FEEDLOT PLAN

Group 3; S Class
Submitted to Fulfill the Task of Management of Ruminant

Members of group 3
Nur Fitrianingsih (165050101111018)
Ayu Kahardhika P. F. (165050101111038)
Ibrahim Tambunan (165050101111092)
Dian Tria Fatmila (165050101111099)
Galih Purboningrum (165050107111028)

University of Brawijaya
2018
 LIST OF CONTENT

CONTENT PAGES
COVER .............................................................................................................................................................. I
PREFACE ....................................................................................................................................................... II
LIST OF CONTENT .................................................................................................................................... III
LIST OF TABLE .......................................................................................................................................... IV
LIST OF FIGURE .......................................................................................................................................... V
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1. BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT ............................................................................................................. 2
1.3. OBJECTIVE ....................................................................................................................................... 2
1.4. BENEFIT ........................................................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. FIRST CALVING HEIFER ............................................................................................................. 3
2.2. LACTATION ..................................................................................................................................... 3
2.3. PREGNANCY ............................................................................................................ 4
CHAPTER III DISCUSSION
3.1. FIRST CALVING HEIFER ............................................................................................................. 5
3.2. LACTATION ..................................................................................................................................... 8
3.3. PREGNANCY................................................................................................................................. 12
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSSION AND SUGGESTION
4.1. CONCLUSSION ............................................................................................................................ 15
4.2. SUGGESTION ............................................................................................................................... 15
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................................ 16
 LIST OF TABLE

TABLE PAGES
1. Table of colostrum composition ..................................................................................... 4
 LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE PAGES
1. Graphs of lactation ......................................................................................................... 3
2. Freemartinism ................................................................................................................. 9
 LIST OF ATTACHMENT
FIGURE PAGES
1. Graphs of lactation..................................................................................................... 3
2. Freemartinism ................................................................................................................. 9
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background
The principal objective of lot feeding cattle is to profitably produce beef of a specific,
predictable and consistently repeatable quality for particular markets, both locally and
overseas. Profitability is determined by :
• Cattle performance and meat quality
• The feedlot’s
– Capital cost
– Operating cost
– Maintenance cost
However, the successful performance of a feedlot is now also measured by community
acceptance. Thus it has to meet acceptable standards of
• Environmental impact
• Animal welfare
• community amenity
• workplace health and safety.
To meet these performance criteria, a feedlot must adopt a quality assurance
program covering site selection, design, management and monitoring.
A feedlot is a production system incorporating several components that need to be
carefully integrated. An overview of the various system components is given below.
Detailed descriptions of the various components of a feedlot system are given in other
sections.
This section describes the design of the overall layout of a feedlot to meet the
profitability and community acceptance performance criteria.
Operational costs, including those of energy, have increased sharply in recent years while
the availability of labour has declined. Good site layout will integrate these components. If
the layout is not ideal, components of the system can interfere, leading to operational
inefciencies.
1.2. Problem statement

1.3. Objective
Contrustion of a new feedlot or expansion of an existing feedlot requires adequate
planning. The goals of feedlots are to :
 Minimize animal and worker stress during cattle handling.
 Utilize feed sources to deliver rations to cattle in an e cient manner
 Provide cattle pen design — fencing, feed access, water supply, and lot drainage
 Maintain e ciency and pro tability of feeding operations
 Plan method of pen maintenance and manure removal
 Protect the surrounding environment.
1.4. Benefit
 CHAPTER II
DESCRIPTION OF FEEDLOT

