Tripoli University

Faculty of Engineering
Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department
B. Sc. Project
Design and Implementation of a CCTV Network

Prepared by:

Riyad Omar Mohammed

Abdelhamid Elmahdi Mohammed

Supervised by: Dr. Hussain sijuk

Fall 2012
Tripoli-Libya
 Abstract

Growth naturally stimulates changes, and CCTV technology has been no exception.
A system that once merely required cameras, cabling, and video monitors has now
become a complex electronic configuration of equipment intertwined with both
computer and telecommunications technologies. This dramatic change is directly
related to the introduction of digital technology.

Closed circuit television CCTV and other related video security and surveillance
technology has advanced further and faster in the period from 2000 until now than
any prior comparable time period.

The focus of this project is to clarify the idea of the CCTV systems by studying the
systems and the types of these systems, and showing the advantages of using such a
technology in increasing the security and reducing the possibility of crimes.

II
 Acknowledgement

Praise be to Allah, who has revealed the Quran and by which Mohamed
Peace Be Upon Him was learn what he had not known before, in which we
also have been ordered to learn and pursue knowledge wherever it is
possible.

We would like to thank everyone who contributed in making this work

become reality especially:

 Our parents and families for their moral and financial support.
 Our supervisor Dr. Hussain Sijuk for his support, help and
inspirations during the preparation of this study.
 Eng. Mahmoud Hamza, Eng. Khasem algusbi Mohammed Tata, Eng.
Mofeeda faraj Eng. Hussam Shita Eng. for their assistance and help.
 To all the staff in the Albadeel company and Aleshara company for
their great assistant and help in the thesis.
 To our friends and Colleagues in the Electrical and Electronic
Engineering department.
 Finally we would like to acknowledge and thank our staff members
and engineers in the Electrical and Electronic Engineering
department throughout our studies.

III
 Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1
1.0 What is CCTV? .............................................................................................................. 2
1.1 History of CCTV ............................................................................................................ 2
1.2 Why CCTV? ................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Objectives of the Project................................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER 2 : Analog and Digital CCTV ............................................................................... 4
2.1 Analog Systems .............................................................................................................. 5
2.1.1 The basic components of a CCTV system ............................................................... 5
2.1.2 Analog CCTV Systems ............................................................................................ 5
2.1.3 The Camera .............................................................................................................. 6
2.1.4 The Monitor.............................................................................................................. 6
2.1.5 The Video Cast Recorder (VCR) ............................................................................. 7
2.1.8 Transmission Link .................................................................................................... 7
2.1.7 Multiplexer ............................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Digital Systems ............................................................................................................... 9
2.2.1 Digital CCTV ........................................................................................................... 9
2.2.2 The Digital Camera .................................................................................................. 9
2.2.3 Digital Video Recorder (DVR) .............................................................................. 10
2.2.4 Image server ........................................................................................................... 11
2.3 Combined Analog and Digital CCTV .......................................................................... 13
2.3.1 Hybrid Systems ...................................................................................................... 13
2.4 A comparison between Digital and Analog.................................................................. 15
2.4.1 Digital vs. Analog .................................................................................................. 15
2.5 STANDARDS .............................................................................................................. 16
2.5.1 PAL ........................................................................................................................ 16
2.5.2 NTSC ...................................................................................................................... 17
2.5.3 SECAM .................................................................................................................. 18
CHAPTER 3: CCTV Main Components ............................................................................... 19

IV
 3.1 Cameras ........................................................................................................................ 21
3.1.1 Illumination ............................................................................................................ 22
3.1.2 Light Sensitivity ..................................................................................................... 23
3.1.3 Signal to Noise (S/N) Ratio .................................................................................... 23
3.1.4 Back Light Compensation ...................................................................................... 24
3.1.5 Camera types .......................................................................................................... 24
3.1.6 Some cameras types used in normal life ................................................................ 28
3.2 Lenses ........................................................................................................................... 28
3.2.1 Lens parameters...................................................................................................... 29
3.2.2 Types of lenses ....................................................................................................... 32
3.2.3 Lens selection ......................................................................................................... 33
3.3 Camera housing ............................................................................................................ 34
3.3.1 Ingress Protection (IP rating) ................................................................................. 34
3.3.2 Camera Brackets .................................................................................................... 36
3.4 Monitors........................................................................................................................ 36
3.4.1 Monitors types ........................................................................................................ 37
3.4. 2 Notes on monitor installation ................................................................................ 39
3.5 Switcher Selection & Video Recording ....................................................................... 41
3.5.1 Sequential switcher ................................................................................................ 41
3.5.2Multi-viewer ............................................................................................................ 42
3.5.3 Matrix switcher ...................................................................................................... 43
3.5.4 Multiplexer ............................................................................................................. 43
3.5.5 Time-lapse VCR recordings ................................................................................... 44
3.5.6 Digital video recorders (DVR’s) ............................................................................ 46
CHAPTER 4: Transmission media ........................................................................................ 48
4.0 Video transmission media ............................................................................................ 49
4.1. Video Cable Types ...................................................................................................... 49
4.1.1 Unbalanced (Coaxial) Cables ................................................................................. 49
4.1.2. Balanced (Twisted Pair) Cables ............................................................................ 50

V
 4.1.3. Typical Cable Losses ............................................................................................ 51
4.1.4 Fiber Optic Transmission ....................................................................................... 51
4.2 Video non-cable type transmission .............................................................................. 52
4.2.1 Wireless Video Transmission: ............................................................................... 52
4.2.2 Infrared Beams ....................................................................................................... 53
4.2.3 Microwave Transmission ....................................................................................... 54
4.3 Power Cable .................................................................................................................. 54
4.4 Power over Ethernet .................................................................................................... 54
CHAPTER 5: CASE STUDY ................................................................................................ 56
5.1 Introduction: ................................................................................................................. 57
5.2 Aim of case study: ........................................................................................................ 57
5.3 Description of the site: .................................................................................................. 57
5.4 Design criteria............................................................................................................... 59
5.4.1 The cameras and network video recorder (NVR) .................................................. 60
5.5 Installation .................................................................................................................... 67
5.5.1 Adding an IP Address ............................................................................................ 67
5.5.2 Connecting and Changing Settings ........................................................................ 69
5.5.3 Recording time ....................................................................................................... 75
5.6 Cabling.......................................................................................................................... 76
5.7 TROUBLESHOOTING ............................................................................................... 78
5.7.1 Camera troubleshooting ......................................................................................... 78
5.7.2 NVR troubleshooting. ............................................................................................ 79
5.8 Bill of quantity .............................................................................................................. 80
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 81
6.1 General conclusion ....................................................................................................... 82
6.2 Conclusion of the case study ........................................................................................ 83
References .............................................................................................................................. 84

VI
 List of figures

Figure 2. 2 Typical CCTV Monitor ...............................................................................6

Figure 2. 3 a typical analog CCTV system showing all components ............................8
Figure 2. 4 a hybrid CCTV system ..............................................................................13
Figure 3. 1 CCTV components ....................................................................................20
Figure 3. 2 how we see .................................................................................................22
Figure 3. 3 illumination unite .......................................................................................22
Figure 3. 4 Light Sensitivity (LUX).............................................................................23
Figure 3. 5 the back light compensation effect ............................................................24
Figure 3. 6 panoramic camera ......................................................................................27
Figure 3. 7 some other cameras types ..........................................................................28
Figure 3. 8 Angle of view ............................................................................................29
Figure 3. 9 Types of Lens and View Field...................................................................29
Figure 3. 10 variable focal length ................................................................................31
Figure 3. 11 Comparing the human eye to the video camera lens ...............................32
Figure 3. 12 camera housing ........................................................................................34
Figure 3. 13 camera brackets .......................................................................................36
Figure 3. 14 Monitor Size & Recommended Monitoring Distance .............................37
Figure 3. 15 CRT monitor ............................................................................................38
Figure 3. 16 Multi viewer ............................................................................................43
Figure 3. 17 Centralized Systems ................................................................................43
figure 4. 1 coaxial cable ...............................................................................................49
Figure 4. 2 fiber optics .................................................................................................52
Figure 3.22 Digital video network using Power over Ethernet (POE) ........................55
Figure 5. 2 a closer look to the site ..............................................................................58
Figure 5. 3 design for the site using autocad ...............................................................59
Figure 5. 4 SNO-5080RP .............................................................................................60
Figure 5. 5 SNV-7080RP .............................................................................................60
Figure 5. 6 SRN-3250 ..................................................................................................60
Figure 5. 7 CCTV network block diagram ..................................................................67
Figure 5. 8 local area connection properties ................................................................68
Figure 5. 9 advanced TCP/IP settings ..........................................................................68
Figure 5. 10 login window ...........................................................................................69
Figure 5. 11 NVR display ............................................................................................70

VII
Figure 5. 12 configuration menu ..................................................................................70
Figure 5. 13 camera setup menu ..................................................................................71
Figure 5. 14 camera search option ...............................................................................72
Figure 5. 15 network setup menu .................................................................................73
Figure 5. 16 spectrum of video signal ..........................................................................77

List of tables

Table 2. 1 Digital vs. Analog .......................................................................................15

Table 3. 1 to noise ratio and the corresponding picture quality ...................................23
Table 3. 3 field of view ( 1/3 Type CCD ) ...................................................................30
Table 3. 4 IP rating chart ..............................................................................................35
Table 3. 6 Recording Mode vs. Recording Interval .....................................................45
Table 4. 1 Typical Cable Losses ..................................................................................51
Table 5. 1 cameras specifications ................................................................................61
Table 5. 2 the NVR specifications ...............................................................................65
Table 5. 3 CAT6e electrical performance ....................................................................76
Table 5. 4 loss in all the cables ....................................................................................78
Table 5. 5 bill of quantity .............................................................................................80

VIII
ABBEREVIATIONS
LC Back Light Compensation
CCTV Closed Circuit Television
CCD Charge-Coupled Device
CMOS Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor
CRT Cathode ray Tube
DVR Digital Video Recrder
DSP Digital Signal Processing
DVD Digital Video Disc
DDNS Dynamic Domain Name Server
DNS Domani Name Server
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
FOV Field Of View
FL Focal length
HDD Hard Disk Drive
HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol
IR Infra Red
IT Information Technology
IP Ingress Protection
ISP Internet Service Provider
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group
LAN Local Area Network
LCD Liquid crystal Display
LED Light Emitting Diode
LLL Low Light Level
LCOS Liquid crystal On Silicon
MAC Media Access Protocole
NTSC National television System committee
NVR Netwok Video Recorder
OLED Organic Light Emitting Diode
PAL Phase Alternating Line
POE Power Over Ethernet
POL Power Over Lan
PTZ Pan/tilt zoom
PPPOE Point to Point Protocole Over Ethernet
RF Radio Frequency
RTP Real-Time Transport Protocol
RTSP Real-Time Transport Protocol
SNR Signal-to-Ratio
SECAM Sequentiel Couleur Aves Memoire, French for "Sequntial Color with Memory
UTP Unshielded Twisted pair
VCR Video Cassette Recorder
VHS Victor Home System
VMD Video Motion Detection
WAN wide Area Network

IX
CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTI ON
1.0 What is CCTV?
CCTV, Closed Circuit Television, is a TV system that does not broadcast TV
signals to public but transmits them over to limited monitor(s). CCTV system
usually utilizes CCD video cameras (to produce the video), cable or wireless
transmitters/receivers or Internet (to transmit the video), and monitors (to see the
video). CCTV system is not only applied to the security and surveillance purpose
but also to the other fields like laboratory in schools or in private companies, even
to production lines in factories. As the application of CCTV system increased, the
CCTV industry has developed variety of CCTV equipment like Time Lapse
VCRs, combiners, infrared illuminators, etc. The most recent development is web
camera server which uses the Internet for remote surveillance [11].

1.1 History of CCTV

The earliest usage of Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) actually dates back to
1942 when it was first used by the military in Germany. The military used remote
cameras with black and white monitors to observe the launch of V2 rockets.
During the 1940's the US military also used CCTV when developing and testing
atomic weapons, as this allowed them to observe the tests from a safe distance.

