STUDY ON BSNL TECHNOLOGIES

A Report submitted to GITAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, for the

partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

By

Vavilapalli Divya
Regd.No:1210408361

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

GITAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

GITAM UNIVERSITY
Rushikonda
Visakhapatnam-53004

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

GITAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

GITAM UNIVERSITY
VISAKHAPATNAM-530045

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Industrial Training Report entitled STUDY ON BSNL
TECHNOLOGIES is a bonafide work done by Vavilapalli Divya bearing permanent Id
No.1210408361 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree
Bachelor of Technology during a period from May 2011 to June 2011.

SIGNATURE OF INTERNAL GUIDE SIGNATURE OF HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

Mrs.B.KANTHAMMA Dr. V. MALLLESWARA RAO, M.E. PhD
Assistant Professor Professor
Department of ECE Department of ECE

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express deep gratitude and sincere thanks to my guide Mrs.B.KANTHAMMA,

Assistant professor, Department of Electronics and communication, for her timely guidance and
constant support.

I thank PROF. D. PRASADA RAO, PhD, Principal and Dean, who gave us this
opportunity to get a practical view of subject through this Industrial Training.

I express my deep gratitude to DR.V.MALLESWARA RAO, Head of the Department,

ECE, for his constant support and encouragement.

I thank Mr. K. CHANDRA SEKHAR (D.E, OCB&BB, BSNL) for giving me an

opportunity to learn at their premises and I express my deep gratitude to the industry guide Mr.
V. RAMESH NAIDU (J.T.O), the co-operative management and helpful staff for giving me
knowledge of their services and helping me from time to time.

I take the privilege to thank all the people who either directly or indirectly helped me in
making this training a success.

V.Divya
(Regd.No. 1210408361)

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 CONTENTS
1) BSNL Overview
a) Infrastructure
b) Interesting Facts
c) BSNL Services
d) BSNL IT Tool
2) Making A Telephone Call
3) The Exchange
a) Computer Unit
b) Power Plant
c) AC Plant (Central Air Conditioner)
d) Introduction To OCB-283
e) Main Divisions Of OCB
4) Internet
a) Internet Technologies
b) OSI Networking Model
c) Common Terminology Used In Internet
d) National Internet backbone (NIB)
5) Broadband
a) Introduction to Broadband
b) Technological Options
c) Broadband Connection At Home
6) Wi-Fi
7) WiMAX
8) Cellular Mobile Services
a) WLL (Wireless In Local Loop) Mobile
b) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Mobile
c) Global System For Mobile Communication (GSM)
d) Third Generation (3G) Technology
9) BSNL’s IP TV
10) Conclusion

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1. BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED
(BSNL) OVERVIEW

Bharat Sanchar Nigam

Limited (abbreviated BSNL) is a state-
owned telecommunications company headquartered
in New Delhi, India. BSNL is one of the largest
Indian cellular service providers, with over 87.1
million subscribers as of April 2011, and the
largest land line telephone provider in India.
However, in recent years the company's revenue
and market share plunged into heavy losses due to
intense competition in Indian telecommunications
sector.

BSNL is India's oldest and largest communication service provider (CSP). It had a customer base
of 90 million as of June 2008.It has footprints throughout India except for the metropolitan cities
of Mumbai and New Delhi, which are managed by Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited
(MTNL). As of June 30, 2010, BSNL had a customer base of 27.45 million wire line and 72.69
million wireless subscribers.

It is India’s largest telecommunication company with 24% market share as on March 31st
2008.its headquarters are at Bharat Sanchar Bhawan, Harish Chandra Mathur Lane, New Delhi.
It has the status of MINI RATNA, a status assigned to public sector companies in India.

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 External/internal infrastructure:

 External infrastructure : Lines and

cables(U/G including OFC )

 Internal infrastructure : Battery,

Power Plant, E/A, A/C plant, MDF,
Switches ( C-DOT, OCB 283, EWSD,
AXE etc ), Leased Lines ( MLLN ),
Broad Band, MPLS VPN.

 Interesting Facts:

 There are 2 million BSNL mobile connections in rural

 India (a record, no other connection is as famous as bsnl

in rural areas)

 BSNL supplies phone lines to all other network such as

Airtel, Vodafone etc.

 Largest pan India coverage-over 11000 towns & 3 lakh

Villages.

 India’s No. 1 wireless service provider with more than 50

Million customers.

 An incredible speed of 2mbps is only offered by BSNL

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 BSNL Services:

1) BSNL LANDLINE

 NEW TELEPHONE CONNECTION

 PERMANENT CONNECTION
 CONCESSION IN RENTALS
 SHIFT OF TELEPHONE
 TRANSFER OF TELEPHONE
 TELEPHONE TARIFF

2) BSNL MOBILE

 POSTPAID
 PREPAID
 UNIFIED
MESSAGING
 GPRS/WAP/MMS
 DEMOs
 TARIFF
 SMS & BULK SMS

3) BSNL WLL

4) INTERNET SERVICES
 NETWORK
 BROADBAND
 TYPES OF ACCESS
 INTERBET TARIFF
 DIAL-UP INTRENET
 Wi-Fi

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5) BSNL BROADBAND

 REGISTER ONLINE
 TARIFF
 CHECK USAGE
 FAQ

6) ISDN

 ISDN
 TARIFF

7) VIDEO CONFERRENCING

 OVERVIEW
 TARIFF
 FAQ

8) AUDIO CONFERRENCING

 OVERVIEW
 TARIFF
 FAQ

9) TELEX/TELEGRAPH

 TELEX/TELEGRAGH
 TARIFF

10) INET
 OVERVIEW
 SERVICES ON I NET
 USING ON I N

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 11) EPABX
 EPABX
 CENTREX
 TRANSPONDER
 RABMN

 BSNL IT tool
 BSNL Working Environment

 IT Tool used in BSN

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  DOTSOFT:

Dot Soft is the first integrated telecom software application in BSNL comprising of commercial,
billing, accounting, fault repair service and directory enquiry services.

