GEOTECHNICAL

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

REPORT 1

Prof. : Sebastiano Foti

Prof. : Renato Cosentini

Student: Vigna Stefano

Number: S257698

1
2
Summary
PREMISE............................................................................................................................................................. 5
THEORETICAL OUTLINE...................................................................................................................................... 5
Seismic Hazard............................................................................................................................................... 5
Recording ....................................................................................................................................................... 5
Fourier Spectrum ........................................................................................................................................... 6
Response spectrum ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Elastic spectra in the Italian Building Code (NTC 2018)............................................................................. 7
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis ............................................................................................................ 8
Ground Motion Parameters .......................................................................................................................... 9
ANALYSIS.......................................................................................................................................................... 10
Site framing ................................................................................................................................................. 10
Hazard estimation - INGV database ............................................................................................................ 11
Graph of disaggregation .............................................................................................................................. 14
Accelerometer search – ITACA database .................................................................................................... 15
Export of accelerometers ............................................................................................................................ 18
Signal processing with SeismoSignal ........................................................................................................... 19
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................................. 28
ANNEX.............................................................................................................................................................. 29
Annex 1 ........................................................................................................................................................ 29
Annex 2 ........................................................................................................................................................ 30
Annex 3 ........................................................................................................................................................ 34

3
4
PREMISE

The aim of this report is to choose a location with pga (pick ground acceleration) > 0.15g in the seismic
hazard assessment (TR = 475 year): the chosen position is Trevi in the province of Perugia, Umbria Italy.

It is asked to:

- quantitative assessment of seismic hazard;

- disaggregation of the hazard;
- choice of reference strong motion records on rock outcrop (VS>800m/s);
- evaluation of ground motion parameters and compare them.

THEORETICAL OUTLINE

Seismic Hazard

The seismic Hazard is a combination of 3 factors:

- Hazard: expected ground motion;

- Vulnerability: seismic performance of the buildings;
- Exposition: exposed population of economic value.

Recording

When an earthquake occurs it is possible to measure its parameters by means of a seismograph: usually
the measured parameter is the acceleration in the three directions.
Subsequently with integration it is possible to obtain velocity and displacement: for problems of
measurement drift it will be necessary to correct this drift, it can see the difference in figure 1.

Figure 1- difference between incorrect and correct measurement

5
It is possible to find the accelerograms on ITACA website: http://itaca.mi.ingv.it

Fourier Spectrum

Thanks to the Fourier series any periodic function can be expressed as the sum of a series of sinusoids
(simple harmonic motion) of different amplitude, frequency, and phase: the mathematical definition is
shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

There are two types of spectrum with which a seismic motion can be represented:

- Fourier spectrum: it expresses, as the frequency changes, how the amplitudes vary
of the single harmonics obtained from the Fourier transform, through it we can therefore
understand the fundamental frequency contents for the description of the time series; the most
common frequencies for an earthquake are between 0.3 and 10 Hz;
- Power spectrum: it expresses the intensity of the seismic motion with varying frequency, this
means that the situation will be much more serious the more the characteristic frequencies of the
ground are in an area with high energy content;

Response spectrum

The analysed spectrum in this case is an elastic spectrum, it means that describes the maximum response
(peak in terms of displacement, velocity or acceleration) to an input motion of a system with SDOF (mass
m; elastic constant k; viscosity coefficient c); usually the damping with which the spectrum is represented is
5%. An example is showed in figure 3.

The response spectrum can be show in terms of period and another parameter among displacement,
velocity, acceleration, pseudo-velocity, pseudo-acceleration.

Von Thun et al. (1988) introduced the acceleration spectrum intensity and the velocity spectrum intensity,
defined as:
0.5 2.5
𝐴𝑆𝐼 = ∫ 𝑆𝑎 (𝜉 = 0.05, 𝑇)𝑑𝑇 𝑉𝑆𝐼 = ∫ 𝑆𝑣 (𝜉 = 0.05, 𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0.1 0.1

6
 Figure 3– response spectrum

Elastic spectra in the Italian Building Code (NTC 2018)

Elastic response spectra for horizontal acceleration in rigid subsoil conditions are fully defined by 3
parameters:
- ag (PGA) expected peak ground acceleration;
- F0 maximum value of the spectral amplification;
- TC* starting period of the section of the spectrum with constant velocity.

