1

Design of a piezoelectric structure

Abdulla Laila¹, Gabriela Orisell Gastelum Fernández², José Carlos Pineda Dawe³, Helia Dafne Flores Castro4
Facultad de Ciencias de la Electrónica, BUAP, México .
s0558704@htw-berlin.de¹ ,gogastelum@gmail.com²,
josecarlospinedadawe@gmail.com³, heliadafneflorescastro@gmail.com4

Abstract: Investigate and apply equations to obtain the efficiency of a

This paper presents the results obtained from the third piezoelectric through a programming design with Matlab and
practice of selected topics of renewable energies, which simulation in Solidworks.
consisted of designing a piezoelectric device from scratch
and simulate the whole process in Matlab in order to
III. DEVELOPMENT
measure and collect the important data, that is relevant for
the application of Piezoelectric in real life. a. Equations and formulas that describe
piezoelectric
Key Words: piezoelectric, Matlab, cantilever beam, bimorph. i. Nomenclature
I Moment of inertia
w Width of the beam
I. INTRODUCTION tsh Thickness of PZT and brass layer
The Improvement of Semiconductors technologies has tp
changed a lot in the modern technological world especially b Distance between the brass layer and PZT layer
when talking about small electronic devices with the lack of ηs Ratio of elasticity of PZT and brass
size or space. As the energy density of batteries continues to C Capacitance
improve, many of these devices are able to operate for long Permittivi constant at constant dielectric constant,ty
periods of time bassly on battery power. When reducing the
v33
stress
size of the energy capacitor or battery is a challenge, however Effective length of the beam
lb
replacing the battery at the end of its service life can be Length of the mass
challenging in some critical applications as sensors deployed
lm
K Stiffness
in remote locations or inside the human body.
VGen Voltage generated
Therefore, the need of harvesting ambient energy to power ε dielectric constan
the electronic devices in these situations arises. P Power
There are various ways of converting mechanical energy Resistance
R
from vibrations into electrical energy, including the
d33 Piezoelectric strain constant
piezoelectric effect.
d31 Piezoelectric strain constant
Piezoelectric materials possess crystalline structures in which H Electric field
the centers of positive and negative charges do not overlap, fr Resonance frequency
yielding dipole moments. When subjected to mechanical S11 Electrical quality constant
vibrations or motion, mechanical strain is applied to these
z Vertical displacement
materials and leads to distortion of the dipoles, creating
electrical charge. σ Stress

- The resonance frequency of a simply

supported cantilever beam can be calculated
using the following equation (1).
II. OBJECTIVE
a. General objective
(1)
Carry out the conditioning to investigate the relevant curves
and output data of a piezoelectric device bimorph cantilever
made of Lead Zirconate Titanate (Pb[ZrxTi1-x]O3)
b. Specific objective
 2

where E is the Young’s modulus, I is the moment of
inertia, L is the length, w is the width of the
cantilever, m is the mass per unit length of the
cantilever beam, and Vn= 1.875 is the eigenvalue
for the fundamental vibration mode.
- The optimum output power at resonance,
and the corresponding output voltage are
given by the following equation 7 and 8.

- To further lower the resonance frequency

of the cantilever, a proof mass can be
attached to the free end of the cantilever (2)
(2)
where Vn 1⁄4 Vn 0:236=3, me 1⁄4 0:236mwL is the
effective mass of the cantilever, Dm is the proof
mass, and K is the effective spring constant of the
cantilever.
- The effective piezoelectric charge constant
d33 of a cymbal transducer is expressed as
eq. 3.
(7) (8)
where Bf is the forcing vector that accounts for the
inertial loading on the cantilever beam due to the
base excitation, K is the stiffness, M is the mass, fm
is the mechanical damping ratio, h is a coupling term
that is a direct function of the piezoelectric strain
constant, and x€B is the acceleration of the base.
The moment of inertia (I) for a beam structure
composed with three layers is described as:

(3)
(9)
To describe for a piezoelectric ceramic
Charge generated in the beam es given in terms of
plate poled along its thickness direction, the applied force imposed by:
the planar-mode electromechanical
coupling factor, we can obtain it with the
eq. 4.