It has been conceptualized, designed and developed entirely by the core group of the Software
Development Centre of the O/o CGMT, AndhraPradesh Telecommunications Circle, Hyderabad.

It is based on the latest software technologies running on a WAN and is the first of its kind in
BSNL in the field of information technology.

First it was tested and implemented in Guntur SSA in 1997.

It has been successfully implemented in 171 SSAs across the country. All the SSAs of Andhra
Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Assam, Punjab, Chhattisgarh and Gujarat Telecom circles.

Rest of SSAs is from states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, J&K and
Haryana.

It has been approved by the Telecom Commission for implementation all over India.

Dot soft ensures better customer satisfaction and transparency in BSNL service.

Dot Soft is an enterprise wide telecom database system that revolutionizes the operation and
supervision of customer services by enabling all the personnel to work online.

The central server contains the complete database to which all the nodes anywhere in the district
log in. The database is accessed using application software residing in the nodes which have GUI
interface.

 OS: Linux
 Front end: Forms 6i
 Back end Database: Oracle 9i
 Client Server Model – 2 layer architecture

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 DOTSOFT - Network Elements

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 Router

 A Layer 3 (Network Layer of OSI Model) device

 Enables transit of packets between two LAN's.

 Traffic can be monitored, administered from the Router.

 Switch

 A Layer 2 (Data Link Layer of OSI Model) device.

 Enables transit of packets within a LAN.

 Flow control / Error Detection / Signal amplification of frames is done in the

switch.

 Hub

 A Layer 1 (Physical Layer of OSI Model) device

 Enables transit of packets within a LAN.

 The signal amplification is done.

 The data from the data link layer is converted into electrical signals and sends on
physical media.

 Modem

 For conversion of different protocols. For example Ethernet to Serial Interface

(PPP protocol).

 The nodes in the customer service centre service all the subscriber requests which
flow to the commercial and accounts sections as the case may be.

 After validation and approval from the concerned sections the work orders flow to
the different field units depending on the activity.

 After the completion of the work orders the commercial and billing data of the
subscriber gets updated.

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2. MAKING A TELEPHONE CALL

A telephone call starts when the caller lifts the handset of the base. Once the dial tone is heard,
the caller uses a rotary or a push button dial mounted either on the handset or on the base to enter
a sequence of digits, the telephone number of called party. The keys control a tone generator
circuit that makes DTMF tones that the exchange receives. A rotary-dial telephone uses pulse
dialing, sending electrical pulses, that the exchange can count to get the telephone number. The
exchange determines whether the called party is in the same exchange or different ones. If the
called is in the same exchange, burst of ringing current is applied to the called party’s line. Each
telephone contains a ringer that responds to specific electric frequency. When the called party
answers the telephone by picking up the handset, steady current starts to flow in the called
party’s line and is detected by the exchange. The exchange then stops applying ringing and sets
up the connection between the caller and the called party. If the called party is in different
exchange from the caller, the caller exchange sets up the connection over the telephone network
to the called party’s exchange. The called party then handles the process of ringing, detecting an
answer, and notifying the calling and billing machinery when the call is completed. When
conversation is over, one or both parties hang up by replacing their handset on the base, stopping
the flow of current. The exchange then initiates the process of taking down the connection,
including notifying billing equipment of the duration of the call if appropriate.

3. THE EXCHANGE
All telephone subscribers are served by automatic exchanges, which perform the functions the
human operator. The number being dialed is stored and then passed to the exchange’s central
computer, which in turns operates the switching to complete the call or routes it a higher level
switch for further processing. Today’s automatic exchanges uses a pair of computers, one
running the program that provides services and the second monitoring the operation of the first,
ready to take over in a few seconds in the event of equipment failure.

Various exchanges present in BSNL are:

E-10B
OCB283
EWSD

All exchange has some purposes and some basic structural units, which are:

1. subscribers connection unit

2. Switching network (CX)
3. Control unit
4. OMC

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For smooth working of an exchange following unit are very important:-

1. Computer Unit: - it deals with additional services of the exchange to the customers with the
help of computers.

2. Power Plant: - to feed proper power supply to exchange

3. AC Plant: - to maintain the continuous temperature + or – 2 degree Celsius to the digital

switch (exchange).

4. MDF: - to connect switch (exchange) with the external environment (subscriber) i.e. it is the
interface between subscribers and exchange.

1) Computer unit

As the name specified it is the main part of the exchange that deals with the all services provided
by the exchange to the customers with the help of computer. It also provides the updated data to
all other part of the exchange.

The customers are using the services of the exchange by using the internet also gets connected to
the main server present this room via an internet room.

It mainly consists of the servers that are providing the different services. The main servers of this
room are:-

IVRS is used for the change number services provided by the exchange.

CERS are provided by the exchange to avoid the problems that the users are facing the repairing
of telephone. In this system when the user enters his complain it gets directly entered to the
server and user is allotted with an id number.

LOCAL DIRECTORY ENQUIRY is another services provided by the exchange, by using this;
subscribers calls the particular number and gets the directory enquiry. The server present in the
main computer room provides this service.

INTERNET DIRECTORY ENQUIRY is the latest service by the exchange. In this type of
service makes it enquiry using the internet, which gets connected to the main server at the
internet room in the exchange and further to the main server in the computer room.

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2) POWER PLANT

As we know that, the power is the main source or any organization. It is the case of E-10B
exchange. That is the first requirement of any organization is the input. The main source of this
exchange is AC supply. However, as soon as the power supply is gone off, then what is the
source? No one think on this that the telephone is always plays its role in the human life. Even if
the power supply gone off. Thus there must be adjustment source of power.

The main parts of the power room are:

Batteries: - these are the instant sources of the power as soon as power is gone off.

UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply):- the UPS must give supply to the computer. As we know
there is some equipment which can withstand any type of power supply, but there are also some
instruments which cannot withstand with this type of power supply, even a microsecond delay
will cause the loss of data.

Charging- Discharging Unit: - the batteries we are using in the power room need timely
charging. As soon as the AC power supply is on, we make use of the charging unit present in the
power room. The slowly charging of the batteries is known as the trickle charging. But
sometimes we need the BOOSTER charging. In this type of charging awe take of the batteries
from the load and charge separately, until it gets fully charged.
The main work of the discharging unit is to control the discharging of the batteries.

Inverter and Converter Unit: - the main use of this system is to change AC mains to DC and vice
versa as required by the parts of exchange.

Engine Room:-we know that the batteries are the instant source of supply but we cannot use it
for much larger time, thus for this, we have an engine to generate the power supply. They are of
885 KVA. Thus, this room controls the supply of the engine.

3) AC PLANT
For the function of electrical equipment, cooling system is basic requirement.

The basic advantages of cooling systems are following:

>It provides the thermal stability so that the temperature does not reach the tolerance limit of
electronic equipment.
>It saves equipment from dust so to avoid malfunction of equipment.
>It protects equipment from excess humidity which can caused rusting of equipment.

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The basic unit of measurement used in the industry is known as “ton of refrigeration” (TR)
which is equivalent to the heat extracted in 24 hours for converting thousands kg of liquid to ice
at zero degree. The compressor is the heart of the AC system and the costliest. It increases the
pressure and temperature of the refrigerant gas coming from the evaporator coils by compressing
it. Compressor comes in various types. The most widely used is simple reciprocal type a cylinder
and piston arrangement. For capacity more than 120 TR, centrifugal compressors are used. The
condenser liquefies the refrigerant gas by a heat exchange process. The capillary tube or the
expansion valve pressurizes liquid refrigerant and meters it flows to the evaporator. The
refrigerant then passes through the evaporator coils, which extract heat out of the ambience.

 OCB-283(Organde Control Version B)

OCB-283 is digital switching system, which supports a variety of communication needs

like basic telephony, ISDN, interface to mobile, data communication. ALCATEL of France has
developed this system.

The first OCB-283 exchange of R11 version were commissioned in Brest (France) and
Beijing (China) in 1991, first OCB-283 exchange came to India in 1993. The system has been
upgraded and current version R20 has fully validated in Jan 1994. The latest version is R24.

All new technology switching system, are based on (SPC) stored program control
concept. The call processing program is distributed over different control organs of the system
and is stored in ROM/RAM of the units. Data required to handle the calls are also managed in
RAM of different control units.

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 Salient Features of the System
1. It is a digital switching with single ‘T’ stage switch. A maximum of 2048 PCM’s can be
connected.

2. It supports both analog and digital subscribers.

3. It supports all the existing signaling systems, like decadic, MF (R2), CAS and also CCITT#7
signaling system.

4. It provides telephony, ISDN, Data communication, cellular radio, and other value added
services.

5. The system has ‘automatic’ recovery feature. When a serious fault occurs in a control unit, it
gives a message to SMM. The SMM puts this unit out of service, loads the software of this unit
in a back up unit and brings it into service. Diagnostic programmers are run on the faulty unit
and the diagnostics is printed on a terminal.

6. It has a double remoting facility. Subscribers’ access unit can be placed at a remote place and
connected to the main exchange through PCM links. Further, line concentrators can also be
placed at a remote location and connected to the CSNL or CSND through PCMs.

7. Various units of OCB 283 system are connected over token rings. This enables fast exchange
of information and avoids complicated links and wiring between various units.

8. The charge accounts of subscribers are automatically saved in the disc, once in a day. This
avoids loss of revenue in case of battery failure.

9. The traffic handling capacity of the system is huge.

10. The exchange can be managed either locally or from an NMC through 64 kb/s link.

11. All the control units are implemented on the same type of hardware. This is called a station.

12. The system is made up of only 35 types of cards. This excludes the cards required for CSN.
Due to this, the number of spare cards to be kept for maintenance is drastically reduced.

13. The system has modular structure. The expansion can be very easily carried out by adding
necessary hardware and software.

14. The SMMs are duplicated with one active other standby. In case of faults, switch over takes
place automatically

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15. The hard disc is very small in size, compact and maintenance free. It has a very huge
memory capacity of 1.2 Giga bytes

16. The space requirement is very small.

17. There is no fixed or rigid rack and suite configuration in the system.

 Main Divisions Of OCB-283

 MDF Room.
 Exploitation Room.
 Switching Room.

MDF (Main Distribution Frame), this room is used to distribute the subscriber’s call according
to his request.

In any type of exchange, there is a unit called main distribution frame and is used for
interconnection of exchange line and junction unit equipments to external physical lines coming
to the exchange. The distribution frame provides easy and flexible interconnection, isolation
point for testing, protective devices used for safety of exchange equipment etc.

In MDF, all lines are coming from subscribers, non exchange lines, telex lines and analog
junction lines, are terminated on 100 pair krone type tag blocks in which gas discharge tubes
type protective devices are provided to tackle voltages and current surges. These tag blocks are
located on one side of the MDF called “line side”. On the other side of the MDF called
“exchange side” tag blocks re provided for terminating the cables from CSE for subscriber lines
and from transmission room for analog junction lines.

TRANSMISSION MEDIA

In many communication systems, it is often necessary to interconnect points that are some
distances apart from each other. The transmission of information as an electromagnetic signal
always occurs as a transverse electromagnetic wave. One of the media for transmission is:

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Coaxial cable:

Optical Fiber Cable:

In the Switching Room all the information is stored in the ZD-Racks.