These parameters have been defined for each location with a least square optimization procedure (i.e. best
fitting of the standard spectrum and the uniform hazard spectrum as obtained in the study by INGV), figure
4.

Figure 4 – NTC2018 elastic acceleration response spectrum of horizontal components

7
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis

It is a process that integrates (aggregation) over aleatory uncertainties (e.g., future earthquake locations,
future earthquake magnitudes) to calculate the likelihood of occurrence (or, alternatively, the probability of
exceedance) of an earthquake characteristic, Y, at a site during a given period of time.
The formulation is in figure 5.

Figure 5

This method should give a probability to have a generical parameter (IM in the foto) 𝐼𝑀 ≥ 𝐼𝑀∗ with IM* is
a set limit value, this value dependes of a given distance and magnitude.

An output of this probabilistic analysis is the Disaggregation Graph visible in figure 6.

Figure 6 - graph of disaggregation

8
It represents the decomposing of the result because with the probabilistic approach it doesn’t obtain a
direct relationship between one source and the expected magnitude.
We can obtain how a single source contributes at the total probability with the study of disaggregation
(figure 6): given the subdivision of a source into portions having a certain magnitude and distance, it is
estimated that each of them is considered to give the probability.

The disaggregation study is done by INGV and it is possible to download it on http://esse1-gis.mi.ingv.it/.

Ground Motion Parameters

For engineering purposes, three characteristics of earthquake motion are of primary significance:
- Amplitude
- Duration
- Frequency content

The main ground motion parameters are reported below.

Bracketed duration = is defined as the time between the first and the last exceedances of a threshold
acceleration (usually 0.05g).

Uniform duration = is defined as the total time during which the acceleration is larger than a given
threshold value (usually 0.05g).

Arias Intensity = is defined as the maximum of the motion intensity function, Arias Intensity represents an
indirect measure of the energy contained in the ground motion:
𝜋 𝑡
𝐼𝑎 = max(𝐼(𝑡)) 𝐼(𝑡) = ∫ [𝑎(𝑡)]2 𝑑𝑡
2𝐺 0
Significant duration = is based on the time interval between the points at which 5% and 95% of total
energy (Arias intensity) has been recorded.

Root-mean square acceleration = arms includes the effects of the amplitude and frequency content of a
strong motion.

1 𝑇𝑑
𝑎𝑅𝑀𝑆 = √ ∫ [𝑎(𝑡)]2 𝑑𝑡 𝑇𝑑 = 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑇𝑑 0
Root-mean square velocity and displacement =
1 𝑇𝑑 1 𝑇𝑑
𝑣𝑅𝑀𝑆 = √ ∫ [𝑣(𝑡)]2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑅𝑀𝑆 = √ ∫ [𝑑(𝑡)]2 𝑑𝑡
𝑇𝑑 0 𝑇𝑑 0

9
ANALYSIS

Site framing

In ZS9 (zone sismogenetiche) is possible to see the homogeneous zones in terms of expected fault
mechanism (fault type, depth and deformation rate). A general assumption is made: the earthquake can be
generated in any point of each zone with the same probability of accidence.

In figure 7 and 8 are showed these seismogenic zone, Trevi is located in 919 zone: the three zones 915, 919,
923 include the sources responsible for the earthquakes of the highest magnitude that characterized the
northern and central Apennines, they usually have superficial expressions.
Zone 919 is characterized by a high number of earthquakes, many of which have a magnitude greater than
or equal to 5; in this range there are predominantly compressive earthquakes in the north-western portion
and probably relaxing in the more south-eastern portion, the prevalent mechanism is the normal but it can
also be transcurrent.

Figure 7- from "Zonazione Sismogenetiche ZS9"

Figure 8

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Hazard estimation - INGV database

The database for the hazard study in Italy is INGV website (http://esse1-gis.mi.ingv.it/), in this website it is
possible to find the probabilistic hazard study result of a grid of points of the Italian territory (figure 9): in
particular it has done hazard study of some ground motion parameters and the database returns their
relative probability distribution.
You work with the default settings:

- probability of exceeding 10% in 50 years;

- 50° percentile, the average value;

Figure 9-from " http://esse1-gis.mi.ingv.it/”

Entering the desired municipality, it is possible more in detail the parameters.

