sidon) by # 1600 km pipe line Crude Rastanure and Bahrein and other refineries. The U.S... l3pan, ‘Germany, India and other counties are the buyers of oll fom Saul arabia [Apart from oll Saual Arabla possesses about 4% of world’s reserve of natural gas. i) tran, : the southwest patt of stands a8 & giant old in iran, The crude he refinery of Abadan situated on the coast of Persian Gull. Abadan refinery is the work's largest refinery. Next tothe former U..8.R. Ira Is endowed with substantial amount of natural ges and Ins about 14% of world’s reserve. (i tag in tag ol! has been taped since 1927. the glen oilfleld fe Kitkuk inthe north (Fig 15.3), There are also some oilfields at Mosul inthe north ‘West of Basra (Fg. 15.5) near the Gulf Coast has also some “oles is Sent by pi for reining and expo (Gv) Other Persian Gulf Countries ‘Tere are several counties sou of Persian Ou whic produce substantia amount of crude o'} andlot gas. These include Kuwait, Qatax_Babrein, Trudal. sh Sultanate of Muscat_and Oman and dependences of Gwadar and Dhofa Sheikdom comprises the dependence of the Ras-alhaimah, Ummal Qa elds. oll from Kiskuk (ebanon) 1am of work's ofits richness forces with the leadership of the U.S.A. lied Kuveait on she 26th February, 1997 ‘Apart from oll Kuwalt is endowed with ebou 1% of world’s reserve of natu eas. in Arab Emirates are the most important ig. 13.8). Out ofthese Abu Dhabi subseribed 82% of >. Besides, the occurtenes of petroleum have been noted in Qater, Baheein and Oman (Fig. 133) The Sultanate of Oman has come into prominence as an exporting county of oil and as. | 4 Ladd | rd Petroleum Resources 123 ‘Abu Dhabi has become an important oil and gas producer. Abu Dhabi is centred on the Lower Zakuin field and Umm Shaalf fields. Crud oll production at one time was just under 15 million barcels a day, neat about the same amount that was produced in the UK sector of the North Sea ‘in Abu Dhabi’ offshore field there is a gas liguification plant at Das. The gas collected fiom four onshore feds is liquid inthis Nlld. Large quantities of LPG. are exported from terminal to the industrial complex of Ruvels (W) ‘THE CARIBBEAN COUNTRIESISOUTH AMERICA (i) Mexico er Mexico and Venezuela ace the two ct tenee cil rich countries bordering the |. Sno oman Caribbean Sea. On the coastal pisin of ‘tn wt Tampico (Fig. 13.4) and Tuxpain are the catiest oilelds of mexico. Later other ollRelés were dlscovered. These are Sabinas (ig. 13.4), Reynos, Poza ica, Cardenas and Pemex About 0.8% of world’s reserve of ratural gas Is also found in Mexico. (il) Venezuela Venezuela was one of the richest coumery In the world in ell reserve and production. Oil production began in 1916 and in 1930s Venezuela became the second largest producer in oll However since 1973 the ousput has declined “The Gulf of Maracaibo is the leading ail producing area in middle of this Oulf is the Maracaibo Lake. Within th Besides oil ie found inland of Puerto la Ceun (Fig. (3.8) Inthe Llanos a Fig. 18.401 and Gas Fells in Menlco ig 13.5) in Venezuela. Almost Take stand our drilling sigs. Jn the Ornica Fewoleum is refined at Maracalbo, Puerto Caballo (Fig. 13.5), Puerto la cruz and in several Venezuelan towns. Much oll is sent tothe Dutch island of Aruba and Curaco off the Venezuelan north coast.1n Venezuela Lagunillas is the world’s second glant olfeld of the wold, These Is another giant ollReld in Venezuela called Bachaquero ‘When petroleum is oxidized it oozes out on the surface and forms asphalt ot bitumen. “The pitch of asphalt 48 useful for road surfacing, roofing, insulating and making brake ngs, metal coatings, battery boxes and paint works. In Venezuela Barmudeg Flich Lake Is Famous Gi) Teint Small oll deposts ate found {n the island of Trinidad (Fg. 13.5). These deposits are locally worked and refined. Trinidad is very famous for its Pch Lake. It is about 87 m deep, Mining is going on for the last 100 years. But is depth is hardly diminishes‘one Jo supysino aly 01 ABr2ua Jo zb1nos enz9 ue BujpAosd 5} ploy $eB pur GO nav fexpuexa|y Jo WBl0U aut ut “Zang J0 JinD jo 9 uepewed pue én “ueSsOM-spiat 32341 03} soUe> jo Jo ada (ID eau axe sioxiew weadoung aip reMp st aBeueape iv siseo Sunesado Auuanboeuoy eIvEApES|P 598 ae B1aUL “UR2Z poe epod “eye 24. L861 ul puna) sam S88 cemmieu pe wéart (wD, “Anune> snosadsond © otu1 powsojsuen sem euS|y awh jo ueds aous e UNM proessew issen 10 1 ing useq aney sarouyoy -eusSiy ut anog pus sisary te bue 38609 ap 0) aul add fig ues ae se pue to 24; ‘m2elY 38 uele PatnMb wt pay ‘ua. pu se8 fesmseu 1seBve, spuom ayn 51 (2H A ISEEH “aa(Pa PLE PrOeSseH |sSE |S8eH-storBar go:4p ut anoo9 $28 pu (0 “9561 UF punoy isu 3196 Se pue fo eU98h provsse 1seH 1y uasap aun Jo appaus ayn ui atpo 2x9 pu aps0q weg aeoU a8ia Te 9U0 splat ‘om potanodsip18180}029 Upuaes ami 9661 nen bie] sey eHaSiN, 89) 9901 wefan pue eL38Iy Uy Wore) exeyes uy pai2naosip som fo “PuNO) UREq SB io eDUAY Jo Sued UsyUOU UI sIEaE us001 UL jo Buionpoud uy A4qeiapisueo passartoxd sey ea \LiON "sea [PPI 15a voriay (A) Pouloydxa ave se8 jeameu pue wnojoned yBhous aqua pUE IReIa ur sKepemon eu Pum exes (xP) “ound 1eqnicy uy) eupuaZiy Jo wed ssouusynos ay ut proutio erseper ‘souyaoidinaoyMoN Jo ued WaURnos 2e eu “sayddns yo ayerspou sey 14a “et tayfog Jo Japlog 241 s22U eunUDBaV Jo YoY praytO eles ‘Sepuy aun Jo adojs wirsee a4 uo aye splay 25941 {wen uy 3846] we eunLDBIY U splay umnajoned ap ray 40 Jopenza o} UostieduloD UL ‘wunweBay (HA) joa uraise> ut wranton ra) ‘nig ewes punose wnajoned Jo aoussenane 5} SIN sz fe 1y unauay POM "8800 ayes 241 18 Jopenca ul se ‘parems ‘sourBio eieun punese umos8 sey playio wmnajostad e niag ul Jopenoi 40 yncs a UL og (14) ‘nsvuad eusa jo wuay] eves punose UNoIS $04 pleyo urew ays "ueE90 ay!ous YANOS axp Yo PatEME H opensa eIguuoIay Jo iNOS sopenog. (4) “siaqno puE nas ‘enexia ‘c10 ap of Jo spray aye axo¥ eave SIME UL -wnoqouied ‘a dou ang ‘Pasasoystsuap 5} exquoqon upani Say YeWY ayer oglezesey, jo UOed au (Sct Bu) efowuogeruenieg punore sins20 uonanpoid LN Hf Jo spsxEd cmt s9pI0 241 51 pro seve 25349 Jo ano “siawo pu [PYIA “aqese "ey eT ‘ea Siu Uw sprayTO EW a4 -eIquiyeD Jo yIMos-\uoU SujuURE s1 ‘suojBar nurs pue (s'ct “31) (ued s,eiquoje>) cqieoeieW ‘jen euotepsowt 4 patemis ate sppyro “eianzou29 onou si uononpesd eiquo|o) eaHaUY Yinos UI punS} ‘u2eq sey uinajoned yBnous wiquojon uy ejanzuIA Jo AnuneD SuLoqysa ay. Uf {sOTOD (a1) {edqIufis tou 5} uononpoxd ayy ing -spues! eweyeg ue ana “ejewsreng uy psie>0) usaq seu uajonsd jo 23u2so1d wots UeSQuLED Ut [DWY Whos UIARON Jo suDUU>N pUE eMOUIO' SEE “Bea omeg umipuy anaiacas veted 126 Feroleum Indian Contert ‘There ase two reflneties in sue dv) Nigeria Aleta search for over 20 years oil and natatal gas were discovered in Niger delta region Jn 1987. OMl and natural gas ate exploited ffom inland as well as offshore region, (On the shore of Atlantic a big refinery has been established at Port Harcourt. oll Is ‘exported not only in Europe but also to North and South America and other counties. () Angola in recent years Angola has become one of the [mportant exporting counties. Recently (Dee, 2001) OPEC has requested to reduce is export down t 30,000 bbl (bartels pet day), (Ib EUROPE 1m Europe petroleum is found in the former Soviest Union, Romania, Br Holland, Germany, laly, France, Hungary and other counttes, Out of these production comes from former Soviet Union (European par). Since Soviet Union lies partly 'n Burope and Asta oilhelés of the Soviet Union have been discussed separately. @® Romania Since 1860 oll production has started in the east of Carpathian mountains at Pes ‘o refine che oll produce. Bul refining th Ploest Romania. The most important a green valley. Thece isa refinery at Ploestl ice the production has dropped down oll is Imported for tm Ploesd and Central Transylvania large reserves of natural gas have been discovered. Gd Great Britain Oil was discovered comparatively recently in 1917 in Derbyshie at Honslot. Later between 1939-1943 a few ilfilds were discovered one after another (Fig, 13.6). Most of the ollfelds are. in Besides huge reserves of ral gas have been discovered in the Atlantic ocean and North Sea (Fig. 13.7 and 8). Further, one of d woth ei natural gas Gi) Norway Like Britain, Norway has @ large reserve of oll and natural gas in its section of che North Sea atthe borders of the North ‘Adlantic (Fig, 15.8), Pig. 18.6; otelis so Great Briain, Aiscovery of huge ‘choc tercain natural gas in is section in the North Se. (Fig. 13.8) Mote than 50% of Holland's ments are met by natural gas, major producers of natural gas Europe are UK, Germany, Norway, Italy Romania, France and Hungary, (w) France ver coll has been found in France. fe is a large reserve of Bitumen. 1n [ 1948 France could hardly meet about 1% of requirements, AS such Wield in Great Brin 1986), installed Havre, Bordeaux, Rouen are the different places where refineries have be recent years an oilfield has beon developed in Lacq iwi Germany ‘was first discovered in 1886 but production started in 1874, ci ds have grown Bavaria area own production of rude Mannover Breen and ete! paes, Gemany has ts share in North ea sas (Fig. 13.8) ia (sa small country and self'suficient in ofl production. Malin of Vienna, The production started in 1930. There are now more thon fieen oles. For efining crude oil there are a number of refineries rom 1860. Main ‘Most of them setwhat. sitnq sem auger v aye Sa3mo(p4 02 pavems Wer J o0jA014 1SBANON ap. uf Uo psv9Acosp usaq ane jo auane9 eave at pate nowy "Ue ue sppeytto ean sey og “anenbopeuy axe werspy Surmmpord ‘saSedz0s s03 pe smoys jo snot “eines ui) puejog “aeBune ate spy sao pure ung “sorag soden ‘oneg ve paems are 199808 jeomieu ose ate arty -ureunoun autuaddy 0 uno oat sauunossy wamoas Puan130 Petroleum Indien Content orld Petroleum Resoures (i) Rhairapur Gas Plld «Thi th water, As such while pumping for water from the tube place a simple indigenous contraception over the tube well fs being used for cooking p 5 seported six gas fel {is situated about 63 km. n volcanoes and occurrence of southem island of Chedubassamasy unajuy pucH mows sve Smos vo aM AHa amae-v0* ano 20M 7 ro mMe ora sve F STIAM® soTals ‘Se | Hsaav TONVa | ug uoypuy mejanay zrencouraging. west bank of th coal deposits ig. 19.12: Yenangat, tanya and chauk felts im yanmar map Js shown in Fig Yenangyaung 18.5. (0) Minbu, Palenyon and Yethaya : 30 12 SOket south of Yenangyaung fed north and’ south Mim, one *o1800 ae Pig. 1314: venama tn Yangon gas nd with and occluded in enue oll in allo tial amount of gas in the Indav, Yenang. Falany ences in Thayetmyo, Namayan, Prome and Pegu di f Indonesia, and Jambi, Minasuoisessod su Jopun seam a 3 ‘xoot-panon, se sosisaswnjaned 99 ap 190 ep 3 eonifod 1 anp aq Aeu yoqyie smata jo s1ujod i0o 01 1sa1m 2 ssnenoq Aguqeyat su ut Anumo> on AuneD Woy Area sentesar soja Jo430 0M 40 auo pur vy sonpoud uinsjoned pue unajanad suodwy puqesz «on yons Sv jy ing “puyeaz, og Woy pavoday uooq soy sua jetael pur tn: ino aNVIvaZ wan C0 “eyjensay unos uraseaypou pue Hens sea au ‘pue|susoND viasedtpMOS UE ‘Buds oonyy we "ysag Jo uct seate ut punoy uooq aan) sed (euneu jo sonlesal ol ae pure "eensnyy wiasayy ur ptepout a4 Jo pray a2oKsyo oy 2e0U puejsusang Ut atoory ywesoduy 4, Anon y>u 0 Pi tae fens fen que>yfuis ux punoy uaag ane ue fo sseak Aung anoge 40; #88 pue yssosorsun panunulea uote 3a)y virvaisav (xp ssaifoud snopusuan apeus sey wed Aasnpu yesruyp-onod uy sod auareyyp re sapauyat da 2s sey uedel 9pn9 bin Bujuyar soy “yo apnus eviodut tedel one sy sieansautog To suonew axa Jo we'o rnoge Ao quatyyNS YoU s} Uede puest ayy 2m yo wos wuRI ase3 pe wede{ Jo eas ayn Ut a1oysyo paroexa ose 5] wns. “aeqeR uw sqnsaty “evedeure"eeBON “tay Ye soasea) fo fous sey uodel pu uey 4999 Se Ho HET “pueST MySUOH UH OOK UI Badorsop my Sen Lede (ezueysny) rimsod “Guns Aufoa ‘uoung ue Saeed 29 ware ah sano nop (621s) eu sonar jooqumy aS va sy eae, pur ouoy ugueID “ogouen axe (err Ba) sbneD Ut spagsrd Snowe) aul ewe 0 UeUEH Woy RupuEND PP es UND WHOS WH bs cO0' 4 ted es ea stu, Boe oe puna ae Soy soda on 2 Japp st sun saa at Uy as swammosry waaay pant POI m sp Se8 poe syaUM HeoURa Str “sta ue (umueys) Suopueys wr NSuays “any Kuesy sop Pray ou tBBHEY usA9 wate 2ures ayy 5} playio noyouug au “sonal a Buybea “eure Jo aseaytou aq) uy porenis sue (6 10 WEN . ‘e6t Ut 0 UouINA woy pouEss sey 10 Jo uoponposd jeoreuucD sanbwuppa uispow Suen ‘sosodind 12 61 pasm ajdood asauiyy -punois ap ple anoge BUND Uy UaoUy sea ede ot Ausew 593 °M PueWaP [eu oY SuNzoM ZY “potonoomp Us 51 BLE] IsAejeW ZeMNSUIAR axp ne SP 3881 sfepenou yenes jo wrt sroumyo a9 u Jo Buns! 20} Fausaess Sem 9 "ipoud seis wanafonad Jo auuer 21 Ayep pau SMM Woy atin vets porenoosip sem winajond mye pale aoeld w Ye zisMH” 30 Ems rae wmypup nepanay ost138 Petroleum Mrdian context ‘The “proved reserves' of the oll. producing countries of the world together with the teserveproduction ratio (R/P) are given in Table 13.1, ‘Table 19.1 + oll (Proved Reserves) ‘Ss Won Ea 305whol: 7 . PEER EEE TF eee HEE ae HEE : ElE|eze= Fle| ? Paget ret ain uy i He oe i {mo 3002) eneenad pom 3 use UopduNss pe aononposd ‘an gE f : stustinibor 5] tou 0 wnaoud 70 edu) tp uo Auseoy pus f Ez | 3 Pou Mi “smu Jo 89°Z ssumsue> pue to PooM Jo 41 Aiuo soonpold expat seo i fF i Uondunsuos 5g Ado se egeayipmes Snes Gua uum F H 7 {punt Suyseaur kum x6°99 90 1 pou tee uy (a2) 0 pue (apd) oat 2) eed Ae Pure) = eS sourid ou 8) A28uL29 “ae'2) 2:04 anos “Gr'8) HUN) ass WOR aeted en zeee exe lee vee [Eee aleee|8 4 Mo Re) Uotun Talos Tewiog ao'2) ued! “ias'se) ‘VS ale somnenoe Sous ESE Ez|E a/Sesfes|sise S|ese/e | ea UABLNLL Asnomunue> SustaRU!os[e s umnojad Jo wonduneces ae zbgsexa|'lseodueli|yeo8s~[]o3~aceeel8leeal® {PEE AGRE ap uF unoys uang sey Y661 sos wnoned jo vendumnsuo» pllom aus ge S{SEGECEE|PecSaulelstaeehee|e) tees z ESER3 Else desde NOMAWASNOO WawTOULd aTHOK, Segendlblees fuel8/eeeF oll ef ee seee|sl284/2 geese lEleesBeelz]e3.2. [8 a 4 ESSENSE Bless Bue] BeEct cet SESE EEE E BSEREeElElece esldedekee lezoeezee|eeely | 2 Ses Sune "cn Sma ee swagvalel...ey.lelez.g,.lelg cccclelecsle 1 © gbeeSyeldle sof ecl{|e edo eltsfseeees|iaee/2 | ¥ SESESSEleacebsleltSsbes tls fsezEes| 2858 E 281 ues dew udhonpoxd ut suo¥P ait unp 3atJd nzf s26eaD0 yo Jo putiop 2h oonces elueezaclel.