The Exploitation Room operates the whole OCB-283 exchange. So it is also known as
operational room. My main responsibilities are come under this exploitation room. As in this

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room all the operations are done through system software by operating different commands over
there. I have to operate some of these commands, which are named as under and discussed in
detail with the help of example as under:

 IDABSE
 INDIN

4. INTERNET
The Internet is a group of various co-operating computers worldwide interconnected by
computer based on TCP\IP communication protocols. People use it to get information over a
standard communication link. The hundreds or thousands or millions of computer network are
connected to each other for exchanging the information which is based on the unique identity
and set of procedures. Internet is a series of interconnected networks providing global link to
information.

GIAS: BSNL launched the Gateway Internet Access Service (GIAS) through dial
up/leased/ISDN network. Users can access GIAS from 99 cities in India by this means.

INTERNET TECHNOLOGY
The basic function of Internet can be summarized as under-

>Interconnecting of computers to form a network.

>Interconnecting of computers to form a network of networks.
>To establish a communication link between two computers within as network.
>To provide alternate communication link among the networks, even if one network is not
working. These are based on TCP/IP communications protocol.

Transfer of a file through Internet

Suppose a file is to be transmitted on Internet from one computer to other ones,

>Break the file in to small packets

>Attach destination and source address in to packets
>Multiplex and transmit these packets
>At destination de-multiplex the packets
>Remove address bits from the packets and assemble the data in to the original file
>Make source bits as destination address and send the acknowledgement in to the source

Therefore, it is clear that network hardware sends the packets to specified destination and
network software reassembles of communications, the computer network performs the following
functions-

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Addressing and routing
Fragmentation and error correction
Data error checking
Connectivity control
Multiplexing and de-multiplexing
Data flow control
End users interface etc.
The data handling

A single module cannot handle the entire process. One that adopted as a standard is an open
system interconnection (OSI) model.

OSI NETWORKING MODEL

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model defines all the methods and protocols needed to
connect one computer to any other over a network.
The OSI model separates the methods and protocols needed for a network connection in to seven
different layers. Each higher layer relies on services provided by a lower level layer.
The OSI model is sometimes called “the seven layer model”. It was developed by the
International Standards Organization (ISO) in 1983 and is documented as standard 7498.

Layers are:
Application layer
Presentation layer
Session layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Data link layer
Physical layer

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PHYSICAL LAYER: The physical layer defines the properties of the physical medium used to
make a network connection. It includes a network cable that can transmit a stream of bits
between nodes on the physical network. The physical connection can be either point to point or
multipoint, and it can consist of either half duplex (one direction at a time) or full duplex (both
directions simultaneously) transmissions. Moreover, the bits can be transmitted either in series or
in parallel (most network use a serial stream of bits, but the standard allows for both serial and
parallel transmission). The specification for the physical layer also defines the cable used, the
voltages carried on the cable, the timing of the electrical signals, the distance that can be run, and
so on. For example, a NIC network interface network) is part of the physical layer.
DATA LINK LAYER: The data link layer, layer 2, defines standard that assign meaning to the
bits carried by the physical layer. It establishes a reliable protocol through the physical layer, so
the network layer (layer 3) can transmit its data. The data link layer typically includes error
detection and correction to ensure a reliable data stream. The data elements carried by the data
link layer are called frames. Examples of frame types include x.25 and 802.x (802.x includes
both Ethernet and Token Ring networks).
The data link layer is usually subdivided in to two sub layers, called the Logical link control
(LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC) sub layers. The LLC sub layer performs tasks such as
call set up and termination and data transfer. The MAC sub layer handles frame assembly and
disassembly, error detection and correction, and addressing. The two most common MAC
protocols are 802.3 Ethernet and 802.5 Token ring .Other MAC protocols include 802.12 100
Base VBG, 802.11 Wireless, and 802.7 Broadband.

Network Layer: The network layer, Layer-3, is where a lot of action goes on for most networks.
The network layer defines how data packets get from one point to another on network. The
Network layer is also known as packet layer, it defines different packet protocols, such as
Internet Protocol (IP) and Internet Protocol Exchange (IPX). These packet protocols include
source and destination routing information. The routing information in each packet tells the
network where to send the packets to reach its destination and tells the receiving computer from
where the packet originated.

Transport Layer: The Transport Layer, layer-4, manages the flow of information from one
network node to another. It identifies each computer or node on a network uniquely. It ensures
that the packets are decoded in the proper sequence and that all packets are received. Transport
layer protocols include Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Sequenced Packet Exchange
(SPX).Each is used in concert with IP and IPX respectively.

Session layer: The session layer, layer-5, defines the connection from a user to a network server,
or from a peer on a network to another peer. These virtual connections are referred to as sessions.
They include negotiation between the client and the host, or peer and peer, on matters of flow
and control, transaction- processing, transfer of user information, and authentication to the
network.

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Presentation Layer: The presentation layer, layer-6, takes the data supplied by the lower level
layer and transform so it can be presented to the system. The Presentation layer can include data
compression and decompression as well as data encryption and decryption.

Application Layer: The Application layer, layer 7, controls how the operating system and its
application interact with network. As mentioned earlier, data flows from an application program
or the operating system, and then goes through the protocols and devices that make up the seven
layers of the OSI model one by one until the data arrives at the physical layer and is transmitted
over the network connection. The computer at the receiving end reverses this process. At each
stage of the OSI model, the data is “wrapped” with new control information related to the work
done at the particular layer. This control information is different for each layer, but it includes
headers, trailers pre-ambles, and post-ambles.
Therefore, for example, when the data goes into the networking software and components
making up the OSI model, it starts at the application layer and includes an application header and
application data. Next, at the presentation layer, a presentation header is wrapped around the data
and it is passed to the session layer, where a session header is wrapped around all the data, and
so on, until it reaches the physical layer. At the receiving computer this process is reversed.

COMMON TERMINOLOGY USED IN INTERNET

WWW:

World Wide Web (WWW) is a wide area hypermedia information retrieval aiming to give
universal access to a large universe of documents.

HTTP:

Hyper text transmission Protocol (HTTP) is the communication protocol used to transfer
documents from the server to client over the WWW (http:// www).