In figure 10 it is possible to see the PGA hazard but usually the point of interest does not fall exactly on a
point on the grid, so the website allows to obtain the numerical value in function of latitude and longitude
in txt format; with this value it is calculated the interpolation with reverse distances method.
1
∑4𝑖 𝑃𝐺𝐴𝑖 ∙
𝑑𝑖
𝑃𝐺𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖 = 1 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖
∑4𝑖
𝑑𝑖

The result of this analysis is showed in Table 1.

The interpolation is done only for PGA because it is a important parameter for the next point in particular
for refer the accelerometers at the location object of study; for the other parameter the interpolation isn’t
done because Trevi is located with a good approximation on a grid point as can be observed in figure 10:

11
Figure 10-from " http://esse1-gis.mi.ingv.it/”

cordinate punto 1
latitudine 42,8554
longitudine 12,7338
d trevi-1 3,0498 m
pga [g] 0,2296
cordinate punto 2
latitudine 42,8556
longitudine 12,7613
d trevi-2 3,4800 m
pga [g] 0,2336
cordinate punto 3
latitudine 42,8553
longitudine 12,7064
d trevi-3 4,0538 m
pga [g] 0,2247
cordinate punto 4
latitudine 42,8558
longitudine 12,7887
d trevi-4 4,9905 m
pga [g] 0,2368

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 cordinate Trevi
latitudine 42,8825
longitudine 12,7395
pga [g] interpolated 0,231
Tabella 1

Activated the "Graph on the grid point" option the database returns in analytical and graphic format the
frequency trend (reciprocal of the exceeding period) of annually exceeding of 𝑎(𝑔)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑒 (𝑇) for different
percentiles; it is showed in figure 11, and 12.
In figure 11 the selected elements of red are those related to the response spectrum usually adopted:
values referring to 10% probability in 50 years or Tr=475 years.

Since the location is almost corresponding to a point on the grid, interpolation is avoided and the data of
the nearest point are taken.

Figure 12- spectra of response to uniform hazard from INGV

Figure 11- accelerations for different annual frequencies of exceedance from INGV

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Graph of disaggregation

On INGV website selecting “Disaggregation graph” it is obtained in graph 2d and numerical format the
disaggregation graph, this is an important result because it is possible to see the relationship between the
magnitude and the distance which is linked also the release energy; figure 13 and 14.

Remember that the results are now displayed as 2D but it is the same graph mentioned in the previous
paragraph, the values in the table are probability density.

The main results are those highlighted in red, they mean that more important earthquakes in study zone
occur in a distance between about 0 and 10 km and their magnitude is in an interval of 4.5 and 5.5; these
reports are the beginning for the next part.

Figure 13- acceleration disaggregation from INGV

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 Figure 14 - acceleration disaggregation from INGV

Accelerometer search – ITACA database

The reference database for searching accelerometers is ITACA (http://itaca.mi.ingv.it/ItacaNet_30/#/

home), there are more ways for the research in particular we are interesting in the mode “waveforms” so
that we can use the parameters obtained in the last point.

Some required parameters are missing:

𝑚
- interval of PGA: it has calculated an expected PGA of 0.231𝑔 = 226.5 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 2 but it’is impossible
𝑠2
find record with exactly this value, so it was decided to give a search interval by multiplying this
value by two coefficient (table 2): 1.4 and 0.7;

pga/g pga upper-baund lower-baund

[m/s^2] [cm/s^2] [cm/s^2] [cm/s^2]

0,231 226,5 317,1 158,6

Tabella 2

- Type of soil: it is interested in a record without seismic amplification so it means that the
earthquake shock must be reported on rigid flat rocky outcrop (Figure 15);

15
 Figure 15

It can see the all parameters inserted in figure 16

Figure 16

Setting all these parameters the database provides a list of stations containing the acceleration records in
accordance with the parameters entered (figure 17).

Three non-up-down accelerometers are required and not all in the same direction, in this case the request
is satisfied but if this was not the case, the search intervals should be extended.

