Om Hypravtic Systems Principles and Maintenance0 the mamores of my parents Narendrvand KiranPreface ‘revolutionary tangas ken paint field ot Fld Power technology doe {hie integration a lector a snl medium for hyalie somponents nd systems Dutt serenedropitieton of hydraulics and allied feof ‘gnering, he Byrslcally driven machines ae now able to geerte more Dower and higher aecurcy i peed, fore and positon corrl This book hs been ween vith the sole objective of bringing the various selection ane ‘manulsturagtecrigus,contl, procedure and application of byerasc fommponets fom muieaace pus of View t kph 30 that the pradute and Sndegrauar level stent pursuing a cater in Byealcs may find ort ‘etl “Tis book fe meant forthe students who want to make 4 profession in hylauis nd fd power, thera system designer, ahr constuction mechanic ad fabicuion enginst ors a maitenanceeninet. The vaious ‘opie deal nthe book ae copies ef sontined with anism posse ‘ctor lusvatin fo easy undestanding an clear conception. Etats have Slso Been made inlue he atest eos nthe Hl of hyauis and allied onl ares to keep the reader abreat of the ever changing stat of the ‘echoaogy noi bec. ‘While wring the book, the author fered a god aumber of estar nd ties writen onthe act renowned aston wha ave ben aekrowleed at the end ofeach shaper. However there igh hve Been some invent fmusion i the lit of amen, for which the aioe take tht opportunity #0 ‘knowlege the diet or niet contbuton of alte authors once ai Shaping i book "The autor would like to ask Tats McGraw-Hill Publishing Company “Linatd, New Deli for showing interes in the book Hei ls gat to ‘Ms Vis Mahajan, Me Thomas Mate Rajesh, for thie spontnsous lp sisiancein developing and pablahing the book Hs sincere tha areal de ‘Ms Min Narayanan athe rodbton eamof Tata Mal Publishing (Company Limite. Test but ne the la am thakfl oy family members foe conned support without which this ok would rt have been posible My fends sad folleguer who ercoaraged me contanly to wate ths Book ae alo knowledge foc thithelp and ssistance. SR ManonContents Prelce a 1. Bases of industrial Hydraulics 1 1 - Hiswry of Fid Power. 2 12. Baste Sytem of Hyerales Major Adages ed Diadvanages 2 13 Physical Unie for Fluid Power V4 UnteofMeanrement 6 TS Principles of yeas Fid Power 10 116 Hydonsiesortycrkineis 16 17 FuidEnergy Motion 16 Le Pow Veloey” 17 19) Lamiarand Tubulent Flow 19 Review Questions 19 References 19 2, ydraue Ols and Flu Properties 0 21 Types of Hydrlc ids and Selecson Ctra 20 22 Popes of Hydrulc ui 20 23 hei Carers 23 24 Reynlde Dumber 3 25 180 visoaiy Grade 35 26 Inferceof Temperature on Viscosity 37 27 Peuceum Oil asiydrasie Fd 39 28 Highwate Based Foid—History of Evoluson 49 29. RgPreparton 42 210 CommonFie Reitant Fluids 45 2.11 Maintenance of yaa Os 47 212 Biodegaddble Ol 50 Review Questions “52 Rajerencer 33 3. fers and Filtration st 3 Nature and Etc of Comamiation 55 32 Sources of Contamination 36 33. Erle of iron India Hydraulic Componens 53x Com 34 Sytem Faire 60 35 Contrunation Levels and Sundaristion 62 3b Fiter Rating 66 BT FlterTemieolry 65 AE Biter Design 3 39° Environmental Facor 72 310 Types of Fier 73 BIL Filter Conseuction 77 RID. Location of iter” 87 4.13. Physical Measurement of Conaminan Size tnd Fi Analyse 82 54 Magnetic Filter 85 315 Optimum Fltaion 85 4316 Automatic Pale Couner fn Performance Charteris 86 347 Conclusion 7 Review Questions 87 Rajrencer 88 4. Hydrate Pumpe— Construction, Siaing and Selection 41 Pump Clasision 89 42° Gear Pumps 93 43 Ina Gear Pump 100 $3 Geroer Pump 101 45 Scew Pumpe 102 4 Vane Pumps 106 47 Piston Pape 112 485. Seleting and Sizing of Hyealic Pumps 127, 49° OiLCompabliy 132 410 Size 138 SAL Nowe 135 412 Pump Ripple 138 13 Checklist 147 Reviow Questions 141 References 182 S.Diretion Control Valves What to Contol? 