HTML:

Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is a system of marking or tagging the various parts of
web documents to tell the browser software how to display the document text, link graphics and
link media.

ISDN:

Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) is a digital phone connection technology that
provides both voice and data services over the same connection.

ISP:

Internet Service Provider (ISP) is an agency that provides Internet access and other net related
services.

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National Internet Backbone (NIB)

The Internet backbone refers to the

principal data routes between large,
strategically
interconnected networks and core
routers in the Internet. These data
routes are hosted by commercial,
government, academic and other high-
capacity network centers, the Internet
exchange points and network that
interchange Internet traffic between
the countries, continents and across
the oceans of the world.

 Architectural Principles
The Internet, and consequently its backbone networks, do not rely on central
control or coordinating facilities, nor do they implement any global network policies.
The resilience of the Internet results from its principal architectural features, most notably the
idea of placing as few network state and control functions as possible in the network elements,
but instead relying on the endpoints of communication to handle most of the processing to ensure
data integrity, reliability, and authentication. In addition, the high degree of redundancy of
today's network links and sophisticated real-time routing protocols provide alternate paths of
communications for load balancing and congestion avoidance.

 NIB in India
India's backbone is very extensive due to a very large population. This country
alone has nearly 250 million internet users as of 2009. Four of India's top Internet Service
Providers are Tata Communications, BSNL, MTNL, and Reliance Communications. Tata
Communications is a Tier-1 IP network, with connectivity to more than 200 countries across 400
Pops and nearly 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2) of data center and collocation space
worldwide. It is India's largest provider in data center services and also operates India's largest
data center in Pune. The backbone structure keeps on getting stronger because of the huge
number of new emerging mobile operators which leads to decrease in prices due to competition
in the market.

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5. BROADBAND
INTRODUCTION
Rapid growth of data communication market and popularity of Internet, reflect the needs of
enhanced infrastructure to optimize the demand of traffic. Integration of telecom and computer
networking technology trend has further amplified the importance of telecommunications in the
field of information communication. It becomes a tool for the conveyance of information, and
thus can be critical to the development process. As the Internet market continues to explode,
demand for greater bandwidth and faster connection speeds have led to several technological
approaches developed to provide broadband access to all consumers.
A concept of broadband services and the means of access technologies to bridge the
customer and service provider is emerged out throughout the world. “Broadband” refers to high-
speed Internet access. Broadband solutions represent the convergence of multiple independent
networks including voice, video and data into single unified broadband network.

DEFINITION: Broadband is the nonspecific term for high-speed digital Internet access. To state
the obvious, ‘broadband’ indicates a means of connectivity at a high or ‘broad’ bandwidth. There
are the various ways to define the broadband:-
 Term for evolving digital technologies that provide customers a high-speed data network
connection.
 Provides signal switched facility offering integrated access to voice, data, and video and
interactive delivery services.
 The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) defines Broadband as an advances
telecommunication capability.
 Delivers services & facilities with an upstream and downstream speed 200 Kbps or more.
Range varies from 128 Kbps to 100 Mbps.

In fact there is no specific International Definition for Broadband.

Professional Activities:
 Telecommuting (access to corporate networks and system to support working at home
on a regular basis).
 Video conferencing (one to one or multiple person video telephone calls).
 Home based business (e-commerce).
 Home office.

Entertainment Activities:
 Web surfing.
 Video on demand.
 Video games.

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Consumer Activities:
 Shopping.
 Telemedicine (remote doctor’s remote medical analysis).
 Distance learning.
 Public services.
 Information gathering.
 Photography.

TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROADBAND

SERVICES

Communication of data with different throughput is feasible by following technologies:-

 Narrow Band
2.4Kbps – 128Kbps.
 Broadband
256Kbps – 8000Kbps.
 LAN
1000 – 100Mbps.

Broadband communication technology can be divided broadly in two categories:-

 Wire line Technology.
 Wireless Technology.

WIRE LINE TECHNOLOGIES INCLUDE

1. Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) on copper loop.

2. Optical Fibre Technologies.
3. Cable TV Networks.
4. PLC (power line communication).

WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES INCLUDE

1. Satellite Media
2. Terrestrial Wireless
3. 3G Mobile
4. Wi-Fi (wireless Fidelity)
5. Wi-Max.
6. FSO (free space optics).

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BROADBAND CONNECTION AT HOME
For Broad band connection at Home or office 5 things are required
1. Telephone Connection.
2. Modem.
3. Splitter.
4. LAN Card.
5. Ethernet cord.

Steps for Broadband connection are as follows:-

1) A form for broadband connection is filled at BSNL office mentioning the plans preferred.
Office after verifying the form and submission of fees provide username and password to the
user.
2) Office also provide modem or user can buy his own modem from market.
3) There are two types of modem available in the market
Type 1 modem –without Wi-Fi facility Cost-1200-1300Rs
Type 2 modem –with Wi-Fi facility Cost-1800-2000Rs
4) Officer at BSNL department enters the serial number of modem in his CRM and activates the
broad band connection for requested number.

5) Now main telephone cord is connected with splitter. Splitter has 3ports
In one port main telephone line is attached. In second port outgoing for telephone instrument
is attached. Third one is for modem.

5) Ethernet cord attaches modem and computer. Modem as 3 LED lights on it 1 is for DSL 2nd
one is for power & 3rd for line when line is clear and no disturbance is there line LED is
stable. When Broadband connection is activated by CRM DSL also become stable.

6) Now modem installing is done in computer for this open the network window on our
operating system.

7) Enable the Local Area connection option on yours window.

8) Enter the IP address provided by BSNL in the address bar of internet explorer. A home page
of BSNL is opened enter your username and password given by BSNL office.

9) Select bridging or PPPOE mode and do next.

10) As the username and password is verified ok buttons appears click it. Now on modem setting
or programming is finished.