Figure 17– found accelerograms

Clicking on an event the website shows the characteristics of the record and then download the record, in
figures 18, 19 and 20 are reported the three selected events.

16
Figure 18 – specifications of record 1 chosen

Figure 19 – specifications of record 2 chosen

17
 Figure 20– specifications of record 2 chosen

Export of accelerometers

On ITACA website have been downloaded the records, but it is possible choose two aspects:

- type of data to be included: PGA, velocity or displacement;

- data already correct or not yet correct: the advantage of correct data is that competent personnel
has previously created the data with appropriate algorithms

The result of the download is an ASCII file with the following coding:

station name. registered component [ENZ]. date of the event. time of the event. component [C= correct
component; X=raw component]. ACC [history of accelerations]. ASC [text file] (Figure 21)

Figure 21

For each download there is 3 files, one for each recording direction but for our scope the record with the
highest value of PGA is to be considered.

The first few lines of the file contain some event features like (figure 22):

- name and ID of the event;

- data of the event;
- location and depth of the event;
- event magnitude;
- mechanism of felling;
- measurement station features;

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 - ecc…

Figure 22

Signal processing with SeismoSignal

Once the file previously replaced on ITACA with SeismoSignal is opened, the software requires some
information because we are importing a text file (figure 23):

Figure 23

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 - First Line: the number of the first line in which there is a numerical data of acceleration;
- Last Line: the number of the last line in which there is a numerical data of acceleration;
- Time Step dt: it is the time interval between two successive recordings, it must be read in the text
file;
- Scaling Factor: it is the ration between the maximum pga of the recording and my pga of the site
(226.5 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 2 ), this operation is important because you are selected accelerograms from different
sites then the data is scaled to bring them back to the site of interest; in table 3 there are the
scaling factor for this study case;

scalling factor

pga
event scalling factor
[cm/s^2]

1 225,057 1,006
2 229,573 0,987
3 294,763 0,768
Tabella 3

- Modality to arrange the data: how the data are represented;

- Unit of measure;

The correct files are loaded directly but for the first registration we wanted to see the difference between
correct and incorrect records showed in figure 24 and 25.

In terms of acceleration and velocity it is impossible see the errors with the naked eye, but if we observe
the figure 24 it is possible to see that the displacement diverges at about 16 cm, this value is unrealistic
because at the end of the earthquakes the displacement must be zero.

Figure 24- representation of record 1 not corrected

20
 Figure 25- representation of record 1 with correction

Below the other two record are showed graphically in figure 26 and 27: only the correct records are
reported.

It is interesting to note that thanks to the fact of having applied the scaling factor the maximum PGA of the
graphs is for everyone equal to 226.5 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 2 , despite this, different displacements and velocity are
observed in the form and in progress between the three recordings. This means that in general the
earthquakes are not similar to each other and these records come from different seismogenetic zones.

Figure 26- representation of record 2 with correction

21
 Figure 27 - representation of record 3 with correction

With SeismoSignal there is the possibility to have it calculated directly the Fourier Spectrum and the Power
Spectrum cited in the theoretical outline.

The spectra of the three superimposed recordings are shown below in order to compare them (figure 28
and 29), in Annex 1 there are the individual spectra; the components greater than 10 Hz have been
neglected because the graph was almost flat.

It is possible to observe the following things:

- The records 1, 2 and 3 have three different value of peaks (respectively 158,1569 𝑐𝑚/𝑠, 138,6137
𝑐𝑚/𝑠 109,9519 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 in Fourier Spectrum and 0,30565 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 , 0,32814 𝑐𝑚/𝑠, 0.1793 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 in
Power Spectrum) and on different value of frequency: record 1 on 1.63 Hz, record 2 on 2.22 Hz and
record 3 on 0.67 Hz;
- The record 3 has the maximum values in the spectrums but for frequency farther then 2.5 Hz its
spectral values tend to zero faster than the other recordings: the values are concentrated on the
first frequencies (0 Hz – 2 Hz) ;
- The record 1 and 2 on Fourier Spectrum graph shows fluctuating values between 1 and 6.5 Hz of
values included between 20 -40 cm/s, compared to record 3 they are significant on several
frequencies; the same considerations apply to power spectrum.