-eeeclelezehs | & uw ait om uo ‘seyunos asaa vo atpusdap tones wotonpold I ur Sekene ae hes et Bless bee/Sleees|s sbeskeeeigieee/s | lusag ‘paseaisuy A[aieuonsodend nposd po 18ey sIppAN jt Ao PexDoxp 24 LED vn Sestenlél,..ee leis ecb e slesels | & wompnposd out aseanop aq ox dy st ar val puEO107 Teekay pune ot meek pbcededlfleseSuel€leBeber SlaSeseueelslezele | Z 238 Sy 2 Seu det onanped on Pn ot Moa i ae rae alae = alae. ‘orenpold pom jet Jo pity ao pur saasasas nord aun Jo seq inoge EEEESEEElenefus| let efee|{etenzess (see | 2 Sujey suonenunoge 28re} St anoge sey 1 $2 plz0M 9m 70 UorMpond wen BeSses’ ea ee = @ Z ais 30 Tujod ay woy anbrun SLES PDI 39, ‘ujseq uRjURAT-Ue;geay ayy, 5 tuseesiel,. facdels = le seeelelzcels | 3 24s unpuTseaaum uorenpesd No puon feo Jo uaz singuuey sounonad ee Tot gi e888 |S[ee= Fee] 8[s3e3yclHleSensee2|8|F5E)8 SSEREEE/ Clon nbeelseiefes ite Ssessee|e] ae! ea aU pan tae sbeeb8S[2]- a o8ee|2lebe8esle|eSeczeeele]Ses[2 . Soares: |e ; < seule l aABAL “1002 soUUOL oH e'vese 1 186) Mt SauHOY SeRBEE [fle uebee| eles ale ade ezeeelel382/2 $5518 wey uopompox! pnd go a Uf eau en ea ee = Fi ? 71 SRL UF umoNS uae Sey 1661 SOUIS pUON axA jo UOHOMpos wnajonod aq sbgetelslebesiels|eger Sticloetocteclelene i Nowongoud WaTONLTd @THOM SeeusaS/S]EEESEA)S/RRSG52 [0 25588505|5] 256/08 store) yeomsey pu atiounsa utenti svodnd epson 3) feteun Ao pious ae pen rion cee géscees|fleceereleleroseclelonescon-lzlace ahs ued URE 4 So 9D au jo susodap ave ase “puny apo oq) 40 Sosodind Burior SRRRECSUSEDEGEE/SISURRSE (SIGS RSE 89518) 385/248 : 221 Auaponatd soe wey aygip acu Aenunyp a eo ates sanoear np Sone | au sto pn Jo Aye sin uo ung ontave ou Aonss ieyt pape ae eee ss2unosny wana puagt ane wepuy naqonay on[Sima as aes WEG] gs] wea] Ties] isa] via] ro] ne] wera] Ra] ama) Sa emer sa| ar] “3 vga] “seal ‘in7] ‘toi| “ias] “soe| ‘ana] aan | Soe er bade ea 2/35] 33 aa] 33) 3] 's5| ‘Sal 725] 7a om etd Diddle Ra Was] sisal asia ses] Gina] asa ea [tne [ieee aaa ae oom bia era] seo|_se7] seal s06] 93] waa] 3] sea] aca] 18 ra a) 3) eal eal | SSH] a Sez] Sea]. Sea} ioe of cng fray, ai] sa} $5] 36)” 93] weet ova via} staf ata oe wa) ea] a3] ais! ace! det] a sia] deal 5] ton etce a3] se3] 82] sea] ral asa] ad] afl] 82] 23) 22 eae te sro) cay ars] aro] dual al iss) are ora oe ise ea] 3] “Ca] Oa) US] Mz] ag seg] 2) mea] sea om er ic ua] ts] tal a} 2a] 33/8] SB] ST asl 8 os [Toul aioe Sess] Heal oa] ssa] oa] sear] Wear] aT] ol aaa] Horo ts “s3t] “S9 "Ssa] "S3] 3) SAE] Ms] 12 Sea] Se) | Sire Ba) Suz] sual 3) Ho} teal des] daa) S38) 3] Be] te | um pat Nw Glos af 23] 83) ez] Se] So] “eel 3) 05) S81 Sa] Gee |) ae tas sa] 33) sel as] 3a) Sot U3) Sa) a] 2a) Er) ace | ae lve As ate so] al 23] soles] 93] "T3] 2a) 3) e3] taupe Sa Total Asta Pe ssa] Sez | arr] 3455] siza] sos2] wos] ros] sosal Sena] Sina] vooe [Toe eta Wort 58 se7s| 51870 sene0 | sar] sor | seen] eves [34s70|Seasalsaeuoy ose | Toe fremont Pies] ea) s2eal sora] ar49] ors freaoaf ions] sans iorca}ianca| ase] See Sones aoe] 4813] 4c iar | eee] torts fora icese| tora imora| 2 | SE nls ude lot mn od Ne atl ge Iv ‘Bees il cs fom te sue chao ol era ‘Neto; teaus of undng sme tas may ot see ely with he sum ff component pss inl ten of mara Os whee sewed Sara TBE sta Rew, 2003) a ‘ a + Table 18:3 + oll Consumption (ilion Tonnes) Soret nate wss| res] 77a] 754] ‘real ant] as2| ees] 258 Tal North Aare Bris] woa| ara] saeco] wea] wena TES HTT wae sia isa] ive] 166)” s9a) 93] aaa] Zea] cc a saa} sai 25] e67! eaa| rei] 99) aad 2a ee eal ra} “oof “sal “o7] tos] ne] tia om ie 5 cnt meri us| eal 47a} soa] sar] S89] sea] ser] sta] ata] ara 1 Teal 8. & Gent. Amevion [eas | W750] tras] ieez] veis| Gea] siea] tans] aro| Sera] Siaa ore agin & Lento, ara} 363] ara] ma sts] ma 33 oe aga so] s2| sa 3s 43] a3 4 bie Eee Repub se] Sat ee as] e3 3 02s Prarce exe] oti ea ta| 580 350 im comeny 143) 1363} ass sta] ites 131s in ace 1] “i637 “iso ma a] toa bee eta or] a2] oF oO ae] Ga 9 : ep of tend ss] sil Sa] fo ral 83| br 028 ry cas] ozs] 5) 953] 949| ot} ota] o36] anal ox Neen 365] S6e{ 354] Sao] Sra sea| 4s] 417] 9] nt se] 33 32| ‘34 38) Sa] sal 3a ow wea} ss] 513] sa5| sea] ser ea} 684] m0] 3} Bie pur unspoy ramus seomosy wnoney pen sh orus World Petroleum Resources (coe aoe ses a “1 poy Sew ue song spe pan won vers end pty pal wou url pn 2 Soper ery er aH ay i eos a sea x om ma | nt sep cl ‘es oo 2m sa nn) ‘sepa ce Seay ee bo aaoe | ty er a aL) ar suru fev pan tg eh og ANE TeL| Petrleur Indian Concert "Sa ner ae ee seaacy| wnenee eps ‘aor vey ear aa paeu] 44 sma 9 wyaun ya ea owt146 Pecoleam Indian Contest ‘Table 19.4 : Reserve, Production and Consumption scenario of World Feroleuin (2001) ‘cananents | Proved Resene ta | Prdacton tn | Goumption tm | Reserve! Phowsand ‘ation Tonnes | “Mion Tonnes | Production ion Tes ‘Ratio. ‘Guantiy |x Shae] Quant Share| any Sha Howl NontvAmerca] ea | 61] esra | 185] 10083 ] soa | 135 ot south and wr | 91} sso | 99] ates | 62] soe lena Ameria neat urope 2s | 18] saz | 20] roa | arr] re al Former ao | ez] azz | ie) ras | ae] zit uss. oss] worse | soo] 2004 | 59} soe rs| sor | wa] ro | 35] ara a2} sea | is} oz | arr] 156 wooa| dos saa) ns. 2] 766 328] 133 2a] ve may be due to steck changes, consumption of is together with unavoldabe differences In the def even for many derades, Bu decline will soon start and may be ev alternative sources are the production orl Pecoleurs Resources ur hey ola sands and ol shnles having wordwide lstibuton but he cost of production is hgh and there shal age 10 the environment due to the more release and Increase In ©, bese of thelr utlzadon tn compason fo the conmampon of tadicna petroleum products WORLD NATURAL GAS RESERVES ial and energy: The proved reserves of world natural gas are given in Table 15.5, ‘Table 19.5 ; Natural Gas Proved Reserves Heeep raed 19) sionpoxd wusieyyp sonpord 01 se8 yesmseu je>|w04> UE [eo|sKyd snoeA SuENpO:E Jo) ‘Suumipeynuew Jo siuauiafuelre pareupioos pus pastueSuo ae ssa) A12vUa) SAILIOVAVO AUSNIATA ATION Uondunsuo se ur aseasut aq sea. uinajoned Jo wondiunsue> plow “po 20) Bet age ‘uy umo4s sf Se8 jwimeu pom Jo ojeUIDs oRguNsuos puE UoRaNposd “91989! 94 1 dodsuen jo somos sole © stuoreg Kew 3} asinoo anp uj ise) Sutse>.ou) “Gee D ooveaye “G9'D) spuELAUEN “Gz'2) epeueD e's) uedel (ere) AueuL2D “LRos) CAL Re J9 ano 89°22) uoqun eos soMLOA “{KP's2) “V'S'A ae ofew uacuiuh “6g6r souls puon Bu “LEE IGE MY uMoUS sf pHOM ax Jo UondwHsueD seB fermeU ay) NOLIAKASNOD SVD ATION 14 30 80't AUuo 51 uopnqinuco seipur seareyx uon>npord se qeamieu plow qeror 24 Jo #208 aoMpoud sopnUnod asoyL “G) “a'V' PUE (HON) BISEKEIEA “weed Ipnes “(ys'2) Aeason "(ne'z) wen “as'2) spuepeN.eN “a9'2) eIsauoPUI az) eRR|IY “Wey KN (4o'2) epeUeD “Lws'ee) VS “Ho'zE Sey LONRAOpaE UEISSME ote jo ano g'z2) uoqun reldog seuog axe eB feumieu jo sizonpord Bujpea} 24fanL “1661 2>urs Bupsea!uy Asnonunuen ose uo9g sey seB fexmeU Jo UoHMposd ay} HO 34F1 ‘ones (ah uoponpord/eareser sme801 91 2jgeL UL MOUS Useq Sey seB JeimeU Jo UoHOMpaId pUOM 24s, SVD ‘TVYALVN JO NOLLondoud aTiON, xleu aYp Uy uoRginSIP 405 ONT se sioquer ut pauodsuen pue suey Jo pasodion MaSre| axe asain asneseq aunssaud pun payinby ae sase8 osayp osly “uolssaiduio> inoyuun sadid yBnomp saDumsIp 3U0} 0 ‘oan painquisip 29 we> pe seunssead yBiy 1e mao ease ayn spipy Auews ut puP PON 248 430 sued 1uatopIp ut paoaossip uoaq a4ey splay SeB pareRossevOU aie Jo saqun ¥ ont sramosey unqonas Punts . Semnssou soars BuUUeU Jo} voto 10 ssodind yerssuos so} unojnsd jo amyeans se fe Ania nou Ing pisen pur parey Ansow axoMm sese asa ‘s} aanasas aa avi ‘(so) em ptyse Jo 190 29 ‘uazop ¥ “saatosas 508 wou Jo 9091 ue 02 sand aa a a saw FNL RE 2 UNRUEY ovpan s se/ ae suo) 1 bho ft 9 sos Supa Jo 9 ae es et ne ppp i a faa pio ape Sa se oe i) eppo ‘afar mn ae eal ES #|8 pe ‘s pe es s Bie = seas wp ung ™‘Table 18.6 : Natural Gas Production” (Millon Tonnes of oil Equivalent) cor | : 1 | sw | a | | os || 17 | | | | a | oct | ee” : LS “Say ses] See) cas] tea] oR SS] saa] eal ame] | ae ems 51] 'Sa] “Bal ‘Sal 's] a] SA] Ss) ee) ae) ea] A | sat Rais Aan ——f aes nal aes asst eat east a] toe Se a] ey as] ae satel | el as [as ea sll alg BP a) ay a] gl ge | ae Se nan yet yo 8] B) al 8) gf aa | |ouber . & Cent America aa} 20] 19] 2a ai} 2a] “19 18] 208 oe oars 6 ont names —|-artt-seop areas ir west wes el St {Germany 132] 3a] xs} 140] 154) 180) 160 153) O98 om = fo a) 8 3s] s) a e| oe] oe | ee |g ae ena Sa) da] 8) Ge) gs] ae | aa |e me a] us) a] at mal aS] a] Sel ua ae | oe | & fanaa ass [ous] ea] st war as awa Bes Bes ae et ee eae Ds) ep as) sf of et ee en SS] ks) Sa) a] 3H] 4) 2] aa] 23] 9) eal aR) ark | fst ree Boer n[ as] aes] ass] awa oes] arr eal mest ae ae eet i 7 233) da] a2] ata] HL STB) a3] a] ge) as | es = : 4 . ; = el as | oes Arab Erieares 214] 200] 202) 232} 2e2/ 30a] azz} a4) 348) cr 18 _— se “ar ar iS es ses Ta tafe oe eee oe eet eat aT oe tae ee BUML sl sl sgh) gy as | ok re a rst wa al ae eal es re oe se eps -e[ cu) al al ae] 8 ee eel eal eal eye) is wal as] 3) He] as rH a esas a] 25 ea] i06| tS im | oom | BoP etre sis] e) ys 7 Sa i ae oe ee ar Seesepeomen |] eos) Se] i] seals] ea sa] sSal el oael cee | Se i = Eade dr wet Fete rset ouning some als may ro apes act whe sumo he component prs. (sa, fx, Egy, 2002) rst153, oe World Petroleum Resources Peowleum indian Context =] pele ef a 2) 8 [els ie is fe = Bi | SF ie (ele = Eo] Sp fer vee fee cee oats ces eet feo rcea leet en i Sera oa a ee aa es eae epee ore ae lec |e levies en z Sr} Sie Se a Sat tae ae ee ae m [os le be fe le ease Bil ge fee lee lee ite sain Ee || eS a ol See ae nis war oer fe ees Se war [& [ef a | Hi | Be |e [ee lee is a wo we jre fee [iz leo uss 1 [oe ie [ee — See eae be wea os ee fees = ss ls is oan S/SEREBE ma ees) fiefs [Be [ee [ee (ee = aa aess ee fee fe fe de fe za me ese ras |e [es |S eS BS ee ie ala mals Bi Bis Fa fe ee = BUS fe fe ei = |e aes eS 2S —— ahs Era | aa S Saale cee fe es cm i a Be Bhs fc eos Bie eae ae ' sae ar {Soe rar [sas | — aaa wa 2 ae Se fie a = sees 53, [BS 7 = Fae [PE eae | | |r| wr | | fr fer) a | 7 152 fauoqeambg tho seticy, tory) uondumnsuog * sep feIMIN © ABT SHR,i eens 5 e-seaegielseese) & SBSERR| a eegesss|e(sesee] FEEPEER ge ‘was | Veo | wea] es] aa] aia] are] Bef ra] TAT saa] as81| 9756] 0005) ours] 1089] ste50 [ioe 11367] see sea] S884] sso] siog| 4022| anas| asrs| area] 4306 | 4023] to} 2170 3003] sas3] seea] s73a] eos] d1a3| ast | si | s003] Sosa WO] TES] Tas] a] S| Hy Tea] 88] Ty allitetles | g|8 2 ada del aesgezalae |88 Word Peerleum Resources 156 ‘Table 18.8 : Reserve Production And Consumption Scenario Of World Natural Gas (2001) ‘ontiaais | Rave Trlen | Prion | Grumpton fe | Reval (abe Re tion Torner | Uilion Tonnes | Production ot Reuter | off Brave | Rao ‘iain | Save] Quanty [Sars] Guay | Sar) wear | 45] ta60 | soa] 6sGa | B00] 108 zsso | 40] 900 | a1] 72 | so] no wer | sa} 21 | ns] aso | 9s] 161 t9e2.6 | 362] cone | 27s] ase | 228] ras rorae | sex] 2053 | 03] sais | ea sea | 72] unr | sol su | 26] o02 ass. | 79] 220 | na] arer | sar] ase sitet | 1000] zzz | 1000} 2161s | s000| or zo | _os{ asr | sa] sr | sa] ms “The refinery capaclies of world oll refineries are given in Table 13.9 Refinery operations badly affect the alg water and land and the surrounding ‘environment where these are located. The air is affected by the release of sulphur oxides, Iydrocarbon vapours, smokes and foul smell. Water is polluted from minute leaks and contaminations at different stages. The land environment is disturbed by disposal of refinery wastes. Therefor, all preventive measures ae taken by refineries to protect the envionment and safeguard thelr responsiblides to the communityS_Guo-sn aes 2) sy psp ap vo Fe ME RP I aN 5 year saa] aera | Jee Re [ ee se . Se | eee [ie [ome love [er loc [re [em [om [os a Sis | $e [fib |B |e [et |e [tne |e ta ee = SEN |_ES._JSS6 [tse [set | tla |e [te [et sven oS rn SE | Se |i [este fests [ates ter [ent fests [isi | sec al SE | Se [om [i lee ee [owe foe [See [oe [ate = wr | Se oe Ie ite ame fase se |e a fa — SE] oft, Fame [ate oe (ER Ue fete ne [te Sa ge | ME [SE |EGrr|iole' |ste' | Seer’ [fec’ loses ovr [ser womev 1994 | Sei [SS [eet [one ere ein [in [ein [ers [oats | oc “a 5 = | == Fa Bae [ee | ew | ee |r| er | sr | | sar || ear | | se | et ares yp Ge a le Se i ASG SY RO id LT 3 sor ape ok ne ee oor | 26. | Ses [At |ocie sue [eior [tact | ozo | tane [snot [ower lovee | vomn wn masa, SSE | S|, |e [ie [eee fetes ecm [a ene [ne [tay = arab fant ee er [aera oer | aaa a 5 sd amass wa me | S* [ime [oe [oe [eee [oe ter [a [ie age BE] = [ee [eet fois sie foe at ae fos, as S| ser ffi (0S: | [tee lee tee er [or [ee = Se, | ST fe St [is [eer ee ee |i | oor Se | sex [Bee fete (Se I (B [ ems [itn |e oe Ss | Se |e [ae [ise (oe |e oe we: [ne [ia x S| tee |S" fac [as* [SD SS | [at [ee enn [ae ma [ee aa Saree Sees a aa i Sara ea ee] eee her [oor ear fren sor em see | Seo! [ote |r erst Joust oat mer ens Be | is [et os Fant ee ‘sen Silas |e is fale oe se | St [pat [a ee | 7 ey Sa few fo |S ict | Sa aS a oe seat eee for fee asf car Sa see] pet ine fre et [ioe i sae se] ie [ae [iat Fea 7 en oe | oe lovee es (es 7 ‘ee Bl seer | aera ee = fe 8 a Gees ee lon Bs |i 7 = j ce [ne ile = a ber ss aE |i = ‘coe i ie fee es Be 7 “ZI ; wet | eo [ze [ese foie |euze eoce ‘amas Se | SR tet eer lee le rat lie 7 = So [ote |e [bet fee [ee ie 7 ed = [Geo i Tn aa Tae TT wee [a0 Jone rr Yoo ee or |e cor geese ck ar] BP lent [ett [itr fesse tart he ‘wea i Be | =. font [ee |g [a ae a S our er : S| iw (SS |e ee le oe | emwenmetn et ee | 5" fe [els /eh (SE to | sf a So _[ > [ee ig [ge se | 7 roi ebe| aie eff ere ss | ae set [mee fos ft [oor Jor ot fom] 7 om see | Seo fos [it fier [ir [ite [et ine [aes re os Sece_|_ Set |S [tm [oth [3st [Se [ES |S, si a pa | wee | Ai [RE | sce ne | a | wr | as | ur | ar | ar | |v rs 156 ‘ea 124 sjazeg puesnowy) sompedea AAUUEN HO PUOM. BET TAELChapter —14 Oil and Natural Gas in India == 1, DISCOVERY OF OIL IN INDIA re rte nouRs ofr wile prospecting fr col fst reponed sweaky signs of explo gute of wate at alae called Supkong ih Asam Late 1897, ae ee ah meee he ime region dscovered several ol springs eos to his camp onthe Nears river Sambar ey eur la November, 1866. The hole bored by manpower reached # dep of 54m but faed to sutke oi ‘The first well struck oll at ad was only seven years after the U.S.A. Neatly $00 gallon fest mechanically drilled wel In 1882 the railways y the Assam Railways and Trading Company Limited eho Si tw the coal areas of the upper Assam and inthe following yer yeep Sed refinery, the rst in india, was erected at Margherita to teat the oll fad thoes i ee a while the engineers of the Asam Rarays and Trading Company Limited were laying the railway line, they noticed tases of cll on the feet of an elephant ‘whom they had employed for their work near a place called "orth lepth of 40 m at Maksim on the 26th March, 1867, This first oll well was struck ky Colonel Drake in Pennsyivanta tt ction Jafteewards Assam 49 it abandoned the exp ‘was not found (1) Digboi rs, 1990)sana 064 sua oF " ‘0p sanow 051 00 sues vans pom tou fanout ooe't or dn (boot 1e 39 amNEW) eAvENOUEN 48 UO|sEEIONS TeDBOIOeD * SPE OLARL 01 pur 509 jour pu YO 29 tora 300) poo toga Jo dee wesBoIee9 « eve Sa Aamo iia da, ns comspue ed, 09 noi puesyo toa resea 10 toad IppRN sas looyend puesto oye —_auorspues ‘5 paqaow toga én ‘ued, suowspies. dundeddes "ei Bundedeg sendesuen, snoseuay er) weg IONS TPT ORNL omg uopuy uneyanag et104 Peroleum Indian Context i fs obtained ors the sans of Saal Series. The average depth ofthe wells vas fom 3.500 to 3,600 metres. ely production inthis tonnes) The ax content of te eae ol of Ji 8 The eres ent o#eoey in Noonan near Cua In Arn fn Baraut in Bhar though 2 40.8em damets pie. arangements ae thee fo Supt naturel ga though ppline to domes estomers oro ieent factors. Naneup Metal Fower ston ls ty naturel gas, ‘ilometres west-southwest of Nahorkatya (Fg. 14.2). n (Moran No.1) stuck ofl ata depth of 3.385 metres, This, by ofl India Limited) I succession at Moran is shown in Tab 1 that of Nahorkatiya. The oilfeld is divided by a fault running fom southwest 9 northeast. The oil is obtained fiom the sands of the Baral Series as in [Nahorkatiya. But in this ollleld the Baral Series les at about 457 metres deeper than at Nahotkatiy. The average depth ofthe wells in thi those of Nahorkatiya. The crude oil re refineries of Bongaigaon neat Guwahati in Assam and at 1964) up to 1.200 mates Nomsang Bets 540 metres 5 Cay Stage 300 metres, Sandstone Stage 720 metres 40 metres i 600 meses opi Alterations Stage 580 metres 18 reported to have three new discoveries in Kublarbar. OF these Moran North and Salt eld. 1 Gas Commission discovered a big reserve of oil of Baral Sees on an average at a depth of 2,900 lar to that of Mosan-that is an anticline is divided by [At present dally production is about 400 tonnes of and Lower Bhuben Formation shown in Fig. 14.6 and geo 2s. But occurrence in Baral Series Is very to Tipam sangsy This olfeld was SEE = = TE801099 = FFE OTA, gagro pamueg wor wrong 201 at pur 19 509 jommspy pu@ NO(Sea Fes remm ES ironman ee omen — ewe Fig 147 ; Geologie secdon of cachar along NW to SE co Bhuban Anticine (ONG.C) A * z 2 Se ] bipuy up 09 paamow pu 10 oan 891 ‘panuep wmpur unpeuag i E E‘paonpoid 928 2d. uy poutergo seq sey 1 2usn01n atppIw ‘Aignop © Jo 5 a8 UL GLH oV'b1 “3H Uy UMoys se8 pu yo waourp aus, req 088 doe. Dip 1 599 pmo pu 10 samy op unojonay outPeoolewn Indian Context (il end Natural Gas in de 179 ‘North Tapti a eo te) = < Tare N 1 f oo %y 4 Daman | | | | |pu W500 oom PLE HO ‘ueuewseN v8 3 Yo f Monesojdx9 2 “dep tod sjauze 0 ae snoaomatp Jo pues st leruesepan Jo Saz048 3 (ee ousseg pue sex utseq Uae uf jo ayn Jo wBwo ayp wey UANOU st ftom a puay way uy aip two san susoy panes (1) yen Ise (a) 290 J0 ope sodep ojguun syeatounutos due rspq opatiuny (11) ueampey sno22eian nS [eB * LPT OTOL, wonuay woypuy umajanay vewd. 186 Petroleum Indian Content {In offshore area of Godavari sul in Rava field, The futuce of producing comp Fig. 14.21. dn 1978 as been located in sandstones 2m this Basin ie alo brigh to Recent, thematic geological sec 1989) 700-138040 Suonsorpur TeBuog i294, if SuOyIBIO}IE2 3234 OF 8] uiseg ye8uag some "09 8219 94) pus] EO “eos a mp SUDWPDS asa feta "eir'51 ogee) umoys ay "wy bs OO'KE e95 91 ‘u2003 “Susooaefed“sn0922I01) spiom sao uy 38 sMlansvo # 113M 10 © Pipa $00 pom puD No swore soyto ut pourngo éeisusd ave se3 perm snoge uum pati si use oip ston ysope(ieg 30 AepuNog raIno axa on JedtAG loop st ujsoq ayy. juiseq op Jo fy) wiaasam apf JeRtog 18044 au "Ee" opal os snoxgiuoqseg-owny Wy siuaUMp2s ai 2 208 asoYp SUIAOAg -NAWIASEA 2! i OF VEUQUIED-24 pul aM [eHu9q 28a} Jo UOISDOONS [e 098 ay a}es! 9M 3 83 Uy igedoy axe swstBoqoa8 pu Vy -swuunpas <2en222 Rug 189M ul S08 pue tasg roBuogy (114) ipsead are sy202 se Be oun l or cosose scons ‘aero tom a stay oe ee ee tome pa 0 =e oo ‘erew Geer 7 Buona) lmseg s2oysyjo 18809 1s0 MUON Jo AYdEISHENS posteIouoD = OFT LANL, ama wmppur wna eerost ‘Table M4216) : Generalsed Staigaphy in Dittent Pa of Bengal Besa (0N.6C) AGE sHELF TWINGE BASINAT = jexex[ omer g/ SEER] omar Ip t= le a I[ ser Joon IB] sone ame) wopur ungjanay Table 14.11(b) ; Local stratigraphic Successions of the Teraty Geosynelial Sediments in Tripura-cachar: Manipur-Migoram-Bangiadesh-Arakan areas (Ganguly, 1997), ‘Seay ima “Mats” “aga na emacs aos oe date ee a rl = oto oe an Darren pos pe ape fe : . 8 i ane = etm 5 Home [Sih - - S Se - i en 2 ae = ee ee Stn [Elmo Bho Ms Hpi) Petal Boe Elan e 2th ane - : et ant mane Om Tatts ae came mgm omgume a . a 6 Tae pee ani OG RTUy pave seax ato pa mL “28-9861 pound mF MP ene Uomraoféx9 unayom.ed Jy 261 ang nas 2 430 aucnsouny pu $28 jo axtasad ue po ay Jo siseoo ayy Sunupofpe was twos} suaunpas real pt 09 Ho pap 8108 stom ronOU alow sazmonns je ones spun ‘anabo 0} uMoUy are siKoUs 8e2 pk Je daoi8 eqooy-uurepiy (O21 Sa) seus uewepuY winsaya DIET a1 fa, ‘Auoreiojdx9 d3ap sal “uo BS 00 i my eS 1H wana spagist 19qo01 soxdweo yuauateg | pus sono 008 sade mopeen ad sno2oei90) ‘Aauoqwoun, pesucrn auatbas 007 Beenie uoea ae} ost | ‘soueisps pur sauenspues ‘34 sin auc ‘anwoyacou evorsene sumo ose saunstep | efepdpiy ny vt a8 ‘Amon 008 sus pu sep jemyuuesoy | oBepsdupry oda uous ‘Symone, uso sz | spat jce pue akep ‘as ‘pees eee aaa uF ss0u9 TL yoy dopowueg ay Geet “Te 2 eno) Sulseg afoysyo wewrepuy Jo aousnbos o1ydeiZNeNS + EUPE eTaeL, UP ofgeL uy ImoYs st sujseg auoysyjo WeWEPUY Jo Uo}ssomns anydesaens posqeIBUss ays ulsydonserp ‘Weammenuy pre aoeld Yoon uonwuounpas iqsmq feuroUASOo8 SuDyuys Ayenpesd vty sor pu ws 509 junamy pu no Sandu L¥¥'s Jo uidop pau am aly indieuos se2y rtryssaonsun IR) OF 248 $90 SCF Sy Uy umoYs 38 Saux atuORE snojteA ut Se pnos ‘39 ut spuepst uetssuopur ayy oF aprou at 1) sues asouuna oy saypians vey weds oie puejst aanoe ue jo aed e wo) spueis) Je doi8 reqo3N pue uewepuy eur (sr¥1-Su) wy 88 oo0'ze (w o9z jo wade 8 01 dn} #25 ut pue uy bs ooge Jo rue ue ue| uo steno uiseq ay nos 3h oF GON ut wlow papuors uiseq ® yo ted aie svare Haus tenusupu0s jese09 aiyujoipe sian pue spurs} Jo dnoi¥ reqooIn pue uewepuy reog, 40qo0IN-uDUEDpUY (IIIA) Je WorHoy. snosayyoned pur ‘auanoveyes 01 dn wl 939's Jo dap -dsop ws 10's sei (oa) (eSuag J0.fea 2 uy fam asoloop ayy “s8e00n8 Aue ano app azo idea a4 siseq JeruIUOD pp stam “380 auaneig oo ow) uses 10a soy uonnas pnBojoog oueUENDS © weE A manic) weypuy unayonay ztPetroleum Indian Context ar ae _STRUCTUML JAP OF ORTH DW BASLE | sins (Fulora, ea, 1989)mow OF FH Br eu e wes uripanay198 Pevoleum indian c Matural Gas in tna to zero level. Moreover inteduction of these vehicles w Ip conserve conventional 7 made it compulsory to use CNG which cover 1.35 millon sqaure es affshore upto @ depth of 200 etre isbath water The proved and balane reoveable reserves of erude ° es) ae shown in Table 14.13 wate ave been Jocks have be Malianadi2}, 4 2, KeralaKol To meet iis day (ay) Fig 14.9 LPs Botting Plane SS ee201 (OW amet acura Gas in India Petroleum indian Context 200 (aooe wy as 25) x6 | s46 | ese | woe | cee | ve [oss | vu9 | 229 | veo | om | one “Anueng fi so0e | oove | esos | voc: | zest | oaer | seer | va01 | enst | e061 | xcer | cost 4 (oxo, uony wf eIpul us YoRduMAsUED KO + SEPT OTK, 6061 quereg-udy ¢____‘smestopoc soppy = ote've [sexe [ese'se |iow'ze [uor'se Jecres Jozoue [ease [oveos] moe |adooe Te paw Sued) sos Jers free Jos fos | | J fe | sma, olny oos'tt |oecrat |soe'st | sar0z evs'ze lezeve {suet lore'st |aoe'et rere {enzo 20No ETO (911 veyed ares foor's Joe's |zos'e loze losis forwe lisow Jose |rer | 40% | so wimentre rey oe save lrers |rcore ose |ese'r feve'e |riee res leeve Jesse sco 1 eu ‘erie Jo seve [sees | zavte jezc'st [ests |cvorzn | igy'ts foce'tt [cess face's {sess re, ser ost Joos Jzar Jeu joss jocs ase aie eve |— | sees enpuvinsen punt ele. le, fee ie. fee fo fee fee dor foo | ape teensy sorts Jews |rir's Jour |so% lowo's losos Jose's [ose |su0's |oo0 pewseyasessy seer ferns frees fosrs trove Jase [ours [woes |sso» |aoce eer | relay Som 0 e581 | ease oa a 8 an pao ow ROT TOA 7136 1086 se = ooz-c002 AdaaD Ho pnp o (sano, puesnoys, UP) UoRonpONd = HEFT SIR, Fo rae pu nas J si Hed FIMEN W WOIOAAY EARN We sys BER 6S ALONE “Seo ome Por amano) srg tosla ANDI PoE ONS MeN SS] SoH SSIES HE emNES pE ADEA WHT oN“ sor “roe ay eg sapeg epuy sa txsyo se etme -P SY "Open He poRaeN ‘hd Sons oan Be [eee Spe | "pees fle peg BUY Ut suse yo spn pee "pe poe pms enuy Ke anWSUO PEE PURE Sl saad fo peas Smoey : uma toy pu vepuy "espe en por ape si | ous | sto | sss | ves | rom] ox | vse | aoe | soe] Geen mar b90 | ose | oni | cuss | pesos | posse | prsor | peer | coor | suse "eh seq SORTS eet} oe | vue | voz} vese | rece | exer | ess | core | roee oa = |e oy foe | te tee ee fer | er | ot coset i = | zee | seer | weet | acest | seosr | grass | se00r | srter | eer wes rb ~ | tre | soe | ove | sue | 'tes | sce [ose | bce. | see sng . ORI EYTET — os | wate | sane | rere | cece | soe | rose | ros | coor | eece (0 apn) jor F ase | ovo | oso | ezer | griss | geese | goect | queer | ase | vest oqo SORTS wot | woos | supe | ¥o02 | rior | seor | cote | were | eve | so0e reso woot | gai | ever | oust | grost | erect | eeoor | ezost | oti psy = | ove | wost | ress | cect | “vest | “rss: | "over | "eee | suo: reset RONEN TS THUS 0 me ssst | wear | ze6i | oor | seer | seer | cess | esos | sosr | oes | po sun (1002-0002 Appan) 6661 0% o661 may sanew atqno Home S09 fea pue Ho apnip Jo (Seue] NoNHG MH) soarasoy opqeooa sONeTEH PC UoxoH! : EXPT LAR —202 ‘Table 14.16 + stalled Capacity (Thousand Tonnes) and Refinery Crude Throughput SEeArSRReeseszas ls ls EeSS52"9SSS85e85 8 le SPaE55 3 3k SERgSoS | ie fe Jesgsegs gencasgs |= i Reeeggs aggagiaiie B |S8sese¢ 35558 2° 5 ia 2 6 3 pee peal i fe 2 dea é oath i 3 OE BES | z ge gh Bee 1@ ed as Bes it Sea85 ce eelckisael fase seiibiiigiasces |. gesSSS53ecgecgse8s| ig deubesesseedee?223| 2] Ih, Missy of auc and Natur Gas. ‘Mohs, 1999, base States on indian Feo & Natal Os, New Ds (ep0y, 200 200) ddl UE Of and Natural Gas im Inia 203 ‘installed capacig: tn Table 14.16 the instlled capacy and retinery 91 {0 1998/99 are shown whereas i oughput from 1990 in Table 13.9 refining capacity (1991-2001) Is gi ‘A present we have seventeen refineries, Out of which Mangalore refinery is In jo Sector and Jamnagar in private sector All other fifteen refineries ate in public seco The oi i capacity ofall the 17 refineries és {12 milion tonnes as pet details given in Tove By the end of the Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007) f Cuddalore (Privave sector) and Faradip and Bhatinda (Publ ‘commissioned. Then the refining capacty 787 millon tonnes per annum, Ths al eles. new refineries Nadinar and Secton) ate expected to be of the county by the year 2006-97 would become 50 inchides the expanded capaciyy of the existing The oll tefinery capacy of the country in 2001 was 2261 thousand barrels per day h happend (0 be 2.8% of the total world’s capacity of ail refinery. he refineries are equipped with modern technologies of environmental norms and tinlis Tike siesel_hydrodesuiphurization, benzene saturation, hydro treatment and hhydolsomerization, production of low (0.26%) and ext low (0-058) sulphur dlecel and unleaded petrel to control pollution. ety crude throughput and pro 1990/91 10 1998/99 are shown in Table 14.18, n (thousand tonnes) of petroleum products 10. TRANSPORTATION OF CRUDE OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS [The rude oll wansporting pipelines ace shown in Fig. 14.54 Earlier, there were only two ines-one bringing the northeastern ere from Digbel to Baraunl, and the oer piscine wing the crue from the Gulf of Cutc-Salaya to che Kayall and Methure teres ths 4.54). The new pipelines ate ) MoldiaBarsuni with capacity of 42m ion fonnes per annum-commissioned in February 199, ‘The Intease ofthe capacity of Salaya-Vrmgram from 17.2 t9 21.0 milion tonnes per annum and Viramgram to Koyali from 5.0 co 6.8 million tonnes pet annum: weg joned In September, 1909, Mathura pipeline to new Panipat 1 Noidia-Barouni pipetine has been under fu fonnes per 1s expected to be completed by February 2002. New pipeline is expected to be commissioned by 2006-07 fiom Vadina+ to ‘efinery to cater its needs of 6 million tonnes per annum production éxtend from Mundra (Gujarat) to the proposed refinery at Y. her expansion fiom 4.2 19 7.5 millon ina (. nda 2b) which has a target of 9 million tonnes per annum production mis wansported by pipelines and rail tank-wagons. 