2.1. Breed, Location and Feed

Before we run a feedlot, first we should get the approval from government. For our
feedlot we use Limousine cattle breed. As we know, Limousine is the superior type of
cattle. This breed was first bred in France. But now it has spread in various countries in the
world. The characteristic of limousine cattle are small horns, with a very large body and
have good rotations as well as thick skin and brownish red feathers. The advantage of this
cow from other types of cattle is that is has a very fast growth rate, in one day can reach
1.1 kg. The weight of male limousine cattle when adult reaches 1.2 tons/head.
We choose Lampung as the location of our feedlot because Lampung has the
potential to become a center for beef cattle due to various advantages. Starting from the
existence of vast tracts of land, availability of food (many palm oil and cassava industrial
wastes in Lampung), to strategic locations that are relatively close to Jabodetabek. As is
known, 60 percent of national meat consumption is in Jabodetabek. There many feedlot
company was there like PT Great Giant Livestock Co (GGLC), one of the large feedlots in
Lampung can maintain up to 30,000 beef cattle in one period. Other companies - dozens of
feedloters in Lampung - range from 2,500 to tens of thousands. Among others, Santori
(10,000), Juang Jaya (20,000), Elders Indonesia (8,000), Andini (4,000) Indo Prima Beef
(2,500), and PT KASA (3,000). It is estimated that the cattle population in Lampung is not
less than 400 thousand. If converted into meat, it can produce around 150 thousand tons of
meat. Around 25 percent of national meat needs reach 675 thousand tons of beef per year.
And also Lampung has a good climate for the growth of the Limousine cattle.
The large area of our feedlot is 2 hectare or 20000 m2. We choose 800 head of
Limousine cattle to fattening. In one row of pen contain 100 head and 1 row is 200 m2.
While the rest of our area, we use to make a pasture for cattle, build the manure
processing. The manure management plan for the feedlots will include: 1) daily collection
of manure; 2) composting of the manure; and 3) distribution of the compost to local grain
and alfalfa-grass hay growers. Cattle manure is a low cost organic fertilizer that will
provide plant nutrients, improve soil microbes, and improve organic soil structure, but can
cause environmental problems if not properly stored or applied to the crop fields. This is
the operational procedures to processing the manure first manure will be removed each day
manually with shovels and carts to the composting bens. The largest amount of manure
droppings will occur near the grain bunk, hay rack, and water supply therefore a concrete
pad is needed in those areas. The two part storage bens are needed to property mix and age
the compost. The aged manure compost will be loaded by hand onto a manure spreader
and delivered to the fields at planting time or top dressed on hay fields after harvest. Soil
testing will be done in advance of delivery to determine the amount of compost needed.
Also we build office for researcher who want to do research there. And also we build home
for the labour to get rest.
For feeding our cattle we use feed ration The feed ration will contain grain, forage,
and necessary minerals such as calcium, phosphorous, salt, and trace minerals. Additional
additives may be needed to improve steer weight gain, depending on the quality of the
grain and hay. Steers need three key ingredients from the ration – energy, protein, and fiber
– in order to grow to market weights as economically as possible. sources of energy are
grains like barley, wheat, or corn. Protein in the ration can come from soybean oil meal, or
other oil seed meals, and alfalfa-grass hay. On a cost per kilogram of protein basis, early
cut alfalfa-grass hay dried and baled properly is the lowest cost protein for steers. In fact
top quality alfalfa-grass hay and barley grain fed in the proper balance will provide most of
the energy, protein, fiber, minerals, and vitamins needed for growing steers to market
weight profitably.
First thing we should concern is fiber. Beef cattle are ruminants; therefore they also
need some fiber. Straw is a common feed fed in Indonesia. It is high in fiber, but very low
in energy and protein, and is not a feed. Straw should be used for bedding or left in the
field and plowed down to build soil structure. Alfalfa-grass hay also has fiber but at much
lower levels. So a well balanced ration of barley, and alfalfa-grass hay not only provided
most of the protein and all energy needed but also all the fiber needed. Too much fiber
limits Dry matter intake, and stunts growth.
Second thing is energy, it’s provided through the breakdown of carbohydrates,
protein and oils/fats within the rumen and small intestine. Starch is the most common form
of carbohydrates and found in cereal grains. Feeding excess protein can be used to provide
additional energy for feedlot steers; however, it is less efficient than starch digestion. Oils
or fats are energy-rich forms which provide as much as 2.25 times the energy of starch.
Unfortunately, levels exceeding 7% in the ruminant diets can lead to a decrease in rumen
efficiency.
Next is protein, it is necessary for muscle development and appetite. Inadequate
protein can lead to a reduction in rumen bug numbers and activity, a reduction in intake,
and slower weight gains. Crude Protein (CP) requirements vary according to the rations
energy content and the steer’s age and live weight. Urea can be included in the ration but
not to exceed 1%-2% of the ration and must be mixed into the grain evenly. Calves under
100kg of weight should not be feed urea because their rumens are still developing. If urea
is used in the ration, it should be introduced slowly over 10 to 14 days, and must be evenly
mixed into the ration. Urea is converted to crude protein by first being converted to
ammonia by the rumen microbes. A sudden increase of ammonia can cause death.
Next is mineral, steers need a range of minerals to maintain good health. Three are
important in minerals like calcium, phosphorous, and salt. Most cereal based rations
provide enough of the trace mineral needed with the exception of calcium phosphorous and
salt. However, alfalfa hay is high in calcium but low in phosphorus, and when that is part
of the ration, calcium does not be added to the ration. So in the beef feedlot project salt
must be provided and phosphorous might need to be added.
The last are vitamins it will be added to the grain mix in small amounts if needed,
however, it is recommended that the calves be given shots of vitamins A, D, E and B12
when they first come into the feedlot in the neck or ear area. High quality alfalfa-grass hay
will help to correct many mineral and vitamin deficiencies.
Rations used for feedlots increase in volume or weight as the steers gain weight
starting with calves that weigh 50 to 100kg, and finishing with steers weighting 400 or
more kilograms.
• The starter ration allows the weaned calves to become accustomed to the grain mix and
the alfalfa grass hay.
• The alfalfa-grass hay should be tested by a forage lab to determine the protein, energy,
vitamins, and minerals contents. From those test, a grain mixture is developed to provide
the additional nutrients needed to gain 1kg of body weight or more per day.
• Alfalfa-grass hay must be available 24 hours a day in a hay rack in each pen.
• The grain mixture will be fed twice a day, early morning and late evening.
• The amount will be set periodically as the animals gain weight.
Each steer should be weighed twice a month and the weight tag or other method of
identification the first day at the feedlot, and that information recorded in the herd record
keeping book. From that information of bi-monthly body weights the manager can track
each animal and the whole pen to see if the expected rate of gain is being achieved. If not
the problem must be found. If the expected rate of gain is not being achieved or if one or
two animals are not keeping up with the rest. Hay is available 24 hours a day. The hay will
provide the protein and most of the minerals needed for growing steer so they can gain 1kg
of body weight per day. If straw or poor quality hay or pasture is fed, then expensive
protein supplement must be added to the grain mix greatly increasing you feed cost. If the
protein requirements are not met, animals will gain at a much slower rate, at a much great
cost per kilo of body weight gain.