(10)

The capacitance of the piezoelectric material is

described as the relation between the voltage and
(4) charge on the piezoelectric material.
where d31 is the piezoelectric strain constant
(induced polarization in the “3” direction per unit
stress applied in “1” direction), s11E is the elastic
compliance, and ε33T is the permittivity under (11)
constant stress.
Thus, the voltage generated is found as a function of
- At low-frequency conditions, a the applied force
piezoelectric element can be approximated
as a parallel plate capacitor, so the electric
energy of the piezoelectric element is
given by eq. 5. (12)

The vertical displacement of the beam at the point

where the mass attaches with respect to the base of
(5) the beam.

- Or energy per unit volume

(6)
(13)
 3

To obtain the power with different resistances the Comparing the generation of voltage with the length, width
following equation is used: and thickness of the piezoelectric it was observed that had the
same behavior. The voltage generation is proportional to the
dimensions of the piezoelectric, that is, the larger the
piezoelectric, the greater the voltage generation, as we can
see in figures fig.1, fig 2 and fig. 3.
(14)

b. Matlab model of piezoelectric

We decide to make a code in Matlab, because this

software allow us to manipulate the thickness,
width, length and the proof mass in the easy way.
The most important thing for start to model the
piezoelectric is define very well the equations that
guide us to obtain the results that we´re searching.

Once the equations are defined, we proceed to write

the code that allows us to model the piezoelectric
beam. The first thing is defining the electric and
mechanical constants for the PZT-5H, we found
everything in the revised literature.
Fig. 2 Voltage vs length response of the beam
Then, we calculate the average variable uncertainty
of each constant and parameter, this is for be closer
to the reality. After that, we must calculate the tip
mass, this is in function with the rho, length, width
and height mass. The beam mass is important too,
because we need it for obtain the natural frequency.

The figure below (Fig. 1) summarizes the algorithm

used to search for optimized solutions. Basically,
input parameters and constraints are set (we found
everything in different papers). This is followed by
the generation of tables by incrementing the variable
parameters.

Fig. 3 Voltage vs. width response

Fig. 1 Flow chart of algorithm. (Appendix I)

When finding the measures that satisfy the

parameters established according to the practice,
then combinations of variable parameters are tested
to determine the optimum power output, voltage,
natural frequency, among the other requirements to
be met.

At appendix II shows the finally Matlab code that is

used for this project.
Fig. 4 Voltage vs. width of the beam response
 4

In the following fig. 5 is shown the graph of voltage vs

frequency, where the behavior of the voltage is affected by
change of the RL. We find our natural frequency at 82 Hz
generating 2.9V with a RL=2Gohm, the bigger the load
resistance is, the higher the generated voltage.

Fig. 7 Power vs RL response

Fig. 5 Voltage vs Frequency response of the beam

In the same way for power vs frequency (fig. 6) the behavior

is very similar, the bigger the load resistance the greater is
our power. In the natural frequency at 82Hz we have a power
of 41mW is produced with a RL=2Gohm. But for our
propose, we can choose RL=80kohm, because it keeps the
maximum power value generated at the frequency request.

Fig. 8 Voltage vs resistance of the beam

Fig. 6 Power vs. frequency response of the beam

The following two graphs (fig.7 y 8) can also note
the relationship already mentioned above. At higher
load resistance, higher voltage and power is
generated.
We can note an interesting fact with Fig.6 and Fig.
7, because it shows us the optimal frequency and
resistance of the system, so we choose 120kohm for
the load resistance and the frequency of 150Hz like
the optimal operation.
Fig. 9 Displacement vs length of the beam
In the graph obtained from Displacement vs. Length (fig. 9)
we can see that the displacement is negative, because the
applied force is on top of the beam and it moves downward,
also that the more the beam length is increased the vertical
displacement increases.
 5

c. Mechanical simulation in SolidWorks

For the mechanical simulation we used SolidWorks, but there

is a problem when we try to apply the forces. So, we can´t
finished at time. The fig. 10 shows the proposed model of the V. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
cantilever.
With this programming we can be more exact in the
measurements that a piezoelectric can give us and the
efficiency that is obtained.

The equations give us a parameter for the next applications

with which we will be working.