1999.99, 36% ucts were tansported by rail and 26% by pipelines. But aow the shave of ‘on is increasing and that of rll Is declining. ‘The existing network, for Ne Pevoleum products teansporation is glen In Table 14.9. The proposed posductsot ARIPEZS ppleee2 BB HP an eee’ ijebealé sljedesle Blcee Ble B/ck RSE al: fegl gledeals 5/288 8ls alkalis 2l.93al pup uw) $o0 oan PID HO (1092-0007 Aaa) 66-8667 0 16-0661 nonpons umajonag Jo (souuor, presNoUI) Mfonanpors paz indySnomy, apnsy AK STPK STANT rant ape Hm HIPPO so pepe "weueuex =9 peng ee HCE ssi | oe eee 10 pr sou ze | 6 jee 10H uoey wep su | ez eta supe “ueuredeyeesA “alt zo | rie jeg wou unos os | o sey eum aurcua ‘rt swonpenas ve |v wes uoeeuoa ue Au woxdhevG zo | £0 say ota 20 ov fo sess ‘enn 201 ve |v aot sofoy uenme gion a a ox | ee yeu “tt oo \ co rau seg sw | oe 2 st | se pepe. sna “eminet ar | 09 edie edoes os | - aufang pune ger | set eed vou weMON ~d oo | - spel pe “ea 9 Ho wewornsa so | = dering Tepe 10 W589 on | sz ‘nisiog 20 eu | ou slay eeumel pn anonas Ue ss | 5s senses “03050 ‘pat «9 | 60 engserege ‘utr “a ou | oe ey woe wena “erse02| rrone| weer finda 002 AAA) 40-9002 PHE 10-9002 405 seHEMNR cieud pub Avpeday SUUYENC 198224 © AUPT STAR nuay wor near oe206 Petrcteum Indian Concert (il and Natural Gas tn India 207 ‘Table 14.19 ; Existing Product Pipeline Network (TEDDY 2000-2001) ea alee ae | ot Pats is pinta ithe ke nae ressure the OPEL counttes agi us he OFE counts aed nese ce sup the | Mar ‘of this increase in supply on was estimated to be zbout 640) hast follow a path of rapid economic growth to attain the status ofa developed intry and for that adequate and continuous energy supplies are essential The tend of our imports indicates that by the yeat 2010, we have to Fig 14.34 : crude Pipetines ‘August funder Construction, and Froposed Refineries enb¥ 2000:2001),wet woe scr 2UBIaUNP OWL “RPL U2 Sey 66-8661 01 16-066 ap o8es0ne we Uo pies Suse . neieing jo et Kequiog Uy puna) 5] ansesa1 eB jesnaeu spur Jo 4ou inoay Due exnden ‘sap psads Wit “lod se9 wnajonae poyinbya “a lunajoned suaraytp Jo dpisgns 30) von 0: sionpoid umnajosisd pu uot VevE atgeL ut umous st (SouveX puesnow ut) sonpoad wnajonad so uonduinsue> 24, SLONGOUd KATIOULAA AO NOILAWASNOD “st 1uaaq_ sey sionpord_unaju J0 wowonpond 241 Z6-1661 188k mp ‘OFT age UI UaAH sf sionpord wnsjauad jo uojemnpoud ayi-—vononposa siondowa WoaTOMLsa “er ‘8:2u wr wejgoxd ayy pu wt 500 oom pre NO Soy "BUSUUY pu ‘woNDRNsNGD pur "SUNS + seONaGLL ONpOLd * SEEK BH eaueg wmpuy umoaag‘Table 1420 : Production of Peleum Products (In Thousand Tonnes} from 1990-91 Aprit-December 1999 (TEDDY 2000-2001) 68601] or ae | 908 95] T0858 | 04 95 90596] T9607 | 00r a8 se08—e| Toaa™ UqueledFevoleon | 422s | 1250 | 1249] ase] sase] sss0| 1996 | 1.660 | 704 | 1200 Gas Moor casne sss | sazo| 3700] seas] azo | ase | 4704 | a2 | sero) 4301 apt ‘aso | a | asas| 400] Sioa | Sere | ras | exon | eae: | S764 ote soi| “asr| “azz | “as| aoa | ase | ase | ate | “ape | rir tual rojas | 967s | 9g6e | soare | xen | 128s | rages | ssase | sre | 12ant {dle Distillates B g feroene sart| sao} sus» | saee | sae: | saer| ease | oro: | sau] sess fsaton Tuine fet | 101 | tio | ese | t7as | tee | ater| att | aur | a2) aes & Tigh sped Diesel on | 7s | x74 | reaee | xee00 | sae | 2001 | 2202 | as.sse | 2sri6 | 24s00 3 Ugh Die! Ot 500] aa | taso | tare | tee | sas | i2s0| rate | 1996 | tise ones sre| cor] a7] ‘a2|. ao | s05| s00| ae] “aeo[ aio 8 soe aoste | 20371 | argos | 27700 | an08 | 2041 | sons | sass | soaoe | aise tev i urnace oi sr | s4s0| sso) o1os| 5728] saci] 5900] 6271 | oor] sos Low Suphar ny | 460 4z0r | cova | tsi ] some | azze| asia | aoe | eas | sexe Sioa tate ois so] 30] sas] eo] soe) oss | is] sas] seo | sts Pease Coke nae | ate| zat | 2s] 2s] ase] ate | nea | 280 | 255 omen 160s | unio sso | ara | sets) 2002 | 2285] aise] zat | r9 ote v3 | see] 510] “aor | “arr| “aor | 'as2| aso) “270 | "sor i se z249s | 1230s | 13.09 | 13167 | c2eor | 12.707 | asae | casas | 14.00 | 11.608 Grané Tol 302 | 48349 | 30359 | sues | sa.ar | ssot | sooo | orton | ot ses | 55.23 ne or ery ek sal il 3 Apmbenrber 196 os yp + = ‘able 1421 :Consunpton of Petroleum Products (ln Thousand Tonnes) (TEDDY 2000-2001) Priucts [1080201 | 7991 92] 1992-85] 1-4 | 004-03 | 190596 [00607 [90708] 1008-0] Tone ‘st ists Uracil eciem | 24s] 2os0] 260 sais] sace| sew] aise) sane | soar] zat Motor cattne ssis| ss7s| ss05| sass] asa] 07/2955] ss02| ssi | <2 =| sa] ssi | «cee epithe, sats | s4or| 302| sao] S400] 3609) ois] azie| asr | S150 othe wet at] 7 ott | oe] oer] tz00] toes | “se | ton oa | 0.18 | roto | roszo | ase | wanes | nsee | 15702 | arson | ua paleee case| ira am uae Kerosene 8423 8.577) 8478 | 8,704] 8,964] 9,317] 9,640 78 | 10,583 Ss 17 | 6, 1317 | 9640 | 97a | voses | 3008 ‘ulation Turbine Fuel | 1077 1,509 1.506} 1,781 | 1.905] 2082] 2158] 2.108 | 2097| 1000 & b igh Speed Diesel 24203 | 25.678 | 20201 | 52254 ssore | soars | so.ser | 20507 Fina Luge Speed Ot taor | iro | ae0 | rit] 1223] “1295 | “t260] tz 5 I oes | woo | 453] a9] tos] aon} “ae | "sro | son a 2oas2 | se.46 | 40975 | asase | anses | 497 = 544 |aarie | sats | 669 B ‘im: ot 4.462 4937] 5473 | 5026} sasr| 0496! 6254] 6051 | 6482] 5201 = mi Saphir Heawy | 45241 4265 | sae | anos | sas | eieo| sais | 400 5 ‘ Sout ey a. Sock : abe ofscreases sea] 952) s46| oon] oon] a} 705] ass} 929] on c bitumen vse} 1706 | 1825 | aes | 1930 | 200s] 2273 | 276] 2250] sre etleum coke a0] 266] ise] asa} “tor| sis] are] “zzr| “aes | "Sue ters a seo] sez | 260/ a0] ts | se] teo| avo | ied tl rauias | 12488 | 12440 | 2098 | raara| 199%s | ase | 14300 | tesst | snas0 Ings ty Pe aff SPE | ase | ats | “Toen | eee | “er06 | | rnd Tot s5.085| soars | saa | eoate |or272| ras70| 10108 | 4200] sosea | 0 3 Aponte 1998, neais (il and Natur Gas in Inia Peeciear Indian Context aw sss'ce] ceory [626 [exe's | eavo ['usz' | sae] s00'e | casoa] vies | vs | aces Tes poem ojo fi fo fe lan fie fr fu fe le fo raat yee ce tos afore ome ce foi ele: | ote lla wean sw fi jo jo js fo |i |e Ju fe |e Jo wengg Cad se fee faz Jo [as for Joo Jor for foo for |i rent foresee ee ite | Neel liek eevee leven ices |i uarpspung oe oe tee eo Noe om ol on or lor a deaupeusxe] Gee lee oe Vote Wf ces len |e le iee [e ta a poe wee ost jo |e Jo |u| jam fo [e. |e © fees sex pue pec we fo jz je fa |e lo fox Jar foc |se lo weapuetD ‘ue uw ls |r Jo fo fo |ss fy Js Je fe Jo | spy pur wsepey wR, se'ea| ooe'e | 108 | ozs'r | zer's | aver | szv'ee| aaerz | seson| cew's | cas’ | oce's ree, nee ove Jos fo fete Jui Joser|oor foie |sx |e |o evens ove | eer fos ove fou | zsi | csr | ior [seri | cor | ose | sic peg sen a je fo jo |s Jo Jo Jz Jer |e lz fo cendus ors |oee_| ror | vse [ow |or frzre|oor | er [ice | ace | sor pen i, » ‘ > vy’ je jo |z |« |u jo Ja |e Je qo ants core ost Joc [ser lou {+r Jusez|or |e | sce | roe | as wesley voce | oor fez love Joce fie |rere| co soe fose | sce | ev ena eeorfse Jar |e fou fer fst for fue fos |es [oo 80 o fs |r fo Jo jo Je |r fo fo |o puefen sw lo Jo |o fo Jo jz |e |e |e |s Jo wen w Je Jo fo jo Jo Jez Je Jor [s Jo Jo sue safe |i Jo fo Jo Jor Jo fiz for jz |o etecion ozoet) 20s | sot Jose | vue {ove | core |ous | vars | see fore | sie enyseever vist | cor fos |sz [ose [us foore|se | an [ose |e | ect pg epee seve} az foo fis [ze |> | eocr|ss foe |ose foot | cor et oso for | se [os fore jue | eer f ze Joss lose [ove | sot eynewey wes for fa |i lor fe sr [act [os as fo | sruysen paw mor, cea ore ee ote ate o fis |sc fo Jo vw2pe18 PEE wer }or |se for li fer fuoerfse fou lea |e fo ocd asso |esz |e | uses loz Jaa [ster [eo | as [ose | ter | co sing ow fo + Jo fer |e |woe lie [oe [oe foe | soe 00 cure{az [or Jos |o |x fasir| res [ese |ris [oo fo ‘ea vse lace [sr fos Jor fee feur|s fore fier fen | 0 sua weorfor fz [sr fos |e Jue feo luce fos [oe [1 ues os fe Jz Jo Jo Jo Je |e Jor | fe Jo wep reeeERY sees |siz sv [ec [ew se oror}os fous soe | eo | scr ‘ype eo aE pas fio a 0 6 a) my no | oma | was |u0 aoe “any seeeo|iniins| po | vana | Foods |eingins) vay | nds | ay" so/opny per | sevwo | pgs |"ner lesouin| Sw | "yoni [veoonr| sods] oy | sebrr [rynden| “notinerene (cooz-000e Aaa) Goruey puesnout ut) 66-8661 sonpard winsfonay Joly Jo uondwesueD « GePT TERE PrTable 1425 Imports of crude Oil and Petroieum Products 1990-91 to 1996-99 (TEDDY 2900-2001) (lu Thousand Tonnes) —— 2 | a Coke 7 to . . ‘Table 14.24 Subsidies on Major Petroleum Products and Subsidies by The Central Government {Qn Million Rupees) 1991-92 to 1998-99 (TEDDY 2000-2001) = [:ssroe [azar | aver | raveos | rns | rooeor | ror0e [soso Keonne dent wey | 23040 | ssowo | sz50 | srazo | a1goo | oso | seat | 67.000 gh Spee el ‘ao | 1200 | 5720 | aa00 | a1aco | soso | — | = Lucid ein caspeact | 770 | sureo | sze.0 | s4s00 | 1eao0 | 22200 | s6400 | 25700 (mes aptared oinoe subpar | coro | aso | rza0 | ssoo | 2000 | rsa | | — te Sock ale we omen (ce) taco | 220 | 1200 | 00) tame | 200) —] mtn we 100 | aso | ‘sw | 200) wo} soo) | — al snza0 | sseeo | 5500 | 45600 | 53600 | 80.000 | ras00 | asso Teal cain covenment 220 | 119960 | 26420 | asano | 35720 | 01.299 22020 St POL products? 41,750 | 56,860 | 65,960 | 65,600 | 93,600 | 186,000 | 74,800 | 83.600 Teal sity rexaso | rreaio | sao | sao |zarszo |avraso |2r.20 | sosso roL subpage ot | 254i | soso | uaa] anos | suse | sae | arse | zr Trot say Trees | Thee do ut form at ofthe goverment budget PL-Peoum, oi and Lent. ae ania woppur wnepanag pup up sop yom pi HO ste ermer wong stp ei peo 2 A ss os pa Se8FRR SRS ee ETE eePaep yi dard Ee BEREE 2g a8335 3 Sea82 |& 28223 2 gagaad |g ize§ € 2588 [8s sfftaga & e8eass a) 2. 7 sls S2eef £ 82-58 [8g Sz 8 YSRSE a) 8 Pipuy ut sn Barbe pu 20 g Be 28 8 w.-ge [8 23,88 2 gs282 |f BE, 88 8 8855s |e $2188 8 22282 [§ {66-8661 01 16-0661 AsnpuL Aq SaNW gn) LOH UH) $e feamEN Jo WoRuMStED = eR LGR ‘Ahsnpus sanoduio syego(8 v sz Lowes uoaresospy ueypur ay) Jo 1woWdojaaag ROME [0 AuJnbo wy suaMAEDAUT 20 wononpotd snsowop Suseariy — (i) ‘q aouapusdapgfes.ayp axaiyoe 01 sais 4J0 Joguinu © papusurwooes sey ,ez07 worstA uoqeDeapaH tip, 1 dnoxS ayy epi Tot ‘tudy + wou yo tanj Jo sacud tego ayy yum ssond se yduo> ain papuouuese sey dnov8-qng uoneztpin seq ai “ator >jgno puEano\ JP anteA amo} ayy uodn Suypuodap g661 1290390 ut Sonatn agh9 pulestone %84-Jogs7 seein 01 pase>.0u| ose seppd se5 aun Saa11d jo [e4oTS jo aseainu" ap Yn jaid mou ppe pue sauce fueur so Apede> au q 9) (use sawyestet) ueyisee -Aequuea) reseIng (seg uubyery-uessy) wessy ur 532) ‘8661 ut fep & DedeD Seulaw o1gn> uowuar ¥eg ot samt 3k lw s'8r Suisey waieks (wy dogs rnoge) I staumnsuo> oyp pue auyéid Yuna anduspedeL-andelig-erent uch Sig WF umoys st soujadid yno se8 Jo WonnaInsIp pue worssuIsuEN Jo xlomiou Y ‘eB anos out Sumuanooms 10) exzzey 2e ashe semjoed “PIN 10§ tou) payddns st seB oun eHZEH ur searauNN “pau EIDOH Due YIN Aqeuor ‘wou pastas} se8 oun wein ul exeIng uf eXzeN pue eNysEIEUEH uy WEIN Uw IeH emN, pase atoys pve s1oysuo arenbape ays "yi Aeqwoe au Jo seB pesmeu palsy Senoncid Suuonooei pat spjoy ndey ay 28 uononpoud so8 panied jo Saueyus spnyautsi9{0u9 sassend UoiHer sroysyo siasom au ut 9 (Gog <) UoUonpoad se8 feo1 jo samnes iolew 2qL Se°F1 “Su UI UMoYS Ze sompedeD uononposd stp «atm sHfoxd OWT WeUjwOsd 4 sequins ¥ “pony 1 seadde rou seop saudi yBnoxy simny sou NU aed oy 430 uodut un asmeseq (on) seB jzzmew payin Jo wo) yp uy AnsoL se8 partodun Auacor ‘&q vow aq oF sey se oun Jo pustisp Suysesiouy Jona ayy pue sansa 21qn> 2uipep few se8 yo uononposd au zioz-t102 Ag yet dnoxS-gne sep sp 4 povewnse si a1 “100g wt sanautojqn> woyta ¥92 pue cooe ut sata 214M 19 “86-8661 ut sonow aigna wojtig #22 w20q sey AiuneD ano Ut uoHonposd Se oy) 08 yom 9e'FI AIgeL ML UMOYS #1 KnUnNeD ino uF KoHDNpoAd seS peameU 942 SVD TVEAIWN dO NoLLOaGoUd “21 (eet