In the years since that time CCTV has become very common in non-government
and military sites. In the 1970's and 1980's CCTV was commonly used as an
added security measure in banks. Many other retailers also began to use these
CCTV's in their stores as a method to both prevent and record any possible crime.
They are extremely popular in convenience stores and gas stations. Gas stations
have used them to record drivers who leave without paying for their gas. There is
no proof that CCTV's decreased crime rates, but they have been very successful in
helping to apprehend criminals who were recorded in the act.

CCTV's also became very useful in monitoring traffic. Britain first started using
them for this purpose and thousands of cameras were placed all over the city to
monitor traffic and to see if there were accidents. Since that time they have been
placed in vehicles such as taxis, buses and trains. They have also been placed in
private areas such as parking lots to attempt to decrease instances of vandalism. In
the 1990's certain cities in the US and Canada used these CCTV's to track traffic

2
 violators and in turn they were sent tickets automatically after getting caught on
tape.

Today CCTV’s are very common in the home. Many homes with security systems
have these installed as an added security feature to prevent break-ins or
unwelcome intruders. They are also used in many public areas including schools
and airports to record any suspicious activity.

These cameras have also changed over the years. They were once large white
boxes that could not zoom in or out or follow objects closely. Today they can be
small in size and hidden not to be noticed. They have many advanced features
including higher definition and being able to detect and follow motion in areas
where there should be none.

1.2 Why CCTV?

a. CCTV monitoring adds visual verification to alarm calls.
b. CCTV does not need breaks and it does not mind rain.
c. CCTV is never late or suffers from all the normal human failings.

1.3 Objectives of the Project

- To study the components of analog and digital CCTV systems and their features.

- To understand transmission techniques used in CCTV systems and its

performance analysis.

- To plan a CCTV network for a selected site

3
CHAPTER 2 : Analog and Digital CCTV
2.1 Analog Systems

2.1.1 The basic components of a CCTV system

How a complete CCTV system looks like, can differ in many ways, But there are a
number of basic components that always have to be included. The first and
probably most important part is the camera, Without a good camera the whole
system is ruined, It doesn't matter how good the rest of equipment the system
consist of, because if the camera provide low quality pictures, the whole system is
worthless, The next very important part of the system is the video cast recorder
(VCR), The VCR should record the images the camera provides, To provide longer
recording time on a single tape, many VCRs use a technology called time-laps [1].

2.1.2 Analog CCTV Systems

The analog systems have been around for quite a long time now and developer still
try to really squeeze the most out of them. There is always something that can be
improved, and the reason for that a lot of companies’ still produces analog systems
is that many companies on the market still use analog systems. Instead of investing
in a totally new digital system, they stick to the analog version, and try to update
the system once in a while to maintain the quality of the system. In this chapter a
description of a simple analog system will be presented. The figure 2.1 show a
basic analog CCTV system [1]

Figure 2. 1 basic analog CCTV system

5
2.1.3 The Camera
The probably most important part of a CCTV system is the camera. Without a good
camera, the whole system will only offer low quality pictures, When Discussing
analog cameras this often mean cameras that have an output that is analog,
however there still often exist digital signal processing circuits within the camera.
The camera is actually only a part of the whole camera when we talk about
cameras we talk about the camera and the lenses. The idea of the lenses is that the
light from the illumination source reflects of the scene. The lens collects the light
from the scene and forms an image of the scene on the light sensitive camera
sensor. Then the camera sensor converts the visible scene formed by the lens into
an electrical signal suitable for transmission to the remote monitor and recorder [1].

2.1.4 The Monitor

The video monitor or computer screen display (CRT, LCD or plasma) the camera
image by converting the electrical video signal back into visible image on the
monitor screen. The figure 2.2 show CRT monitor with adjusting buttons

Figure 2. 2 Typical CCTV Monitor

6
2.1.5 The Video Cast Recorder (VCR)
To save all the pictures that are taken by the camera, the system has tape equipped
with a VCR. The VCR stores the pictures on video cassettes, which then can be
archived and used for replay later on. It is important that the VCR is of high quality
so that the images that are stored are of the same quality as the original ones taken
by the camera. The VCR there for has to be able to handle high resolutions, which
means a high number of TV-lines. The VCR must also be very reliable, so it
doesn't stop suddenly or trashes video cassettes. Sometimes two independent VCRs
is used in CCTV system to have some kind of backup if something should happen.
To use two VCRs could also be a way of avoiding stops when changing video
Cassettes. One big problem with VCRs is actually that the tapes have to be
changed once in a while. The VCRs in CCTV systems can be of very different
types. There exist both VCRs that use cassettes that are the same as the VCRs in
our homes use, but there is also other more advanced VCRs. the only reason for
CCTV VCRs to use different kinds of cassettes is that they should offer a longer
recording time [1].

2.1.8 Transmission Link

The transmission media carries the electrical video signal from the camera to the
remote monitor. Hard-wired media choices include: (a) coaxial, (b) two wire
unshielded twisted-pair (UTP), (c) fiber-optic cable, (d) Local area network (LAN),
(e) Wide area network (WAN), (f) intranet, and (g) Internet network. Wireless
choices include: (a) radio frequency (RF), (b) microwave, or (c) optical infrared
(IR). Signals can be analog or digital [2].

7
2.1.7 Multiplexer
To add more flexibility to the system there exist a lot of different products. One
product that often is used to complement the existing system and to make it more
adjustable is the multiplexer. A multiplexer is a must if the system is going to have
more than one camera. The multiplexer offers a variety of different options, but the
ability to connect many cameras to one VCR and/or one monitor is probably the
most important one. The multiplexers come with different setups but often they
have the ability to connect at least four cameras as input channels. There however
exist multiplexers that can offer up to 32 different input channels or more. The
introduction of multiplexers in the CCTV business was really important. Before
one camera was connected to one VCR and then linked to a monitor or vice versa.
The multiplexer often has a lot of both inputs and outputs possibilities. There exist
a lot of different setup possibilities when handling, the figure 2.3 shows a typical
analog CCTV system showing all the components with the multiplexer [1].

Figure 2. 3 a typical analog CCTV system showing all components

8
2.2 Digital Systems

2.2.1 Digital CCTV

In digital CCTV systems, compared to the analog systems, almost all equipment
uses digital technology instead of analog. But that is only partly since there still
exist part within the equipment that uses analog electronics. The basic digital
CCTV system has the same basic parts as the analog one, but of course the
different components use digital technology instead.

2.2.2 The Digital Camera

A digital camera differs a lot compared to an analog one. But one thing that is
common for both of them is that they use lenses. Often the lens and the rest of the
camera, the housing, is bought separately. In that way it is easier to customize the
whole camera so it fits certain needs. The digital camera in CCTV systems uses the
same technology as the handheld digital cameras that almost every person today
owns. But the big difference is that the CCTV cameras often is more robust
because they are exposed too much harder conditions. In the digital camera the
light passes through the lens as in the analog camera. But then the similarities with
the analog camera Ends. To convert the light into a digital image a CDD (Charge-
Coupled Device) element is used or CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor) sensors.
CCD the CCD element is like small photometer that detects the light intensity, and
represents the intensity with a proportional analog voltage. To get a whole picture;
many CCD elements are used together in an array. One CCD element represents
one pixel. So if the CCD array consists of an array with 1024*768 elements, this is
also the highest resolution (in pixels) that the camera in the end will offer.

9
 CMOS In 1998 the CMOS started to be used in digital cameras instead of CCD
elements. The reason was that the CMOS sensors are cheaper to manufacture than
the CCD, and it also showed that that the CMOS required less power to work
properly. Another advantage of using the CMOS instead of CCD was that it offered
more possibilities to adjust the preferences of the Picture in an early stage.
Camera with digital technology but analog output this kind of camera is actually a
digital camera but instead of having a binary signal as output the signal is
converted into analog one. Of course this means that the signal will suffer from
more noise, but this kind of camera is superior in many ways to a traditional analog
camera. It can use all the advantages of a digital camera like signal processing, and
still offer an analog output. These cameras are often used when companies want to
upgrade their analog CCTV systems, but don't want to replace all equipment with
expensive digital gears [3].

2.2.3 Digital Video Recorder (DVR)

In the digital CCTV system all images are digital, with some resolution and some
size. To store these images an old VCR cannot be used anymore, and instead a
DVR (Digital Video Recorder) is used. The DVR often offers high technology and
many functions. The most common way to connect the camera to the DVR is via a
network cable. The great thing with the DVR is that the images are stored on a hard
drive instead of on a video cassette. In this way there is no need for changing
recording media. When the hard drive is full, then the DVR has to start erasing
images or just write over the old images. To make it possible to store as many
pictures as possible The DVR has to be equipped with large hard drives. The hard
drives starts to become really cheap now, but still the DVRs often come with a
pretty small hard drive. The concept is then to buy an extra had drive that can be
installed in the DVR or hooked up via some interface like SCSI link, fire wire or

10
 USB 2.0. The companies that sells the DVRs often tries to make extra money on
them by using own designed interfaces. In that way the costumers have to buy their
products when they want to expand the number of hard drives. But in many cases a
standard hard drive just like the ones found in a regular PC will work fine. There
isn't only the size of the hard drive in the DVR that plays a role when calculating
how many pictures that will fit. It is also the size of the images and with what
speed the images are recorded. As mentioned before, is real-time recording said to
be a recording with 30frames/sec (fps) for NTSC and 25 frames/sec (fps) for PAL.
So there is a big difference in recording real-time and to record in 20 frames/sec for
example let’s say that the DVR has a 60GB hard drive installed. The camera is then
setup to capture 30frames/sec then each picture has a size of 52kb (example with a
jpeg image and resolution of 704*576 pixels). For how long time will the hard
drive then last?
30 frames/sec -> 30*52 = 1560 kb/sec = 1,56 MB/sec 60GB/1,56MB/sec-> 38461
sec = 641 min = 10,7 hours The 60GB disk only lasts for about 10 hours, then old
images have to be erased. 30frames/sec is however very much and such high frame
rates are not used very often. To use frame rates that ranges from 10-20fps is often
enough. This means that the 60 GB disk will last for twice the time calculated
before (if 15fps is used). With a frame rate of about 14, the 60GBdrive will last for
about 24 hours. Then the images don’t have to be erased every day. But the best
way is of course to buy a larger hard drive, especially if more than one camera is
going to be used in the same system [3].

2.2.4 Image server

In the same fashion as the analog system can be expanded, the digital
Systems offer many different opportunities to create a more complex solution. And
the better way of storing the images that are taken by the camera is to use an image

11
server that is based on a standard computer. An image server is a device that has
much storage capabilities. The servers are actually just plain computers. The only
thing extra that is needed is software for how to setup the transferring of images
from the different cameras and what should happen when they are received. The
computer has to have much hard drive capabilities, a very good network card and a
fast processor and much memory. This solution is much cheaper to both buy and
upgrade. If the software gets old, then it's easy to upgrade by just buying a better
one. And that's much cheaper than buying new equipment, as the case is for the
image servers not built on standard computers. If the hard drive space suddenly is
too small, new hard drives have to be bought, but this is very cheap these days
since the computer industry is so large and the competition is so hard. The great
thing with a PC based image server is that there is no secret what's inside the
machine. It's easy to buy new parts and upgrade the system. It's also cheap to buy a
new computer when the old one becomes incapable of running the system in a
sufficient way. The best way of using an image server is possibly to use it together
with DVRs. One DVR could be placed close to each camera locally and then the
image server can be placed at one more central location. All the DVRs are then
connected to the internet and the image server also. Then the image server can be
setup to download all the images or just specific images by following a
programmed time schedule. A smart way is to transfer the images from the DVRs
to the image server by night, because there is less traffic on the internet by that
time. To transfer the images, the DVRs and the image server use an ftp server. The
images are then transferred fast, easy and secure. By having the system operating
like this it is much easier to control it. The images always end up on the image
server and then the persons in charge can go through the material, without having
to feel the stress for the case that a DVR gets full of images and that some has to be
erased or that the DVR should be stopped [1].

