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Seminar Final Report
Seminar Final Report
ABSTRACT
Today's alternating current power grid evolved after 1896, based in part on
Nikola Tesla's design published in 1888 (see War of Currents). At that time, the
grid was conceived as a centralized unidirectional system of electric power
transmission, electricity distribution, and demand-driven control.
In the 20th century power grids originated as local grids that grew over time,
and were eventually interconnected for economic and reliability reasons. By the
1960s, the electric grids of developed countries had become very large, mature
and highly interconnected, with thousands of 'central' generation power stations
delivering power to major load centres via high capacity power lines which
were then branched and divided to provide power to smaller industrial and
domestic users over the entire supply area. The topology of the 1960s grid was a
result of the strong economies of scale of the current generation technology:
large coal-, gas- and oil-fired power stations in the 1 GW (1000 MW) to 3 GW
scale are still found to be cost-effective, due to efficiency-boosting features that
can be cost effectively added only when the stations become very large.
A smart grid is a digitally enabled electrical grid that gathers, distributes, and
acts on information about the behavior of all participants (suppliers and
consumers) in order to improve the efficiency, importance, reliability,
economics, and sustainability of electricity services
KEYWORDS :- SMART METERS , SMART GRID AND IT'S NEED ,FEATURES OF SMART GRID,
SMART POWER GENERATION , DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SMART GRID AND MORDEN GRID,
MICRO GRIDS,PMU,HAN.
INTRODUCTION
Historical development of the electricity grid
1.1 Today's alternating current power grid evolved after 1896, based in part on
Nikola Tesla's design published in 1888. At that time, the grid was conceived as
a centralized unidirectional system of electric power transmission, electricity
distribution, and demand-driven control.
In the 20th century power grids originated as local grids that grew over time,
and were eventually interconnected for economic and reliability reasons. By the
1960s, the electric grids of developed countries had become very large, mature
and highly interconnected, with thousands of 'central' generation power stations
delivering power to major load centres via high capacity power lines which
were then branched and divided to provide power to smaller industrial and
domestic users over the entire supply area. The topology of the 1960s grid was a
result of the strong economies of scale of the current generation technology:
large coal-, gas- and oil-fired power stations in the 1 GW (1000 MW) to 3 GW
scale are still found to be cost-effective, due to efficiency-boosting features that
can be cost effectively added only when the stations become very large.
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CHAPTER 2
SMART GRID
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CHAPTER 2 SMART GRID
SMART GRID
2.2 Smart grid refers to the next generation electric power network that makes use
of IT and high technologies. Compared to the telecommunication network, the
electric power network has not developed remarkably in terms of creating
innovative technologies. However, smart grid by revolutionizing the electric
power network and being almost as powerful as the internet, is attracting many
attentions among various industries.
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CHAPTER 2 SMART GRID
A smart grid delivers electricity from supplier to consumers using two- way
digital technology to control appliances at consumers‘ homes to save energy,
reduce cost and increase reliability and transparency. It overlays the electricity
distribution grid with an information and net metering system. Power travels from
the power plant to your house through an amazing system called the power
distribution grid. Such a modernized electricity networks is being promoted by
many governments as a way of addressing energy independences, global warming
and emergency resilience issues. Smart meters may be part of smart grid, but alone
do not constitute a smart grid.
A smart grid includes an intelligent monitoring system that keeps track of all
electricity flowing in the system. It also incorporates the use of
superconductive transmission lines for less power loss, as well as the capability
of the integrating renewable electricity such as solar and wind. When power is
least expensive the user can allow the smart grid to turn on selected home
appliances such as washing machines or factory processes that can run at
arbitrary hours. At peak times it could turn off selected appliances to reduce
demand.
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CHAPTER 2 SMART GRID
2.3 Understanding the need for smart grid requires acknowledging a few facts about
our infrastructure. The power grid is the backbone of the modern civilization, a
complex society with often conflicting energy needs-more electricity but fewer
fossil fuels, increased reliability yet lower energy costs, more secure distribution
with less maintenance, effective new construction and efficient disaster
reconstruction. But while demand for electricity has risen drastically, its
transmission is outdated and stressed. The bottom line is that we are exacting
more from a grid that is simply not up to the task.