aqgeL) uopdunsues se8 yeunsew plo feo aut jo 292) aworenmnbo 1 Buueys (227 o79n9 ui 02 Ui seaiaym (sani9w 2IgN> lu ¥'G2 em O00Z U Uondwnsued se jemew ay ST aga, UE uaRB 5) saunsmpur Aq s¥8 jesmeU Jo uondumsu0> 24) “ 1 Sp sSequLYs 98 wnajonsd poynbn ranuey pup wnaponag oie~ ‘Table 14.26 ; Production of Natural Gas (im Millon Cubic Mees) (TEDDY 2000-200%) Sete [99091 [ on [025 [198559 [9795 | 199598 [967 [1798 ioR—s | 1H aTURAaL o8s_rRODU: “toy ONSHORE ouant 1s96| seve | 1906] aoe] 24s2 | 2276] 2052] sais] 3.66] 2308 serene zo | si] “sa | “ar| i909] taco | toa | Zote | 2oss| ses aciacal Paes zo anit] oret | veet | sr] Sa] Ms | | | Sina mf} EL ME) ef ast] ase] ase] sor] ace Tt Nate sw) =) =] =] ss} tir] “af Se] or] S dod ragesh we) =| =] =} eo] sro] ro] son | sate] ver & Rajasthan = = - - - 12 10 48 163 109 a ‘oral sete | e25t| 4708 | 4979 | 5203] 5729] 5951] 6018] 7000] sax6 | orien p ov india Lt uste] =] =] =| nas | sass | acer | nro fais | cee (ONE (land 238} —| —| —] sos] 205] JeUS 24 sBer.0Ys saMod s}UEIyD wos Sues ord “oa “sued zamod so roqunu aus a4 09 248 pod a 4034 ‘S289 pa our Jo suod ope site Jamod posed [eon us ogz om Isto palannsOD ‘ane pito> am iunowe dpisgns gaisonuyayp Wie Bip azieo! v1 aney 3m ing. Susoomen S| uondumnsuco su yans s¥ an] onsowop iuatueAUo> es} 1qnop ON pIsqns © ‘M pattddns Butaq 5] a pur pedesnoouo Sureg sy (ee sunspot, unajoued ayy a2eretune> op ABoxe2Is aney eur aseas ct pey pur aBmuoys ABroua sei aSsreyoxs uBio} Jo wunoUe sn jo ‘sadn 2100 00808 91 alo oFy's oH) da 104 Jo 10) Se.put #28 Jind jo ynsas © sy 489K Jad 210m oo sadn) enix UP Ae 0} 9 une> 240 0 Jo ateg e Jo 29nd aut wt 284 Jeon 2uo 20} Wp paoinotea aaa Pe leteg ‘oge of ou # 91 woy de suo pey rseur uado ain uy [oned jo 29ud a4) ‘sonposd sanojouid pus wnejoiad jo Aynigttese-vow jo wojisanb ayp sem 2124, (e) Swotgord 21909 ax Suyaoyoy 2m yp odes atam a4 “Sapiso aysoura sSujmuns ayy “wore o iam sy peusoiu yeones osty ‘paddons atom suyen yo sued Jo 2181 319 Ut ast onsnun ue se tay seduu fensnn Ue pe lunajoned sup uj ayy gz & sem a3a4p OBel “ann UH nIguos z ‘Bowens atp pueisiopun 0 uotyuooes amp au8 1 paqiey sey Aofod saus mo fypucnay (Gooe-cooe ‘scaay) feo remveN puE Ho “Rep Jo uoRdunsueD MI spuaks : Hist “Sta oP Pe Oe SS en fw =—t barre osossemtnorran see Aaow229 Seip ico AA unmons soMosedut ese05 ry angen ere) s8o19 uy Atouy yo Londunsvey + gsr “Bea ete, o 34 26-1661 Boren papa2oxa sey 503 mes pue winajened ngwnsues ‘9861 s2yy “paseasnut Aqesoudnat sey an ues 381 1 eatssaxBoud 134 2 J9n0 paseainap seq amu. pup yoo . Je aun syyoje> 58038 yo wondunsuca Psy (eer puoses 24 aye Due e09 Jo aieye oxi papaanxe depno spouad ejd vuazaynp use feimes pue unajoned Jo anys feud pur alo panes pueda ad 26 Prsleum Indan Context ‘Surprisingly enough, we are aot self sufcient in petoleum and petroleum products, ané yet we ate trying to depend more and moze on oll and natural gas. To meet the shortfall of fur demand we are importing petroleum and petroleum products at an enormous cost in foreign exchange. ° Dependence on import of a substance, the price of which uctuates In the world market and paricularly when the al available in pleny, Is gute contary to the economi 1 money of he day Fig. 15.5 Fluctuation of Fexoleun ken positive step to curb the petroleum consumption. Therefore, we ion to the problem unless and until the Government overhauls its energy policy with coal as a primary input. One of the prerequisites of successful implementation of the policy would be to make people energy conscious. The wasteful practices and Inefficient ways of using energy SHoUld be stopped. ® _Peovie are habitual of following the pach of last resistance, AS such, no doubt there be resentment ftom many quarters to go back to coal asa primary source of energy, But the Instance of china can be 1861-1935) So fas we have 72% of its commercial energy from ¢ indigenous resources rather than depending upon impor ‘in view of the facts mentioned above its suggested that our energy poly should have the following main crteia . 1. It should be coat based. Even at the prese v to last for more than 200-years, wld heal Strategic importance of Petroleum vis ave indi's Economy 227 3. The chiet ternative to oil willbe 10 complet electification of the Ind ry could be resiored to Rs past providing necessary the coal based power plants situated near the collieries, The generated ach the consumers by the national grid system. Thus, the botlenecks the consumers can be avsided jon—about half of itis used for motor ‘uel. Thetelore, if arrangements are made to run vehicles on road by batteries there wil also be a great saving in petsoltdiese and other petroleum products lke lubricants, ete Apart fiom a great saving of petroleum and petroleum products, pollution will also be controlled 8 great extent, Thereby health hazards can be reduced leading to a great saving also In medical expenses by the government and individuals, battery operated buses are 17 seater batery operated buses. The buses can attaln a ad of 76 kmvhout. Compared to diese operated buses these battery operated es cheaper to ran, For one charge the bus can run for 78 km BHEL is manufac buses are 5. We are st ity at present. While we take a proect of producing electricity in the meantime, take help of generating electricity f renewable energy sources, lke solas, wind, water, blo and geothermal energy. The greates advantage ofthese energy soutes is that the enegges ae freely availale. We do not need. Using in a simple windrl producing up to & mw electricity has been developed. Wind fans in suitable locations are also of great help. in generating ele A seo0te wheeler publle wansport system operated 3: ed care, Is 16% cheaper than the 17 seater bus mei 1m recent years there has been a grat sechnclogical adv bateries Blecric vehicles 1 News, May, 2001), ‘A swiss company MES-DEA is building the | 4 battery at its Bera Research & Development Li Plant in Derby, England. harnessing the chemical Fig 46 1 A Douic Walk Saniow reaction between nickel and sodium chloride awery oxwep TewaEY ag > SHY Bhat 04 389 ay Jo si2auK 2H ‘ia) yeysques> & 01 pasouuo axe sued ayy J sitauTDAot a Uo Sumy Anus uy sow voisd yoed E> af jo augue 3 0 stuatianous premn pue piesuiop a Aa Uaaip 5) 19 fomad © soveo1 wnt ur yo (2 1 xIGNaaav saoipuaddy sous toys 2 s[eny 98n 01 spews 2g pinous ay UY “¢ sjayleeo sanonpoid woy atowas are yoiym std sod aeapnu dn pyind 01 soda ha Jo} 89218 stou pu atow Say sue}é wos 1259)p 30 iajssod veoi8 e o} aay “snyu “s2e> ul posh osorpo, YS IWOWEAON fi soy a au. “e8uaM 155m u) sueg 20g pean sey 1 says paseq seBo1a ott 008 ¥ 1t Autau) Buoy 001 sqnop ou uy “ABi2uD Jo. une} paso ssouersip zou0ys uasup song puE aq $4001 amar eM snolAgO AU 8) (07 fev 'sMaN rat) souste uo] 5 pue souneg apuspay yew tap jo, dou 5} Asieg eige7, an Jo KBou8 ayoads OHIWAAUOD € USE ~ 8fm At.og PMO Oot - ABiou2 auna9 ayn sous sanynayea:9 oy (es wotoD} mano wmpuy wreoay we230 Paroieum Daten Concert ksbaly with Paton Fig ALE G The movements of the pistons take place in four stages : (1) A mixture of petrol and air is sucked in through opening (Fig. Al stage) by induction re the second stage the piston moves upwards due to compress mixture of pettol and air is ignited by the spark plug, Due to this (power stoke) the piston moves downward; In the fourth stage the pision is pushed back upwards by the ‘oUt mixtuce of petrol and air which exhausts oUt ef the right se valve openin The downward and upward movements ofthe piston follow rhyth Anives the car smoothly. heated befor (forces the ‘movement ofthe piston Is known as ‘Knocking! Due ound is produced in the engine. This sound ofthe car slows down, straight chaln ic has higher knocking power than iso-octane whichis structurally branched. tn fact Isa-octane's octane number is the least knocking power or maximum anti knocking power Appendices Gallons/Barrels/Kilolitres 6 Conversion Factors for Petroleum Products a | Refinery Gas 1 | 8.00 inane 1130 10.85 FG 1130 1160 on Gasoline 1070 3.90 Wotoe Gasoline Lor ass Jet Gal 1070 7.93 Keresene 106s 733 er Kerosene toes ra tors 8.50 035 746 0.960 6.66 oreo 5.50 0.60 0.960 ine of ofl Bgulvalent 0.96 7. Standardized Prefixes of Powers of 10 7.00 700 ‘Agency Statistics 1994-95. to | Fate Sabo | Power PE Tn wa] ot [ier] ae fa re | o | to a 0.00455 ogre 0.1590 0.83268,ste (2002 ay 9s ag : 205) BS8seessseeel ¥ PSsslsgsees) F 1 BUS eesaesas 3 23328888 £8 8| zie ESesseede es) tk lnwepeneses gl § PEESESe gee 3/83 | sesgergessslade $2888 SS Fess eF/y FEEEEISIG Eg eg 2eebteigess) Pp a fwuateamba vo seuue, wou) uopdunsuey 48iaug Arewing phon + 1 ome, » xlaNaaay Bondiwnsvey ABiou3 Aeua & toy] papi aue Aaya “ado wey UmeIPIAIN 2404 HOgeD ppue topenog souls) ejanzauay : eaUIY ipnog -wSoUOpU* aye EIEY “BHASIN* lye soy OGr ‘euaSyY : way eMON “yelreys pur YeMTEIRtesex "TENN ‘IgeYA Nay) srEsNIG Tey paul “aigery rpnes “me "yen “bt “ue sey aypOIM sue saquats aut (senupuneg Sunpsodey pun Burompost 10) 9440 't ‘¥sni‘satoy tpnos ‘puso mo ooprany “uedel ‘opeus “eHensay © setnuinos aque 1no “wopBEDy patun ‘Kany ‘pueBazAINS uepams ‘yoy eBnvaK “pum eALON, ‘spueyornaN Binoquraxmy, sf ‘pune Jo aygeday “puepor AwAINY “saa “eID ny ‘adaing—are sioquiaur a, yor 9340 ove ‘puejng peur qndON ae) "wR (auoudoqoa0g pun worynsodoog spuow0og sof uoprn=rm840) (910 “9 seve amy pan “ends Venger fpmes seeD “wou eME “UEpO[ “pers “bx “Ue seo ope “9 srespqan surf umsMEWCEML ‘we, donespaa werssn “mop ‘euenort “eweT "Uasipezey “Bion eHoIses “mmag "ueemacy.“nibuy ong ra}00s outiog sin ‘wopens "ues "emg SpuepARoN InogsoNs se ‘pur jo nae omg Aug “uel ‘paar speusing “umSog unany—sre Sroqual a (uopan woadoangy) age wot topos sama pe afoma jensen sopmpxe saHka sono, min auL =yoRd WY dogo UE pu seg apa "yy toques sag aang ena eH Tenaya (sarmouooy poyeoyy HunSaowsy) SHAS uo aapensrunupy eats. ete509 pur eau man ended “PUD? Ho “oyensny ‘wea ‘puee "uemre, ‘eazy an ete is pre sted een TouaNen, ipa ‘ysopedueg "westueAN) sy wos ‘ideBUNS aus wat ON “OSCR cistron ‘sort "ued "esavopu "VS Buoy BuoH Sun stg) “erpoquny Tens Spmpouy songume ous: oon msy“r sBuydnoug g/SSS288322 qs a i pr [2eeeseggeeg (eee R 822 ae2 3g Slee PURSIEREEE TEE Bibliography AAbdulkin, R 1985 : Production of olf and Gas, Mir Pubblishers, Moscow, 230 pp. Abelson, PR, 1963 Organic geochemistry and the formation of petroleum, 6th World Pet Cong. 1, 397-407 Abelson, PHL, Hoezing, ZC, 1961 + Carbon isotope fractionation In formal by photosyntheuc oxganlams, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. US 47, 625-652 Acharya, S.K.. 1979 Straugraphy’ and tectonics of Arunachal Lesser Himalaya, Stratigraphy and Correlation of Lesser Himalayan Rermations, Hindustan Pub. Corp. Delhi, 251 2a ‘Acharya, SK and Ghosh R.N., 1975 : Stratigraphy of Assam valley. Indl, Discussion; Amet ‘Astoc, Pett Geol, Bul, $8, 1010, 2946-2087, ‘Acharya, SK. Mitta, N.D. and Nandy D.R., 1986 : Regional Geology and tectonic setting of n of aminoacids rottheast India and adjining region” Geol, Surv. India, Mem., 119, 6:12, ‘Agarwal, RP, Prasad, DN, Srivastava, AX. Saluja, SK. and Deshpande, }., 199% :tategrated eal research in AssamArakan basin, Eds. j. Pandey and V. Banerjee, Proc. Cont se ion research achievements and perspectives, ONGC Pub.. Dehradue, Invegrated explo 107-122. Albaiges, J. 1979: ldenefeation and geochemical significance of tony Isoprenold hydrocarbons in crude olls, Bas. ACG. Douglas, |. Maxw Organic Geochemistry, 1979, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980, 19-28 ‘bvecht, P, Ourisson, C., 1969 + Triterpene alcohol isolation fiom oll shale, Science, 163, 1192-1198. Alpern, B., 1969 : Uber einige geologsche Anwendungen des Reflexionsvermogens der Kobe, Frelb Forsch. H., Geol. € 235, 45-56 Amica. RP. 2000. Amoco Statistical Review of World Energy 2000, 49 pp. ‘Ammosov, 11. 1961-62 Stages in alteration of sedimentary cocks and paragenetc relations af combustible minerals, Internat. Geol, Rev. (AGH) 4, No. 4, Part, 1962, Transl fom Sowietskaja Geol. 1961, No. 4, 7-24 Ammosor, 11. 1968 : Coal organic matter as @ parameter of the degce of sedimentary rork chain agycic Advances in catlon, 28d Intenat. Geol. Congr Prec. Sect. 14, Prague, 23:50 ‘Anderson, R.0, 1984 = Fundameneals of Petroleum Industry, Wledenfeld and Nicolson. London, Arogyaswamy, RNP, 1973 + Courses ie Ming Geology, Oxford IBH Publishing Co. Calcutta, Athy, Li, 1930 : Compaction and oil migration, Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 14, 25-35, Dailer. R.0., Hood, D.W, Smith. [.B. 1960 : Recovery of dissolved organic matter in sea water ‘and organic sorption by particulate material, Geochim. Casmochim. Acta. 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Rajasthan, Ind Jour Ear 3. 