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11) Now on Network and sharing centre window set up a new connection. Click on “connect to
internet “option and click next now select type of connection (broadband pppoe) and then fill
the username and password. Then click “connect”.

12) Internet session is started indicating the speed.

13) Now you can surf various websites by your browsers.

6. Wi-Fi

What is Wi-Fi?
􀂄 Short for wireless fidelity

􀂄 Wi-Fi is a wireless technology that uses radio frequency to transmit data through the air.

What can you do with it?

􀂄 Quick/easy temporary network access

􀂄 Staff access to corporate network

􀂄 Patron internet access (hotspot)

􀂄 Interconnecting two networks

Advantages

􀂄 Setup Cost – Reduced cabling required

􀂄 Flexibility – Quick and easy to setup in

Temporary or permanent space

􀂄 Scalable – Can be expanded with growth

􀂄 Freedom – You can work from any location

That you can get a signal

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􀂄 Lower total cost of ownership – Because of
Affordability and low install cost

􀂄 Additionally, Mobile Users – Can access the Corporate

Network from any public hotspot using VPN

Disadvantages
􀂄 planning – Depending on the goal

􀂄 Security – Greater exposure to risks

􀂄 Access
􀂄 Compromising Data
􀂄 Denial of Service
􀂄 Speed – Slower than cable

􀂄 Range – Affected by various medium

􀂄 Travels best through open space

􀂄 Reduced by walls, glass, water, etc

7. WiMAX

WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. It is a

telecommunications technology providing wireless data over long distances in a variety of ways,
from point-to-point links to full mobile cellular type access. It is based on the Wireless
MAN (IEEE 802.16) standard.

WiMAX is a highly scalable, long-range system, covering many kilometers using licensed
spectrum to deliver a point-to-point connection to the Internet from an ISP to an end user.
WiMAX can be used to provide a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for broadband access,
and to provide high-speed data and telecommunications services. WiMAX can also be used to
connect many Wi-Fi hotspots with each other and also to other parts of the Internet.

When using WiMAX device with directional antennas, speeds of 10 Mbit/s at 10 km distance is
possible, while for WiMAX devices with omni-directional antennas only 10 Mbit/s over 2 km is
possible. There is no uniform global licensed spectrum for WiMAX, although three licensed
spectrum profiles are being used generally – 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz .

29
With WiMAX enabled handsets and laptops coming into the market, people could connect to the
fast broadband internet from anywhere, without having to depend on the slow rate mobile
network data transfer. You can work on broadband, call friends and colleagues and watch real-
time TV from the top of a forest hill station many kilometers away from the access point –
without compromising on quality, speed or screen size!

WiMAX could connect remote Indian villages to the Internet using broadband. This would avoid
hassles in cabling through the forests and other difficult terrain only to reach a few people in
remote places. Maintaining such system would also be easy. WiMAX could provide Internet
access, voice and IPTV to those areas.

Advantages
1) Single station can serve hundreds of users.

2) Much faster deployment of new users comparing to wired networks.

3) Speed of 10 Mbps at 10 kilometers within line-of-site.

4) It is standardized, and the same frequency equipment should work together.

Disadvantages
1) Line of sight is needed for more distant connections.

2) Bad weather conditions such as rain could interrupt the signal.

3) Other wireless equipment could cause interference.

4) Multiplied frequencies are used.

5) WiMAX is a very power-consuming technology and requires significant electrical support.

6) High installation and operational cost.

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Wimax Applications
Wimax network provides the ability for service provider to deploy new era broadband service.
Wimax applications are most effective than today. It provides a broad customer base, while
adding up a mobility feature to those services. Wimax technology applications are a mean of
service providers to present data, video, voice, mobile and internet access. There are various
benefits of Wimax technology such as it provides simple based prospective cost saving and
service efficiency but to be capable to allow VoIP calling, mobile devices, video making and
high speed data transfer.

8. CELLULAR MOBILE SERVICES

Cellular is one of the fastest growing and most demanding telecommunication applications. Today, it
represents a continuously increasing percentage of all new telephone subscriptions around the world.
Currently there are more than 45 million subscribers in worldwide and nearly 50% of those subscribers
are located in USA. It is forecasted that cellular system using a digital technology will become the
universal method of telecommunications. By the year 2005, forecasters predict that there will be more
than 100 million cellular subscribers worldwide.

1. WIRELESS IN LOCAL LOOP (WLL) MOBILE

WLL is a communication system that connects customers to the Public Switch Telephone
Network (PSTN) using radio frequency signals as substitutes of conventional wires for all part of
connection between the subscribers and the telephone exchange. It works on CDMA technique.
The local loop is access part of telecommunication network i.e. the part between PSTN switch
and subscribers. WLL network application involves uses of radio to replace of the wire link
between PSTN switch and subscriber. The radio technology is able to provide same quality of
services as that provided by the wires line. Application of wireless loop technology has just been
started in the worldwide. There is no standard for this so far. However, a number of national and
international air interface standards for digital cellular mobile telephone system are available.

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TECHNICAL ASPECTS:

WLL is based on CDMA technique and is entirely different from GSM. The system for
WLL services can be divided into following parts: -

BSC (Base Switching Centre):- It provides links between BTS & BSM; it consists of different
processors, in BSNL it is of SUN Polaris of LG Company. In BSNL we have two types of BSC:-
I. V-5.2:- This type of BSC cannot switch by itself so it is dependent on local exchange /
PSTN for switching and keeping records of billing etc. BSNL uses this type of BSC for rural
areas.
II. CCS-7 / R2:- These types of BSC are totally automatic it doesn’t depend on local
exchange for its functions, it is complete in itself. BSNL uses this type of BSC for urban areas.

BTS (Base Transceiver System):- As it is clear from its name it transmits as well as receive
signal, it works as an amplifier (router) to overcome the loss in signal in transmission.