143 Direction Conl Valve 144 ‘Operting Methods and Parameters 146 CContol Tecbrigue 750 ‘Cente Conditions of Spool Valves 154 Balancing Groove on Spool Land 158 (rerap in Sliding Spo! Valve 159 1 Coins 57 Spool Povtoning, Back ressue nd Forse Acting 0 Spl 166 58 Few Piste Note Anou Valves 169 59° DC Vale Spciicaton 170 Review Quesions 171 References 171 Flow and Pressure Conte m 61 Noo-etm Valves 172 62 Preture Control Valves 175 63 Sequence Valve 179 {64 Counter Balance Valve 150 63 Premure Reducing Valve 182 65 Unlouing Valve 183 67 Speed Contml Device 185 68 Principle of Pow Conrol 754 {69 Calculason of Flow Quanity through an Orifice 196 610 Posiionng af a Flow Conta Vale 196 612 Proportion! Pressure and Flow Contol Valves 197 Review Questions 198 References 199 Hydraulic Servo Technlgue—Recent Trends 200 1 Funcion ofa Hydraulic Sytem 201 72 Mechanical Feedback and Application of Taser Valve 20¢ 73 Feedback inthe System 206 7 leeuo-hydealc Servo System 207 15 Torque Motor 227 1 Types of Se Valves 227 17 Special Seno Valve Featzes 235 78 Tem usd in Servo Technology 238 Review Questions “241 References 24 Linear Actustors a2 LL Hydaulic Cylinders 247 82 Consracton of Cylinders 245 53 Sealsin Cylinder” 257 B4CylnderRelabiayy 222 5S Preficing Wear 25S 36 Cylinder Fore, Asclecation and Losses 256 87 Calculation of Cynder Forces 259 88 Flow Velocity 262 89° Cylinder EMcleney 262x 10, 1, 8.10 SisingofCyider Tubes 263 11 Piston Rod Design 266 12 Mounting Sele ofCylinges 269 13. Cashioning of the Hyémaulie Cylinder 275 4 Malnenane Tips on Cylinder Mousing 278 13. Hydiule Cylinder and theie Characters Appiation 272 18 Checklist for Cylinder Design 257 17 Some Common Cynder Problems 289 Review Querons 284 References 284 Rotary Actuators ad Hpdrostale Transmision 286 9.1 Hyde Motes. 286 52 VaneMotore 282 93. Gear Motors 290 94 Piston Mots 291 85 SelecionofHyéro-matos 297 96 Hydraulic orFleieal Motors 299 97 Hydeaue Mores Cicuts 298 98 Typerof lieth Trassmisslon 307 99° Rimp-moweCombnaton 302 9.10 Opes LooporCloseé Loop System 305 9111 Applcaionot Hydrostatic Tansmission 308 912 Hydrosate Steering 311 913 Tongue Converter 312 Review Questions 316 References 317 Heat Generation in Hydra System a8 101 Soures of Hest 328 102. Estimation o Het Rise 320 103. Role of Hydric Oi Tak in HeutDispation 324 04 Uieand Application of est Exchangers yells Systems 325 10S Al Cooling of Hydric System 326 Revw Quertont 332 References 338 Hydraulic Reservoirs and Accumlators Py LL Corman Types of Reservoirs 235 112. ReeroleMounangand Consration 25 113 ReveroirShape snd Sie 338 LUA Reservoir Accesories 399 US AtouPping 340 116 Maintenance 300 2 18 M4, 117. meget Resenos 347 ILS Hytaulie Ascoruators 367 U9. Say Unseectons 48 10 Propenies of Nevogen 345 TU Accumulars ina Circe 346 12 Import Points to Not Regucing ‘Accumulator Seleion 2 1143 Testing of Ascumlitons 369 Review Questions 250 Rajrences 350 Design of Hydraulle Creit 351 121 Hyd Crouts 352 122 Manualor Automatic Hydra Systems 352 123. RegeneatveCicut Jo? 124 Useof Check Valvesia HydaulicCcas 364 125. SeectonofPamp 367 126. Stndudsin cuit Diagram Represeotaion 368 127 Speed Vanation ia Cylincer Maton 37 128. SomeBasoCieie 373 129 Functional Diagram 389 1210 Applicaton Functional iagam 385, 121 Elta Conrol of Hyérauli Systems 388 Review Questions 389 Rejerences 391 Seal and Packigs 392 131 Classification of Hyraulic Seals 393 132. Favor fer Sai Seletion 397 133. SeulForm 90 TBA Compact Packing 418 13S Howto Fan ving 419 137 Dynamic Seals 422 137 FalureotSeal_ 426 TAB Seasare Affected by Additives 432 13.9. General Gusaines for Seal Selection and nsalition 433 15.10 Fauly Fungo Seas in Cylinders 434 1311 Bury Text 3 Review Questions 436 References 437 Hydraulic Pipes, Hoses and Fitings 438 141 Koa Pipes and Stel Tubes 438 142 PipeFiings 42143. Energy Los 451 144 Estimation of Line Diameter 455 145 SymtoticHydaalic Hoses 457 146 Compaubiy of Fee Resisant Oils withthe Hose Material 463 147. lation of Hoses, Tubes and Pipes 464 148 DesgnofEnd tings 472 149. QuickCoopling «75 1410 RightSizefHose 477 IAL Hose Selection Citra 478 1.12 Reliaity Tex forHoves 479 1413 Guidelines for Pipe and ose Mainenance 48 14.14 PiperTube Preparation for nsalaton 483 1418 Use of Teflon Tape 8¢ 14.16 ErfectofFicion on Ppes/TubestHoses 484 1417 Stadaré Threads on Tobe 485 1.18 Easy Screw Together Reusable Asiemby 485 Review Questions 487 References 487 18, Hydrauic System Matntenane, Repair and Reconditioning 489 181 Common Fas ina Hydraulic Sytem 490 152 ProcedareforRepir 492 153 Conuminaion #88 184 Component Fitings and Failure dveto Contaminants 500 133. Biterand Fier Maintenance 504 156. PumpMaimenane 509 15.7 "Hydric