2, 188198, lsevier, Amsterdam. ot as‘sqy) eppuT ieeaipzON "399 ens "ojuciaa,*wga6) "s ASUeD e092 eaiy ay Jo wonnjoas sruenay : sz6t 's nsueD codap papunog aogjns Buipooy jo siseuss UE ulseg ut sazuonbas 2ydesBHeNS onouag + geet “sm “femolieD oeeiuses “eze noeas snosuaBore1aH 6961 "9'V semeD erp “uotssrus09 se tno tea Yona jo aimsut “991-024 : uotesoytxa wnsjonag vo sainsary pazeas "MIbES ‘AA pue éveypeateya “N's “SPA "Uiseq wBteD Jo Lom aut} YeIBOIO0D * Gost "'H “eOINA ‘aamey “woresmaew pue sisous8 wnojoned uy st see ‘012 amen “suoqesaipsy leyjezed ujeyo-Buo} jo snomneyeq Anamos aun pue suoneilUy iaven-2iNjs 9961“ "SHUELS “11 “wyp029 2)ueBIO “eURAIS UEAISeA Woy 2Be ureIquiDeN4 e] J0 sii UL sioxreworg voqiezoipAY paeimtEs + £861 "O° ‘seBnog ue “OW Fa1me BLL-Lbs dd “099 "nag Dossy "WY “Jo Jo IGEN 'sA22M “TD “Pa ‘UiBu0 aUUeW 49 sy90r Alequawipas ut (ueBore%) saeW srueBLO agnlosu] | ser “WEL UN "a “ueUBOG 281-SPT YOK MON ‘UowBiag YeBarE “V1 ‘ps UaEozey Jo AnsjaUDO99 : eget “aT “UeUIsIOS ‘22-02 “eyeua *sPos [eHBo}oa9 usape(dueA “eouD.o!109 yenUUW ig old “sBpNy seg AUN YpIM UoHeRescE sue UIseA (eBLNg ® szét "uy ‘senbnIEg ‘96:08 'S “EIpUI 305 "1029 nol ‘weBSY Jo HHOKBMIELE aIUODAL + F961 “a ‘Suey eee-orsz ‘ees ‘ne [939 44 20ssy ‘wy “wnejouad Jo uoneppueD eawayrEED : seer "Va SUIOM "DL Uoupra ‘BFI-661 “vopuoy ‘smousigng aouaNs palddy ‘o%s “Buoy 124 pM. ‘6 ‘suisea Asomuatpag u| BujezeN29 sep pue jo Surjonuey Suoneiau guet “O'( weMpy 25-02 'b SHOW Joop “nag 0sSy “wy “uOUUOHIAUA aoquiNsaNs Hy sping “ayeo “af pue Sunoy -y "spa "yprea ays uy wiSu0 ay “amnjonag © s96t “D1 UeMpIA ‘98-91 "22 mmY “wIyBoWSED -wHys0BD “uon}UBO221 paq a2In0$ Jo ‘wayqosd auto: povejr se sjseU2S wmnonad Jo smadse teatuaya amos + 1961 "D ( "uewpsa ‘82S “ONT "WY "pS ‘S8e) JeoqMAYD © ,96t “Wwe pue “9 “uorUR $71 dd ‘9961 “wopueT ‘ssa voweRiag ‘Ansiuiay3099 annRio wy ssoundpy veeuaAeH “| pue YouaINS “spy -HusuNpo 2e2pue pu auso0: pue susquedio Susy ur spe AnRy pue suosiedospsi# e961 “9 "UOIUNUS BHEL-6EL ‘6h ‘tng 1099 tag "Dosey “wy ‘ado pus eaapsus leuaUtuaD Jo sspeLEISeED S961 OR SUE Sereep ‘zaa “ze saded "1 295 “unpyuess s8u09 ‘hag puemWp9 2ex4 "wmnajortad Jo uoHe|nLIMIDe WI slORR) 2IYdesBouRIDD * ever “ON KAW “opl-1et ‘ot “nsnwaypo09 a1ue8i0 ‘sea Ktewaunpas eUaEIN waynes wt senVtan200 43° siMuy| pue uonesmiew "uIBo “s>UEUEAIO BML + e861 "LO ‘OPN puE “WD YozOI}E owe AMidesiengg hi-e11 “suey “dupa uofoiay “pueing “g Pa “suaBotey Jo sisKieue yeuowary < oot "9 WOW "a “pueInG SET-2T1 "E961 OR any atu “1961 “asruaypa29 omua8i9 uy saauEApy W “Spa “Suoqzeso1psy Jp UopeSiws uo ypseasar uy Ansytuaypoos sjvedio aseig 1961 a “pueing dd g1 “seg + ahuyaas ‘woBemy + oget “a “pueina asce-rece ‘9 "na 009 had 2058y “wy “sUIUHpSE iveFIUE PU tusoes uy suoqievoupay 148m 20[nazJou oI Jo UoNNAIEEIG Z96I “WI UAH "TA "wowN 499-669 "¢ Buoy aIas puOM 38 2891099 = g961 “9'a “UouNa 608 fenBoloe8 pur seipms uaBoray + zz61 "Oi Ma 1 201g “swadsoid puiom pue sysodap ajeys to 30 1 wojexa -weypo29 { ‘suoneraida LOS 66h ‘Apt a0uePs “wnajoned jo siaueS UL ands: 9961 “Fa sent “Oy ‘se/Bn0q 5 sou2y1 Savy “e020 wncqanas sf Yoo sunas : 6961 “SPIOUKR LW pu Is “HY "nea Pig HOR mon "MRK mesooN Suyzadsaid poystydeat oo uonomposuy + o46t “a “UUMeG ‘595-$98 "992 ainteN ‘vonesnoew jewroxos8 40 sorea)pur se suusyéiog + ex61 “9 “vowIBa “> we "IG beb-12b °t MBolea9 uopesBiur Yo pue NonINpANS + PLEIN “UOSUDKL 4 192 TuBa MON “prT wes Soy ‘umead /O PuaM ous * 2661 “ora “>pUEdYSEA i dd 9¢ oy Bunpeau +1261 °9'@ ‘apuedysod, jozt-oztt “po ‘Ind o20 “19g 2058 wy 'sisoue8 paq aHOUY = OB6L T°9 “HOON pUE ‘9 ‘Uos}euoa 91-9291 ‘01 “82 “ha ‘avy “suioishs wnatoned Jo uowesyissep anaua9 + Lost “a “eBUIZINH PUR "9 "Uosjeweg set $8uog "9g Ueipul \aRE “ssexppY fenvapDLd“eIpUL 19 "ling 1e29 “104 2088v “wy ‘sproyo weiedns pue spuEs Jel + 2261 "D “uosiewea 691-661, "b "9 "IS winajonag of “eypur jo suyseg snorayosag “rp seynsuquag-enea pur ejhsuad Jo Suse eueAKpLOD 430 Apmis ayy uy spuan wovey = g961 W'S Kesypedospueg pue “y “9N "ened EEI-LAt "> '9 eisy wmajona "epUL Jo suIseG sHoA[OnEG “foe snuysey 30 saads01d voqsesespAy pue wonnjoxa [w1S0[o99 “ee6t “WN "eNeG ‘01-86 "p '9 eISY winajonag “apy 6 suis snoaffouag ‘oempselen Jo swadsoud vogre2oipAy pue uernjors (2}80]000 * ga61 “H'Y eNeG ‘bI-LSI “Z ‘SI “PUL 0S 1099 "Mot “é1oayr solo ated Jo pu wiasea jo Assy 2Bojoa8 pu aera ay Jo malay ¥: ¥Z6I "A'S DEYDEYISEG aronp umpur wnsponay aeae Petroleum Indian Contest » 1985b : Geology and hydrocarbon prospects of Tripura-Cachar Mizoram region, Petroleum Asia, Jour, 6, 4, 105-109. 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SEAPEX, Singopore. 8. 187-160. n of500 pu 1o sudeuSrans “suoispues uy sdexy srydeiBies Aéeinta © zz61 "eG rEUSASEWY S80 "Sin "esInL “suoMEDNANA 199 “IAD WRe.anay aS0e + TEGI “BA “UNL esei-eeel “ez “tte oavy “xadutop wea enndeuryeg-S "a DoMNaE YAK 02-161 "t ways029 B19 ‘suiseq diruawspar ut (42) suoqresospKiy 18H 30 jes pue vonesaua9 | q6u61 “a 4eUlaN PUP“) “plojiog “O°y ta}seypy "A ashoeuNeeT 801-56 'S2 “ooo “way sng) pus amreradwas Jo onan se spag animes vy} aew e810 woy suoRse>oIDs, aublam senoojow io Jo uoneseU2p = egy6t "a soUIBM pUe “O'y “ayaeiiS “q IsenoeYIAey '¥69-108 “S0z “2DUd!IS “sqeYS YoU 2quERIO oy sore24touké oy Yo Jo uoesaus9 : 9461 “H('SIe00G-28P pu ''senuim "a: «id Fee ued mane ‘siaysand Sa “(sa6N) ‘ontpa weer ssn Hoq mow ‘uEWaaLS -pa pur "unsianay fB MRea2D | 2961 "TY UaSIOAN, ‘2eh-z2h ‘st “@ojoo9 wnojenaz pur auseyt lugers vespay SeB of apina = g66r “a uoHSeg PUP 1 yossT See-t1e “pIO}x0 Buon “WH * spa “1Z67 Orquaypae9 2WRO ‘oBopay yo pms jeauo4pean * 2261 "¥“UeLL aT Peele "++ “8 “sIsKydouor=) “Suypeasds sooystas pue sop uoapo-PIW ayy WON) Moy TeDH ° G9GL “OW “MREBUET "XC “UoKE &7 ourse) "wpoEg “sINeWNpes 2UBPS1 ut SuORLEDHApAy MISIP feos SuL suet "Va ‘SAM “Ey “sUUEYET ‘90-1 “th 295 "IH}9q MON Was "1099 "WH oFg ‘aimonas pue AydexBnens or suoRNatm¥ed “UoREa) ueseCUtt 14 suogiezoxpsy 20) Uuoneseldxe Jo smieig + 9461 “Vy “oRIPBUEy pue >) “UEIEYLUTIEN S98 '9 "eISy wrajanaa ‘opu 6 suise@ showfjanag ‘suse lueane9 pue weaepop "euysisy Jo siaadserd tonieseupay pue ABo}000" cast at's Ten 211-901 “weotenry synuaps ‘yan waisa0 SpHOM 941: FBI -V "38 *IsnOIZON 2SG-0F8 “wepioney "eujea “3961 ‘uaiBy uossy-ouy 1 wonmsedeg pu Aasruayooo9 wngianag ‘ye 9 sem. 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"HV UCYN 2ayi-igb1 “sp 2 Ane} Wo UoH.eauaS suogieDospAy winajonad + yet a “Busta pu fh San ‘4912-0912 ‘98 "Ina “oo "Nea Dossy "WY “ssouDBeIp puE yeung np suon>eas Bunwie wnajonad pe sjeseun erp eve “y etlesouys PUE ‘aan sUYoL “2281-2150 ‘SOK ‘na sey 205 Yo—9 “usspelsueR “wino1, 194}6S 941 Jo sauor1 pue WOELEWIPDS = 1661 “N'Y "ely pue 4's wosuyol “teEt-1611 ‘og "eDY “wnypouse9 “ny>009 "U wed ‘Siuowupes auapuR Jo AnsoypeEB d]URRIO aL | 9961 " "UINIeD DUE mm eupne 30H ‘eouys “a ‘SumeH “Ty ‘oweBung “aa “AE.OW "a iSI9a "EU sLYOL 01-101 + 9 “1 ev umaqonag "mpus 0 susog snomafhewes ‘uIseG IpeUeYEYT 20450 2 Je ABolo29 * og61 "n “exdno seq pue “IN ‘eAysrEa “D'N "uUIeY “"y') “ueyLeUuedeL 68 “SH “3nof p21 pue 3-1 soyuea, DeE-I8s "s “smUORS ques ley seoynes sof "ysape(fueg “dpotog yeSuaq ay Ut Undap puE autyesadtsa (gia uoneps si pue AYMew ssmeW aUeRO + 1661 “uippnsweys pue “wy ‘pest be1-$91 “weprno “uae ‘s¥6) ‘woISey umeveyy 4 opnsorteg pen Mosruoyooo9 wneiuay “je v9 seuNs SA | Spa “uIsed YeBoR eq pap} a2 ws [ENUOd Yoos aanos auapENH Jo UoRNjoxg = 86) "I'S “URI pue ypeUI| sovaps 529 pue 10 “pasdpeuy “pares sas ‘pte se rmc9 umpurwnnesag ovdela 248 Peroleum Indian Conte Mackenzie, A... 1984 : Applicaton of biological markets in petoleum geochemistry. 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Acta, 42, Petrodon, A. 1983 + Pynamics of oi! and Gas accumulation, Ef, Aquitaine, France, 368 pp. Fettoleum Encylopdedia, 1986 : World-wide oil and gas at a glance, Pennwall Publishing, 295 pp 1.67, 1968 : On the depth, time and mechanism of Cosmochim. Acta, 29, 102! Philipp|, Gt 1975 + The deep subsurface temperature controlled origin of the gaseous and 2soline range hydrocarbons of pestoleum. Geochim. Cosmach 1385-1575, pi. 00, 1977 ; On he depth of the heavy to medium ‘ravity naphthenic crude im, Acta, 41, 32:62 Powell, Te, creaney, §. tations of use of organic petrographic techniques for identification of petcleum source rocks, Am. Assoc. Pe Geol, Bull, 66. 930-435, Prasad, MN. Raju, SV and Ratna, C, 1990 : oll generating shales and assoclated coals in northeast india, an alternate source of energy Urja, 28. 2. 39-45. foleum genetation. 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Yoga pe Uaerp hit = n86t "a ‘puBIha PUR I aMUOHY "He tiMoNS "at “Butppow 891-221 “b 9 “nol eisy umnjonag ‘pul 6 sisog snanfiagay “worSas wacelpe st Due uiseg ueyesy urssy Jo wed eo enuatod uequerospdy pie MBojoa9 + c86] "¥ ‘oBseBuEN $9:09 “1 °L “anol eisy unatonas “wpy 6 susog snarfranay “weezy 40 sadsoid uoqiezeupay pue spomouey} 2uoDe) = $961 “a "UEWEZREYUER pue “| “Wei 218-508 “uodefuls “uowaiuxa pue “Ju0) eISV Ise HINO 2ICU=YO UIQ ‘MaIAI9A0 tue * eipuy“uiseg (e8u2g ur uoneio(dea + 9961 “ara BEN pur “Ss YeWNY "Sy “UeUeY ‘08-82 “F '9 “ano “sy wnojowea “ypu) Jo suiseR snoraoniag vjsed Aequuep pore|éx [fm Woy] uogreospAy a2": cB6T ' “UESEATUIS puE "UL'Y ‘nie reee-20h ‘ts unaiing 94¥¥ “e{pu Jo ulsea Kequieg pue wessy Jo uonnjoxs enfBojo99 = 9961 “ULV “nlEL 9 “2861 ssnSny \p9 “npul aqL ‘seoIeS Yo Bug “4861 “Ly “pose BIpUdIeN sze-ze Aequiog ‘pave wer ten rundau “Zest “>2-7z “90 “sue2HaMT pu sian jeuy uo “dimds fevoneN Me "TIPU ‘wseG UExEIV-WeSsY 40 SaIRUS pue st20> avoid 1O = z661 “Wo “snbipueH puE “G “eIpUEYD “seu 28-29 "¥'9-1no| eISY waaqoniag “e|pUl J0 su snougjonag ‘sued 9928ueBopuy pus 2fejeunyy warsoy, oN wt sadsoud wease>0Np Ay ue wonuaunpes s1oz0u29 “enatioeD wiseR CQ6t “Y 'saKeNNW “R's ‘aWUNY "A "UeWMeAIEN ‘Z2e-112 "PU “unpesyea ‘sroysHNA wRa|o uEIpUI “Te 19 SeASIA C'S = sa ‘sept ‘sneigiomag uo seuing pores “oad “sulseq Areuatup3s LeIpUt Jo seomnoses UoqEDOIPAH | WESE "A'S "EIAIS PLE 9 "YBUIS “Wa “eid “NA “SPAN TY “ley aboes "9 ‘OL ” DAVY “umsn(ed “uisea snput Jo saadsoid uogiesorpty + 996i “W'S “AENUS PLE A en 3 “14 "94% “HO pHOW Bot 25!os po pue seB jenuorod genjeAD o1 MOH: cu6t “IIA FassNd PrEEIE ‘09 “IMA “JoaD “ad ‘oss "WY “wo}EBIaL ‘Asewud pue uifuo si or poydde se umngjonad Jo Amygnios snoonby : 9465 “I ‘soud ssold SeSUey Jo Asiaqun "DUaLMey "yoing ayy UNO * H-ev6T\"AIM "RELd rane ump umjonay ose2s2 ‘Petoleum nan Context Shamsuddtn, A.H.M., 1985 : Geological and Geochemical basis of oil and gas prospect of the ‘Bengal Basin, Bangladesh, Ph.D. Thesis, Moscow State University, Moscow, 525 pp. Shamsuddin, A1WM., 1989 : Organic geachemisty of Oligocene Miocene deposits of the ‘Bengal Foredeep, Bangladesh, Geol. Soc. India, 38, 382-562, SShamsuddin, AH.M, and Abdullah, $:X.M., 1997 ; Geologle evolution ofthe Bengal Basin and ication in hydrocarbon exploration in Bangladesh, Ind. J. Geel. 69, 2, 95-121 ASM. and Khan, 5.1, 1991 : Geochemical criteria of migration of natural ‘gases in the Miocene sediments of the Bengal Foredeep, Bangladesh, Southeast Asian Earth Sc, 5, 1, 89-100 Shimoyama, A. and Jol 971: Catalytic conversion of fatty acids to petroleum Tike Paraffin and their maturation, Nature, 252, 140-144. Silverman, &.R., 1965 : Migration and segeregaion of oll and gas. Eds - A. Young... Galley, Fluids in subdsupface Environments, AML. ASSOC. Pett Geol. Mem, 4, S365. sSlverman, §.R., 1971 ; Influence of petroleum.crigin and transformation on Is distribution ‘and eistibution in sedimentary rocks. Proc. 8th World FeXe Congr, 2, 47-54 Singh, Gita and Paliwal, . 2001 + Global energy trends and India, Gas holds the promise. Key paper, N » Geol, Congr. Dehradun, 5 pp. ‘Singh, RN, 1986 : OMl Industry in India. Collection of Papers presented at the tst Petroleum Congr, 190 pp. Singh, Rl, (Ed) 1987 : Coal Resoutees of India, Proc. Nat. Sem. Coal Res. of India, Tara Publicatons, Varanasi, 637 pp. Skinner, D.R. 1981 : Mmeroduetion to Petroleum Production, Vols. 0 Gulf Publishing Co Houston, 190, 253 and 178 pp respectively. M.H. 1983 ; Worldwide geological and geochomical experience and ig for prospect appralsal, Eds : G. Demsison and RJ. Murti, Basin Geochemistry, Assoc. Pett. Geol. Mem. 86. Smith, HLM, 1940 - Corelation index 0 ald Incerpreting crue ol Of Mines, Tech. Pa Smith, HAM. 1968 = Qua Of Mines, Bull. 642. ‘Smith, FY. 1984 : Studies on Origin of petroleum : Occurrence of hydrocarbons in Recent Sediments, Am. Assoc. Petr Geol, Bull, 38, 377-404 mith, BV, 1985 : Status of our present information on the ergin and accumulation of ol Proc. 4th World Petr Congr. 1, 389-376, Stith, TE., 1971 : Mlgeatlon, aocumlation and retention of petroleum World Petr. Congr. 2, 13-26. Sofef, 7. Isotope of crude lls application to deposition ‘environments and petroleum alterations. Ame ASS, Pet: Gecl., Bull. 31-49. sul nalyses, US. Bureau ive and quantitative aspects of crude oll composition, U.S. Bureal the earth Pro. 8th Bibigrophy 283 G., 1980 : The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum, Marcel Dekker Ine. New ‘wrk, 478 pp. Staplin, FL. 1969 » Sedimentary omganic matter, organic metamorphism and oll and gas ‘ovurtence, Can. Petz Geol, Bull, 17, 47-66. M, and Ottenjann, K., 1977 = Art und Diagenese von liptniten und Lipoiden stoffen in Erdolmuttegesteln auf Grund Muoresvenzmiktkopischer suchungen, Erodol u. Kobe, 30, 387-398. rR. 1942 ; Das Inkoblungs bllé des Lippstadter Gewolbes, ‘West 50, iprtance of coal petrology in prospecting for el and natural gas, \ Taylor, GH, Chandra, D., Teich ‘Stachis Text Book of Coal Petrology (Grd Edn}, ebrader, Borntaeger, Stuttgart, 500412 rectory and Year Book : 2000-2001, Tata Bnergy Resear Insitute, New 300, M.R., 2000 : "Petroleum Geology + is there a future?” AAPG Explore, May 2000. rt, KEM, 1979 : Light hydrocarbons in subsurface sediments, Geochim, Cosmochim 1976 : Plate tectonics in oil and gas exploration of continental margin, Am, sso. Petr Geol., Bull, 60, 1465: Tieats00, EAN., 1980 : Necural Gas, Scientific ress, Beaconsfield ctevisties_ of naturally occuring and_poll Im Po. 1973 joint Conf. revesion and com ‘Tissot, BP and Welte,D. 699 9 ‘Trask, PD. and Wu, CC "Asvoe, Pots Geol, K. and Pachauri, RK, Ungeret B, Behar, E, Discamps, D., 1983 ; Tentative calc volume, expansion of organic matter during hydrocarbon genesis fom geochemistry data 1M, Bjoroy, el al. 