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CHAPTER 2 SMART GRID
How“smart”should be a powergrid
2.4 The utilities get the ability to communicate with and control end user hardware,
from industrial- scale air conditioner to residential water heaters. They use that
to better balance supply and demand, in part by dropping demand during peak
usage hours.
Taking advantages of information technology to increase the efficiency of the
grid, the delivery system, and the use of electricity at the same time is itself a
smart move. Simply put, a smart grid combined with smart meters enables both
electrical utilities and consumer to be much more efficient.
A smart grid not only moves electricity more efficiently in geographic terms, it
also enables electricity use to be shifted overtime-for example, from period of
peak demand to those of off-peak demand. Achieving this goals means working
with consumers who have ―smart meters‖ to see exactly how much electricity
is being used at any particular time. This facilitates two-way communication
between utility and consumer. So they can cooperate in reducing peak demand
in a way that it‘s advantageous to both. And it allow to the use of two way
metering so that customer who have a rooftop solar electric panel or their own
windmill can sell surplus electricity back to the utility.
2.4.1 Intelligent –
Capable of sensing system overloads and rerouting power to prevent or
minimize a potential outage; of working autonomously when conditions
required resolution faster than humans can respond and co-operatively in
aligning the goals of utilities, consumers and regulators.
2.4.2 Efficient –
Capable of meeting efficient increased consumer demand without adding
infrastructure.
2.4.3 Accommodating –
Accepting energy from virtually any fuel source including solar and wind as
easily and transparently as coal and natural gas: capable of integrating any and
all better ideas and technologies – energy storage technologies. For e.g.- as they
are market proven and ready to come online.
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CHAPTER 2 SMART GRID
2.4.4 Motivating –
Enable real-time communication between the consumer and utility, so consumer
can tailor their energy consumption based on individual preferences, like price
and or environmental concerns.
2.4.5 Resilient –
Increasingly resistant to attack and natural disasters as it becomes more
decentralization and reinforced with smart grid security protocol.
2.4.6 Green –
Slowing the advance of global climate change and offering a genuine path
towards significant environmental improvement.
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SMART GRID
CHAPTER 3
The smart grid represents the full suite of current and proposed responses to the
challenges of electricity supply. Because of the diverse range of factors, there
are numerous competing taxonomies, and no agreement on a universal
definition. Nevertheless, one possible categorisation is given here.
3.1.1 Reliability
The smart grid will make use of technologies that improve fault detection and
allow self-healing of the network without the intervention of technicians. This
will ensure more reliable supply of electricity, and reduced vulnerability to
natural disasters or attack.
Although multiple routes are touted as a feature of the smart grid, the old grid
also featured multiple routes. Initial power lines in the grid were built using a
radial model, later connectivity was guaranteed via multiple routes, referred to
as a network structure. However, this created a new problem: if the current flow
or related effects across the network exceed the limits of any particular network
element, it could fail, and the current would be shunted to other network
elements, which eventually may fail also, causing a domino effect. See power
outage. A technique to prevent this is load shedding by rolling blackout or
voltage reduction (brownout).
Classic grids were designed for one-way flow of electricity, but if a local sub-
network generates more power than it is consuming, the reverse flow can raise
safety and reliability issues. A smart grid aims to manage these situations.
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CHAPTER 3 SMART GRID
3.1.3 Efficiency
Numerous contributions to overall improvement of the efficiency of energy
infrastructure is anticipated from the deployment of smart grid technology, in
particular including demand-side management, for example turning off air
conditioners during short-term spikes in electricity price. The overall effect is
less redundancy in transmission and distribution lines, and greater utilisation of
generators, leading to lower power prices
energy cost of operation into their consumer device and building construction
decisions. See Time of day metering and demand response.
According to proponents of smart grid plans, this will reduce the amount of
spinning reserve that electric utilities have to keep on stand-by, as the load
curve will level itself through a combination of "invisible hand" free-market
capitalism and central control of a large number of devices by power
management services that pay consumers a portion of the peak power saved by
turning their devices off.