By simulating the work of piezoelectric with Solidworks

gives us an idea of what is the result in the practical part,
Fig. 10 Piezoelectric design model with the proof mass.
which is where we are most interested since the
implementation of this will improve the efficiency of the
voltage or tell us what it will be what to change.
IV. RESULTS
The measurements of the materials that make up the beam
VI. INDIVIDUAL CONCLUSIONS
were proposed with the help of the graphs shown in fig. 2, 3
and 4, since they show us in what measures a maximum
voltage level is generated. The table 1 shows the dimensions a. José Carlos Pineda Dawe:
of the beam designed. The elaboration of this program has allowed us to
observe the behavior of a piezoelectric bimorph PHT-5H
Table 1 Dimensions of the design by varying its length, width and thickness, also the
behavior of the generated voltage and the power when
Beam length 25.6mm the RL varies. This gives us the opportunity to design a
Metal length 25.6mm piezoelectric according to the needs of an application.
Proof mass length 3.22mm
Piezo thickness 0.134 b. Gabriela Orisell Gastelum Fernández:
Metal thickness 0.132 This work allowed us to review the theoretical part
Piezo width .1mm (where the mathematical, mechanical and physical
Metal width .1mm side of the piezoelectric analysis is involved) of the
modeling of a piezoelectric.

It´s interesting to see how with only a small

Thanks to the Matlab program, we can know the mechanical
and electrical properties of the beam (piezoelectric in
combination with the metal shell) and of the proof mass, like
it shows in the table 2.
Table 2 Mechanical and electrical properties
piezoelectric beam the energy can be generated, to
see how the measurements of the beam design
influence us on how to apply this technology in a
way that represents a solution to the problems we
face today in terms of energy supply in small
appliances or in very short periods of time.

Real max power 40MW c. Abdulla Laila:

Resonant Frequency (beam) 540Hz The application of Piezoelectric could be an

intelligent solution in many technological
Proof mass 0.000589kg Applications if it´s done right.
The most challenges of this technology for the next
Acceleration 1.962m/s decade, will be making it response to low
frequencies of vibrations and being able to operate
Ambient frequency 180Hz and produce a big decent amount output of voltage.

Yield stress 24 MPa d. Helia Dafne Flores Castro: La eficiencia de un

piezoeléctrico nos dará pauta a que este tipo de
Damping ratio 0.02 tecnologías serán las más aplicadas en el futuro,
sabiendo que ya se están aplicando en varias áreas
de investigación, así mismo viendo a un futuro para
poder trabajar más en ello y hacer muchas más
 6

investigaciones acerca de cómo poder mejorar u

obtener una mayor eficiencia y aplicaciones.

VII. REFERENCES

.
[1] A. Mukhanov et al., “Development of a Design Tool
for Optimization of Voltage Generation from a
Bimorph Piezoelectric Cantilever Beam,” Mater.
Today Proc., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 4477–4490, 2017.
[2] P. Hurtado, “Generación de energía mediante
piezoeléctricos en vías ferroviarias Proyecto de Fin
de Grado Grado en Ingeniería Mecánica,” 2016.
[3] H. Li, C. Tian, and Z. D. Deng, “Energy harvesting
from low frequency applications using piezoelectric
materials,” Appl. Phys. Rev., vol. 1, no. 4, 2014.
[4] J. K. Ajitsaria, “Modeling And Analysis Of PZT
Micropower Generator,” p. 157, 2008.
[5] C. Ket Thein, B. Lee Ooi, J. Liu, J. M. Gilbert, P. Teh
Teng Seng Level, and J. Permaisuri Bainun,
“Modelling and Optimisation of a Bimorph
Piezoelectric Cantilever Beam in an Energy
Harvesting Application,” J. Eng. Sci. Technol., vol.
11, no. 2, pp. 212–227, 2016.
 7

VIII. APPENDIX

Appendix I

Appendix II

clear all
clc
format long
Camort=0.015 ;
L=25.35e-3; %m
%l=1;
E=62.1;
e33=3500; %Cte diálectrica
e31=662281; %cte. piezoeléctrica
t=.0001;
wm=3.05e-3; %ancho de la viga
wp=1e-3; %ancho piezo
w=1e-3; %ancho corazón
den=7800;
den2=2700;
meff=.540;
Vn=1.875;
e33=3500;
Ef=5500000; %V/m
d33=585e-12;
e=3.36e-8; %F/m
rhosh=8800; %kg/m^3 metal
rhop=7800; %kg/m^3 piezo
rhom=1.93e4; %kg/m^3 masa de prueba
tand=0.05; %loss tan
lm=3.26e-3; %m
hm=0.001;
 8

kpeiz=0.533; %k coupling Coef

Ep=6.2e10*(1-kpeiz^2); %N/m^2

u_ave=5; %% Cte de incertidumbre

L_u=L*u_ave/100;
lm_u=lm*u_ave/100;
wm_u=wm*u_ave/100;
hm_u=hm*u_ave/100;
wp_u=wp*u_ave/100;
Ep_u=Ep*u_ave/100*0;
rhosh_u=rhosh*u_ave/100*0;
rhop_u=rhop*u_ave/100*0;
rhom_u=rhom*u_ave/100*0;

l=L-lm/2;
l_u=sqrt(L_u^2+lm_u^2/4);
E1=11e10; %N/m^2, Youngs mod for structural layer
E2=62e9; %Youngs mod for piezo