12
2.3 Combined Analog and Digital CCTV

2.3.1 Hybrid Systems

Today there is a big discussion about whether the CCTV system should be digital
or analog. Most experts say that all CCTV systems will become digital in the
future, but as the market looks today the use of analog or digital systems depends
on where the system should be installed. For example is it a very big difference if
the system should have cameras outside or inside buildings and if the cameras
should be sued at daytime or at night. It is easy to say that the digital systems
should be used since everything is going digital these days, but still many analog
systems can give very good result. As it is today the really good digital systems
cost a fortune to install. Therefore many companies choose to use a cheaper digital
system or an advanced analog system. But maybe the best system consists of both
analog and digital equipment, like a kind of hybrid as shown in figure 2.4.

Figure 2. 4 a hybrid CCTV system

To make the system easy to expand or change in the future the basic components
should be based on digital technology. The only analog part that still is really
interesting to use is actually the camera. All other parts of the system should

13
actually be digital. The reason for using an analog camera is that the offer much
better images when capturing images in dark conditions than what a digital camera
would. Of course it exist digital cameras that provides very good pictures at very
low flux values, but they are still very expensive. To make the conversion between
analog and digital signal and to be able to use an analog camera a video server has
to be used. The video server has the possibility to connect to internet via a web
server. Often a video server has at least four channels. The images can then be
viewed directly by accessing the video server. The discussion above about an
analog-digital hybrid is based on the fact that the system is going to be installed
from scratch. But often companies face a totally different problem. They already
have an analog CCTV system installed. Then they want to expand the system or
increase the performance in some way. The question is then how this should been
done. The company wants to invest money in a system that will last for many years
but they feel that it is a big problem because the basic system is analog. The best
way to expand and change the system so it will be future proof is to convert the
system into digital step by step. Probably the first step will be to change the old
VCR to a DVR. When the DVR is installed it also means that parts of the system
will become based on a network. The DVR can be connected to internet and that
means that users can login to the DVR and watch picture streams from the camera
or recorded material that are stored on the DVRs hard drive. As soon as the DVR is
installed it is very easy to install digital cameras direct or via a switch to the DVR.
Since the DVR is connected to internet it is also now possible to install an image
server, to which the pictures from the DVR can be transferred. Standard PCs can
also be added so the handling of the system becomes easy. Next step is to get rid of
the multiplexers and install a video server instead so the analog cameras still can be
used. Then the last step to really get rid of all the old analog equipment is to install
digital cameras [5].

14
2.4 A comparison between Digital and Analog
2.4.1 Digital vs. Analog [6]
Table 2. 1 Digital vs. Analog
Analog
Cameras Tried and tested, but restricted to
interlaced PAL or NSTC
resolution. Available with a wide
range of CCD and CMOS sensors.
Better in low-light situations.
Installation Install dedicated coax or fiber
cable for every interconnection,
with separate cables for power and
control. Boosters needed for
longer distances
System Expansion Difficult. Each analogue camera
requires its own cable. Image
quality is lost when using long
cables.
Recording Video stored on VHS tapes which
require constant changing and lots
of storage space. Recorded video
quality degrades over time.
Export Physical tapes can be easily
provided as police evidence, and
standard SVHS format guarantees
easy replay. However, quality
degrades when tapes are copied.
Video Quality Limited resolution, and motion-
blur between interleaved fields.
Signal loss during transmission,
and when recordings are copied.
15
Digital
Wide range available from cheap
& cheerful low-resolution web-
cams to megapixel, with options
for wireless transmission, POE,
analytics, etc.
Simply connect the camera to the
network and configure its network
settings. Single network cable can
be used for video, data and power.
Connect additional devices to the
network and add them to the
NVMS software.
Digitized images recorded on
hard-disk arrays enabling easy
management and retrieval. Video
can be recopied and does not
degrade
Working copy is an exact copy of
the original recording. Export
process can be slow and
cumbersome. There is no standard
export format, so a proprietary
player program is required.
Constant video quality (after initial
compression), with no loss in
quality during transmission,
recording or export.
 Analog Digital

Resilience Very limited. Flexible options for different levels of

Standards Well-established video signal
standard, but otherwise
manufacturer-specific.
System Platform Proprietary CCTV-specific
hardware, infrastructure and
operating platform.
Connectivity Dedicated point-to-point
cables with very limited scope
for remote access or
distributed systems.
Video Analytics / ANPR Separate bolt-on system with
little scope for integration.
resilience for storage, network
transmission and system control.
International IT standards for video
compression and transmission. Evolving
standards (ONVIF, PSIA) for device
interoperability.
Standard IT equipment, operating-systems,
network and storage.
Can use existing LAN or dedicated
network. Virtually unlimited flexibility for
connectivity via LAN, WAN or Internet.
Basic video analytics can be done by the
encoder DSP. Software platform allows
integration of alarm information and
analytics metadata.

2.5 STANDARDS
There are a few different television standards used worldwide today. CCIR/PAL
recommendations are used throughout most of Europe, Australia, New Zealand,
most of Africa, and Asia. A similar concept is used in the EIA/NTSC
recommendations for the television used in the United States, Japan, and Canada,
as well as in the SECAM recommendations used in France, Russia, Egypt, some
French colonies, and Eastern European countries. The major difference between
these standards is in the number of scanning lines and frame frequency [4].

2.5.1 PAL
PAL was created back in 1967. The characteristics for the PAL standard are that it
has 625 TV lines that make the horizontal resolution. Those lines are transmitted in
an interlaced form. This means that all odd lines, starting with 1, 3, 5 etc
transmitted. When all odd lines are transmitted, the even lines are transmitted,

16
 starting with line 2, 4, 6 etc. The set of odd lines and even lines are called fields.
An odd field and an even field together form a frame of video. The PAL standard
uses a field speed of 50 fields/sec (50Hz), which means that the actual frame rate is
25 frames/sec. This is said to be real-time video in the PAL standard. So if a
camera should be used in a system where people are going to watch the video in
PAL standard the frame rate has to be 25 to be in real-time. The advantages with
the PAL standard are that it uses many scan lines (625) which result in a better
picture details. Another advantage is that is can correct some errors that can occur
in the transmitted signal. The disadvantage is that flicker is more noticeable due to
the relatively low frame rate (25fps). The PAL standard is mostly used in Europe,
Australia, the Middle East, parts of Africa and some parts of South America [4].

2.5.2 NTSC
The NTSC started to be used in television broadcasting in 1953. The NTSC
standard has a fixed vertical resolution of 525 horizontal lines; whereas the
horizontal resolution is variable to fit different situations and applications. As in
the PAL standard a whole frame is made out of combining one odd field and an
even field. The field rate in the NTSC system is 59.94 fields/sec. This yields a
frame rate of 29.97 fps Thus in a NTSC system the video is said to be real-time if
the frame rate is at least 29.97 fps. The great advantage with NTSC compared to
the PAL standard is that the frame rate is higher which means that there are fewer
flickers in the picture. The NTSC standard also often offers better SNR (Signal to
Noise Ratio) levels. The disadvantage of the standard is that it uses less scan lines
than PAL, which result in a picture that is less detailed and where the scan lines
can be more visible when larger TVs or monitors are used. The NTSC standard is
used in North America, Central America and Japan [4].

17
2.5.3 SECAM
The SECAM standard is very similar to the PAL standard and was adopted in
1967. It uses the same number of scan lines and same frame rate as the PAL
standard. The major difference is the way how the color is modulated and
transmitted. It therefore also has about the same advantages and disadvantages as
the PAL standard. The SECAM standard is used in France, Russia, some parts of
Africa and Eastern Europe.
The PAL, NTSC and SECAM formats are the most common video signal standards
in the world. Beside these standards that define how the actual video signal should
behave, there exist an enormous amount of formats and standards for how the
video should be represented before it is transformed into a video signal. The PAL,
NTSC and SECAM standards are made for video signals like the one used in
ordinary TVs, monitors and VCRs. But with a regular computer screen the digital
video can be viewed directly without transforming it into a specific video signal.
The digital video is also compressed like digital pictures to save bandwidth and
storage space. This is some of the reasons why digital video is so popular and the
reason for that there exist so many different video compression standards. The
compression of a video can resemble the compression of a picture in many ways,
but there also exist big differences. One thing that is very important to understand
with digital video is that due to its characteristics, much higher compression rates
can be achieved. Another thing is that it is pretty easy to trick the human eye and to
change videos in some way without the eye noticing it too much [4].

18
CHAPTER 3: CCTV Main Components
The typical CCTV network consists from the fallowing main components:-

1- Cameras
2- Lenses
3- Camera housing
4- Monitors
5- Switching equipment
6- DVRs

Figure 3. 1 CCTV components

We know that digital compression is a method of converting information to a
format that requires fewer bits and can be reversed to a close approximation of its
original state once transferred to a new location. In the case of CCTV, this means
that video can be digitized to a smaller form and therefore transmitted at a quicker
speed. An important fact to remember when considering cameras for CCTV
applications is that the final resolution quality will only be as good as the weakest

20
 link in the system. In other words, if you have high resolution capability from the
camera but your
Monitor provides a lower resolution, the monitor will determine the resolution you
receive. Do not make the mistake of assuming that because you have high
resolution capable cameras, you will automatically receive high resolution images.
Just like an automobile, all parts of the CCTV system must provide equal or similar
performance levels to achieve the overall goal.

3.1 Cameras
Before we talk about cameras we should know how do we see things? Vision - the
faculty of sight - is one of the most amazing abilities to have evolved. It can be an
extremely sensitive tool of perception, yet is also very vulnerable to adverse
conditions. For several hours a day, for example, darkness renders our eyes near-
useless, and yet, on a clear day, as the saying goes, we can see for miles.
This is because vision depends on light. Light is reflected off objects and enters our
eyes. The eyes then focus the light and turn it into tiny electrical impulses that are
sent along the optic nerve to the brain, and it is in the brain that we actually see
things. The figure 3.2 show the vision concept ( how can we see ).
The way we see things depends on where the reflected light is coming from. If it’s
coming from exactly where our gaze falls, we see things sharply and in detail; this
is called our "central vision". If it’s coming from somewhere off-centre, it falls
within our "peripheral vision".
Both central and peripheral vision is important. Without central vision, we couldn’t
read, recognize faces or look at things directly. Without peripheral vision, it would
be very difficult to move around without bumping into things.

21
 Figure 3. 2 how we see
Now we should understand some Camera specifications

3.1.1 Illumination
Illumination is a standard measurement for light. In CCTV, minimum illumination
is the minimum amount of light necessary for the camera to capture an acceptable
image. Illumination is usually expressed in Lux.
One lux is equal to one candela illuminating an object at a (point to point) distance
of one meter. See figure 3.3

Figure 3. 3 illumination unite

22
3.1.2 Light Sensitivity
- Sensitivity ratings are generally given as the minimum "Lux" levels at which the
camera will produce a useable image (1 Lux equals 1/10 Candle Light).
- The lower the Lux level rating, the more light sensitive the camera
The figure 3.4 shows a light sensitivity of a different source.

Figure 3. 4 Light Sensitivity (LUX)

3.1.3 Signal to Noise (S/N) Ratio

- The higher the Signal to Noise ratio, the clearer the video image produced by the
camera.
- Good CCTV cameras will have a S/N ratio of at least 48dB
The table 3.1show the signal to noise ratio and the corresponding picture quality.

Table 3. 1 to noise ratio and the corresponding picture quality

signal to noise ratio

picture quality
(SNR)
60 dB Excellent, no noise apparent
50 dB Good, a small noise amount but picture quality is good
Reasonable, fine grain or snow in the picture, some
40 dB
fine detail lost
30 dB poor picture with a great deal of noise
20 dB Unusable picture

23
3.1.4 Back Light Compensation
The BLC function eliminates the effect of an over exposed background.
BLC prevents the subject from being recorded too dark by opening up the iris.
Backlight means that the light falls on the subject from behind i.e. the subject is
standing in front of a window. The figure 3.5 shows the BLC effect.