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Figure 29 - Fourier Spectrum of the three records

Figure 28 - Power Spectrum of the three records

23
The next aspect is to obtain the response spectra (figure 30) with SeismoSignal, they are referred to:
- Elastic spectra;
- Damping = 5%;
- Variables: period T and acceleration;
- Structure: single degree of freedom;
- They are scaled compared to the hazard of the site thanks to the scaling factor;

For period T = 0 s each spectrum has the same value of acceleration, this because period zero means
infinitely rigid structure and so it corresponds at rigid flat rocky outcrop: this is a value of PGA without
amplification or damping.
This graph means that if in Trevi occurs an earthquake with the spectrum one the structures more rigid
resent of an acceleration to the base highest because the blue curve has a pick on low period; about the
same consideration is true for the record 2 but the perceived acceleration would be slightly lower.

Figure 30– Response Spectrum of the three records

It can be seen how the events of high magnitude contribute the most in the area of long periods (low
frequencies), while the spectrum of the weakest events is located at low periods.

In annex 2 are reported the analytical values extracts with SeismoSignal.

For plot the Elastic spectra in the Italian Building Code it was necessary to look for the 3 parameters from
which it depends, they are found on the NTC2008 annex A (figure 31); they are showed in table 4:

24
 Elastic spectra in the Italian Building Code
ag 231,7
obtained in NTC08
T_c* 0,31
annexA
F0 2,4
Tabella 4

Figure 31- from NTC2008 annex A

Now it plots the following spectra in the same graph (figure 32 the analytical results in annex 1):

- spectrum of response to uniform hazard from INGV;

- spectrum asked by NTC2018;

Figure 32

25
 Finally SeismoSignal calculate many ground motion parameters, so in the following table 5 are reported
the main parameter, then in table 5 (Annex 3) there are all parameters that the software can do: in figure
30, 31 and 32 the graphs provided by the program are shown for two of the most important parameters
such as the “Hausner Intensity” and “Energy Flux”.

Parameter record 1 record 2 record 3

Max. Aceleration (g) 226,41 226,59 226,38

Max. Velocity (cm/sec) 13956,62 13584,67 41936,89
Max. Displacement (cm) 2346,47 1906,37 16235,47
Arias Intensity: (m/sec) 330724,56 287206,97 401405,95
Housner Intensity (cm) 53842,82 48912,74 124442,78
Acceleration Spectrum Intensity (g*sec) 211,82 208,83 128,32
Velocity Spectrum Intensity (cm) 62247,83 63924,88 132481,24
Tabella 5

These values mean that the record 3 can release more quantity of energy so generally it is more hazardous
for the structures.

Figure 33 – ground motion parameters of record 1

26
Figure 35 – ground motion parameters of record 2

Figure 34 – ground motion parameters of record 3

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

- S.L. Kramer (1996) “Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering”, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs;

- Course slides;

28
ANNEX
Annex 1

Figure 36- Fourier spectrum and Power spectrum gotten by SeismoSeignal of record 1

Figure 37 - Fourier spectrum and Power spectrum gotten by SeismoSeignal of record 2

Figure 38 - Fourier spectrum and Power spectrum gotten by SeismoSeignal of record 2

29
Annex 2
spettro di risposta record 1 spettro di risposta record 2 spettro di risposta record 3
Damp,=5,0% Damp,=5,0% Damp,=5,0%