Cap=0.59;
Wn=135;

Sigm=Camort/(2*meff*Wn);
d33=590;
d31=3.20e-10; %m/V
tp=0.134e-3; %m
tsh=0.129e-3; %m
tp_u=tp*u_ave/100;
tsh_u=tsh*u_ave/100;
Esh=1.1e11; %N/m^2
Esh_u=Esh*u_ave/100*0;
Cp=Cap;
Yy=0.02; %Damping ratio (amortiguación mecánica)
I=1/12*wp*tsh^3+1/6*Ep/Esh*wp*tp^3+1/2*tp*Ep/Esh*wp*(tp+tsh)^2;

Ain=I; %input aceleration

%------ masa de prueba------------

M=rhom*lm*wm*hm;
%----------------- Masa de la viga ---------------------
Mb=L*wp*(2*tp*rhop+tsh*rhosh);
%---------------- Total de masas -------------------------
Mt=33/140*Mb+M;
%--------------- Rigidez ----------------------------------
I=1/12*wp*tsh^3+1/6*Ep/Esh*wp*tp^3+1/2*tp*Ep/Esh*wp*(tp+tsh)^2;
EI=Esh*I; %rigidez seccional

k=3*EI/l^3; %rigidez
%------------ Frecuencia natural ---------------------
f=sqrt(k/Mt)/2/pi;
%-----------alpha (coef de acoplamiento)--------------
alphap=3*wp*Ep*d31/2/l*(tsh+tp);
Cpp=2*e*wp*L/tp*(1-tand*1i);
%------------------- Potencia -------------------------
a=9.81*0.2; %m/s^2, constant acceleration
w_p=rhop*2*tp*w*a; %N/m, distributed piezo mass load (case 1)
w_b=rhosh*tsh*w*a; %N/m, distributed struct mass load (case 2)
F=M*a; %N, concentrated load at free end
syms x
 9

lp=25.35e-3-3.26e-3; %m, length with piezo (section 1)

lt=25.35e-3; %m, total length
lb=lt-lp; %m, length with out piezo (section 2)

M1=1/2*w_p*lp^2+1/2*w_p*x^2-lp*w_p*x+1/2*w_b*(lt^2+x^2-2*lt*x)+F*(lt-x);
M2=1/2*w_b*(lt^2+x^2-2*lt*x)+F*(lt-x);
K_1=E1*(1/12*w*tsh^3+1/6*E2/E1*w*tp^3+2*tp*E2/E1*w*(tsh/2+tp/2)^2);
%N-m^2, section 1 sectional stiffness
K_2=E1*(1/12*w*tsh^3);

U_p=int(M1^2/2/K_1,x,0,lp)+int(M2^2/2/K_2,x,lp,lt);

%------------------ Sistema de coef -------------------

A1p=-1/Mt;
A2p=-k/Mt;
A3p=alphap/Mt;
A4p=-alphap/Cpp;
A5p=-1/Cpp;
c=.01;
A1=c*A1p;
A2=A2p;
A3=A3p;
A4=A4p;
A5=A5p;
R_par=10e6;
R1=10e3;
R2=20e3;
R3=30e3;
R4=40e3;
R5=50e3;
R6=60e3;
R7=70e3;
R8=80e3;
R9=90e3;
R10=100e3;