Figure 3. 5 the back light compensation effect

3.1.5 Camera types

Video security cameras are represented by several generic forms including: (1)
Analog, (2) Digital, (3) Internet, (4) LLL (low light level), and (5) Thermal IR, (6)
Panoramic 360Camera. For daytime applications, monochrome, color, analog,
digital, and IP cameras are used. When remote surveillance is required an IP
camera is used. For low light and nighttime applications the LLL ICCD (low light
level intensified charged coupled device) image intensified camera is used. For
very low light level or no light level applications, thermal IR cameras are used.

3.1.5.1 Analog
Analog cameras have been with the industry since the CCTV systems has been
used in security. Their electronics are straight forward and the technology is still
used in many applications [4].

24
3.1.5.2 Digital
Since the second half of 1990s there has been an increased use of DSP in cameras.
It significantly improves the performance of the camera by:
(1) Automatically adjusting to large light level changes (eliminating the automatic-
iris)
(2) Integrating the VMD into the camera
(3) Automatically switching the camera from color operation to higher sensitivity
monochrome operation, as well as other features and enhancements.[4]

3.1.5.3 Internet
The most recent camera technology advancement is manifest in the IP camera. This
camera is configured with electronics that connects to the Internet, WWW network
through an Internet service provider (ISP). Each camera is provided with a
registered Internet address and can transmit the video image anywhere on the
network. This is really remote video monitoring at its best! The camera site is
viewed from anywhere by entering the camera Internet address (ID number) and
proper password. Password security is used so that only authorized users can enter
the website and view the camera image. Two-way communication is used so that
the user can control camera parameters and direct the camera operation (pan, tilt,
zoom, etc.) from the monitoring site [4].

3.1.5.4 Low-Light-Level Intensified Camera (LLL)

When a security application requires viewing during nighttime conditions where
the available light is moonlight, starlight, or other residual reflected light, and the
surveillance must be covert (no active illumination like IR LEDs), LLL intensified
CCD cameras are used. The ICCD cameras have sensitivities between 100 and
1000 times higher than the best solid-state cameras. The increased sensitivity is

25
 obtained through the use of a light amplifier mounted in between the lens and the
CCD sensor. LLL cameras
Cost between 10 and 20 times more than CCD cameras.

3.1.5.5 Thermal Imaging Camera

An alternative to the ICCD camera is the thermal IR camera. Visual cameras see
only visible light energy from the blue end of the visible spectrum to the red end
(approximately 400–700 nanometers). Some monochrome cameras see beyond the
visible region into the near-IR region of the spectrum up to 1000 nanometers (nm).
This IR energy, however, is not thermal IR energy. Thermal IR cameras using
thermal sensors respond to thermal energy in the 3–5 micrometer (µm) and 8–14m
range. The IR sensors respond to the changes in heat (thermal) energy emitted by
the targets in the scene. Thermal imaging cameras can operate in complete
darkness. They require no visible or IR illumination whatever. They are truly
passive night time monochrome imaging sensors. They can detect humans and any
other warm objects (animals, vehicle engines, ships, aircraft, and warm/hot spots in
buildings) or other objects against a scene background [4].

3.1.5.6 Panoramic 360 Camera.

Powerful mathematical techniques combined with the unique 360 panoramic lens
have made possible a 360 panoramic camera. In operation the lens collects and
focuses the 360 horizontal by up to 90 vertical scene (one-half of a sphere, a
hemisphere) onto the camera sensor. The image takes the form of a “donut” on the
sensor (Figure 3.8). The camera/lens is located at the origin (0). The scene is
represented by the surface of the hemisphere. As shown, a small part (slice) of the
scene area (A, B, C, D) is “mapped” onto the sensor as a, b, c, d. In this way the
full scene is mapped onto the sensor. Direct presentation of the donut ring video
image onto the monitor does not result in a useful picture to work with. That is

26
where the use of a powerful mathematical algorithm comes in. Digital processing
in the computer using the algorithm transforms the donut-shaped image into the
normal format seen on a monitor, i.e. horizontal and vertical. All of the 0 to
360horizontal by 90vertical images cannot be presented on a monitor in a useful
way – there is just too much picture “squeezed” into the small screen area. This
condition is solved by computer software by looking at only a section of the entire
scene at any particular time. The main attributes of the panoramic system are:
(1) Captures a full 360 FOV (field of view), (2) can digitally pan/tilt to anywhere in
the scene and digitally zoom any scene area, (3) Has no moving parts (no motors,
etc. that can wear out), and (4) multiple operators can view any part of the scene in
real-time or at a later time. The panoramic camera requires a high resolution
camera since so much scene information is contained in the image. Camera
technology has progressed so that these digital cameras are available and can
present a good image of a zoomed-in portion of the panoramic scene. The figure
3.6 show the panoramic camera concept.

Figure 3. 6 panoramic camera

27
3.1.6 Some cameras types used in normal life

Figure 3. 7 some other cameras types

3.2 Lenses
The performance of a CCTV system is very much reliant on the quality and type of
lens fitted to the camera. A system will offer poor picture performance when the
installer does not specify the correct lens during the initial survey, and ‘correct
lens’ does not simply mean choosing a lens which will offer the correct field of
view, although this is one important factor. The quality of the lens, the format size
and the spectral response are all-important factors relating to lens performance and
thus image quality. For example, there is no point in fitting a lens with an infrared
filter when the system is expected to perform in the dark with the assistance of
artificial infrared lighting! And this has been known to occur. [3]

28
3.2.1 Lens parameters

3.2.1.1 Angle of view

The angular range covered by a camera is referred to as its “angle of view” and is
determined by the focal length of the lens and the size of the imager (CCD) on which
the picture is formed(as shown in figure 3.8) . Note: For multiple lenses with
identical focal lengths, the angle of view will not match if the size of the cameras
CCD is different.

Figure 3. 8 Angle of view

CCD screen sizes are available in 1/4", 1/3", 1/2" and 2/3" types, measured based
on its diagonal dimension. This difference in size makes almost no difference in
terms of performance, but it does change the range of the view field.
Formulas for calculating field range, see figure 3.9 [7]

Figure 3. 9 Types of Lens and View Field

The angle of view is expressed by the following formula:

29
 Table 3. 2 width, height and angle of view equations

CCD 1/4" 1/3" 1/2"

Width (3.6 x ) / f (4.8 x ) / f (6.4 x ) / f
Height (2.7 x ) / f (3.6 x ) / f (4.8 x ) / f

angle of view θ θ = 2x

Θ: Angle of view
: Effective dimension of CCD (mm)
f: Lens focal length(mm)

The angles of view for different lenses are listed in the Table 3.3

Table 3. 3 field of view ( 1/3 Type CCD )

Field of View (1/3" TYPE CCD)

F(mm) 3.6 6 12 25 75
D(m)
1 1.33 x 1.00 0.80 x 0.60 0.40 x 0.30 0.19 x 0.14 0.06 x 0.05
1.5 2.00 x 1.50 1.20 x 0.90 0.60 x 0.45 0.29 x 0.22 0.10 x 0.07
2 2.67 x 2.00 1.60 x 1.20 0.80 x 0.60 0.38 x 0.29 0.13 x 0.10
2.5 3.33 x 2.50 2.00 x 1.50 1.00 x 0.75 0.48 x 0.36 0.16 x 0.12
3 4.00 x 3.00 2.40 x 1.80 1.20 x 1.90 0.58 x 0.43 0.19 x 0.14
3.5 4.67 x 3.50 2.80 x 2.10 1.40 x 1.05 0.67 x 0.50 0.22 x 0.17
4 5.33 x 4.00 3.20 x 2.40 1.60 x 1.20 0.77 x 0.58 0.26 x 0.19
4.5 6.00 x 4.50 3.60 x 2.70 1.80 x 1.35 0.86 x 0.65 0.29 x 0.22
5 6.67 x 5.00 4.00 x 3.00 2.00 x 1.50 0.96 x 0.72 0.32 x 0.24
6 8.00 x 6.00 4.80 x 3.60 2.40 x 1.80 1.15 x 0.86 0.38 x 0.29
7 9.33 x 7.00 5.60 x 4.20 2.80 x 2.10 1.34 x 1.01 0.45 x 0.34
8 10.67 x 8.00 6.40 x 4.80 3.20 x 2.40 1.54 x 1.15 0.51 x 0.38
9 12.00 x 9.00 7.20 x 5.40 3.60 x 2.70 1.73 x 1.30 0.58 x 0.43
10 13.33 x 10.00 8.00 x 6.00 4.00 x 3.00 1.92 x 1.44 0.64 x 0.48
11 14.67 x 11.00 8.80 x 6.60 4.40 x 3.30 2.11 x 1.58 0.70 x 0.53
12 16.00 x 12.00 9.60 x 7.20 4.80 x 3.60 2.30 x 1.73 0.77 x 0.58
13 17.33 x 13.00 10.40 x 7.80 5.20 x 3.90 2.50 x 1.87 0.83 x 0.62
14 18.67 x 14.00 11.20 x 8.40 5.60 x 4.20 2.69 x 2.02 0.90 x 0.67
15 20.00 x 15.00 12.00 x 9.00 6.00 x 4.50 2.88 x 2.16 0.96 x 0.72
20 26.67 x 20.00 16.00 x 12.00 8.00 x 6.00 3.84 x 2.88 1.28 x 0.96
25 33.33 x 25.00 20.00 x 15.00 10.00 x 7.50 4.80 x 3.60 1.60 x 1.20
30 40.00 x 30.00 24.00 x 18.00 12.00 x 9.00 5.76 x 4.32 1.92 x 1.44
60 80.00 x 60.00 48.00 x 36.00 24.00 x 18.00 11.52 x 8.64 3.84 x 2.88

30
 90 120.00 x 90.00 72.00 x 54.00 36.00 x 27.00 17.28 x 12.96 5.76 x 4.32
120 160.00 x 120.00 96.00 x 72.00 48.00 x 36.00 23.04 x 17.28 7.68 x 5.76
150 200.00 x 150.00 120.00 x 90.00 60.00 x 45.00 28.80 x 21.60 9.60 x 7.20

3.2.1.2 Field of view

The field of view (FOV) is the horizontal or vertical scene size at a given length
from the camera to the subject. An important aspect that must be considered before
choosing a camera lens is the field of view, or the actual area that the camera is
expected to cover. Table 3.3 shows the width and the height of the FOV on a 1/3”
format camera and lens. [8]

3.2.1.3 Focal length

The Focal Length (FL) of a lens is actually the distance from the center of the lens
to the surface of the tube or solid-state target. As the focal length of the lens
increases, the area being viewed decreases. Focal length may be fixed (fixed field
of view) or variable (variable field of view using a zoom length) the figure 3.10
show a variable focal length. [8]

Figure 3. 10 variable focal length

31
3.2.1.4 Iris Mechanisms
Most CCTV lenses have an iris diaphragm (as does the human eye) to adjust the open
area of the lens and change the amount of light passing through it and reaching the
sensor. Depending on the application, manual or automatic-iris lenses are used. In an
automatic-iris CCTV lens, as in a human eye lens, the iris closes automatically when
the illumination is too high and opens automatically when it is too low, thereby
maintaining the optimum illumination on the sensor at all times. Figure 3.11 show the
Comparing the human eye to the video camera lens with iris control.

Figure 3. 11 Comparing the human eye to the video camera lens

A. No Iris has a non adjustable iris and cannot adjust to varying lighting
conditions.
B. Manual Iris has an adjustable iris. Level is determined by the installer at setup
at the camera location.
C. Automatic iris controls an electro-optic accessory to a lens that measures the
video level of the camera and opens and closes the iris diaphragm to
compensate for light changes.

