University of Zakho

College of Engineering

Dept. of Mechanics

Third Year 2016 – 2017

Mechanical Lab.

Experiment No.1

"4 Stroke Petrol Engine"

Prepared by: Ali Mohammed Ahmed

Date: 26 / 2 / 2017
1. PURPOSE:
To study the construction details and working principles of the 4-stroke petrol engine
2. APPARATUS:
Model of 4- Stroke petrol Engine
3. THEORY:-
The working principles of the engines
In a four stroke engine, the cycles of operations is completed in 4 strokes of piston or 2
revolutions of crank shafts. Each stroke consists of 720 of crank rotation. The 4 strokes are:-
1. Suction or Intake Stroke
2. Compression stroke
3. Expansion stroke
4. Exhaust Stroke

Components of Internal Combustion Engine

01) Cylinder Block

02) Cylinder Head
03) Piston
04) Piston Rings
05) Connecting Rod
06) Gudgeon Pin
07) Crank Shaft
08) Crank Pin
09) Cam Shaft
10) Inlet Valve & Exhaust Valve
11) Governor
12) Carburetor
13) Fuel Pump
14) Spark Plug
15) Fuel Injector
4. REPORT REQUIREMENTS
1. Explain the function of each component in four stroke engine with help of the figures.

1. Cylinder Block
Body of engine containing the cylinders, made of cast iron or aluminum.

2. Cylinder Head
The piece which closes the end of the cylinders, usually containing part of the clearance
volume of the combustion chamber. The head is usually cast iron or aluminum, and bolts to
the engine block.

3. Piston
A piston is a cylindrical piece of metal that moves up and down inside the cylinder.

4. Piston Rings
Piston rings provide a sliding seal between the outer edge of the piston and the inner edge of
the cylinder.

5. Connecting Rod
The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft. It can rotate at both ends so that
its angle can change as the piston moves and the crankshaft rotates.

6. Gudgeon Pin
Pin fastening the connecting rod to the piston and provides a bearing for the connecting rod to
pivot upon as the piston moves.

7. Crank Shaft
The crankshaft turns the piston's up and down motion into circular motion just like a crank
on a jack-in-the-box does.
8. Crank Pins
Also known as the crank journals of the big end bearing, at the ends of the connecting rods
opposite to the pistons.

9. Cam Shaft
Rotating shaft used to push open valves at the proper time in the engine cycle, either directly
or through mechanical or hydraulic linkage.

10. Inlet Valve & Exhaust Valve

The intake and exhaust valves open at the proper time to let in air and fuel and to let out
exhaust. Note that both valves are closed during compression and combustion so that the
combustion chamber is sealed.

11. Governor
It controls the engine speed due to the changes of load.

12. Carburetor
It mixes the atomized liquid fuel with the air.

13. Fuel Pump

Electrically or mechanically driven pump to supply fuel from the fuel tank (reservoir) to the
engine.

14. Spark Plug

The spark plug supplies the spark that ignites the air/fuel mixture so that combustion can
occur. The spark must happen at just the right moment for things to work properly.

15. Fuel Injector

A pressurized nozzle that sprays fuel into the incoming air on SI engines or into the cylinder
on CI engines.
2. Discuss the mechanical circuit of the 4-stroke petrol engine.

One power cycle in an automotive engine is a four-stroke

process, which is why these engines are known as four-stroke
cycle engines. The piston moves up twice in the cylinder
and down twice in the cylinder for each power-producing
cycle. This requires two revolutions of the crankshaft.
Some diesel engines, however, use only two strokes rather than
four. The downward movement of the piston on the intake
stroke draws the air-fuel mixture into the cylinder through
the intake valve(s). When the piston reaches the bottom of
the intake stroke, the intake valves are closed. The piston
then moves up in the cylinder, compressing the air-fuel
mixture. This is called the compression stroke. When the
air-fuel mixture in the cylinder is ignited, the burning fuel
and oxygen produce heat. The heat causes the gases in the
cylinder to expand, forcing the piston down under pressure.
This is called the power (or expansion) stroke.
The downward motion of the piston is transferred to
the connecting rod, which in turn pushes on the crankshaft.
The connecting rod and crankshaft arrangement changes
the linear piston movement into rotation of the crankshaft.
This rotational movement is used to move the vehicle.
When the piston reaches the bottom of the power
stroke, the exhaust valve is open. The exhaust stroke then
begins as the piston moves up the cylinder, pushing the
exhaust gases out of the open exhaust valve. One cycle is
now complete. The cycle then repeats.

Reference : Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine

By Willard W. Pulkrabek