2.2. Initial Site Planning

Preliminary site evaluation considers topography, present and future cattle numbers,
and accessibility.A 2 to 5 percent land slope is recommended. A soil with 25 percent or
more clay is preferred to sand or fractured rock structures. Approximately 1 acre of land is
required per 100 head for pen space, alleys, and feed roads. The distance from the bunk to
back side of the pen will vary between 175 feet to 250 feet. A minimum of 200 feet from
the back side of the pen to nearest water carrying channel is recommended. This allows
room for run-off control structures. Water channels can include road ditches, streams,
waterways, or pasture draws. Therefore, initial planning requires a minimum distance from
the bunks to the water channel of 400 feet. All extraneous run-off needs to be diverted
away from the feedlots and roads. For new sites, this is most easily accomplished by siting
the feedlots on a ridge or elevating the feed road to construct a diversion channel. Area and
drainage determines bunk orientation, but it is preferred to orient the bunks in the north-
south direction in a east-west sloping lot. Bunks oriented east-west can have ice
accumulate on the north side of the bunks during the winter months. North sloping lots will
not dry as quickly during wet weather. Cattle also may be exposed to more severe winds.
Generally, most producers find 300 square feet per head to be adequate pen space.
Space may be reduced if the facilities are being located in the western third of the state. In
the drier climates, space is often reduced to 200 to 250 square feet per head. Feedlots and
runoff control structures need to be a minimum of 100 feet from property lines, 50 feet
from rural water lines and 100 feet from the nearest well (preferably down- hill from the
well). The lowest point of the facilities (normally the bottom of the sediment basin or
lagoon) must be at least 10 feet above groundwater.
Site evaluation also includes development and location of the working facilities.
Most operations are better suited to move cattle out the lower side of the pens rather than
onto the feed road. Using the feed road may save fence construction, but can interfere with
truck traffic and create animal and worker stress during handling. Normally 1/8 to 1/2 acre
of land is needed for siting the working facilities. Additional space may be needed for sick
or receiving pens. Trucks and stock trailers must have easy access to the working facilities.
A circular turning area is preferred to the backing of trucks and trailers. Allowing a semi-
truck to enter and circle back out the entrance road requires a turning area of 130 to 150
feet in diameter. Similar space is required for many fifth-wheel stock trailers pulled by
farm trucks.

Figure 1. Typical feedlot layout with mounds and channels for drainage (100 head per
pen).