Period [sec] acc [cm/s^2] Period [sec] acc [cm/s^2] Period [sec] acc [cm/s^2]
0 226,40701 0 226,58891 0 226,37766
0,05 233,5221 0,05 241,00833 0,05 227,54053
0,1 315,24498 0,1 271,6103 0,1 240,73893
0,15 434,81301 0,15 451,62652 0,15 233,81686
0,2 807,24743 0,2 339,89334 0,2 221,117
0,25 824,57125 0,25 596,5542 0,25 254,94289
0,3 814,34878 0,3 565,21008 0,3 332,51219
0,35 553,4407 0,35 518,64634 0,35 350,08756
0,4 294,03946 0,4 571,9834 0,4 397,41778
0,45 233,04512 0,45 713,91975 0,45 409,27806
0,5 276,3905 0,5 513,35818 0,5 442,12548
0,55 301,06118 0,55 433,96979 0,55 480,22326
0,6 376,60391 0,6 389,07467 0,6 440,59754
0,65 319,59296 0,65 309,75633 0,65 459,71908
0,7 281,91566 0,7 272,69983 0,7 486,57422
0,75 292,03683 0,75 270,63878 0,75 498,52553
0,8 291,97496 0,8 248,48557 0,8 498,30113
0,85 279,0978 0,85 240,15478 0,85 489,08033
0,9 262,88617 0,9 225,44716 0,9 472,99624
0,95 248,37982 0,95 207,67509 0,95 451,8782
1 229,76231 1 185,30924 1 427,64504
1,05 229,18364 1,05 159,42606 1,05 403,52098
1,1 217,83494 1,1 133,3119 1,1 382,40575
1,15 200,28477 1,15 110,19117 1,15 372,1152
1,2 178,58234 1,2 93,31846 1,2 360,42265
1,25 156,51401 1,25 85,58862 1,25 347,26301
1,3 147,74939 1,3 80,19639 1,3 332,77668
1,35 137,05689 1,35 76,32595 1,35 317,68668
1,4 121,58265 1,4 73,61863 1,4 322,95892
1,45 105,18974 1,45 71,40898 1,45 329,85855
1,5 92,95803 1,5 69,32147 1,5 337,12467
1,55 81,25624 1,55 67,68623 1,55 331,55917
1,6 70,33657 1,6 67,10666 1,6 316,19294
1,65 62,72021 1,65 63,74371 1,65 291,71091
1,7 58,63946 1,7 62,28932 1,7 269,71779
1,75 54,81376 1,75 59,44002 1,75 255,47492
1,8 51,22144 1,8 55,09526 1,8 241,2311
1,85 47,86629 1,85 49,9354 1,85 226,6257
1,9 44,74558 1,9 46,97785 1,9 211,83726
1,95 41,87773 1,95 44,18196 1,95 196,77449
2 39,22354 2 41,54993 2 181,34881

30
2,05 36,76794 2,05 39,08362 2,05 165,69285
2,1 34,49931 2,1 36,78822 2,1 150,05715
2,15 32,40545 2,15 34,66055 2,15 134,68333
2,2 30,47387 2,2 32,69209 2,2 120,5879
2,25 28,69211 2,25 30,87119 2,25 115,66232
2,3 27,0482 2,3 29,18466 2,3 110,86187
2,35 25,53086 2,35 27,61905 2,35 106,2171
2,4 24,12941 2,4 26,16166 2,4 101,77317
2,45 22,83377 2,45 24,80089 2,45 100,67782
2,5 21,63477 2,5 23,52642 2,5 101,63804
2,55 20,52415 2,55 22,32921 2,55 100,59546
2,6 19,49444 2,6 21,20156 2,6 98,95915
2,65 18,53878 2,65 20,13689 2,65 97,42127
2,7 17,65075 2,7 19,1296 2,7 94,92134
2,75 16,82449 2,75 18,17502 2,75 91,81432
2,8 16,05467 2,8 17,26921 2,8 88,30487
2,85 15,3365 2,85 16,4089 2,85 84,43081
2,9 14,66569 2,9 15,59129 2,9 80,33037
2,95 14,03842 2,95 14,81396 2,95 78,28486
3 13,45126 3 14,07485 3 83,36161
3,05 12,90568 3,05 13,37215 3,05 87,64385
3,1 12,39399 3,1 12,70424 3,1 90,56308
3,15 11,91324 3,15 12,06956 3,15 92,38593
3,2 11,46097 3,2 11,4667 3,2 93,44584
3,25 11,03497 3,25 10,89436 3,25 94,03231
3,3 10,63324 3,3 10,3513 3,3 94,35564
3,35 10,254 3,35 10,0349 3,35 94,58841
3,4 9,89564 3,4 9,84283 3,4 94,82372
3,45 9,55666 3,45 9,65416 3,45 95,12925
3,5 9,23569 3,5 9,46867 3,5 95,50533
3,55 8,9315 3,55 9,28618 3,55 95,91593
3,6 8,643 3,6 9,10657 3,6 96,28812
3,65 8,40427 3,65 8,92976 3,65 96,56794
3,7 8,20144 3,7 8,7557 3,7 98,10968
3,75 8,00642 3,75 8,58439 3,75 99,57899
3,8 7,82014 3,8 8,41587 3,8 100,84127
3,85 7,64231 3,85 8,25013 3,85 101,83065
3,9 7,47106 3,9 8,08717 3,9 102,45805
3,95 7,30606 3,95 7,92695 3,95 102,64579
4 7,14696 4 7,76945 4 102,36636