3.1.6 Sustainability
The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly
variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even
without the addition of energy storage. Current network infrastructure is not
built to allow for many distributed feed-in points, and typically even if some
feed-in is allowed at the local (distribution) level, the transmission-level
infrastructure cannot accommodate it. Rapid fluctuations in distributed
generation, such as due to cloudy or gusty weather, present significant
challenges to power engineers who need to ensure stable power levels through
varying the output of the more controllable generators such as gas turbines and
hydroelectric generators. Smart grid technology is a necessary condition for
very large amounts of renewable electricity on the grid for this reason.
3.1.7 Market-enabling
The smart grid allows for systematic communication between suppliers (their
energy price) and consumers (their willingness-to-pay), and permits both the
suppliers and the consumers to be more flexible and sophisticated in their
operational strategies. Only the critical loads will need to pay the peak energy
prices, and consumers will be able to be more strategic in when they use energy.
Generators with greater flexibility will be able to sell energy strategically for
maximum profit, whereas inflexible generators such as base-load steam turbines
and wind turbines will receive a varying tariff based on the level of demand and
the status of the other generators currently operating. The overall effect is a
signal that awards energy efficiency, and energy consumption that is sensitive
the time-varying limitations of the supply. At the domestic level, appliances
with a degree of energy storage or thermal mass (such as refrigerators, heat
banks, and heat pumps) will be well placed to 'play' the market at seek to
minimise energy cost by adapting demand to the lower-cost energy support
periods. This is an extension of the dual-tariff energy pricing mentioned above.
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CHAPTER 3 SMART GRID
Latency of the data flow is a major concern, with some early smart meter
architectures allowing actually as long as 24 hours delay in receiving the data,
preventing any possible reaction by either supplying or demanding devices.
3.1.9
Platform for advanced services
As with other industries, use of robust two-way communications, advanced
sensors, and distributed computing technology will improve the efficiency,
reliability and safety of power delivery and use. It also opens up the potential
for entirely new services or improvements on existing ones, such as fire
monitoring and alarms that can shut off power, make phone calls to emergency
services, etc.
3.1.10
Provision megabits, control power with kilobits, sell
the rest
The amount of data required to perform monitoring and switching your
appliances off automatically is very small compared with that already reaching
even remote homes to support voice, security, and Internet and TV services.
Many smart grid bandwidth upgrades are paid for by over-provisioning to also
support consumer services, and subsidizing the communications with energy-
related services or subsidizing the energy-related services, such as higher rates
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3.1.11 Technology
The bulk of smart grid technologies are already used in other applications such
as manufacturing and telecommunications and are being adapted for use in grid
operations. In general, smart grid technology can be grouped into five key areas.
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CHAPTER 3 SMART GRID
A smart grid precisely limits electrical power down to the residential level,
network small-scale distributed energy generation and storage devices,
communicate information on operating status and needs, collect information
on prices and grid conditions, and move the grid beyond central control to a
collaborative network.
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CHAPTER 3 SMART GRID
Although there are specific and proven smart grid technologies in use, smart
grid is an aggregate term for a set of related technologies on which a
specification is generally agreed, rather than a name for a specific technology.
Some of the benefits of such a modernized electricity network include the
ability to reduce power consumption at the consumer side during peak hours,
called demand side management; enabling grid connection of distributed
generation power (with photovoltaic arrays, small wind turbines, micro hydro,
or even combined heat power generators in buildings); incorporating grid
energy storage for distributed generation load balancing; and eliminating or
containing failures such as widespread power grid cascading failures. The
increased efficiency and reliability of the smart grid is expected to save
consumers money and help reduce CO2 emissions.
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CHAPTER 3 SMART GRID
Enabling Technology
The bulk of smart grid technologies are already used in other applications such
as manufacturing and telecommunications and are being adapted for use in grid
operations. In general, smart grid technology can be grouped into five key areas
Some communications are up to date, but are not uniform because they have
been developed in an incremental fashion and not fully integrated. In most
cases, data is being collected via modem rather than direct network connection.
Areas for improvement include: substation automation, demand response,
distribution automation, supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA),
energy management systems, wireless mesh networks and other technologies,
power- line carrier communication s and fiber-optics. Integrated communication
will allow for real time control, information and data exchange to optimize
system reliability, asset utilization, and security.