3.2.2 Types of lenses

The following types of lenses are usually used for surveillance cameras:
1) Fixed Focus Lens

32
 This type of lens offers a lineup of standard, wide-angle and super-wide-angle
versions, all with a fixed angle of view.
2) Varifocal Lens
A zoom lens that is manually adjusted is referred to as a “Varifocal” lens. Although
this type of lens cannot be remotely controlled, its focal length can be adjusted
manually when the camera is installed. This eliminates the need to select a specific
lens, making it more convenient and versatile than fixed focal lenses.
3) Motorized Zoom Lens
This zoom lens can vary its focal length to permit subjects to be displayed in close-
up or wide-angle. The focal length ratio between the telescopic ends to the wide-
angle end is referred to as the zoom ratio. The greater this ratio, the more range
you have to change the size of the image. The motorized zoom lens has a built-in
motor for changing the focal length and can be remotely controlled by joystick
panel or DVR. Cameras with motorized zoom lenses are normally used in
combination with motorized pan/tilt heads (PTZ), with their zooming and focusing
(iris) operations controlled via a remote control unit.[7]

3.2.3 Lens selection

Selecting the proper lens type requires taking into consideration the location or
position in which the camera will be installed and simulating the coverage area to
be picked up in the camera image. Such simulations can be approximated roughly
based on the field of view. Several points to bear in mind when selecting the proper
lens are summarized below:
1) Wide-angle lenses provide a wide coverage area but subjects picked up in their
images will be shown smaller.
2) Standard lenses show the subject larger but have a narrower coverage area.

33
 3) To eliminate blind spots within the smaller the room, the wider the lens view
angle needs to be. To pick up detailed images from the whole of a wide area, either
use multiple cameras or equip one or more cameras with pan/tilt heads and zoom
lenses.

3.3 Camera housing

Camera housings are designed to protect the camera from weather, dust, vandalism,
damage, etc.
We use the housing for the indoor cameras when it is used outdoor.

Figure 3. 12 camera housing

3.3.1 Ingress Protection (IP rating)

• ‘IP ratings’ are a measure of resistance to the penetration of solid objects (e.g.
dust) and liquids (e.g. rain!)
• A product considered to be ‘weatherproof’ would have a rating of IP65 and
above
- ‘IP’ stands for Ingress Protection

34
 - The first number (in this case 6) is the protection against solids (0~6, 6 being
dustproof)
- The second number (in this case 5) is the protection against liquid (0~8, 8
being protected against constant submersion )

Table 3. 4 IP rating chart

First number
Second number
(Protection
Definition (Protection Definition
against solid
against liquids)
objects)
0 No protection 0 No protection
Protected against solids objects
Protected against vertically falling
1 over 50mm (e.g. accidental 1
drops of water
touch by hands)

Protected against solids objects Protected against direct sprays up to

2 2
over 12mm (e.g. fingers) 15o from the vertical

Protected against solids objects

3 over 2.5mm (e.g. tools and
wires)
Protected against solids objects
4 over 1mm (e.g. tools, wires
and small wires)
Protected against dust - limited
5 5
ingress (no harmful deposit)
6 Totally protected against dust
Protected against direct sprays up to
3
60o from the vertical
Protected against sprays from all
4 directions - limited ingress
permitted
Protected against low pressure jets
if water from all directions - limited
ingress permitted
Protected against strong jets of
6 water e.g. for use on ship decks -
limited ingress permitted
Protected against the effects of
temporary immersion between
7
15cm and 1m. Duration of test 30
minutes
Protected against long periods of
8
immersion under pressure

Explosion Proof: Housing required for potentially combustible atmospheres,

Laboratory, Chemical storage areas.
Vandal Proof: Used where structural integrity and vandalism are a priority, for
public areas & prison facilities.

35
 Pressurized Housing: operating in tough environmental conditions e.g. on board
ships

3.3.2 Camera Brackets

As mentioned in the housing section, the housing if it does not come with one will
need a bracket. This also means that if the camera is not being installed in housing
then it will need a bracket. The figure 3.13 show the brackets.

Figure 3. 13 camera brackets

3.4 Monitors
Most CCTV monitors are designed solely for industrial applications and therefore
do not Include built-in TV tuners. When selecting a monitor, consider the
positional relationship of the monitor to its operator to determine the proper size.
Figure 3.14 show Monitor Size & Recommended Monitoring Distance.

36
 Figure 3. 14 Monitor Size & Recommended Monitoring Distance
If a 4-segment split-screen display is to be used, Distance B should be shortened
slightly since the images will be smaller. Smaller monitors such as 9-inch types are
easy to install and can be mounted in equipment racks, but they are not suitable for
observing the finer details of images displayed on the screen. If the size of a room
does not permit a small 9-inch monitor to be installed in usably close proximity to
the operator, a larger monitor should be selected.
Liquid crystal display (LCD) CCTV monitors for commercial applications are
becoming increasingly available and more accessibly priced. Their remarkable
features include lower power consumption and freedom from the danger of image
burn-in. The advent of LCD monitors is also bringing solutions to problems that
have proved difficult to solve using conventional CRT monitors. For example
problems involving contrast, off angle viewing and display speed.[7]

3.4.1 Monitors types

3.4.1.1 Cathode-ray tube (CRT) Monitor

CRT technology has been used in most televisions and computer display screens
until recent advances in flat screen technologies have made these more easily
available and affordable. A CRT works by painting an electron beam back and

37
 forth across the back of the screen. Each time the beam makes a pass across the
screen, it lights up phosphor dots on the inside of the glass tube, which then
illuminates the active segment of the screen. Phosphors are chemicals that produce
light when excited by electrons. Figure 3.15 show the CRT monitor component.

Figure 3. 15 CRT monitor

3.4.1.2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Monitor

A liquid crystal display is made up of an electrically-controlled light-polarizing
liquid trapped in cells between two transparent polarizing sheets. The polarizing
axes of the two sheets are aligned perpendicular to each other, and each cell is
supplied with electrical contacts that allow an electric field to be applied to the
liquid inside. LCDs are non-organic, non-emissive light devices—they do not
produce any form of light but instead block light that is reflected from an external
source.

3.4.1.3 Plasma Display Monitor

Plasma can be accelerated and steered by electric and magnetic fields, which
allows it to be controlled and applied. In a plasma display monitor, light is created

38
 by phosphors that are excited by a plasma discharge between two fl at panels of
glass. The use of phosphors, as in CRTs, limits their useful life to 20,000 to 30,000
hours.

3.4.1.4 Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCOS) Monitor

Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCOS) is relatively new technology that is a mixture of
micro mirror and liquid crystal technologies. LCOS devices can be smaller and are
easier to manufacture than conventional LCD displays and have higher resolution.

3.4.1.5 Organic light emitting diode (OLED) Monitor

Organic light emitting diode (OLED) technology uses substances that emit red,
green, blue, or white light. Without any other source of illumination, OLED
materials present bright, clear video and images that are easy to see at almost any
angle. When used as pixels in fl at panel displays, OLEDs offer advantages over
LCDs that need backlighting, including lower power consumption, greater viewing
angle, lighter weight, and quicker response.[5]

3.4. 2 Notes on monitor installation [7]

Bear the following points in mind when installing monitors:
1) Installation Location
Determine where to install the monitor. Multiple operator rooms may be required
depending on the intended purpose of the system. The number of required monitors
is determined by the size of the room in which they are to be installed and the
number of operators.
2) Monitor Installation Height
For around-the-clock surveillance applications, monitors should be positioned at a
height slightly below operator eye level. Consider the operators’ normal working
styles as well. According to some statistics, four is the maximum number of

39
 monitors an operator can view effectively at one time. When multiple operators
will view a single monitor, a large projector may be used. In any case, be sure to at
least determine the maximum number of monitors that can be installed and the
minimum number of monitors required for the system requirements.

3) Room Brightness (Lighting)

If the monitor is placed in a dark room, operators may suffer eye fatigue. On the
other hand, too bright a room exposed to the direct sunlight may negatively affect
the view-ability of the screen. Also, installing lighting equipment in close
proximity to the monitor or installing lighting equipment with no directivity could
result in annoying light reflections from the monitor screen.
4) Ventilation
Since monitors generate heat, they need to be positioned to allow for heat to
escape. Overheating of the surveillance room in general should be prevented.
Especially when monitors are placed on the operation table or in monitor racks, it
is recommended that they be equipped with ventilating fans.
5) Power Supplies
Remember that a large surge of electric current flows into monitors when their
power is turned on. When designing a system employing many monitors, it is
important to ensure that the system has sufficient circuit breaker capacity, as well
as delay circuits that can stagger power input.
Power supply voltage should be kept stable whenever possible. If voltage
fluctuations cause image distortion on the monitor, it may be necessary to change
the power supply layout or use a voltage stabilizer.
6) Induction
When multiple CRT monitors are installed side by side or one on top of another,
magnetic fields may cause horizontal oscillation wave interference, possibly

40
 resulting in color variations or noise appearing on the screen. Placing a ferrous
metal type plate between the CRT monitors can neutralize the influence of these
magnetic fields. When using large CRT monitors side by side, mount them in a
metal monitor rack.

7) Image Burn-In
If a CRT monitor continuously displays the same picture for a prolonged period of
time (about 6 to 12 months on average, consult the CRT manufacturer for model
specific information and recommendations), image burn-in may occur. To avoid
this, take care to avoid continuously displaying the same image on the screen. In
particular, bright images are more likely to cause burn-in, shortening the CRT life
span.

3.5 Switcher Selection & Video Recording [7]

As the number of camera's increases, the number of monitors also increases. Since
there is a limit to the number of screens a single operator can view at one time and
because space for monitor installation is also limited, the number of monitors can
be reduced by switching camera outputs in sequence on a single monitor or by
using multi-segment split-screen displays. Also, since operators cannot always
view all screens, sensors connected to time-lapse VCR’s or DVR’s may also be
required to capture unviewed images for later playback if necessary.

3.5.1 Sequential switcher

To view multiple camera outputs on a single monitor, switch the outputs displayed
on the monitor in sequence or display them together on a split screen. A manual
switcher is designed to allow manual switching among camera's images. An
automatic sequential switcher switches the images at specified intervals. When

41
 sequential switching is used, the screen can display only one camera output at a
time, meaning that other camera images cannot be viewed simultaneously. In this
case, important scenes could be missed or discovered too late. If, for example, 12
camera outputs are sequenced to display on a single monitor at 10 seconds
intervals, the total amount of time to display images from all twelve cameras is 120
seconds. Therefore, the greater the numbers of cameras, the longer the sequence
cycle interval. To prevent important scenes from one camera output from being
missed while another camera output is being displayed the switcher should be
equipped to receive the sensor signal in the form of an alarm that instantly and
automatically switches the display to the relevant camera image. Note that when
switching among multiple cameras by means of the switcher, the cameras must be
synchronized

3.5.2Multi-viewer
A Multi-viewer has a split-screen display function that allows multiple camera
images to be viewed on a single monitor. Either a 4, 9 or 16 segment split-screen
display is possible. The larger the number of segments, the smaller each will be on
the screen requiring use of a larger monitor. A Multi-viewer can also be connected
to a sensor to switch the screen to a sensor-operated camera output. Since the video
signal is digitally processed, cameras need not be synchronized. Other versatile
Multi-viewer functions include a screen freeze function and a 2X-zoom function
that digitally magnifies part of the screen. Using a split-screen display, multiple
camera images can be viewed simultaneously. As shown in figure 3.16.

42
 Figure 3. 16 Multi viewer

3.5.3 Matrix switcher

For systems with multiple operator rooms, the “distributed method” was
conventionally used by CCTV systems to distribute camera images to sequential
switchers installed in each. Nowadays, however, to save cables for video signal
transmission, a new Matrix Switcher control method that switches images at a
matrix section has replaced the conventional method. As shown in figure 3.17.

Figure 3. 17 Centralized Systems

3.5.4 Multiplexer
Because Multiplexers include a frame recording function, they can be used in
conjunction with a time lapse VCR or DVR to record 9 or 16 camera images on a
single VCR or DVR in quasi-moving picture formats. The following table shows
the recording differences between a Multiplexer and a sequential switcher.