31
 spettro di risposta INGV spettro di risposta NTC al
spettro di risposta medio spettro di risposta
al 10% in 50 anni 10% in 50 anni
Damp,=5,0% massimo Damp,=5,0%
Damp,=5,0% Damp,=5,0%
acc acc acc acc
Period [sec] Period [sec] Period [sec] Period [sec]
[cm/s^2] [cm/s^2] [cm/s^2] [cm/s^2]
0 226,46 0 226,59 0 227,30 0 231,70
0,05 234,02 0,05 241,01 0,1 495,41 0,05 388,71
0,1 275,86 0,1 315,24 0,15 566,04 0,1 545,72
0,15 373,42 0,15 451,63 0,2 565,15 0,1033 556,08
0,2 456,09 0,2 807,25 0,3 542,89 0,15 556,08
0,25 558,69 0,25 824,57 0,4 443,02 0,2 556,08
0,3 570,69 0,3 814,35 0,5 350,51 0,25 556,08
0,35 474,06 0,35 553,44 0,75 227,10 0,3 556,08
0,4 421,15 0,4 571,98 1 158,24 0,31 556,08
0,45 452,08 0,45 713,92 1,5 89,47 0,35 492,53
0,5 410,62 0,5 513,36 2 38,95 0,4 430,96
0,55 405,08 0,55 480,22 0,45 383,08
0,6 402,09 0,6 440,60 0,5 344,77
0,65 363,02 0,65 459,72 0,55 313,43
0,7 347,06 0,7 486,57 0,6 287,31
0,75 353,73 0,75 498,53 0,65 265,21
0,8 346,25 0,8 498,30 0,7 246,26
0,85 336,11 0,85 489,08 0,75 229,85
0,9 320,44 0,9 473,00 0,8 215,48
0,95 302,64 0,95 451,88 0,85 202,81
1 280,91 1 427,65 0,9 191,54
1,05 264,04 1,05 403,52 0,95 181,46
1,1 244,52 1,1 382,41 1 172,38
1,15 227,53 1,15 372,12 1,05 164,18
1,2 210,77 1,2 360,42 1,1 156,71
1,25 196,46 1,25 347,26 1,15 149,90
1,3 186,91 1,3 332,78 1,2 143,65
1,35 177,02 1,35 317,69 1,25 137,91
1,4 172,72 1,4 322,96 1,3 132,60
1,45 168,82 1,45 329,86 1,35 127,69
1,5 166,47 1,5 337,12 1,4 123,13
1,55 160,17 1,55 331,56 1,45 118,89
1,6 151,21 1,6 316,19 1,5 114,92
1,65 139,39 1,65 291,71 1,55 111,22
1,7 130,22 1,7 269,72 1,6 107,74
1,75 123,24 1,75 255,47 1,65 104,48
1,8 115,85 1,8 241,23 1,7 101,40
1,85 108,14 1,85 226,63 1,75 98,51
1,9 101,19 1,9 211,84 1,8 95,77
1,95 94,28 1,95 196,77 1,85 93,18
2 87,37 2 181,35 1,9 90,73

