READING AND WRITING SKILLS 7. Writing a l.v.

involves higher-order thinking skills

8. L.v. analyzes scholarly articles, not literary texts
Literature Review 9. The quality of the review is not dependent on the
quality of the articles
Literature Review- a type of academic writing that 10. The scope of the review should be indicated
provides an overview of a specific topic, surveying
scholarly works. This writing critically analyzes the Research Report
relationship among different scholarly works and the
Research Report- an expanded paper that presents
current work. This combines both summary and synthesis
interpretations and analyses of a phenomenon based on
of articles.
experiments and previous information.
Functions of a Literature Review
Parts of a Research Report
 Justifies a part of a research
 Title page- describes the content of the paper
 Establishes the relevance of the topic
 Abstract- contains the summary of research findings
 Provides necessary information
and conclusions; ranges from 100 to 250 words
 Shows familiarity and mastery
 Introduction-explains the current state of the field and
 Establishes the niche
identifies research gaps
 Resolves conflict among contradictory studies
 Literature Review- contains summary and synthesis of
resources; Related concepts discuss fundamental
Structure of a Literature Review
concepts while Related studies discuss previously
Introduction conducted studies
 Methodology- describes how the experiments or tests
 Purpose for writing in the research were conducted; instrument presents
 Scope tools in gathering data, data gathering presents details
 Criteria in selecting on how data was collected, data analysis presents how
 Organizational Pattern data were analyzed
 Results- factually describes data gathered and the
Body tables and graphs that summarize the collected data
 Discussion- explanation of all the results in relation to
 Historical Background
the literature review
 Relevant Theories
 Conclusion-restates the major findings, limitations of
 Relationship between studies
the study, recommendations, and implications
 Strengths and Weaknesses
 References- contains sources used
 Various viewpoints
Guidelines in Writing a Research Report
Conclusion
1. 50-75% of the paper should be results and discussion
 Restatement of the thesis
2. Cite all sources
 Main agreements and disagreements
3. Use direct quotations sparingly
 Conclusions, implications, and direction
4. Strictly follow the required documentation style
 Sythesis
5. Topic should be relevant and current
 Overall perspective
6. Research questions should directly address the given
topic
Notes:

1. A literature review requires skills in summarizing and Notes:

synthesizing information
1. An abstract is written after writing the conclusions
2. A l.v. is an example of academic writing
2. Informative title is preferred
3. A l.v. is not limited to articles
3. Survey instruments should be aligned to the research
4. A l.v. requires skills in selecting sources
questions
5. A l.v. does not show a research gap
4. Title and thesis statements are written differently
6. Use direct quotations sparingly
 5. One documentation style is required for one research
report
Notes
Resume and Application for Employment
1. A resume is a form of self-advertisement and a
Resume- a tool that summarizes your skills, educational persuasive document
background, and other qualifications; also termed as 2. A resume does not begin with references
curriculum vitae; considered as a sales tool 3. A summary of qualifications is best for those with work
experience
Components of a Resume 4. Employment history generally follows reverse
chronological order
1. Contact Information- name, address, contact number 5. Do not include your GPA in the resume if it is low
e-mail address 6. Weaknesses are not part of a resume
2. Summary of Qualifications- needed if you have at least 7. Elementary education is not an integral part of a
five years of professional experience, written in third resume
person and in active voice 8. Use letter sized bond paper
3. Objective Statement- includes the job title, function, 9. Use fonts lower than 16 points
industry and what can you offer to the company; best 10. Do not include your desired salary
for fresh graduates 11. Do not exaggerate
4. Employment History- begin with the most recent 12. Limit resume to 1-3 pages
experience, do not state your past and present salary 13. Do not attach a scanned picture
5. Education- start with the most recent educational 14. Do not print the resume back-to-back
attainment, include the school’s name and address, 15. Eliminate all grammatical and typographical errors
years attended, include GPA and list of academic 16. Do not use designs in the resume
honors, scholarships, and extracurricular activities
6. Skills- show skills through past events and include Job application letter- or cover letter is a type of personal
transferable skills (e.g. managerial skills) business correspondence which states your intention to
7. Training- include trainings that have a bearing on the work in a particular organization, enclosed with the
job you are applying for
resume, a response to a job advertisement
8. Organizations- include professional and civic
affiliations Parts of a Cover Letter
9. Professional Licensure and Certification
10. Honors and Awards- list your recognized Introduction
achievements, do not include those who have nothing
to do with work  Introduce yourself and include the purpose
11. References and Signature- state “References available  Indicate source of information
upon request”  Add an interesting statement
 Show enthusiasm
Types of Resume
Body
 Reverse Chronological- listed in reverse chronological
order, commonly favored by employers and  Present your experience, qualifications, trainings, and
straightforward, best for applicants with steady career some personal qualities
progression  Organize paragraphs accordingly
 Functional- consolidates skills and responsibilities that  Explain the benefits to the employers
are grouped according to different job expertise,  Lead the reader to the part of our resume that presents
focuses on skills and not job titles; best for job- the strong credentials
hoppers, career changers, new graduates, people with
Conclusion
minimal work experience
 Targeted- contains career objective, best for those with
 Indicate interest for interview
one career pattern and multitrack job history
 Indicate contact details
 Combined Format- both reverse chronological and
 Express expectation of positive response
functional type
 Thank the employer
Business Letters and Memos 1. Instruction memo- provides information needed by the
readers to accurately perform directions
Business Letters- elicit the expected response from 2. Request memo- asks to provide certain information or
readers, used for sales efforts, complaints, information certain actions
dissemination, relationship building, others 3. Announcement memo- provides information about an
event, person, or thing
Parts of a Business Letter 4. Transmittal note- serves as a cover letter for a more
formal or lengthy document
1. Letterhead- writer, address, contact number 5. Authorization memo- gives permission
2. Date
3. Inside Address- reader, position and company, address Electronic-mail
4. Attention Line
5. Salutation E-mail- can be used for directives, transmittals,
6. Body documentations, confirmations, explanations of
7. Complimentary Close- Respectfully yours, Respectfully, procedure, recommendations, status reports, and
and Very Respectfully are highly formal complimentary inquiries
closes
8. Signature Block Advantages
9. Identification Initials- indicated the typist’s initials
10. Enclosure notation- attachments to the letter  Reaches the target reader fast
11. Copy notation- indicates secondary recipients, cc, or  Easy confirmation of acceptance
carbon copy or courtesy copies  Cheaper and easy
 Original messages can be attached
Formats of Business Letter  Environment-friendly
 Notifies when the receiver will not be able to open
1. Full Block- all text is on the left side; most commonly- his/her email soon
used format
2. Modified Block- another widely-used format, date and Disadvantages
signature block is on the right
3. Semiblock- least-used style, paragraphs are indented  May carry virus
 No all documents can be attached
Memorandum- comes from the Latin word memorare  Tool for scamming
which means “to remember”, meant to inform and  Prone to technical glitches and dependent on internet
persuade people within the organization, follows an connection
inverted pyramid structure  Notes:
1. Written correspondences are more retrievable
MOST IMPORTANT INFORMATION  SUPPORTING compared to oral communication
DATA AND EXAMPLES  LEAST IMPORTANT 2. Letterhead identifies the writer’s information
INFORMATION 3. Dates should not be written in plain numerals
4. A memo does not use salutation
Parts of a Memo 5. Regards is not a formal complimentary close
6. 3-5 blank space is needed for the signature
1. Letterhead- writer, address, contact number 7. Enclosures are attachments
2. Date line 8. No need for identification line when the writer typed
3. To Line the document
4. Attention Line 9. Semiblock uses indentions
5. From Line 10. Memo follows an inverted pyramid structure
6. Subject Line
7. Body- not indented
8. Identification Initials
9. Enclosure Notation
10. Copy Notation

Types of Memo