Core duties are evaluating congestion and grid stability, monitoring equipment
health, energy theft prevention, and control strategies support. Technologies
include: advanced microprocessor meters (smart meter) and meter reading
equipment, wide-area monitoring system, dynamic line rating(typically based
on online reading by distributed temperature sensing combined with Real time
thermal rating (RTTR) systems), electromagnetic signature
measurement/analysis, time-of-use and real-time pricing tools, advanced
switches and cables, backscatter radio technology, and Digital protective relays.
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CHAPTER 3 SMART GRID
A smart grid replaces analog mechanical meters with digital meters that record
usage in real time. Smart meters are similar to Advanced Metering
Infrastructure meters and provide a communication path extending from
generation plants to electrical outlets (smart socket) and other smart grid-
enabled devices. By customer option, such devices can shut down during times
of peak demand.
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CHAPTER 4 SMART GRID
Some features of smart grids draw opposition from industries that currently are,
or hope to provide similar services. An example is competition with cable and
DSL Internet providers from broadband over power line internet access.
Providers of SCADA control systems for grids have intentionally designed
proprietary hardware, protocols and software so that they cannot inter-operate
with other systems in order to tie its customers to the vendor.
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CHAPTER 4 SMART GRID
With the advent of cybercrime there is also concern on the security of the
infrastructure, primarily that involving communications technology. Concerns
chiefly center around the communications technology at the heart of the smart
grid. Designed to allow real-time contact between utilities and meters in
customers' homes and businesses, there is a very real risk that these capabilities
could be exploited for criminal or even terrorist actions. One of the key
capabilities of this connectivity is the ability to remotely switch off power
supplies, enabling utilities to quickly and easily cease or modify supplies to
customers who default on payment. This undoubtedly a massive boon for
energy providers, but also raises some significant security issues.
Cybercriminals have infiltrated the U.S. electric grid before on numerous
occasions. Aside from computer infiltration, there are also concerns that
computer malware like Stuxnet, which targeted systems on the SCADA
software language widely used in industry, could do to a smart grid network
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CHAPTER 4 SMART GRID
4.2.3 Future –
In the new future, will not be any vast development.
Risky because of financial developments and regulations.
In the long run, attitudes will change, wide spread usage of the smart grid
from every business to every home just like the internet.
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CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION:
4.3.1 The Pacific Northwest Smart Grid Demonstration (PNWSGD) was among the most expansive,
inclusive smart grid demonstrations ever conducted. Nineteen organizations participated directly in the
PNWSGD. Many other product and service vendors worked tirelessly to supply, install, and support the
smart grid equipment that the PNWSGD installed at its various field sites. Many residential, commercial,
and industrial electricity customers accepted and interacted with the project’s smart meters, displays, and
controllable premises-level equipment . Still more individuals trusted their utilities to instant and
demonstrate novel distribution tools, like distribution automation and distribution-scale battery systems.
This section concludes the reporting of PNWSGD technical performance. After stating some general
conclusions, conclusions about the project’s transactive system are stated. Given the project’s massive
data collection efforts, some comments are offered concerning the challenges encountered by the project
concerning its data and data collection. Then, some conclusions about each of the three asset categories—
demand-responsive (i.e., transactive), conservation, and reliability—are provided. At the end of each
section, future research topics addressing the conclusions are listed.
The PNWSGD was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, in part , for economic stimulus. The
utilities participating in the project spent about $80M on the region’s smart grid infrastructure , and
88% of that investment remains installed and useful. A project infrastructure highlight is the Salem,
Oregon high-reliability zone and its 5 MW distribution battery energy storage system. The buildings
the University of Washington (UW) campus in Seattle, Washington, were largely unmetered prior to
project, but they are now well metered and support continuing conservation efforts on that campus.
Residential advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) system installations have been complete through
six of the project’s demonstration communities, and this infrastructure was finished, in part, using
from the U.S. Department of Energy and PNWSGD. Altogether, some 31 thousand AMI end point
about $21M were installed by the project, and the project utilities reported that another 46 thousand
existing meters participated directly or indirectly in the demonstration. Innovative distribution control
features and systems were installed at seven of the project’s distribution sites.
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SMART GRID
References
Articles –
Websites:-
www.nima.com
www.howstuffworks.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.xcelenergy.com/smartgridcity
www.schneider.com
www.powersmiths.com
www.renewableenrgyworld.com
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