R=[R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10];
Aa=[0 1 0;A2 A1 A3; 0 A4 A5/R1/R_par*(R1+R_par)];
Ab=[0 1 0;A2 A1 A3; 0 A4 A5/R2/R_par*(R2+R_par)];
Ac=[0 1 0;A2 A1 A3; 0 A4 A5/R3/R_par*(R3+R_par)];
Ad=[0 1 0;A2 A1 A3; 0 A4 A5/R4/R_par*(R4+R_par)];
Ae=[0 1 0;A2 A1 A3; 0 A4 A5/R5/R_par*(R5+R_par)];
Af=[0 1 0;A2 A1 A3; 0 A4 A5/R6/R_par*(R6+R_par)];
Ag=[0 1 0;A2 A1 A3; 0 A4 A5/R7/R_par*(R7+R_par)];
Ah=[0 1 0;A2 A1 A3; 0 A4 A5/R8/R_par*(R8+R_par)];
Ai=[0 1 0;A2 A1 A3; 0 A4 A5/R9/R_par*(R9+R_par)];
Aj=[0 1 0;A2 A1 A3; 0 A4 A5/R10/R_par*(R10+R_par)];
B=[0 -9.81 0]';
C=[0 0 1];
D=0;
sys1=ss(Aa,B,C,D);
sys2=ss(Ab,B,C,D);
sys3=ss(Ac,B,C,D);
sys4=ss(Ad,B,C,D);
sys5=ss(Ae,B,C,D);
sys6=ss(Af,B,C,D);
sys7=ss(Ag,B,C,D);
sys8=ss(Ah,B,C,D);
sys9=ss(Ai,B,C,D);
 10

sys10=ss(Aj,B,C,D);
w=100*2*pi:.5:200*2*pi;
[mag1, phase1, w1]=bode(sys1,w);
mag1=mag1(:);
[mag2, phase2, w2]=bode(sys2,w);
mag2=mag2(:);
[mag3, phase3, w3]=bode(sys3,w);
mag3=mag3(:);
[mag4, phase4, w4]=bode(sys4,w);
mag4=mag4(:);
[mag5, phase5, w5]=bode(sys5,w);
mag5=mag5(:);
[mag6, phase6, w6]=bode(sys6,w);
mag6=mag6(:);
[mag7, phase7, w7]=bode(sys7,w);
mag7=mag7(:);
[mag8, phase8, w8]=bode(sys8,w);
mag8=mag8(:);
[mag9, phase9, w9]=bode(sys9,w);
mag9=mag9(:);
[mag10, phase10, w10]=bode(sys10,w);
mag10=mag10(:);
mag=[mag1 mag2 mag3 mag4 mag5 mag6 mag7 mag8 mag9 mag10];

%---------------------- displacement ------------------

%Case 1, y1 domain 0<x<lp, y2 domain lp<x<lt
y11=-w_p/2/K_1*(1/2*lp^2*x^2+1/12*x^4-1/3*lp*x^3);
y21=-w_p*lp^4/K_1/8-w_p*lp^3/6/K_1*(x-lp);
%Case 2, y1 domain 0<x<lp, y2 domain lp<x<lt
C12=w_b/2*(lt^2*lp+1/3*lp^3-lt*lp^2)*(1-K_2/K_1);
C22=w_b/2*(1/2*lt^2*lp^2+1/12*lp^4-1/3*lp^3*lt)*(1-K_2/K_1)-C12*lp;
y12=-w_b/2/K_1*(1/2*lt^2*x^2+1/12*x^4-1/3*lt*x^3);
y22=-w_b/2/K_2*(1/2*lt^2*x^2+1/12*x^4-1/3*lt*x^3)+C12/K_2*x+C22/K_2;
%Case 3, y1 domain 0<x<lp, y2 domain lp<x<lt
C13=F*(-1/2*lp^2+(lt-lb/2)*lp)*(1-K_2/K_1);
C23=F*(-1/6*lp^3+1/2*(lt-lb/2)*lp^2)*(1-K_2/K_1)-C13*lp;
y13=-F/K_1*(-1/6*x^3+1/2*(lt-lb/2)*x^2);
y23=-F/K_2*(-1/6*x^3+1/2*(lt-lb/2)*x^2)+C13/K_2*x+C23/K_2;
y1=vpa(y11+y12+y13,5);
y2=vpa(y21+y22+y23,5);
y1d=vpa(y11+y12+y13,5)+a/(1.5*2*pi)^2*0;
y2d=vpa(y21+y22+y23,5)+a/(1.5*2*pi)^2*0;
figure (6)
subplot(2,1,1);
xlabel('Length')
ylabel('Displacement')
title('Displacement vs Length')
figure (7)
subplot(2,1,2);
fplot(y2d,[lp,lt]);
xlabel('thickness');
ylabel('Displacement');
title('Displacement vs thickness')
%D=(e33*Ef)+(d31*rhosh);