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Absouite Porosigy : The ratio of the total volume of pore space (Interconnected and non interconnected) to {cludes voids and Abyssal Brvironment The environment which existe ia deep basins of the oceans beoween the depth zone of 2,000 mies (6,000 Feet to 10,000 metes (30,000 feet). The boundaries between the different zones ofthe sea are usually gradational but may be sharp also at places. “Abyssal Deposits : The sediments formed and deposited in the abyssal zone. These deposits mainly consist of calcareous and siliceous oozes and red clay. Aeiization of @ Reservoir: process by which aids are forced into the reservoir rocks under Pressure for Increasing Its potosity and permeabiliy. 1 is most effective in carbonate focks and other rocks which have acid-soluble cement. Adsorption + The concentration of molecules of gas. lquld or dissolved substances on the surface ofa liguld or solid substance. These are held in place by Van der Waal’ forces. To what extent adsorption takes place depends upon the molecules being absorbed and the nature of the minerals; aiso itis a fonction of temperature and pressure Aerobic Bacteria The bactetia which live in tee oxygen. Air Dring : This isa technique of Rotary delling in which compressed air is used in place (of mud of water for ceculation and removal of eutings, Altatine Flooding « An Improved process of oil recovery in which caustic soda solution Is jected into the oll reservoir. This help in washing oil from the reservoir by mixing with ‘and forming natural detergents Alfylacion : The process of chemical bonding of light molecules (olefins lke propylene and butylene) with isobutane to form larges branched-chain molecules which make igh octane pevrl ‘An Acrefoct + Wis equivalent to the volume of one acre area (43,560 sq.ft) with one foot thickness oF 43,560 cuble fet. An actefoot has a volume of 7758 bactls, ive in Fee oxygen and use combined oxygen zr, ian Pet , wall known for its contributions in seting up many standards in petroleum industry such a5 API Graviy, ALI. Graviy = According to this system, the gravity (weight pe unit volume) of oil and other fide is measured at 60° (150) and ore atmosphere prestire and expressed in degrees essary 257 1.5 apvoravity = WLS _ = Sporeron ~ '3' API Gravity is expressed in whole numbers such 8 10.18.20, etc “Artifcal Porosity and Permeabitiy : The increase of pore space and permeability ofthe rocks using diferent tecanigues by man. having melting point range from 150° as reside fom the refining of some crudes, Asphalete : Harder, solid hydrocarbons with melting points betwen 250° and 600%, and less ‘than 1.20 specific gravigy. It is soluble in petoleum naphtha (0.60%) and catbon Asuiphide (60 to 90%, ‘Back Pressure : The pressure exerted by the uid column which provides resistance to the Moving pressure in producing wells at the reservoir, Boiler long cylindrica container having a valve at the botiom whi ates, mul and cutings from the bottom of a wel aril, arge « A vessel having fat deck and usualy without selt-propelling arrangement. ‘Barrel: & standard unit for the measutement of oll in oll industry. One bartel of cil equals ‘0 42 US. gallons and one US. gallon equals to 3.785 lives (23% cuble inches. Barrier Reef: When a ret forms a break water or battler protecting an inner lagoon, ‘baste Sediment «The tesidue which seules at zhe bottom of the tenk when oil is Kept in it ‘Basins (Composite) A basin is thought to be composite or composite basin where the ateas covered by two or mote basins of separate origin coincide Battyal Environment : Occurs in the neat shore zone (600-6000 feet of water) where conditions are comparatively moze stable. Benthonic Organisms : The ses means deep sea In Greek i used for removing is particulary useful in able-tool, creeping and burrowing organisms of the botiom (Benthas Blohcims ; Ate chlefly made of fragments (debris) of sedentary organisms. These ate porous, ‘mound or lens-shaped carbonate masses surrounded by impervious rocks, Biological markers + Are the molecules of in synthesized oy plants or animals ‘with preservation of carbonate skeleton. 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(fam toy Swuawiex 01 pue Lem ‘yo ‘se pray Burp ayy Jo INo Huq aun sp" smoMeyg aun unpuyunpeag azi 260 ‘Peroleum Indian Context Dri Pipe; Pipes made of heavy steel are stewed together and extend upto the bottom ofthe hole These pipes ate used ta give rotatory moon tothe dil bit an for angie ding ‘mud fom the surface ofthe bottom ofthe hoe Dring string : Heavy sel ppes screwed together to form a length connected with the “lng rg andthe dling be Irotates dhe bit for alin a hole an serves the purpose ofa pipe for diling mud. ‘Dy hole: & hole whlch has no oil or gas ori yields to litle to be produced economical Ege Witer-n a ap where the wall rock is not impermeable to wate, then is definitely ‘water saturated; the oll acumulaion occurs inthe cents sunoundd hy water towards the edge. ‘fluent: Waste lgud, gas or vapour released dusng the industal processing Enhanced OU Recovey(EOR) = When primary and secondary techniques of oll prodvation tecome uneconomic water, gas or chem are Injected tno the recto force the fiow of oi towards the producing wel t recover mote ol Emulsion : Mixing of two Uiguids which ae not easly separable. Stable emulsion nesds specie 3 separation. In case of unstable emulsion, separation may result by 1 some tine which dled to And out the iy of oll and gas m an area ‘nthe extension of a proved ot Fishing : The sklfal process of recovery of undesired material fl ole, ‘Fueed Carbon + Lis the weight loss upon combustion of a devoata sample. Fixed ‘carbon isnot determined. Itis estimated Ly deducting the sum wal of motsture %, Volt ‘matter % and ash % from 100. The fixed eatbon in a coal isnot the same as the tt carbon content of coal Flaring The burning of natural gas ether atthe site of a wel uy other processing place. ‘occulation : The process of aggregation of particles in suspension giving cise tothe formation Formation Volume cior which fs applied to a barrel of stocktank oll gas valent amount of reservoir oll. Formation volume factor generally range bewteen ‘These include mainly petoleum, natural gas, shale of, tar sands, peat, lignite and coal hod for artificial cracking of the rocks to Increase the effective porosity for more olf recovery: Usually, fr this purpose, various lgulds are pu: at very high pressure. Occasionally for geting more yield some proppi agents ate also mixed in the lguld tal Gradient: Fluid potential isthe fore driving the fluid movement of itis fluid (Aydraulie) potencal. The Muld potential possesses a gradient (Quid 261 surfaces, Fluid Pressure: The presure under which the pressure or uid pressure ‘Flushed Fool + The pool from which oil and gas have been completely displaced. ‘uel oil «A refined component of erude oll used for burning purposes in several ways as in ry pressure which forces the entry of 2 nonwetting Porgfront Pressure y openings which are saturated with a wel ‘uid into capi {ree Gas Cap or Gas Cap : The accumulation of gas over oil in an oll pool. It occurs almost in all the saturated pools, Gas ift « 6 process by which the level of oi is raised upto the surface ina wel by injéting 'g28 through the casing in {Gas.o1l Ratio (GOR) : Te proportion of gas in ell when oll s produced from a well. Usually the gas {8 measured in Cubic metre in a cubic metre of el produced. The concentation of gas i also determined per barrel of oil in cubic fet. CGeoiagic Fence ; The limiting conditions in whlch pettoleum occurs. Geothermal Gradi is measured by dividing the difference of formation temperature and. the mean temp fe surface by depth In fet. it may be expressed in ‘degrees (Centigrade pet 100 metres). The usual geothermal gradient of earth is 5.9% per (Gravel Packing : To check of reduce the movement of loose sand grains along with ‘wellbore, gravels (10-16 mesh sie) ae placed In It opposite to producing Gun Perforacing « & technique by which stel bullets are shot into the producing formation ‘rough the casing, This causes the maximum flow of oll from the reservoir rocks to the wellbore ata particular depth determined by logging and sample soudles, Gusher « When oll or gas flows out suédenly with strong force high into the air ftom a if of a soft rock which squeezes the sides of a bore hole and The swelling is caused due to adsorption of water and high pressure Heauy Oil - A dark coloured or nearly Back, hick oll having specie gravity nearer to that ‘of watet, poor In paraffinic consituents and rich in asphalt uid o¢ gas) formed essentially of carbon and ras and proportions ‘ydrocartons: Organic compounds (slid hydrogen atoms joined In different set papals spe vane soon st Mono! fo pnsey jo anbpa Ca Dans oN 242 pom 0 ate SEU eae Rene WW | oNEYNN aisem mo voanped oat a a" an) Kaeo Nong umes ‘ous yo ain sompsd fam 10 food wot 18 UL a? 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In this process neutrons are emitted which have great effet on hydrogen atoms af the formation and thus helps in locating the porous zones inthe formation. Noble Gases : Helium, neon, keypton, xenon and radon are included in noble gases. Nonwetting uid : The lguld which has the higher interfacial tension (lower adhesion) with the solid. mercury does not wet the glass Because the cohessive attraction of the 5 of metcury to one another is greater than the adhesive atcraction of the molecules of mercury to glass Cciane Number + itis a seale for deciding the antknock properties of gasolines, in engine fuels higher Octane number is desired ining the coast extending towards depth. The depth of exploration and occurrence of oil and natural gas in the sea Is progressively increasing, ‘olfeld Wucers : The waters aseociated with oll and gas pools (oittarer Table «11s the plane of contact of oll and gas with the underlying body of water ide, hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen, hellum and others ge sup water depth between 0. and texture, fiom outside to help in lubrication and In Increasing the rate of penetration, it Shale : The organic shales which in vatlous proportions hen subjected to destructive dis contains pyrobituminous hydrocarbons which are Insoluble In ordinary petroleum solvents, FE otossay us OPEC : The Organization of Petioleum Exporting Countries which include Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, tran, tag, Venezuela, Qatar, Libya, Indonesia, United arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador and Gabon have withdrawn, Open Hole : The hole which is not cased, Gcoberites: Wis Greek woré meaning “Odoriferous wax”. It's usualy dark brown coloured wax occurring in lieved to form due to drying out of a paraffin base Refined Ozokerte is white to yellow, micro-rystalline wax, also known a8 Ceresin, Used in veseline Orogeny < The process of uplift, folding, fuking and thrusting causing the form ‘mountains. The former geosyndlines represent most ofthe existing orogenie belt Packer: A technique used ata time when ina cased ot open hole, there is necessity to separate fone part from the other for some purpose lke testing of hydrocarbon, measuring of pressure and others, ‘Packing «A device for checking or slowing down the movement of lose saad Well together with oll. For this purpose, usualy the sand grains (818 mesh forced through perforations under pressute opposite @ producing sand. ‘ay Zone + A formation or is part from which commercial oil or gas Is produced, Perforation + Refer gun perforation Fermectlity : A property which is measured to Indicate the ease with which the Aulds move 4a cock through interconnected pores occuring in it. Thus, permeabl er with Porosity ofthe reservoir rock determine its capacity to hold and yield petroleum. Perhaps, isthe most important single propery of a reservoire rock. Pewrochemicals » Several chemical compounds manufactured fiom pettoleum or gas such as synthetle Mbres, rubber, dyes, numerous pharmaceuticals. etc id, gases andior solids con n of bbydrocarbons and and occurs in hydrecarbon compou nature in the pore spaces ‘Photosynthesis A process by which the plgments in plant tissues are capable of intercepting the radiant energy from the sun and form carbon compounds from water and carbon dioxice, 600, + 61,0 + energy ~ 60, + Cgtt20 Petrephysies «The study of the pote space and its chacactesitcs. Piocometre Suaface or Povenciomearte Surface” The highest level attained by water wells dniled into tne same aguter at different locations may be plotted as mum ura water ufc of oe atonosphere pes). Thi suf potentiometric (potential measuring) or plezometic (presse measuring When the potentiometric surface is higher chan the ground surface the af Peuroleum Seepage : The accutence of oil and gas at the surface from a pool due to exposure or emission, diferent perme et108. 