43
 Table 3. 5 Frame Switcher Recording

To record images from more than one camera, either prepares as many recorders as
there are cameras or connect one recorder to the sequential switcher or Multiplexer
to record images displayed on the switched or split screens. Keep in mind, using
the switcher or Multiplexer may involve the problems mentioned above, including
missing recording of
Important scenes (sequential switcher) and image size reduction (Multiplexer). A
Multiplexer allows multiple images to be recorded by switching them frame by
frame. Thirty frames (NTSC) or 25 frames (PAL) are transmitted per second from
each camera, with one camera output being assigned to one frame and recorded in
the frame recording.
When reproducing images for playback, individual frames from the same camera
output are retrieved and compiled into quasi-moving picture formats. With this
method, all camera outputs are recorded and only those cameras required can be
selected for reproduced playback.

3.5.5 Time-lapse VCR recordings

1) Recording
VCRs are used when:
(a) Recordings should be kept as potential evidence of crimes or accidents.
(b) An operator does not always attend monitors.

44
(c) Performing remote surveillance. In remote surveillance applications, if it is
difficult to transmit images from places like elevators, then a VCR can be used to
record surveillance images for reproduction only as needed. Either of the following
methods may be used for this function.
(d) The tape is set in a recorder and recording takes place until the end of the tape
is reached. The tape then automatically rewinds and is used again, overwriting the
previous recording.
(e) Several tapes are prepared and used in rotation. In one typical example, seven
120-minute tapes are used in 24-hour mode, with each being replaced by the next
at 8:00 AM each morning throughout the week.
This approach preserves video images for up to one week, since that is how long it
will take until any given tape to come back into the cycle to be reused and
overwritten. Table 3.6 show Recording Mode vs. Recording Interval.

Table 3. 6 Recording Mode vs. Recording Interval

45
2) Searching for Specific Images
Inevitably it will be necessary to search for a particular segment of video recording
for later playback. The larger a system becomes, the larger the number of VCR’s
and tapes will also become. Tapes themselves can be organized and labeled for
later use based on their recording time and location, but it can be quite difficult to
search within any given tape for a specific event, especially if the event occurred
over a short period of time. To facilitate such searching, some VCR’s can record an
alarm signal along with the video signal that sounds during playback.

3.5.6 Digital video recorders (DVR’s)

Digital video recorders (DVR’s) are classified into three types depending upon the
recording media used. These include hard disk drive (HDD) types, optical disk
(DVD) types and combined DV cassette tape and HDD types. They can also be
divided broadly into multi-channel types equipped with frame-plexer functions and
one-channel types not equipped with such functions. Since digital video recordings
also have their own life spans, recorded data must be backed up. Unlike time-lapse
VCR recording, digital video recording uses compressed digital images offering
the following advantages.
1) Easy searching
It is possible to locate and call up only those scenes tagged with alarm data, or to
select particular scenes by specifying there recording date and time. Both functions
allow desired scenes to be located more quickly and easily than was possible
conventionally.
2) Simultaneous recording and playback
Video recording and playback can be performed simultaneously, a function that is
not possible with time-lapse VCR recording. Recording does not stop even during

46
playback. Using this function, images currently being recorded and reproduced can
both be displayed simultaneously using a multiple-segment-split screen.
3) High-quality video recording
In digital recording, the fact that the original signal does not deteriorate allows for
higher quality recordings. The deterioration of tape media and record/playback
heads that are normal with time-lapse VCR equipment do not occur, allowing
higher quality images with less variation in quality over time to be recorded.
4) Easy data handling
The digital nature of image data makes it easy to handle. Since every piece of
information is recorded and stored as digital data, it can be input into a computer
for editing or transmitted easily over a LAN or other network.

47
CHAPTER 4: Transmission media
4.0 Video transmission media
CCTV transmission is mainly related to transmission of video, data and power. The
transmission of video and data signals could be done using wires or wireless,
whereas, the power signal has to be connected using wires.

4.1. Video Cable Types

There are two main types of cable used for transmitting video signals, which are:
Unbalanced (coaxial) and balanced (twisted pair).

4.1.1 Unbalanced (Coaxial) Cables

This type of cable is made in many different types of impedance. In this case
impedance is measured between the inner conductor and the outer sheath. 75-Ohm
impedance cable is the standard used in CCTV systems. Most video equipment is
designed to operate at this impedance. Coaxial cables with an impedance of 75
Ohms are available in many different mechanical formats, including single wire
armored and irradiated PVC sheathed cable for direct burial. The cables available
range in performance from relatively poor to excellent. Performance is normally
measured in high frequency loss per 100 meters. The lower this loss figure, the less
the distortion to the video signal. Therefore, higher quality cables should be used
when transmitting the signal over long distances.

figure 4. 1 coaxial cable

49
 A. Advantages:
 Low cost
 simple handling
 Point-to-point connection
 No maintenance required
 No active amplifier required
B. Disadvantages:
 Large space required due to wide diameter of cable
 Signal interference from electro-magnetic sources
 Limited range: up to 200 m depending on cable specification
 Lightning protection expensive
 Separate cable required for control ( for PTZ cameras )

4.1.2. Balanced (Twisted Pair) Cables

In a twisted pair each pair of cables is twisted with a slow twist of about one to two
twists per meter. These cables are made in many different types of impedance, 100
to 150 Ohms being the most common. Balanced cables have been used for many
years in the largest cable networks in the world. Where the circumstances demand,
these have advantages over coaxial cables of similar size. Twisted pair cables are
frequently used where there would be an unacceptable loss due to a long run of
coaxial cable.
Advantages:
_Range up to 1500 m
_More resistant to Electromagnetic interference compared to Coaxial
_Uses existing cable infrastructure
_Small space required due to narrow diameter of cable
_Cost-effective for medium distances

50
 _Control data can be transmitted on the same line
_ Disadvantages:
_Active elements (transmitter and receiver required)
_Maintenance required (temperature-dependent)

4.1.3. Typical Cable Losses

A selection of commonly used cable specifications is given below in table 3.7.

Table 4. 1 Typical Cable Losses

Cable
Type Impedance Loss/100 meters
REF.
CT125 Coaxial 75 ohm 1.1 dB
CT305 Coaxial 76 ohm 0.5 dB
CT600 Coaxial 77 ohm 0.3 dB
URM70 Coaxial 78 ohm 3.3 dB
RG59 Coaxial 79 ohm 2.25 dB
TR42 Twisted pair 110 ohm 2.1 dB
9207 Twisted pair 100 ohm 2.3 dB
9182 Twisted pair 150 ohm 2.7 dB

4.1.4 Fiber Optic Transmission

Fiber optics is the technology of transmitting data along cables that consist of
optical fiber.
•Optical fibers are much smaller and lighter than copper, therefore easier and
cheaper to install in long runs.
•A major advantage of optical fibers is that they can carry far more information
than copper.
•Optical fibers are completely immune to interference from electromagnetic
sources
A. Advantages:
_ Immune to Electromagnetic interference

51
 _Secure against tapping
_Low pallet and fire load (weight)
_No maintenance required
_Multiple transmission of signals possible
B. Disadvantages:
_Higher cost (material and handling)
_Active elements (transmitter and receiver required)
_Significant effort and expense involved with changes
_in camera location
_Special installation training required

Figure 4. 2 fiber optics

4.2 Video non-cable type transmission

The previous section dealt with the transmission of video signals by various types
of cable. There are many instances where it is not possible or desirable to use cable
and other methods need to be employed. These can be:
Infrared beams (wireless)
Microwave (wireless)

4.2.1 Wireless Video Transmission:

Wireless may be an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver, but there is nothing old-
fashion about wireless video transmission. Communicating digital images without the

52
benefit of cables, cords, or wires is now almost common place. Today, the term is
practically universal for the transmission of data between devices via radio frequency,
microwave, or infrared signals. Radio frequency penetrates many visually opaque
materials, goes around corners, and does not require a line-of-sight path when
transmitting from one location to another. The radio frequencies are, however,
susceptible to attenuation and reflection by some objects therefore they sometimes
produce unpredictable results.

The microwave link requires an unobstructed line of sight; any metallic or wet
objects in the transmission path cause severe attenuation and reflection, often
rendering a system useless. Some microwave frequencies penetrate dry nonmetallic
structures such as wood or drywalls and floors, so that non-line-of-sight transmission
is possible.[4]

Infrared data communications systems use infrared beams to carry data with light
pulse. The IR beam can be strongly attenuated by heavy fog or precipitation, severely
reducing its effective range as compared with clear-line-of-sight, clear-weather
conditions. The IR beam can be reflected off one or more mirrors to go around
corners.

The advantage of the IR system over RF and microwave links are : (1) security
(since it is hard to tap a narrow light beam), (2) high bandwidth (able to carry
multiple channels of information), and (3) bidirectional operation.

4.2.2 Infrared Beams

With this type of system the video is superimposed onto an infrared beam by a
transmitter. The beam is aligned to strike a receiver where the signal is output as a
conventional composite video signal. The infrared beam is at a wavelength of 860
nanometers, which is above the visible part of the spectrum. The system may be

53
configured as a full duplex set up. Then it is possible to transmit telemetry control
signals in the reverse direction to control pan, tilt units. The system can also carry
speech in both directions. The actual configuration must be specified at the time of
obtaining quotations or ordering.

4.2.3 Microwave Transmission

Microwave links carry the video and telemetry along a link from a transmitter to a
receiver. They are capable of much farther transmission distances from 1 kilometer to
50 kilometers. They are largely unaffected by weather conditions. On the other hand
they are more expensive than infrared links.

4.3 Power Cable

The CCTV cameras usually use 3 different kinds of voltages: 12V DC, 24V AC and
110V AC (220 V AC). Usually 12 VDC cameras come with its power supply pre-
wired.
When 24 VAC PSU is used, the recommended cables are:
UL SPT-1 VW-1 E94163 18AWGx2C
UL SPT-2 VW-1 E94163 18AWGx2C
-1 18AWGx3C

4.4 Power over Ethernet

The POE, also referred to as power over LAN (POL) is a Technology that integrates
data and power over standard LAN infrastructure cabled networks, The POE is a
means to supply reliable, uninterrupted power to network cameras, wireless LAN
access points, and other Ethernet devices using existing, commonly used category
(CAT) cable with four twisted pair conductors and CAT5 cable infrastructure The

54
POE is a technology for wired Ethernet LANs that allows the electrical power
(current and voltage) necessary for the operation of each device to be carried by the
data cables rather than by power cords. This minimizes the number of wires that must
be strung in order to install the network. The result is lower cost, less downtime,
easier maintenance, and greater installation flexibility than with traditional wiring.
Unlike a traditional telephone infrastructure, local power is not always accessible for
wireless access points, IP video cameras, phones, or other network devices deployed
in ceilings, lobbies, stairwells, or other obscure areas. Adding new wiring for power
may be a difficult and costly option. In cases like this, an option is to combine the
provision of power with the network connection using POE technology over any
existing or new data communications cabling figure 4.3 show Digital video network
using Power over Ethernet (POE).[4]

Figure 3.22 Digital video network using Power over Ethernet (POE)

55
CHAPTER 5: CASE STUDY
5.1 Introduction:
With the worldwide threat of crime and terrorism increasing daily, the demand for
high quality video surveillance systems is also growing rapidly. Users are demanding
new capabilities and greater efficiency from their security systems. CCTV companies
is dedicated to the goal of producing high performance products that introduce
features and capabilities that push the boundaries of what can be done with those
products. They are redefining what you should expect from video surveillance
systems.

5.2 Aim of case study:

The aim of this case study is to:

 To clarify the advantages of using the CCTV systems.

 To know how to design and configure the CCTV systems.
 To reach to suitable configuration and system components that fulfills the
requirements.

5.3 Description of the site:

The site of the case study is located at the north west of Tripoli city in Assaraj area as shown
in the figure 5.1.

57
 Figure 5. 1 the location of the site

And the area of this site is about 7000 and the figure 5.2 shows the details of the
site.This picture was taken by Google Earth.

Figure 5. 2 a closer look to the site

58
And as shown in picture there is a fifteen building dividing into twelve offices and a
Gym with showers and a restaurant also there is a building for the workers and
building specialized for all security systems (CCTV, Fire alarm, motion detection)
also there are four parking ,football square, and a pool .

All these locations are showed more in the designing map (figure 5.3)

Figure 5. 3 design for the site using autocad

5.4 Design criteria

To choose the right components for the CCTV system first we should understand a
lot of things like:

 Understand the intended aim of the system.