figure(1)
plot(w1/2/pi,mag1,w2/2/pi,mag2,w3/2/pi,mag3,w4/2/pi,mag4,w5/2/pi,mag5,w6/2/pi,mag6,w7
/2/pi,mag7,w8/2/pi,mag8,w9/2/pi,mag9,w10/2/pi,mag10)
xlabel('Hz')
 11

ylabel('Voltage')
title('Voltage vs Frequency')
legend('20 kOhm','40 kOhm','60 kOhm','80 kOhm','100 kOhm','120 kOhm','140 kOhm','160
kOhm','180 kOhm','2 GOhm')

figure(2)
plot(w1/2/pi,mag1.^2/2/R1*1000000,w2/2/pi,mag2.^2/2/R2*1000000,w3/2/pi,mag3.^2/2/R3*1
000000,w4/2/pi,mag4.^2/2/R4*1000000,w5/2/pi,mag5.^2/2/R5*1000000,w6/2/pi,mag6.^2/2/R6
*1000000,w7/2/pi,mag7.^2/2/R7*1000000,w8/2/pi,mag8.^2/2/R8*1000000,w9/2/pi,mag9.^2/2/
R9*1000000,w10/2/pi,mag10.^2/2/R10*1000000)
xlabel('Hz')
ylabel('Power (mW)')
title('Power vs Frequency')
legend('20 kOhm','40 kOhm','60 kOhm','80 kOhm','100 kOhm','120 kOhm','140 kOhm','160
kOhm','180 kOhm','2 GOhm')

figure(3)
pzmap(sys1,sys2,sys3,sys4,sys5,sys6,sys7,sys8,sys9,sys10)
legend('10 kOhm','10 kOhm','20 kOhm','20 kOhm','30 kOhm','30 kOhm','40 kOhm','40
kOhm','50 kOhm','50 kOhm','60 kOhm','60 kOhm','70 kOhm','70 kOhm','80 kOhm','80
kOhm','90 kOhm','90 kOhm','100 kOhm','100 kOhm')
num=100:10:200;
mag_r=[mag1.^2/2/R1*1000000 mag2.^2/2/R2*1000000 mag3.^2/2/R3*1000000
mag4.^2/2/R4*1000000 mag5.^2/2/R5*1000000 mag6.^2/2/R6*1000000 mag7.^2/2/R7*1000000
mag8.^2/2/R8*1000000 mag9.^2/2/R9*1000000 mag10.^2/2/R10*1000000];
w(num)/2/pi

figure(4)
plot(R,mag_r(num,:))
xlabel('RL')
ylabel('Power (mW)')
title('Power vs RL')
legend('100 Hz','110','120 Hz','130 Hz','140 Hz','150 Hz','160 Hz','170 Hz','180 Hz'
)

figure (5)
plot(R,mag(num, :));
xlabel('Resistivity')
ylabel('Voltage')
title('Voltage vs R')

O1=21e-3;
O2=22e-3;
O3=23e-3;
O4=24e-3;
O5=25e-3;
O6=26e-3;
O7=27e-3;
O8=28e-3;
O9=29e-3;
O10=30e-3;

O=[O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8 O9 O10]; %Length

figure (8)
plot(O,mag(num, :),'LineWidth', 1.3);
xlabel('Length (m)')
ylabel('Voltage (V)')
title('Voltage vs Length')
%------------- Width------------------
 12

Q1=.1e-3;
Q2=.2e-3;
Q3=.3e-3;
Q4=.40e-3;
Q5=.50e-3;
Q6=.60e-3;
Q7=.70e-3;
Q8=.80e-3;
Q9=.90e-3;
Q10=1.00e-3;

Q=[Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10]; %Width

figure (9)
plot(Q,mag(num, :),'LineWidth', 1.3);
xlabel('Width (m)')
ylabel('Voltage (V)')
title('Voltage vs Width')

T1=0.1e-3;
T2=2.2e-3;
T3=2.3e-3;
T4=2.40e-3;
T5=2.50e-3;
T6=2.60e-3;
T7=2.70e-3;
T8=2.80e-3;
T9=2.90e-3;
T10=3.00e-3;

T=[T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10]; %Length

figure (10)
plot(T,mag(num, :),'LineWidth', 1.3);
xlabel('Thickness (m)')
ylabel('Voltage (V)')
title('Voltage vs Thickness')