BSM (Base Station Management):- It controls and manages the WLL services. It can
troubleshoot the problem; add new users as well as capable to block service given to user.
It is basically a computer system, which manages the whole process of WLL service. In
BSNL BSM are two UNIX based computer system.

ADVANTAGES OF WLL:

1- Cost of installation and Maintenance of WLL is lower than cable network

2- Installation time is less.
3- Selective installation for those who require connection at certain time.
4- Quality of wireless technology has improved the speech quality
5- Cellular systems are too expensive with lesser signal quality than fixed broad band
wireless that use directional antennas

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2. CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA):

CONCEPT OF MULTIPLE ACCESSES

Multiple access system allows a large number of users to share a common pool of radio
telephone circuits, like sharing of trunked radio facility. Multiple access radio has similarity to
the LAN in which the common channel is available to all users. The circuits are demands
assigned i.e. assigned on demand first-cum-first-served basis.

CDMA: - Where large number of transmission are combined on the same channel at the same
time and separated by the codes.

WHAT IS CDMA?

CDMA, a cellular technology originally known as IS-95, competes with GSM technology for
dominance in the cellular world. There are now different variations, but the original CDMA is
known as CdmaOne.

CDMA uses wide-band spread spectrum techniques for signal transmission, as opposed to
narrow-band channel techniques used in conventional analog systems.

CDMA channels the packets of voice and data over wireless radio frequencies so a cellular user
can hear better, quicker and with more quality than ever before. CDMA cell phones are also
more efficient as they use a channels "band-with" efficiently.

3. GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

(GSM)
What is GSM?

GSM is a standard for a Global System for Mobile communications. Global System for Mobile
communications, a mobile phone system based on multiple radio cells (cellular mobile phone
network). It has been agreed upon and is completed by ETSI, the European Telecommunications
Standards Institute.
The Goals of GSM:

a) Improved spectrum efficiency

b) International roaming

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 c) Low-cost mobile sets and base stations

d) High-quality speech

e) Support for new services

GSM Services:

a) Tele-services

b) Bearer-Data Services

c) Supplementary services

Tele-services:
 Telecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile
phones.

 Offered services

a) Mobile telephony

b) Emergency calling

Bearer-Data Services:

 Include various data services for information transfer between GSM and other
networks like PSTN, ISDN etc at rates from 300 to 9600 bps.

 Short Message Services up to 160 character alphanumeric data transmission

to/from the mobile terminal

a) Unified Messaging Services (UMS)

b) Group 3 fax

c) Voice mailbox

d) Electronic mail

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Supplementary services:

Call related services-

a) Call Waiting- Notification of an incoming call while on the handset

b) Call Hold- Put a caller on hold to take another call

c) Call barring- All calls, outgoing calls, or incoming calls

d) Call Forwarding- Calls can be sent to various numbers defined by user

e) Multi Party Call Conferencing - Link multiple calls together

GSM System Architecture:

Mobile Station (MS)

a) Mobile Equipment (ME)

b) Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

a) Base Transceiver station (BTS)

b) Base station controller (BSC)

Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)

a) Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

b) Home Location Register (HLR)

c) Visitor Location Register (VLR)

d) Authentication Center (AUC)

e) Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

35
System Architecture of Mobile Station (MS):

The Mobile Station is made up of two entities:

a) Mobile Equipment (ME)

b) Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

Mobile Equipment (ME):

a) Portable, vehicle mounted, hand held device

b) Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)

c) Voice and data transmission

d) Monitoring power and signal quality of surrounding cells for optimum

handover

e) Power level: 0.8W – 20 W

f) 160 character long SMS.

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM):

a) Smart card contains the International Mobile Subscriber

Identity (IMSI)

b) Allows user to send and receive calls and receive other

subscribed services

c) Encoded network identification details

-Key Ki, Kc and A3, A5 and A8 algorithms

d) Protected by a password or PIN

e) Can be moved from phone to phone – contains key

information to activate the phone

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System Architecture of Base Station (BSS):
Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts
a) Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
b) Base Station Controller (BSC)

Base Transceiver Station (BTS):

a) Encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates and feeds the RF signals to the antenna.
b) Frequency hopping
c) Communicates with Mobile station and BSC
d) Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units

Base Station Controller (BSC):

a) Manages Radio resources for BTS
b) Assigns Frequency and time slots for all MS’s in its area
c) Handles call set up
d) Transcoding and rate adaptation functionality
e) Handover for each MS
f) Radio Power control
g) It communicates with MSC and BTS

System Architecture of Network Switching Subsystem (NSS):

Mobile Switching Center (MSC):
a) Heart of the network
b) Manages communication between GSM and other networks
c) Call setup function and basic switching
d) Call routing

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 e) Billing information and collection

f) Mobility management

- Registration

- Location Updating

Home Location Registers (HLR)

a) Permanent database about mobile subscribers in a large service area (generally

one per GSM network operator)

b) Database contains IMSI, MISDN, prepaid/postpaid, roaming,

supplementary services.

Visitor Location Registers (VLR)

a) Temporary database which updates whenever new MS enters its area, by HLR
database

b) Controls those mobiles roaming in its area

c) Reduces number of queries to HLR

Authentication Center (AUC)

a) Protects against intruders in air interface

b) Maintains authentication keys and algorithms and provides security triplets

(RAND, SRES, Kc)

c) Generally associated with HLR

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

Database that is used to track handsets using the IMEI (International Mobile
Equipment Identity)

a) Made up of three sub-classes: The White List, The Black List and the Gray List

b) Only one EIR per PLMN

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Accessing a GSM network

In order to gain access to GSM services, a user needs three things:

 A billing relationship with a mobile phone operator. This is usually either where services are
paid for in advance of them being consumed (prepaid), or where bills are issued and settled
after the service has been consumed (postpaid).
 A mobile phone that is GSM compliant and operates at the same frequency as the operator.
Most phone companies sell phones from third-party manufacturers.
 A SIM (“Subscriber Identity Module”) card, which is activated by the operator once the
billing relationship, is established. After activation the card is then programmed with the
subscriber's MSISDN (“Mobile Subscriber Integrated Services Digital Network
Number”) (the telephone number). Personal information such as contact numbers of friends
and family can also be stored on the SIM by the subscriber.
After subscribers sign up, information about their identity (telephone number) and what services
they are allowed to access are stored in a "SIM record" in the Home Location Register (HLR).