 Study the installation locations of cameras and monitors.
 Understand the environments where cameras and monitors will be installed.
 Select cameras, lenses, and pan/tilt drives.
 Select signal routing, monitors, and switchers.

59
  Select recording methods.

In our case study the main aim of the CCTV is to prevent crime actions. This
application is generally referred to as “crime prevention cameras”. This aims not only
to create a psychological effect to act as a deterrent to crime, such as theft and
molestation, but also to help identify criminals after crimes are perpetrated by
reviewing recorded images resulting from the installation of a CCTV system.
According to the site survey in our case study location we had to choose an outdoor
cameras and according to the client requirements and the budget we had to choose the
type of the cameras and we choosed Samsung CCTV system because of their
warranty license, and because Samsung system can support other CCTV systems
protocols such as (Samsung Techwin, Pelco D, Pelco P, Panasonic, Bosch, SEC).

5.4.1 The cameras and network video recorder (NVR)

In our design we choosed an IP CCTV system so we choose these two types of
cameras and NVR

 SNO-5080RP as shown in the figure 5.5

 SNV-7080RP as shown in the figure 5.4
 SRN-3250 as show in figure 5.6

Figure 5. 5 SNV-7080RP Figure 5. 4 SNO-5080RP Figure 5. 6 SRN-3250

60
The SNO-5080RP and SNV-7080RP are high performance HD 1.3 megapixel
network cameras capable of displaying multiple resolutions from CIF (320 x 240)
through to 16:9 format 720p High Definition and up to full 1.3 megapixel (1280 x
1024). Equipped with 31 IR LEDs, they can provides perfect night time monitoring
solution by enabling 30m of viewing length at 0 Lux darkness.
The full compatibility with ONVIF makes it easy to cooperate with other network
equipments. In addition, rated to IP66 with integrated sunshield and supplied with a
mounting bracket that allows the camera to be installed either wall, surface or ceiling
mount to ensure the required field of view can be obtained every time.

The specifications of these cameras are listed in the table 5.1

Table 5. 1 cameras specifications

SNV-7080RP SNO-5080RP
Items Description
Imaging Device 1/2.8" 3M PS CMOS
Total Pixels 2,144(H) X 1,588(V)
Effective Pixels 2,096(H) X 1,561(V)
Scanning System Progressive
Video Color : 1 Lux (F1.2, 50IRE), 0.017Lux (Sens-up 60X)
Min. Illumination
B/W : 0 Lux (F1.2, 50IRE, IR LED ON)
S / N Ratio 50dB
CVBS : 1.0 Vp-p / 75Ω composite, 704x480(N),
Video Out
704x576(P), for installation
3~8.5mm (2.8X) Motorized 3~10mm (3.6X)
Focal Length (Zoom Ratio)
Varifocal Motorized Varifocal
Max. Aperture Ratio F1.2
Lens Angular Field of View H: 100°(Wide)~35.3°(Tele), V: 74.6°(Wide)~26°(Tele)
Focus Control Remote control via network (Manual, One-shot AF)
Lens Type DC Auto Iris
Mount Type Board-in type

61
 Pan Range 0°~355°
Pan Speed _
Tilt Range 0°~90°
Pan / Tilt / Tilt Speed _
Rotate Rotate Range 0°~355°
Preset _
Preset Accuracy _
Auto Tracking _
IR LED 15ea
Viewable Length 25m 30m
Camera Title Off / On (Displayed up to 15 characters)
Day & Night Auto (ICR) / Color / B/W
Backlight Compensation Off / BLC / HLC
Wide Dynamic Range Off / On (Full HD WDR)
SSDR (Samsung Super Dynamic Range) (Off /
Contrast Enhancement
On)
Digital Noise Reduction SSNRIII (2D+3D Noise Filter) (Off / On)
Digital Image Stabilization _
Motion Detection Off / On (4 programmable zones)
Off / On (1ea 4 Point Polygonal + 16ea
Privacy Masking
Rectangular zones)
Sens-up (Frame Integration) Off / Auto (2X ~ 60X)
Gain Control Off / Low / Medium / High
Operational White Balance ATW / AWC / Manual / Indoor / Outdoor
Electronic Shutter Speed Auto / A.FLK / Manual
Digital Zoom _
Flip / Mirror Off / On
Intelligent Video Analytics _
Alarm I/O Input 1ea / Output 1ea (Relay)
Remote Control Interface _
RS-485 Protocol _
Digital Zoom _
Flip / Mirror Off / On
Intelligent Video Analytics _

Alarm I/O Input 1ea / Output 1ea (Relay)

Remote Control Interface _

RS-485 Protocol _

62
 Ethernet RJ-45 (10/100BASE-T)
Video Compression Format H.264, MJPEG
<2M Mode>1920x1080P(Full HD),
1280x1024, 1280x960, 1280x720P(HD) ,
1024x768, 800x600, 800x450, 640x480,
640x360, 320x240, 320x180
Resolution
<3M Mode> 2048x1536, 1920x1080P(Full
HD), 1600x1200, 1280x1024, 1280x960,
1280x720P(HD), 1024x768, 320x180

<2M Mode>* H.264 : Max 30 fps at all

resolutions (When WDR ON, Max. framerate
is Max 15 fps.) * MJPEG : 800x600 ~ 320x180
- 30 fps 1280x1024 ~ 1920x1080 - 15 fps
Max. Framerate
<3M Mode> * H.264 : Max 20fps at all
Network resolutions * MJPEG : 800x600 ~ 320x180 -
20 fps 1280x1024 ~ 1920x1080 - 15 fps
2048x1536 - 10 fps
Yes (Area Based Method, Face Detection
Smart Codec
Method)

H.264 : Compression Level, Target Bitrate

Level Control
Video Quality Adjustment

MJPEG : Quality Level Control

H.264 : CBR or VBR

Bitrate Control Method
MJPEG : VBR

Streaming Capability Multiple Streaming (Up to 6 Profiles)

Audio I/O Mic / Line in, Line out

Audio Compression Format G.711 μ-law
Audio Communication 2-Way
IP IPv4, IPv6

TCP/IP, UDP/IP, RTP(UDP), RTP(TCP),

RTSP, NTP,

HTTP, HTTPS, SSL, DHCP, PPPoE, FTP,

Protocol
Network SMTP, ICMP,

IGMP, SNMPv1/v2c/v3(MIB-2), ARP, DNS,

DDNS

Security HTTPS(SSL) Login Authentication

63
 Digest Login Authentication

Security IP Address Filtering

User access Log
802.1x Authentication
Streaming Method Unicast / Multicast
Max. User Access 10 users at Unicast Mode
Network Memory Slot SD/SDHC
ONVIF Conformance Yes

English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Chinese,

Korean, Russian, Japanese, Swedish, Denish, Portuguese,
Webpage Language
Czech, Polish, Turkish, Rumanian, Serbian, Dutch,
Croatian, Hungarian, Greek

Central Management Software NET-i viewer

Operating Temperature / Humidity -40°C ~ +50°C (-40°F ~ +122°F) / ~ 90% RH

Environmental
Ingress Protection IP66 Grade (Waterproof

Input Voltage / Current 12V DC, 24V AC, PoE(IEEE802.3af)

Electrical Max. 9W or 650mA (Heater Off),

Power Consumption
Max. 13W or 800mA (Heater On)

In general rule, when considering using IP cameras on an existing Network, we have to

choose the right Network Video Recorder (NVR).Setting up this recorder is easy; you may
use the buttons on the front of the product, or connect to the product remotely via a network.
With proven performance and reliability, the NVR is a self-sufficient video recorder as well
as ideal for digital video feed storage for monitoring systems of banks, apartment buildings,
and public offices that require a high security level. Since video is stored on hard disk, there
is no loss in picture quality due to repeated playback from the storage media. Further, since
all video data is stored as digital files, it is easily and quickly searchable. This high-
resolution video recorder features a large storage capacity and also comes with a wide
variety of user-friendly features such as: Simultaneous recording and playback capabilities,
motion detection, PTZ (pan, tilt, zoom) control, password, real-time voice data recording,

64
convenient access permissions setup using Key Lock, and maintenance of up to 10,000
event lists and log files.
The NVR is similar functionally to a DVR, however. The NVR accepts IP camera. NVRs
can also be software based, meaning that they can only accept IP camera streams over the
internet.
In our case we need 24 cameras so we choosed the SRN-3250 NVR which has 32 channel
input and has a high performance and support a full HD resolution recording and has
64Mbps recording bit rate and has a monitor output HDMI and VGA and support a 20TB
HDD.
The features of this NVR is listed in the table 5.2

Table 5. 2 the NVR specifications

DISPLAY
Video IP Camera Inputs SRN-3250/SNR-3200
1, 4, 9, 16, 32 channels
Live
simultaneously
Search 1 channel
Web Support
Control Pan / Tilt / Zoom / Focus for available camera

IP, Port, ID, Password, Picture type, Video

Configuration
Quality, Resolution, Framerate
PERFORMANCE
H.264,MPEG-4,M-JPEG , supported by the
Compression (IP)
connected camera

Bandwidth Up to 36Mbps (Up to 8Mbps each camera)

Record Rate / MEGA
Recording Record Rate / NTSC
Record Rate / PAL
Up to 60fps@2048x1536
Up to 120fps@1280x1024
Up to 480fps@704 x 480
Up to 960fps@704 x 240
Up to 960fps@352 x 240
Up to 800fps@704 x 288
Up to 800fps@352 x 288

* Mode Manual, Schedule (Normal / Event)

Overwrite Modes Continuous

Pre-alarm Up to 5sec

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Recording Post-alarm Up to 60sec
Search & Search Mode Time, Event, Calendar
Playback Playback Function REW, FWD (Depends on CMS)

Bandwidth Control Automatic (Automatic Transmission Control)

Remote Users Maximum 5 Users simultaneously
TCP/IP, DHCP, DNS, DDNS, HTTP, ARP, ICMP,
Protocol Support NTP, RTP/RTCP, RTSP
Network Monitoring CMS Software Net-I Viewer, Built-in web server
Maximum Capacity Up to 20TB using external storage option
RAID Normal, RAID1
Internal HDD Up to 4 SATA HDDs
Storage External HDD Up to 4 expansion bays (up to 4 HDD each)
Security Password Protection 2 User Level
INTERFACE
Monitor DOT Matrix LCD 20 x 2 status display
Inputs Screw terminal 2 inputs, NO/NC
Alarm Outputs Screw terminal 2 relay outputs, NO/NC
Remote Notification Notification via e-mail

Ethernet 3 (RJ-45 100/1000 Base-T), 1 (RJ-45 100Base-T)

Connections Serial Interface RS-232C

USB 2 USB 2.0 ports (firmware upgrade)
eSATA 4 External SATA ports
Samsung Techwin network products, AXIS
Supported IP Cameras network cameras (VAPIX,MPEG4 Modes, limited
some functions)
GENERAL
Input Voltage 100 ~ 240 V AC ±10%, 50/60 Hz, Auto ranging
Electrical Max. 110W (with 1xHDD)
Power Consumption
Max.130W (with 4xHDD)
Operating Temperature +5°C ~ +40°C (+41°F ~ +104°F)
Environmental
Humidity 0%RH ~ 60%RH
Certification FCC (Class A), cUL/UL listed, CE (Class A)

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5.5 Installation
To configure the CCTV system first you must have access to the NVR with a PC
using Ethernet cable so you can assign IP’s to the cameras and chose the right
configurations to the system as shown in figure 5.6.

Figure 5. 7 CCTV network block diagram

5.5.1 Adding an IP Address

In your computer, click Start > Control Panel > Network Connections > Local Area
Connection> Properties. As shown in figure 5.7.

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 Figure 5. 8 local area connection properties
Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP.) Click the Properties button then in the Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) Settings dialog, click the advanced button to open the Advanced
TCP/IP Settings dialog.

Figure 5. 9 advanced TCP/IP settings

(If the "Obtain an IP address automatically" option is checked under the Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window, click the "Use the following IP address" button
option before proceeding.)