Figure 2. Typical feedlot layout using uniform slopes for drainage (100 head per pen).
Guidelines for site selection :
• A land slope of 2 to 5 percent is recommended.
• Soil with 25 percent or more clay is preferred to sand or fractured rock structures.
• Allow approximately 1 acre of land per 100 head for pen space, alleys, and feed
roads. the distance from the bunk to back side of the pen will vary between 150 feet
to 250 feet.
• Initial planning requires a minimum distance from the bunks to the water channel
 of 400 feet. Area needed for runoff treatment varies depending on the geographic
location, degree of use, and type of treatment system.
• All extraneous runoff should be diverted away from the feedlots and roads.
• Working facilities require 1⁄2 to 2 acres of land for corrals and sick/receiving pens.
2.3. Design Choices
Fundamental design choices that will influence the overall layout include :
2.3.1. Stocking Density
Stocking density has a significant influence on the environmental performance of a
feedlot since it partly determines the average moisture content of the pad. Every day,
cattle add moisture to the pen surface by depositing manure (faeces and urine). The
chosen stocking density that should achieve a balance between a pen surface that is,
on average, too dry and one that is too wet depends on local climate and cattle size.
The stocking density chosen will also determine the size and number of pens
required and hence have a significant impact on construction and operational costs.
2.3.2. Feed Bunk Length per Head
Feed bunk length can vary from 200 mm/head to over 300 mm/ head. The 300 mm
bunk requires 50% more volume of concrete per head than the 200 mm bunk, and
hence influences capital cost. Bunk length per head, along with stocking density,
determines the width and depth of the pens.
2.3.3. Pen Capacities
Pen sizes in commercial feedlots may range from 50 head to 300 head. In custom
feeding operations a variety of pen sizes allows management to cater optimally for
different sized customer consignments. When large consignments of cattle are fed
long term, poor performers may be drafted off during the feeding period. These cattle
may start in 300-head pens and some will end up in 50- and 100-head pens. But it’s
prefer a 100-head pen to nish cattle as this matches consignment sizes for
transportation and container sizes for carcases and boxed beef. The smaller pens are
generally located closer to the cattle receival and dispatch facilities.
2.3.4. Pen and Drain Slope
Good pen drainage is essential to prevent odour problems and boggy pen conditions
for the stock. Pen slopes can range from 2.5% to 6% but a gradient of 3–3.5%
appears optimal. Slopes under 3% do not drain well, particularly if there is a buildup
of manure. Slopes over 4% can result in high rates of sediment removal during heavy
storms particularly in deep pens or poorly cleaned pens, and this can cause problems
 throughout the whole of the drainage system. The slope chosen may depend on site
topography. For at sites where earthworks are required to artificially create slope,
lower pen slopes (2.5–3%) are often chosen. For steeper slopes such as hillsides, the
natural topography usually determines the pen slope. In both cases, the orientation of
the rows of pens should ensure adequate drain slope (0.5–1.5%).
2.3.5. Shade
The need for shade is determined by feedlot site, climatic conditions, cattle breeds
and other factors. If shade will be installed the orientation of the pens becomes
important, as the preferred orientation of the shade is north-south. As the sun moves
during the day, the shade available to the cattle moves across the width of the pen.
2.3.6. On-Site Road Systems
The on-site road infrastructure is important to the overall layout. Factors such as the
pitch, gradient and camber of roads affects vehicle stability, accurate feed delivery
and road and vehicle damage over time. Other factors include fitting the road to the
natural contours of the land, road width, number of livestock lanes and feed truck
turnarounds. The practicalities of feedlot access and safety also need to be
considered.
2.4. Arrangement of Facilities
There was a tendency to group the key feedlot facilities, particularly feed storage and
preparation, cattle handling and the office, at one site in the middle of the feedlot but
experience has shown that this arrangement rarely results in optimal functional
performance. The preferred arrangement of facilities is to separate these three main
systems.
2.15.1. Feeding Pen Configurations
Feeding pens are typically grouped into rows, usually with :
 Back-to-back configuration with a central feed alley servicing pens on both sides
of the roadway. Both sets of pens drain away from the feed alley to a stock alley
or effluent drain.
 Sawtooth configuration with the feed alley servicing a single row of pens falling
away from the road to a cattle lane or effluent drain.
Back-to-back configurations are probably more efficient in terms of feed delivery,
time and fuel usage, but are generally suited only to relatively at sites (<2%).
Sawtoothlayouts are the only cost- effective layouts for steeper sites (>2%) where the
pen slope matches the natural slope. Pen rows should be straight. Curved rows were
 once advocated as this suited a curved hillside. However, pen dimensions and bunk
length per head are rarely uniform in these layouts, and it is difficult to deliver feed
to a curved feed bunk without feed spillage and/or damage to the bunk due to
collisions with feed trucks.
2.15.2. Basic Layout Choices
The following practical examples show feedlot layouts for large and small feedlots
that follow the design principles outlined above.
a. Feeding pen rows should be straight.
b. Pen rows should be either back-to-back configuration or sawtooth configuration.
c. Feeding, cattle handling, manure removal and drainage systems should be
independent.
d. Feed roadways should not cross cattle lanes or drains.
e. The controlled drainage area should be as compact as possible.
f. Visitors, commodity, cattle and manure trucks should enter and leave the site via
a single entry/ exit point or by passing the office/weighbridge.
2.5. Pen Size
Number of cattle in a pen varies from 60 to 150 head. Smaller pens are suggested if
cattle are being custom fed or if cattle are being purchased and grouped together.
Otherwise, most pens are sized to handle the number of head per either one or two
semitrailers. If cattle are 300 to 400 pounds upon arrival, then a typical pen may be 120