Once the SIM card is loaded into the phone and the phone is powered on, it will search for the
nearest mobile phone mast (also called a Base Transceiver station (BTS)) with the strongest
signal in the operator's Frequency band. If a mast can be successfully contacted, then there is
said to be coverage in the area. The phone then identifies itself to the network through the control
channel. Once this is successfully completed, the phone is said to be attached to the network.

The key feature of a mobile phone is the ability to receive and make calls in any area where
coverage is available. This is generally called roaming from a customer perspective, but also
called visiting when describing the underlying technical process. Each geographic area has a
database called the Visitor Location register (VLR), which contains details of all the mobiles
currently in that area. Whenever a phone attaches, or visits, a new area, the Visitor Location
Register must contact the Home Location Register to obtain the details for that phone. The
current cellular location of the phone (i.e. which BTS it is at) is entered into the VLR record and
will be used during a process called paging when the GSM network wishes to locate the mobile
phone.

Every SIM card contains a secret key, called the Ki, which is used to provide authentication and
encryption services. This is useful to prevent theft of service, and also to prevent "over the air"

39
snooping of a user's activity. The network does this by utilizing the Authentication Centre and is
accomplished without transmitting the key directly.

Every GSM phone contains a unique identifier (different from the phone number), called
the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). This can be found by dialing *#06#. When
a phone contacts the network, its IMEI may be checked against the Equipment Identity
register to locate stolen phones and facilitate monitoring.

Voice calls:

Outgoing calls

1-MS sends dialed number to BSS

2-BSS sends dialed number to MSC

3, 4 - MSC checks VLR if MS is allowed the requested service. If so, MSC asks
BSS to allocate resources for call.

5 -MSC routes the call to GMSC

6 -GMSC routes the call to local exchange of called user

7, 8, 9, 10 -Answer back (ring back) tone is routed from called user to MS via
GMSC, MSC, BSS

40
Incoming calls

1. Calling a GSM subscribers

2. Forwarding call to GSMC
3. Signal Setup to HLR
4. 5. Request MSRN from VLR
6. Forward responsible MSC to GMSC
7. Forward Call to current MSC
8. 9. Get current status of MS
10. 11. Paging of MS
12. 13. MS answers
14. 15. Security checks
16. 17. Set up connection

41
 Routing the call
When the HLR receives this query message, it determines whether the call should be routed to
another number (called a divert), or if it is to be routed directly to the mobile.

 If the owner of the phone has previously requested that all incoming calls be diverted to
another number, known as the Call Forward Unconditional (CFU) Number, then this number
is stored in the Home Location Register. If that is the case, then the CFU number is returned
to the Gateway MSC for immediate routing to that destination.
 If the mobile phone is not currently associated with a Visited Location Register (because the
phone has been turned off) then the Home Location Register returns a number known as the
Call Forward Not Reachable (CFNRc) number to the Gateway MSC, and the call is
forwarded there. Many operators may set this value automatically to the phone's voice
mail number, so that callers may leave a message. The mobile phone may sometimes
override the default setting.
 Finally, if the Home Location Register knows that the phone is roaming in a
particular Visitor Location Register area, then it will request a temporary number (called
an MSRN) from that VLR. This number is relayed back to the Gateway MSC, and then used
to route the call to the MSC where the called phone is roaming.

4. THIRD GENERATION 3G TECHNOLOGY

Third generation (3G) networks were conceived from the Universal Mobile Telecommunications
Service (UMTS) concept for high speed networks for enabling a variety of data intensive
applications. 3G is the next generation of mobile communications systems. It enhances the
services such as multimedia, high speed mobile broadband, internet access with the ability to
view video footage on your mobile handset. With a 3G phone and access to the 3G network you
can make video calls, watch live TV, access the high speed internet, receive emails and
download music tracks, as well as the usual voice call and messaging services found on a mobile
phone, like person to person video, live streaming, downloadable video of entertainment, news,
current affairs and sport content and video messaging

Data Speed: The data speed of 3G is determined based on a combination of factors including the
chip rate, channel structure, power control, and synchronization.

42
 3G is the short form for third-generation technology. It is one of the popular mobile
phone standards. The services utilizing 3G provide the ability to transmit both voice data such as
calls and non-voice data such as instant messaging, email and video telephony at the same time.
Japan was the first country to introduce 3G on a wide scale commercially. In 2005, almost 40 per
cent of the subscribers in Japan used 3G services. On the technical front, 3G services are wide
area cellular telephone networks

43
9. BSNL’s IPTV
• First started in Japan in 2002.

• Popular in France, South Korea, Germany, Hongkong etc.

• France is leading in IPTV .

IPTV services may be classified into three main groups:

 Live Television: with or without interactivity related to the current TV show

 Time-Shifted Programming: catch-up TV (replays a TV show that was broadcast hours or
days ago), start-over TV (replays the current TV show from its beginning)
 Video on Demand (VOD): browse a catalog of videos, not related to TV programming

44
45
 CONCLUSION

Training at BSNL helped me to attain knowledge about the various processes

involved. It was very informative. I learnt quite a lot about electronic exchange, Internet, WLL,
Mobile GSM & 3G, and the basics of processing Exchange. I also got firsthand knowledge of
how a Telephone Exchange works.

It’s an unforgettable experience for me as it made me get accustomed to the

professional environment. It helped me to develop an individual personality and boosted my
confidence.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) www.bsnl.co.in

2) www.cellone.co.in

3) www.bharatsancharnigam.com

4) www.wikipedia.org

5) www.indiainfoline.com

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