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Click Add under IP addresses then enter 192.168.1.xxx. The NVR uses 192. 168. 1.
100 as the IP address; you cannot use the address for your computer's internal IP
address. As shown in figure 5.8.

5.5.2 Connecting and Changing Settings

Type 192.168.1.100 in your Internet browser address bar then press Enter. In the
login window, enter admin as the User ID and 11111111 for the Password. Click
Login to connect to the product. As shown in the figure 5.9.

Figure 5. 10 login window

When connecting to the product for the first time, no video displays as no network or
camera is set up. As shown in figure 5.10.

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 Figure 5. 11 NVR display
Clicking config button at the top of the screen directs you to a new page, as shown in
the figure 5.11.

Figure 5. 12 configuration menu

all the configurations for the CCTV network are done in this menu. And we only
concerned about the camera setup menu and network setup menu.

A. Camera setup
When choosing the camera setup menu from the sidebar a new window appear
as shown in figure 5.12.

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 Figure 5. 13 camera setup menu

Select a channel in the left list; you can view or modify its camera settings.

The available settings for each camera are listed below.

 Selecting Enable activates a channel and selecting disable deactivates the

channel.
 Channel Name: Name a channel. Channel Name is displayed on the top
of the Monitoring and Playback screens.
 Model: Select the model number for a camera.
 Connection Type: Select the connection type for a camera between
Static IP and DDNS.
- To use Static IP, enter the IP address and connection port for a camera.
- To use DDNS, enter the DDNS server address and user ID.
 Port: Choose the port used for remote access. By default the port 4000
is used.

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  ID, Password: Enter the login ID and password for a camera.
 Picture Type: Select an image save method between MPEG and JPEG
formats.
 Camera search: as shown in the up right side of the figure 5.12 the
camera search option is indicated and it is automatically searches the
current network to find cameras to connect as shown in figure 5.13.

Figure 5. 14 camera search option

B. Network Setup
When choosing the network setup menu in the sidebar a new menu appear as
shown in figure 5.14

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 Figure 5. 15 network setup menu

You can use either PPPOE, Static IP, or DHCP as a connection method for the
network ports on the rear panel.
If the product is connected to a PPPOE-type XDSL line, choose PPPOE as the
connection method, and enter the access ID and password. Choose the Static IP
connection method if you wish to use a static IP, and enter the IP address, subnet
mask, and gateway to use. Choose DHCP if a DHCP server is connected to the
network you want to connect to; the DHCP server will automatically assign an IP
address for you.
The 3 rear network ports are the Monitor Ethernet Port, Source Ethernet Port, and
Storage Ethernet Port. The Monitor Ethernet Port connects the monitoring computer
to the NVR via the web or the setup program.
The Source Ethernet Port connects to the cameras. The Storage Ethernet Port
connects to NAS devices.

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In relation to Monitor Ethernet Port, you can set the connection port number and http
port. The http port is used to connect to the NVR via Web Viewer. If you changed the
default value (80) for HTTP Port, then you must append "(your port number)" to the
NVR address when connecting to your NVR with Web browser. For example, if your
IP address is 192.168.1.110 and HTTP Port is 8080 then http://192.168.1.110:8080 is
the NVR access address for Web browser. The connection port is used to connect
your computer to the NVR after the http Connection is established.
You can activate or disable ATC in the ATC Mode menu. ATC automatically adjusts
the video quality depending on the network's connection status.
Monitor Ethernet Port supports DDNS. By registering your product with a DDNS
server, you can connect to the Monitor Ethernet Port from outside by using the
DDNS server ID, instead of the NVR IP address. If you are using either PPPOE or
DHCP to connect to the Monitor Ethernet Port, you'll be assigned a new IP address
each time you connect the NVR to the network. DDNS is especially useful in these
circumstances.
Source Ethernet Port can act as a DHCP server to assign an IP address to a connected
camera. Enter two IP addresses the first and last addresses of an IP range to limit the
range of dynamic IPs. This DHCP Server option is especially useful when you want
to open only the NVR to an external network and keep the connected cameras within
the internal network.
All ports use the same DNS server; you can have up to two DNS servers. DNS1 is
used as the default, and DNS2 is used when DNS1 is unavailable.
Using RTP/RTSP lets you watch the video of the SRN-3250 in the monitoring system
without using Web browser. To use RTP/RTSP, select "Enable" in the Use RTSP
menu, and then change the RTSP and RTP port numbers in the Settings menu. (RTSP
is used to control video, and RTP is used to transfer video data.) The Multicast option
is useful when sending video to multiple users simultaneously without consuming too

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much bandwidth. Multicast is available only within a local network that is configured
with a multicast-enabled router; it cannot be used via the Internet.

5.5.3 Recording time

One of the most important things in the CCTV system is the recording time. And it is
the time the system can record to.
The recording time depend in many variables, and we can calculate the recording
time by this equation
(5.1)

Where:
Tr is the recording time (S)
HDD is the hard disk capacity (MB)
F is the frame rate per second
N is the number of cameras in the system
C is the picture capacity (MB)
For example let’s say that the NVR has a 2TB hard drive installed and 24 cameras
in the system. The camera is then setup to capture 30frames/sec then each picture
has a size of 52kb (example with a jpeg image and resolution of 704*576 pixels).
In this case the recording time can be calculated with the equation 5.1

Tr = 14.83 hour
By reducing the frame rate to 25 which gives a smooth video picture we can
increase the recording time to 17 hour.
Of course this is too much for the system because we cannot change the hard disk
every day or it will be useless, however there is so many techniques that we can
use to increase the recording time like changing the quality of the pictures or

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 increasing the storage capacity and reducing the number of recording cameras or
change the periodic of the recording time and configure the system to record at
certain time or at some event (like when motion detected or like on some sensor
send a signal). And it depends on the user requirement and the engineer settings.
In our case the system will not work for 24 hour also no all he cameras will work
together at the same time and also the system come with a 20TB hard disk and with
choosing the right configurations the system can last for 3 months and more.

5.6 Cabling
In any communication system choosing the right medium is one of the most
important things in the design procedure.
When you choose the cables or medium for any system you need to take in your
considerations a lot of variables such as:
 The bandwidth required for the system
 Indoor or outdoor system
 Is the system near to any noise source or not
In our case study we designed an IP system so we had to choose Category cables
And due to the distances and the environment of the site we choosed CAT6e cables
for the network.
The electrical performance of the CAT6e cable is listed in table 5.3.

Table 5. 3 CAT6e electrical performance

Frequency MHz Attenuation (dB/100m)

1 2
4 3.8
8 5.3
10 6
16 7.6
20 8.5
25 9.5

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 31.25 10.7
62.5 15.4
100 19.8
155 25.2
200 29
250 32
350 39.5
400 42.7

In our design we have twenty four cameras in the site and the distance between any
camera and the control system is different, and because of different distances each
cable has a different attenuation.

A CCTV video signal contains a wide range of a.c components with frequencies
varying from 0 Hz up to 5.5 MHz as shown in figure 5.16.
And by taking the frequency 5.5MHz we can calculate the loss in each cable for each
camera

Figure 5. 16 spectrum of video signal

The attenuation in the cable for each camera is listed in table 5.4.

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 Table 5. 4 loss in all the cables

Camera NO Distance (m) attenuation (dB/m)

1 20 0.76
2 15 0.57
3 15 0.57
4 35 1.33
5 55 2.09
6 75 2.85
7 95 3.61
8 115 4.37
9 135 5.13
10 155 5.89
11 175 6.65
12 160 6.08
13 140 5.32
14 130 4.94
15 110 4.18
16 90 3.42
17 70 2.66
18 50 1.9
19 30 1.14
20 20 0.76
21 55 2.09
22 40 1.52
23 60 2.28
24 75 2.85

5.7 TROUBLESHOOTING

5.7.1 Camera troubleshooting

 Can’t access the camera from a web browser.
- Check to make sure that the camera’s Network settings are appropriate.
- Check to make sure that all network cables have been connected
properly.

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 - If connected using DHCP, verify that the camera is able to acquire
dynamic IP addresses without any problem.
- If connected using a DDNS URL, verify that the MAC address has been
properly entered.
- If the camera is connected to a Broadband Router, verify that port
forwarding is properly configured.

 Cannot connect to the system using a tab browser of Internet Explorer

- When you try to connect to the system using a tab browser, the same
cookie information is shared, resulting in errors when connected.
Therefore, instead of using a tab browser, open a new browser window
to connect to the system.
 Images overlap.
- Check whether two or more cameras are set to a single multicast address
instead of different addresses. If a single address is used for multiple
cameras, the images may overlap.
 No image appears.
- If the transmission method is set to multicast, check whether there is a
router that supports multicast in the LAN the camera is connected to.

5.7.2 NVR troubleshooting.

 Cannot boot.
- Check power.
- Check power cord.
 Some channels fail to display video.
- Check camera power.
- Check camera video output.

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 - Check Recorder's input port.
 Video is not stored.
- Check the connection of HDDs on the HDD Setup page.
- Check the free space of HDDs.
- Check video recording setup.
 Stored video does not play.
- Check video recording setup.
 Video is too bright or too dark.
- Check camera setup.
 Network does not function.
- Check network cable connection.
- Check Recorder's IP setup.
- Check PC's IP setup.
- Run Ping Test.

5.8 Bill of quantity

Table 5. 5 bill of quantity

Description quantity Price (LD) Total price (LD)

SNO-5080RP 7 420 2940
SNV-7080RP 17 450 7650
SRN-3250 1 2950 2950
40" LED monitor 1 690 690
CAT6e /meter 2000 0.2 400
RJ 45 48 0.75 36
cameras DC adapters 24 15 360
power cables/ meter 450 0.75 337.5
UPS 1500W 1 750 750
circuit breaker 1 20 20
installation - 150LD/camera 3600

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CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION

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6.1 General conclusion
 CCTV systems gained high importance in most countries of the world. It is
implemented in companies, schools, hospitals, and homes to ensure the safety
of people.
 CCTV systems importance is in reducing crime, and burglary, and in
enhancing education, surveillance areas include: (1)
government/industrial/business agencies, (2) small and large retail stores,
(3)correctional institutions, (4)banking and financial institutions, (6) airports,
seaports, and highway surveillance.
 The questions that should be asked when designing a CCTV surveillance
system is :
- What is to be protected: Assets or personnel?
- What is the value of the protected asset or personnel, and what is the cost
of the system needed to protect it?
- Are goods and/or personnel to be under surveillance?
- Is the application daytime only? Daytime or nighttime?
- What type of and how many cameras are required to view the personnel
and articles to be protected?
- Where should cameras be for the best view?
- Which cameras should be overt?
- Which cameras should be covert?
- What monitoring equipment is needed at the console?
- What is the number of monitors?

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6.2 Conclusion of the case study
 The key to any IP system is the design of the network infrastructure that binds
it all together.
 The system design proposal and / or contract documentation should include the
following information:
- Use of fixed IP addresses, either manually allocated or assigned by
automated method (DHCP)
- User names and passwords
- Contact and policy details for the providers of the SLAs of all
equipment
- Extent of maintenance coverage (who is responsible for what).
 IP CCTV systems can offer new approaches to the provision of conventional
CCTV functions and may therefore require additional training to familiarize
engineers, administrators and users in the installation, configuration, usage and
service of the system. The ability to understand basic IT skills and DOS
commands will prove invaluable.

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References
1. Modern CCTV Systems by Erik Eriksson\ 2005
2. CCTV Networking and Digital Technology Second Edition Vlado Damjanovski
\2005
3. Closed Circuit Television Third edition Joe Cieszynski\2007
4. CCTV Surveillance second edition by Herman Kruegle \2007
5. DIGITAL CCTV by Emily Harwood \2008
6. WHITE PAPER A GUIDE TO IP CCTV Alan Perrott \2009
7. Closed Circuit Television Systems Fundamentals Course TOA CorporationTTI
8. www.samsung.com \2013
9. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/VerlustbehafteteDatenkompression \2013

10. lectures on communications system by akki & mousa mousa 2 nd edition

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