head. Incoming cattle in the 500- to 600-pound range can be placed in pens from 80 to 100
head or in pens of 140 to 160 head by combining two semitrailer loads. Receiving pens
should be sized to handle no more than one truckload since it is easier to identify stressed
animals in smaller group sizes.
Guidelines for pen layout and sizing :
 Bunks orientated in the north-south direction with east-west sloping lots are preferred.
 Generally, 200 to 500 square feet per head is adequate pen space, depending on
geographical location, animal size, and topography. (300 square feet per head is
average).
 Number of cattle in a pen varies from 60 to 150 head. Most pens are sized to handle
the number of head per one or two semitrailers.
 Receiving pens should be sized to handle one truckload to help manage/identify sick
and stressed animals.
 Consider lighting requirements in the receiving and corral/processing area.
2.6. Feed Roads
Most feed roads are 12 to 16 feet wide for single row arrangements and should be
well drained. The feed road should be sloped away from the feed bunks and pens into
a diversion channel. Feed road width with double row arrangements can vary from 16
to 30 feet. A wider road is required if snow or runoff from the road is drained or
stored in a center channel of the feed road. The center channel normally drains away
from the pens and to one end of the feed road. If the feed road drains toward the pens,
the feed road should be crowned in the center. To build an all-weather road, adequate
road bedpreparation (elevation, slope and drainage) is required prior to placement of
8 to 12 inches of gravel. Also, it is recommended that geotextile fabric be installed
before adding the gravel.
Guidelines for feed roads :
Most feed roads are 12 to 16 feet wide for single row arrangements. e feed road is
sloped away from the feed bunks and pens into a diversion channel. Feed road with
bunks on both sides can vary from 16 to 30 feet width. Width depends on length of
feed lines, rain drainage, and snow stockpiling space.
2.7. Minimizing Mud
In feedlots without a concrete pad the bunk must be raised to allow for manure
accumulations, changing the geometry of the animals' approach to the bunk and
reducing feed intake (Figure2) . Studies show 4 inches of mud reduces feed
efficiencies up to 10 percent per day. Mud makes it harder for cattle to move around
and reduces their ability to access all parts of the bunk. A tremendous amount of
energy must be expended to walk through just 2 inches of mud. That energy loss can
reduce gain. Firm standing areas near the bunks and waterers are necessary. Manure
should be harvested monthly (or when manure depth is 3 inches) by a pull type blade
such as shown in Figure 7 to minimize mud caused by excessive manure
accumulation. Cleaning of pens includes removing manure collected under fence
lines. Time- saving devices such as those shown in Figure 8 can be used to clean
fence lines. Feedlot surfaces should be
built and groomed to drain after rainfall
events. Holes should be filled so they do not hold water, and fence rows should be
kept clear of manure accumulation so they do not back up water into the lot. o part of
a pen should hold or back up water. Feedlot surfaces should be free of standing water
within 12 hours after a rain.
2.8. Bunk Space per Animal
Recommended bunk space for backgrounding feedlots (500 to 700 pounds) is 18
inches per head. Younger cattle prefer to eat together and thus require more bunk space
than finishing cattle. Finishing cattle operations typically have a bunk space of 9 to 12
inches per head. Frequency of feeding also can influence the bunk space. Once-a-day
feeding requires more bunk space for containing the feed than operations feeding two or
more times per day. It may be necessary in the receiving pen to allow 24 inches per head to
avoid crowding and ensure feed intake upon arrival. Fence line bunks are preferred to in-
pen bunks. Feeding equipment in pens during wet weather can damage the pen surface
resulting in reduction of feed efficiency and in some cases damage to the equipment when
using in-pen bunks. A minimum width for the gravel pack is 24 feet, which allows room
for cattle to stand on both sides of the bunk and feed equipment to feed on one side of the
bunk. The gravel pack should be extended to allow room at the end of the bunks for
turning around equipment to exit the pen. Studies show 4 inches of mud reduces feed
efficiencies 10 percent per day (see Figure 2). The mud makes it harder for cattle to move
around and reduces the their ability to reach the bottom of the bunk. Therefore, firm
standing areas near the bunks and waterers are necessary.
2.9. Concrete Apron
The concrete apron adjacent to the fence line bunk provides the cattle a firm place to
stand while eating. A 12-foot-wide apron is recommended on the cattle side of the bunk.
The apron must be wide enough to allow tractors to scrape along the bunk. Rutting of the
pen will occur if the tractor travels along the side, rather than on top of the apron. If the
feed bunks are resting on the apron, then the total apron width needs to be at least 15 feet.
Along the back side of the apron, it is recommended to place a 10- to 20-foot wide section,
8 to 12 inches thick, of gravel screening. This provides some additional solid ground for
the cattle to stand during wet weather. A cubic yard of concrete will construct
approximately 6 to 8 linear feet of apron if the apron is 12 feet wide, 6 inches thick, and
has a 12-inch- deep back-edge footing (see Figure 3).
Concrete bunks are more economical than constructing wooden bunks. Concrete
bunks either have a round or flat bottom. Normally, the selection of bunk is based on
economics. It is easier to clean snow or old feed out of a flat bottom bunk as compared to
the round bottom bunks. Movable steel bunks are similar in cost to concrete bunks on a
per-foot-basis, but normally are used with in-pen feeding and constructed so cattle can feed
from both sides. Bunk life is increased by removal of old feed and maintaining open drain
ports in steel bunks. A cable or neck rail extends along the inside of the bunks. Flexibility
is added to the pens by using an adjustable neck rail rather than a fixed rail, which is
normally positioned for one size of cattle. Provisions for mounting the neck rail must be
considered when using posts anchored into the concrete apron, bolted on to the feed bunks,
or positioned in the feed bunk base.