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The uid fiom a welt is taken up by lowering a solid, rounded, cup ike container, cor Synerude : The erude produced ftom the processing of carbonaceous ike coal and ol shale. Safuels or Synchetic fuels: These are produced from substances such as coal and o by complex chemelal processes and have similar properties and utlzai oll SYunchetic Gas :1t is produced from solld hydrocarbons like ollshale,tar-sand ot coat Table Ref : These are small, isolated reefs which do not enclose lagoons. Table reefs are small in size and are elther party exposed above water of submerged in it. Table refs ate ‘common in the coral seas ing black or dark brown colour and derived fom the dist altar), wood (wood-tan, peat and other organic matters. Loos to be the same as asphalt of pitch, Tertiary Recovery : The use of recovery proves ic. miscible Nood, fine Nood, etc. after che end ofthe effectiveness of the secondary recovery proces In producing oil from a tesevetr Thermal Cracking : A process for cefning petroleum in which high temperatute and pressure {s used to separate different factonsicomponents from the petroleum Too! Pusher + The man who holds the ove Porbanite: An organic mineral substance having compos ‘When subjeced to destructive fom Torbanite paraffin and olefin are produce. Pubing : The pipe put into the casing through which oll and gas both are brought to the surface from the, reservoit, emperatire Log : The measurement of temperature ofthe well fom sueface to various depths by 2 well-ogaing toc Insaturated Fol: & pool in which all the gas is dissolved in ol Insaturated Hydrocarbons : Hydrocarbons in which some of the carbon atoms are connected to one another with two oF more covalent bonds. These hydrocarbons ate less stable and have more chemical activity than saturated hytocarbons Insealed Reservoir : The reservoir which i not covered ftom all sides by comparatively Impervious rocks (., itis open on one of more sides iossary 269 an Der Weals Pores: All molecules between gas, liguid and soli exert attractive forces on ‘one another, These forces are generally known as van der waalfores which become mote powerful with the decreasing intermolecular distances (Le. more powerful in solids than In liquids) and more poweetul i id to flow; the greater the defined by the ratio area x velocity acer Coning : in a well witen the production rate of oll is quite high, the water below the oil comes up and mixes with the oil and the solution thus ereated is known as water coning, ‘Water Drive: With the continued production of il a condition is ceated under which the water below the oil moves up and helps in maincaining the pressure ofthe reservoir to some ‘Water Drive Poe's : Tue pools in which the reservoir pressure is maintained by the incoming water from the surrounding aquifer at a contact ‘edge and bottom of the poo! when Maids are wi Water Mooding : A secondaty method of ol is injected under pressure in the formation from outside to maintain the formation pressure during the roduc Whipscock +A deviee use for deflect ing and shereby defiecting the well ina direct i consists of a long, slender stel wedge which has 4 groove along one side and is placed at the bottom of the hole. Work Over = The work which is taken up after completion of the well or after staring fom it. This may include mostly the repair work and also cleaning the sides Zooplantron + The Noating animal life :sat ut wet 991 $91 dt sizont sat ue spor dep 2oqnstp 1249 spueig jeamans, puna, veune ssopoug umopyeaia eee wuneiq snao9acsneg oouog simpnns sowed 0 siowioa xneepiog. tiuaiog voes28u0g ujseq stoysyo Aquos ‘ut BIN Kequioa = a 64 sujog Sumo su's9 eet zor 06 eoreer uisee yous oefiy u2ai9 soreus % sor spueg snoujun ezi"tor un 6c szz'eor'ee a 6c susauora azz seBoig ez sdeay spyorg oet onewias weanua Gunjoa) Sura redueg jo deg eheaeg ae apiusa pensiado Aianeg ust ns sseq a Pleyses unssea oor reuseg ® Pad eer efouisgesueieg saree ‘posta sz oxe1 youd Sepmureg, ser aed 61 sung way am s00'49: it os ‘ue zt sprayseo pue 10 ter oyss3pong 2180(090 seare prayse ysape(Sueg sor'est sspeyiuea, sat sesseqrea war rea ut agus, nee zen tuesqes ber eum, un spoa weg Tor uojsssvong jsoqoa9 eaxe mazepea sor andrepog seg uoyery-uressy two apnsn uy souserasy uayeyasy siewsy visv "sopra yeypeuray sepnig arepouusistonenry ‘uogrepoupfi ajewory sepng oneudsy-anemary Ssony Acnpypacusmpedtty snosury woisy sumuaiy oepadiaay suiemurg qexy ‘waunoyy werueddy Auseto ay urenpereday ro zeasopuy Uomsoduog jo vensapyuy joauy 581 wonezodiep samo ysopeig eaypuy sar \sopeg exp a sasep sor souanbas auderanens suse aloysyo etre zor sulseg teqoone-ueusep rer ‘eu penning (quoy) suseq wourep 2goroe use oepat ze'08 89 ast but sat ser LY oor'se1ro1 26 on ost ze sat spo out jee oon ueeeweroip om. wepcarbon Cartonlzation Carbon Ratio Theory Cardenas Caribbean countles Catagenesis Catalytic cracking i polymerization soda Outline map ‘cbM (Coal Bed Methane) ‘chaetoseros Chagnon CChampang structure hau fi Chedula ‘chemical compositiom of crude cil and Natural gas Chemical Conversion Process Chemical Reactions Chers Chhatak gasfield Pyrenoidosa ‘arbons cholesteol Cchongging gasfield Christmas Tree Chubat Province 6 Gastic Limestone and Dolomites ‘Peaoleam indian Context 7 coal 189 73 Trends in consumption 228 109 Coal Bed Methane 106 16 1s Petroleum Genesis 16 ophorids un 124 Combination of structural and ‘81 Stratigraphic Traps 30 85 1 ns 182 180 183 106 99 45 113 28 in 134 Jansdorf 151 Copper Sweetening Process 84 ‘coquina 29 62 Gore “9 180 core barrel 49 54 Coring 49 7 Cracking of Petoftaction 80 131 Crankshat 230 125 "Cross Betding 29 156 croton 99 136 Crudeslessification 13.74 134 chemical Composition 62 tt 200-214 95 206 to 124 10 203 iBT 13 55 80 1s 64 7 85 7 eloparatin 6s 197 Giloeperalfin series ot cycloepropane Dagsal Dahra Dakang (Takang) Daging (Taching) Darcy Deadline Deccan Trap Deep Sea Basin Dehydrogenation Demasi Denver fulbseurg Basin Der Dimethyl Benzene (xylene) Dinofageters Discovery of | Drilling Operations Dubai Duncan Dushanal (Tushantze) est China Sea Index ars ast Coast 180 Ecuador 124 ena Peninsula 124 Effluent Standards oll eflnery Industry 94 Egypt 125 Eigele 125 Emission factors of different vehicles 93, Emission Limits Petrol Vehicles 94 Diesel Vehicles o4 Energy policy| 223, Enhanced Oil Recovery 56 Environment 89 Eocene 158 Ethane 2 Ethyline 78 Euphorbi 99 Buphorbia 99 Euphrates 2 Europe ‘Bvalvation of wells Exploration Tacs changes Far East Asia Fluorescence intensity Fractionation Tow Fractured Basa France (as Cap Drive (Gaseous Sandsz +9 ence 68 ever ee ser sat 0 wt 7 soz ost oF oer tt est 2st oer on ouszuba 1AuIaW auewiant sotdwop wowaseg ayydzoureiy Tio 2pm Jo siwaiueD ater ssauaB0N euuredosayi suedenrt eeopt hy PHO euesyayy — sam ‘peoy ryduLeE eau. BHDUUAM Grouyoy aioieSuey4 ‘ue enadepuey ‘seAereW umyen susie ones rea8oI029 ‘Aydesiuens (20029 uiseg 210950 TpeUeYEN vamyseuReH 0016s ‘ayes eurrepSey) 121 ‘Wnolleo ow LoVoor'z seg assy 2 et amwepew ¥et tio Bunesuge yet ueouany ost sua Lt syeujwaay se9 rexmen ser [eo Jo uoneoyinbrt e2t sdex sopejourt 941 aat 1st ONT 941 Sun 001 cd ert ry wsiona1 2uneH S01 2071 sar Prey yMEND puE EmueT pry encuey isp sous eye) eng e1 ber enn sueismt jesus, eaans ye3180)099 lise uesepen Puysiry 28g suonousay ujseg UPyuoy ‘uspnanutuoy ensuing e103) anew eet Pray se9 sndeujeuy seg eye afaiay (oxBssey) ype, SE ures, snduewsuey sere Preuto (ore eure prsyses eqsseres, pe leoimeeteo| ue oe doouyoy seSeeue| 22921 snuysey muwel 221°92 spota wszoig sesnqure! bt awe) ¢ eaolel O81 Uotssonans ye80}003Zz'th dou yer¥o[008 eave sauestel 21 sees s6'ra'99 ung azz aut ageauusdan 6e'ee suowenstuy snoauBi 3¢"3¢ indent: 98°56 ssmpeig aipompodsH 99's souoydospi 36 serves apiydins waEONAH $e ou ony Bs waBOIPAH aezs st wefompdH 1 ezz'oo'6e Apu FS sere Coe aaneenn ig sznos uoqzeRoxphH oot epput jo suisea vy ‘fseuompas Jo smadsorg Uoauerespht ty 9s spi 601 ezr'sat ‘Aedun $01 11 esa 608201 a yon 221 onic wep umaoaag expe \pioN) peo 30 fovea AvaH, sspesd texset 2000 yeuneny 21 suendan, ‘wns Phyto ei20H sto Aaeont yojsueH ssnouued, sea aw Jo Aydessnensoeg "ies pozunsiardoan 28308 lena ‘Ane19 oxime yensaydoo ‘u0yd0a9 ‘ABojgorwea5, foains IPH Ul seo pue Ho Jo LoKnawnsia TeoiBojoa9 paw jeoqydazZ000 sanbyuypa,jeo1942029 ‘ueioqos0 pur reine se eundi. 30 sppusED wuz216 Fetoleu malian Conte Microbial recovery 59 Naphthene 63 Microfossis| 41 Naphthenic crude 15 Mid Continent Region TIT Naphthene Series 64 ‘Middle East Occurrence of Navimanam 180 Petroleum 121,122,123 Narmada Block 173 Middle East countries Map 223 185 Migration of oil and Gas 19,20,21 Minas: 135 composition ia Minbu 154 Consumption 149,152,185,184,185, Mineral 1 209,217,228 43 Production 149,150,151,216,218 136 147.148.185.209 63.72 72 17 is Netherlands 127 Neutron Log 4“ Neutron rays Moran Geological succession Newkoen structure Newkoen Province Moran North Niger del Morecambe Feld Nigeria Morgan wilgate Meri Dingaru Moschopedis Nitrogen Mowor Nitrogen Compound dulce onteld Nitrogen dioxede Nagaland Non Commercial Energy Naga Fatkai cegion Nonasuch el Nagapattinam North Eastern India Nagarjun Perutizers East Coast shore Basin Nahartabi Nahorkatiya Geologkcal succession Nahor oll Sand Group Nahocpung. Nameyan Namdang Namnrup Thermal Power si Namsang Bede Nanchong Gastield Nannilam naples Novamont SA. Nocway Nowagam Nowagam oilfield Nuciear Energy (il Price fluctuation rence of Petroleum North America Russia & other Republics Middle East Caribbean CountriessSouth America Europe re South East Asia New Zeland octane octane Number ofishore dil oftshore Bars Offshore Production and Gastiels in china and Gas in Coal bearing stata and Natural Gas and Natural Gas Corpor ‘Oligocene Sands oman once, Origin of Petroleum Place and Source material ‘ornica dete ‘Oxygen Compounds ozone Packer Padupkio 1a 128 126 129 135 136 137 137 250 229 49 28 55 136 15,16 90.91 Pakistan ‘il and Gasfilds Panna Oilfield Panshara Paradip Refinery Paraffin hydrocarbons 63 Paraffinc Crudes 75 Paalfin Series 63 Paichar Creek 19 Pegu 135 Pemex 123 Peru 14 Petrolia 124 Permian Basin 9 Absolute Relative Penetrating gun Petrochemicals from Natural Gas Petroleum Products Consumption 209,2 Petoleum Province Powoleum Refining Petzleum Through ages Petroliferous sand Phenol Phenylmethane Phosphate Photogeclogyver ov 6 zor 1 Uononposd jequowomauL 55°98 as Guanooey yewmayy $¢ 1 Supe ewsou 08 ssopoig anitere) pur jew 651 _uoissamion sep yeumieN PUP To at oe'sH bree ror LLL SpreUTIO Hinds pu ajppIur “LON, ost oat ect 961 uopeoT eu as ene ae rang, +8 ssipoig Bun22a5 8s deans, ou st 1 reuse 1ayiks 66 (vats) sew avomouzed papusdsns 161 —_uoss2oong feaiZoioag-cyfen euing sorts souag euung as mreepng eat reins ast Buoxdng oer eBeusepuns set enewns 56 appxoia anyding 99 spunodwep snuding ect ppaysea ms oz ans on (ons) seo reumen axmnsgng a dey sydessneng st sanods ser wow afuods oxe9 Aneso aun0ds ‘ozt'09 yadia se9 zn405 oz orun Tainog set (ew Mes se misy ase wines $z1 ser PM anos 491 sat eonawy ines $21 out mr 20005 andieuos ssipo1g uonsenxg w9A(05 ‘alia $29 u soxeieys ane auags ‘Gumueys) Seopueys: 38 2igisrauqnsinas ‘ening uses sen o1deripene Arepuosas ‘Ai2n0991 Atepuozas eta soueisia vonesBiur Kiepuoves uedel yo #95, spunodives "5 angauootps asap eieues ° 86 seisinsian seoiworeyoes ez seulges ror Pray reddueuay ages ast Pest nem ay span spre soygndow oqo put eissna seSeseipmy rps910 top vvanox, gen 200 iuewoy ERO ‘urenunow Apow to pou SENS TO Jo SPIBA TO ADO ‘uodsuen, peow 010 3p on po Aansisn "20"9 sus S04 s0Mss3y oor uy wajonog 30 SFI uondunsuog pus uonanpenganiosou sarosey 2aissoa ‘2nt2594 panoid snsa59y atgeqoud ‘aan, Jor'ooz'gsi'ss1 “ASVOST'ELE 9e0 [eIMEN pUE FO APM] EST saasay sa wonewog juss S61 u vapuy annoeey Z8t'92y 2 Sunmeey e651. & (wy veow) soueneyen 99°04 sb souenayed 62 4 sesswolg Anuar S0z wononpoid pue indyanonn Aouyor y 16 suoneisdo Kaus soz'zst"9s1'641 sonivedes Aouyey eet soouiey 08 oer pray seary 08 un PRuHO ened 627 see Wo paesedeu 9e1 aren umpur nang oped pueisusond 20 sishiousg sousepoutg ad getuna seurtio rieung ‘omtege> 1240 2g e] vung brats Ae 20upnaa uoytdond ‘uedont souedig wnpoid 89 J0 uoH2epoug 529 sonpond feono0e) Aven uo nay tonven song pnig jo Tuaunessatg 204 ‘je 0g uty ano, pur uy sep reumieN pu JP azuatina29 Jo seave aqiss0a ‘Mopeay 04 uncoreH od sdext-sope} snoiog “ysoi0g Aivpuodas, sung slog ssopoug uoneztatutiog wonezuowsiea uvjoa ‘oud we20 Peon tian Context Tiehna amt Tigris 2 sipam Formation 165 Tipam Sands 165 ‘Tipam Sandstone 161,166 ‘Tipam series 165 im amt 22,28,66,68,84,85,104,107 ‘Transportation of Oi! and Natural (a5 products 86 ‘Traps 26,27,28,29 ‘Treatment processes 3.84 Tricone 47 Teste 129 Teinidad 123 ‘eipura amt Teipura-atharamuce Atea Geological Succession 1st ‘Tripura Geologic Cross Section i ‘Geological map 1170 Geological succession 166 ‘Truclal Sheikhdoms 122 TH (Time, Temperature, index) 46 Tublaies 2a Turkey 129 Turret mooring 50 Tusanjigastielé 137 ‘Tuxpaia. 123 ‘Type change process 80 ne 122 125 Unconformity craps 30 rea rot Use of Natural Gas 195 UUuaran Power Station 176 Vadinar Refinexy 203, Vedaraniam 180 venezuela 123 Venice 129 Vibroseis 37 ‘enna wT Visbreaking 3s viscosity 5.70 Viscosity breaking 81 vi 43,4546 123 56 Well simulation 36 Wenner configuration 39 est coast offshore area 176 ‘West coast offshore basins wr tion of oll and gasfields 179 ‘and gas occurrence 178 173 32 119 148,144,145 95 137 68.110 137 137 2 98 enema eilild 135 Yenangyaung felé 134 ‘enangyat, Lanywa and Chauk field map 134 ‘nugoslavia| 129 yuren| 136,187 Zakuin fed 123 2etten 125 ‘hanjiang 137

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