•

⎯
•
⎯
•
•

• 𝑅𝑡
S𝑤
𝑅𝑤
ൗ𝑅 = S𝑤 𝑛 ∅𝑚
𝑡
 𝑅𝑤
ൗ𝑅 = S𝑤 𝑛 ∅𝑚
𝑡

+++++++

•
𝑅𝑡1
•
𝑛 𝑚 ---------
+++++++

o 𝑅𝑤1 = 𝑅𝑤2 ∅1 = ∅2 𝑆𝑤1 = 𝑆𝑤2 𝑅𝑡2

o 𝑅𝑡1 ≠ 𝑅𝑡2 𝑚1 ≠ 𝑚2 𝑛1 ≠ 𝑛2
---------
 𝑅𝑤
ൗ𝑅 = S𝑤 𝑛 ∅𝑚
𝑡

• +++++++
•
•
• 𝑅𝑡1
• 𝐽 𝐸

---------
1 𝜕𝐸
𝐽 = 𝐸 + 𝜺 +++++++
𝑅 𝜕𝑡

𝑅𝑡2
𝐸 𝐸
---------
 Change in Amplitude Phase Change

Transmitter Receiver
frequency  V *  f ( ,  ,  , r )
- Vacuum
- Medium
 Aei
Spacing 𝑟

o We convert a collection of amplitude and phase measurements into 𝜀 and 𝜎

Amplitude 𝐴 𝑓 −1 Permittivity 𝜀

Phase ∅ Conductivity 𝜎
•

E
𝜎(𝜔) E=0

𝜀 ∗ = 𝜀𝑟 (𝜔) + 𝑖
𝜔𝜀𝑜
•

•
Matrix Oil Water Salt’s ions
•

•
 • •

• • •

•
𝑆11 Network
Analyzer

𝑉𝑟 𝜎(𝜔)
𝑆11 = 𝜀∗ = 𝜀𝑟 (𝜔) + 𝑖
𝑉𝑖 𝜔𝜀𝑜
•
•
•

•
•
o
o
o

o
o
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

•
•
•
•
•
o

2
𝜀CRIM = 1−𝜙 𝜀𝑚 + 𝜙 𝑆𝑤 𝜀𝑤 + 1 − 𝑆𝑤 𝜙 𝜀oil

𝑝2 𝑝3 𝑝4
𝜀𝑤 𝑝1 𝜀 ∗ − 𝜀𝑚 𝜀𝑤 + 𝐴(𝑝, 𝛿)𝜀𝑚 𝜀𝑤 + 𝐵(𝑝, 𝛿)𝜀𝑚
∅𝑤 = ∗
𝜀 𝜀𝑤 − 𝜀𝑚 𝜀 ∗ + 𝐴(𝑝, 𝛿)𝜀𝑚 𝜀 ∗ + 𝐵(𝑝, 𝛿)𝜀𝑚
3 𝑝 2 + 3𝛿
𝑚= 1−𝑝 +
2 3𝛿 2 − 𝛿
 2
𝜀CRIM = 1−𝜙 𝜀𝑚 + 𝜙 𝑆𝑤 𝜀𝑤 + 1 − 𝑆𝑤 𝜙 𝜀HC
o
o
o

o
o

o
o

(freq = 100 𝑘𝐻𝑧)

o 54bk 54up

dielectric constant
60.00

o 50.00

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
1 10 100 1000

Frequency (MHz)

54bk 54up

0.30

conductivity (S/m)
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
1 10 100 1000

Frequency (MHz)
o

o
o
o
o
o
o 𝑀𝑁
o
o