Guidelines for feed bunks and concrete apron :

• Recommended bunk space for backgrounding feedlots (average weights of 500 to 700
pounds per head) is 18 inches per head and 24 inches per head in starter/receiving
pens. Bunk space may be reduced depending on environment and feeding schedule.
• A 12-foot-wide concrete apron is recommended on the cattle side of the bunk.
• If the feed bunks are resting on the apron, then total apron width needs to be at least 15
feet.
• Along the lower edge of the apron, it is recommended to place a 10- to 20-foot-wide
section, 8 to 12 inches thick, of gravel screening to provide additional hard surfaces
during wet weather. Geotextile road fabric or woven stabilization fabric under gravel
helps support a 6- to 8-inch thick gravel pack.
• Allow 1⁄8 to 1⁄4 inch of apron slope per foot width of concrete apron.
• Plan a bunk drain opening every 16 to 20 feet.
2.10. Water
Most operators use frost-free waters in the pen. Manufacturer’s recommendations for
number of head per opening must be followed. Frost-free waters need to be installed
according to manufacturer’s recommendation to avoid frozen waters during the winter
months. Waterers can be located in fence lines or the middle of the pen. It is advisable to
have a 10-foot concrete apron around the waterer and a 10- to 20-foot wide concrete apron
from the feeding apron to the waterer. This is not feasible if the waterer is located at the
back of the pen. Having an open water trough for newly arrived cattle can aid initial water
consumption until the cattle learn to drink from small automatic waterers. Open tanks or
trough waterers require additional consideration for handling of the overflow water to
avoid mud holes and ice around the waterer. All water pipes should be insulated to reduce
heat loss to the concrete slab where water pipes pass through the concrete slab. Water
consumption varies from 8 to 20 gallons per 1,000 pound animal unit, depending on the
weather. Table 1 shows daily water consumption rate based on size and temperature. Daily
water usage should be determined based on hot weather needs.
 Daily need, gallons per head
50F 90F
400 lb calves 5 Gallons 10 Gallons
800 lb feeders 7 15
1000 lb feeders 8 17
Cows and Bulls 8 20
Table 1. Water System Requirements
Drinking water only with no dust control Drinking water and dust control
Daily water Minimum well Daily water Minimum well
2
requirements capacity (gpm) requirements capacity (gpm)2
1,700 gal/day/100 2.6 gpm/100 head 9,999 gal/day/100 14 gpm/100 head
head head
Table 2. Water requirements for a 100-head pen of 1,000 lb feeder cattle provided 300
square feet of space per head.

Guidelines for water :

• Water consumption varies from 8 to 20 gallons per 1,000 pounds of cattle, depending
on the weather.
• Waterers can be located in fence lines near the bunk or in the middle of the fence line.
A 10- to 15-foot concrete apron around the waterer and a 10- to 20-foot-wide concrete
lane from the feeding apron to the waterer allows cattle access to water in muddy
conditions.
• Water troughs near the back of the pen may be di cult to access during extreme
weather conditions unless hard surface is provided.
• Waterers should be designed for ease of cleaning/ drainage and for water shuto in case
of waterer malfunction.
2.11. Mounds
Mounds are places for cattle to rest and get away from the mud. They are not places
to stack manure. Proper mound construction requires 20 to 40 square feet of mound space
per head on each side of the mound. The entire pen of cattle should be able to rest on one
side of the mound without laying on each other. Cattle should be able to step off of a
mound and onto the feeding apron without having to move through mud. The height of a
mound ranges from 4 to 6 feet. The top of the mound is less than 5 feet wide and the side
slopes are at a 5:1 or 4:1 ratio (see Figure 5). Mounds oriented east-west allow the cattle to
use the mound as wind- break by laying on the south side. Mounds should be constructed
to allow cattle to lay on the sides rather than the top. Resting on the top often causes areas
where rain water or urine can accumulate rather than drain off the sides. Mounds should
not impede natural pen drainage and should be constructed so that pen shaping and
leveling equipment can travel over and maintain the shape of the mound.