32
2,05 80,51 2,05 165,69 1,95 88,40
2,1 73,78 2,1 150,06 2 86,19
2,15 67,25 2,15 134,68 2,05 84,09
2,2 61,25 2,2 120,59 2,1 82,09
2,25 58,41 2,25 115,66 2,15 80,18
2,3 55,70 2,3 110,86 2,2 78,36
2,35 53,12 2,35 106,22 2,25 76,62
2,4 50,69 2,4 101,77 2,3 74,95
2,45 49,44 2,45 100,68 2,35 73,36
2,5 48,93 2,5 101,64 2,4 71,83
2,55 47,82 2,55 100,60 2,45 70,36
2,6 46,55 2,6 98,96 2,5 68,95
2,65 45,37 2,65 97,42 2,55 68,95
2,7 43,90 2,7 94,92 2,6 68,95
2,75 42,27 2,75 91,81 2,65 68,95
2,8 40,54 2,8 88,30 2,7 68,95
2,85 38,73 2,85 84,43 2,75 68,95
2,9 36,86 2,9 80,33 2,8 68,95
2,95 35,71 2,95 78,28 2,85 68,95
3 36,96 3 83,36 2,9 68,95
3,05 37,97 3,05 87,64 2,95 68,95
3,1 38,55 3,1 90,56 3 68,95
3,15 38,79 3,15 92,39 3,05 68,95
3,2 38,79 3,2 93,45 3,1 68,95
3,25 38,65 3,25 94,03 3,15 68,95
3,3 38,45 3,3 94,36 3,2 68,95
3,35 38,29 3,35 94,59 3,25 68,95
3,4 38,19 3,4 94,82 3,3 68,95
3,45 38,11 3,45 95,13 3,35 68,95
3,5 38,07 3,5 95,51 3,4 68,95
3,55 38,04 3,55 95,92 3,45 68,95
3,6 38,01 3,6 96,29 3,5 68,95
3,65 37,97 3,65 96,57 3,55 68,95
3,7 38,36 3,7 98,11 3,6 68,95
3,75 38,72 3,75 99,58 3,65 68,95
3,8 39,03 3,8 100,84 3,7 68,95
3,85 39,24 3,85 101,83 3,75 68,95
3,9 39,34 3,9 102,46 3,8 68,95
3,95 39,29 3,95 102,65 3,85 68,95
4 39,09 4 102,37 3,9 68,95

33
Annex 3

Parameter record 1 record 2 record 3

Max, Aceleration (g) 226,40701 226,58891 226,37766

Time of Max, Aceleration (sec) 60,11 54,5 35,08
Max, Velocity (cm/sec) 13956,61907 13584,67007 41936,88579
Time of Max, Velocity (sec) 60,04 54,33 34,89
Max, Displacement (cm) 2346,46723 1906,36522 16235,4666
Time of Max, Displacement (sec) 60,13 53,98 36,79
Vmax / Amax: (sec) 0,06284 0,06111 0,18884
Acceleration RMS: (g) 14,87179 12,1455 15,00093
Velocity RMS: (cm/sec) 1259,14555 960,21323 3869,98749
Displacement RMS: (cm) 194,37266 154,70441 2320,46821
Arias Intensity: (m/sec) 330724,5629 287206,973 401405,9548
Characteristic Intensity (Ic) 564,96361 475,78502 625,11017
Specific Energy Density (cm2/sec) 153851826 116495894,5 1733714733
Cumulative Absolute Velocity
344562,6481 345232,0314 489441,0048
(cm/sec)
Acceleration Spectrum Intensity
211,82171 208,83431 128,32103
(g*sec)
Velocity Spectrum Intensity (cm) 62247,83008 63924,87763 132481,2372
Housner Intensity (cm) 53842,82429 48912,73947 124442,782
Sustained Maximum Acceleration
118,91592 122,6762 99,79362
(g)
Sustained Maximum Velocity
11532,40605 11428,81986 18778,88197
(cm/sec)
Effective Design Acceleration (g) 225,71106 220,44241 226,26714
A95 parameter (g) 223,55901 224,88307 224,67341
Predominant Period (sec) 0,22 0,44 0,76
Mean Period (sec) 0,44961 0,43601 1,15396
Max Incremental Velocity (cm/sec) 25251,50788 25801,65359 56883,11624
Damage Index((g)^c) 542069,555 448794,1263 215401,1062
Number of Effective Cycles 1,57634 1,74878 1,01234
IP Index 24,5508 25,20964 11,6586
Sa,avg (g) 127,39812 117,78657 273,08772

34