Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Notation xvii
I Fundamentals 1
1 Divisibility 3
1.1 Divisibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Prime Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 The Greatest Common Divisor and Least Common Multiple . . . 17
1.4 Odd and Even . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.5 Modular Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.6 Chinese Remainder Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.7 Numerical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.7.1 Representation of Integers in an Arbitrary Base . . . . . . 36
1.7.2 Divisibility Criteria in the Decimal System . . . . . . . . 38
2 Powers of Integers 47
2.1 Perfect Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.2 Perfect Cubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.3 kth Powers of Integers, k at least 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4 Digits of Numbers 77
4.1 The Last Digits of a Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.2 The Sum of the Digits of a Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.3 Other Problems Involving Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
1 Divisibility 215
1.1 Divisibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
1.2 Prime Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
1.3 The Greatest Common Divisor and Least Common Multiple . . . 227
1.4 Odd and Even . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
1.5 Modular Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
1.6 Chinese Remainder Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
1.7 Numerical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Glossary 369
Contents xi
Bibliography 377