Guidelines for mounds :

• Mounds are places for cattle to rest during muddy conditions and promote pen
drainage, not a place to stack manure.
• Proper mound construction requires 20 to 30 square feet of mound space per head on
each side of the mound. e entire pen of cattle should be able to reston one side of the
mound.
• The height of a mound ranges from 3 to 5 feet and side slopes are 5:1 or 4:1 ratio.
Mounds should be constructed to allow cattle to lay on the sides rather than the top.
Mounds should extend to the concrete apron to enable cattle easier access to bunks
and water during wet weather.
• If mounds are oriented east-west, cattle will use the mound as a windbreak by laying
on the south side.
• Mounds should be constructed so that manure cleaning equipment can travel over the
mounds.
2.12. Lighting
Benefits of feedlot lighting include:
 less trouble with predators and cattle theft,
 increased animal safety from the quieting effect of night lighting,
 cattle eat during cool summer nights,
 reduced stress on newly arrived cattle agitated by darkness,
 better feed availability for timid cattle, and
 reduced feed bunk space per head, because of 24 hour feeding period (if feed is
available).
Lighting should provide 1 footcandle in a 30 foot by 50 foot strip along the feed
bunks. Additional light will be required in the receiving and working areas. The lights can
be over the center of a feed alley between two rows of bunks. Automatic controls permit
the lights to come on at dusk and go off at dawn with a photo cell or timer. In open lots,
high pressure sodium light sources are economical. With high pressure sodium lamps, 35-
foot tall poles can be spaced 225 feet apart, and 20 to 30 feet from the feed road. Mercury
vapor and metal halide light sources also are adequate for area lighting. The light poles
should be located in a fence line away from the feed bunk and waterer to avoid bird
droppings in feed and water.
2.13. Odor and Air Quality
In general, dust emissions occur when feedlot pads are dry and odors are generated
when surfaces are wet. Maintaining pad moisture content near 30 percent moisture (wet
basis) minimizes both dust and odors. Tools exist to assist with the siting of a new feedlot
and assessing the potential impact of odors on neighbors. Contact your local extension
office for more information on the Odor Footprint Tool.
Larger operations need to consider ways to reduce air quality problems. Sprinkler
systems may be needed to control dust (a substantial water supply is needed to support a
sprinkler system, see Table 3). Dust and odor problems are most easily minimized through
proper site selection and cleaning frequency. Prevailing winds and habitable structures
must be considered to avoid impacting neighbors. In the future, large feedlots may need to
report ammonia, particulate matter, hydrogen sulfide and other air pollution contaminates;
however, currently fugitive emission regulations do not directly apply to open lots.
2.14. Fencing and Gates
Kinds of fencing available include sucker rod, pipe, cattle panels, steel cable,
continuous fence panels, high tensile steel, electric, and wood. Tables 2 and 3 provide
recommendations on typical feedlot perimeter and interior fences. No single fence type
appears better than others and this decision is left to the producer and availability of local
materials. Access into the pens may require 1 or 2 gates. Consideration should be given to
moving cattle, cleaning of pens, removal of manure, and accessibility to downed cattle.
Normally it is better to use “saw-tooth” gate arrangements or hinge gates at 45 degrees in a
corner. This allows easier access to the pens for equipment and movement of cattle.
Minimum gate width is 12 feet with 16-foot gates recommended. Along the back or lower
side of the pens, an additional gate for cleaning of the lots may be needed where the runoff
drains through the pens. Many are using the high- tensile electric fences. Ice accumulation
or an electrical short circuit can cause the fence to fail. Therefore perimeter fence of more
permanent construction is used to prevent cattle from escaping.
Fencing Material No. of Members Member Spacing Remarks
2x8 3 16" Pressure treated
Poles, wood 4 12" Minimum diameter 21/2"
Pipe 4 12" Minimum diameter 11/2"
Sucker Rod 4 12" Weld or thread joints
Cable 5 10" 1/2" minimum diameter

spring tension
Cattle panel or 1 - Barb 3" above panel
woven wire and 1
barb wire
Table 3. Typical Feedlot Perimeter Fence
Fencing Material No. of Members Member Spacing Remarks
Poles, wood 3 16" Minimum diameter 21/2"
Pipe 3 16" Minimum diameter 11/2"
Cable 4 12" 1/2"
minimum diameter

spring tension
Wire, Barb 4 12"
Table 4. Typical Feedlot Interior Fence
2.15. Configuring a Run-off Control System
First, determine the drainage area of the livestock facility. Carefully plan how the
collected runoff is to be handled. Consider how drainage from other areas such as fields,
roads, paths and the rest of the farmstead will drain into the structure. Elevation and slope
direction are the most important factors in determining how the system should be
constructed in relationship to the livestock yard. Take notice of proximity to streams,
animal density and how much area is paved versus non-paved.
Paved areas contribute more runoff than unpaved lots. The basic components of a
runoff control system are: diversions, collection channels, solids separation devices or
outlets, a detention/storage basin and a liquid disposal area or a vegetative treatment
system. Runoff retention structures should not be constructed within the l 00-year
floodplain.
• Holding Ponds
The purpose of a holding basin is long-term storage of runoff water. It is commonly
referred to as a full containment system. A properly designed system allows the
producer to collect runoff and apply the collected water, or effluent, to land where
crops
can use the nutrients in the liquid. Holding basins are typically earthen
structures. Dewatering of the ponds will occur through two principal methods-
evaporation and irrigation. Some water will evaporate from the basin. The remaining
liquid must be land-applied in a manner that keeps sufficient storage in the basin so
that it does not overflow during the next storm. It is critical to empty the basin in the
spring, after snow melt and heavy spring rains. Holding ponds should be dewatered
when land conditions allow the effluent to be applied without generating runoff. A
holding pond should never be full and should always have sufficient storage for the
next precipitation event. The volume of the 25-year 24-hour storm event should be
marked with a depth gauge and this depth (plus freeboard) should always be available.
Holding ponds are required to be constructed witha 12-inch minimum clay liner so
that seepage from the sides and bottom is less than 1/8 inch per day. Some soils may
require amendments such as bentoniteor soda ash to be mixed with the soil to meet the
seepage requirements. High density polyethylene (black plastic commonly referred to
as HDPE) may need to be used where native soils are not suitable to make earthen
liners, and can be installed on side slopes to prevent wave action from destroying the
liner.
• Vegetative Treatment Systems
Another method of runoff control is a Vegetative Treatment System (VTS). This
system uses a sediment basin (or other sediment reduction system), but substi- tutesa
Vegetative Treatment Area (VTA) in place of the holding pond. It tends to be more
suitable for feedlots located in smaller areas, such as production areas with less than
 1,000 head, and can be especially appropriate for feedlots with fewer than 300 head.
Vegetative treatment systems require an area oneto three times the feedlot area
depending on stocking density, average cattle weight, soil characteristics, land slope
and length and normal rainfall events. The runoff water must be collected and
distributed uniformly across the vegetative treatment area. Figure 16 shows a feedlot
draining into a debris basin, with an outlet and a distri- butionsystem uniformly
distributing runoff to a sloped vegetative treatment area. A properly designed
vegetative treatment system manages the nutrients and liquids from an open lot.

Figure 6. and Figure 7.

Figure 6. Holding ponds system (full containment)

Figure 7. Vegetative treatment system
 CHAPTER III
BUDGET PLANNING
3.1. Ringkasan Anggaran Biaya
Tabel 2. Ringkasan anggaran biaya Feedlot apa namanya?
No. Jenis Pengeluaran Biaya
1. Lahan Rp
2. Pakan Rp
3. Listrik dan Air Rp
4. Peralatan Feedlot Rp
Apa lagi?
Jumlah Rp
 CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION
4.1. CONCLUSION
The discussions contained in this paper have all been intended to support the
creation of better cattle feeding arrangements. At the risk of being even more repetitive and
sounding like a broken record, it is critically important that feedlots focus on their own
business management skills, production costs, and financial risk management. While it is
also important to know what the competitive rates in the industry are, feedlots should only
enter into agreements that have a reasonable chance of meeting their business objectives.
Good feedlot managers are professional and help make the cattle owner comfortable
with and informed about the feeding and marketing programs. If one feedlot does not
offer the level of customer service desired, another competitor may provide it.
Regular communication on cattle performance can be obtained from many cattle
feeders.
Feedlots should also provide regular, timely, and useful written or electronic
reports of cattle feeding performance, health, and costs incurred for a given feeding
period. More and more cattle feeders now also coordinate data collection and transfer
to the farm of origin. These services can be utilized for a nominal charge per head in
most cases for individual animal feedlot performance and carcass data reporting.
Learning about a feedyard’s reputation is essential in selecting a cattle feeder. Visit
with other producers who have fed at a particular feedlot to learn about their
experiences with the yard. Checking references on a feedlot may help avoid surprises
later. Once feedlot selection has been narrowed down to a few yards, contact the
managers directly to visit with them about their cattle feeding programs.
Attachment 1. Small-size feedlot; conceptual layout with single row of feeding pens.
Attachment 2.Medium-size feedlot; conceptual layout with back-to-back pen
configuration.
Attachment 3. Medium-size fedlot; conceptual layout with sawtooth pen configuration.
Attachment 4. Large-size feedlot; conceptual layout with back-to-back pen configuration.
Attachment 5. Long Feed Roads Layout
Attachment 6.Justification of the Feedlot Plan Budget
Dananya dari lahan, perizinan, sarananya, prasarananya, pakannya, air dan listrik,
pencahayaan, bensin, dll.
1. Peralatan penunjang
Lama Waktu
Material Jumlah Harga Satuan Total Harga (Rp)
(tahun)

Total Biaya

2. Bahan habis pakai

Jumlah Jumlah (1x)
Nama Bahan Harga Jumlah (8x) (Rp)
(Kg) (Rp)
 Total Biaya

3. Operasional
Material Jumlah Harga Jumlah (Rp)

Total Biaya

4. Lain-lain
Material Kuantitas Harga Total

Total Biaya

Biaya Tetap
Biaya Variabel
Biaya Operasional
Biaya Penunjang
Jumlah
Terbilang :