Syste Maitnance 513 158 Mainenance and Perormance Monitoring 514 159. Estimstion of Sel Fale 378 15.10 MuimenanceofLie-Stings 520 111 Noise 523 15.12 Faule Diagnosis of Hydraulic System and ite Components 527 15.13 General Safety Measures for lid Power Sytem 537, 1514 Inspection Fat for Hyde Systems 539 Review Questions 340 Rejeencer 58 Index sa 1 Basics of Industrial Hydraulics ‘the ecentpstterehas hee significant ineress inte ve ofhyaicsin our industies, The use of ol hydraulic systems as a means of power iranaminion n modem machines evolved a few decades eater inthe wesc eld: Butts application i aia nds i of orpativel recent hole andhence, there a great dea of rgency and ipsportace to master the a Fs sppleion and mantnance. Hyrauc syems are now extensive sed in ‘chine tools material handling devices, eanspont and other mobile ewipment, ‘er avaion systems, et. AX the moment thee eis a Big gap between the ability and eqirement of waa manpower in thi ital eld of oder fnpinezing i India. To brigge the gap i is esenal tat our design and ‘pplicaion engineers ad mastrance personne! fom te lest tach ishest, level are ivenextensive onthe ob lning sth the operational eine of ‘machineries using a hydralc system asthe prime source of power transmission an be mained at sp opumur level. Apan fom the fluid power syeiem Assigns a good maintenance and milsght mechanic shuld also have Fist ‘hag eo nowledgenentblehimto tackle paca problems encountered uring staan, portion td ainenane of ie hysulicegupmet. “The asc principles that are associated withthe since of yds, re tobe expel in a manner vaso inculcate a sense of sonidece needed 1 tackle olen without any ambiguity. The fling chapters, tishope, wll te able to provide the required knowlege and sil the concerned personnel inthis resof engineering with sequnte nasal capably otckles problem mosteffesely2 Ol Fv Sy: ipso aimee 11 HISTORY OF FLUID POWER Since time immemorial, man his ecognised and accepted Dds a source of| Dower, This site evident fom the fact hatin olden dys simple machines like te Paton wheel were developed to ant riation water o water head ‘nas used otras power. In 1648 a French Physics, Blase Pasa, peoved the phenomenon tat water anes pressure equally thoughout a contains. This principle mat later on ured in indy 0 generate donc a i the Bramsh's pes. However du tothe aGvent of cleric sound 1850, he use of ware power (water iycrauli mindy dete unt the outreak of Woré Wa From 1920 onwards, o-hyralis stared appearing in varios mschine too corols inFurope USA, Canaa,cte, Engineer sted seg ids for power wansmis ton and base elements like purge, comol-valves, cylinders, ec. wer xpetmented with and perfected. Slowly ciydaucs assumed a place of Fmpocace insets uf powersraimission and replced many mechanical ‘clement ike ine sats, chin, sez boxes, electri ve sos te RAO mechani yes, 1.2 BASIC SYSTEM OF HYDRAULICS-MAJOR "ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES, ‘The bsic component f the above sytem ae pump, suns, il servo. filter, pesure gauge, pressure relief valve, dueeion comzol valve, actuate (eylinderor mone These components are joined oper or conned by ‘mean of pipes, bes or hoses. ‘Ar bar been mentioned, the industrial hydralic system is & power transission syste ung ot ary te poner. ll spsems equ an imp tnd an out. "The power may btransnited diet nia loud or may be tansntedin he faxm of contol The greater and ine he sgl the more postive, reliable, tecutate and responsive the conto, The np and outpus any power and ‘Sonos including te hyralcsystm ae mecharcal such a oatng ‘aftorareipoestng plunger Aa add advantage ith his ste i easily Adaptable toa variety of energy form and he sgnals may be inated by ‘desta, chenussl, mandl, opel, eleezonicdgital or accoustic means. Hand ever, plunger spring, lls and ster, sleoid and torque motors srecommon enample of onl apts, whe he cuputmay be te roverer ‘of paton rod orthe tuning of sha Another ery spiiant advantage of Fydhauicsstem ar tere a temendous possibly of force amplieation (cinether words high force maybe generated rom sal pat inal 88 theca of servo sytem Of coe there eases Ke con losses, bat he tol gun much higher than an odinary recone system, this being the Ihest important ean why oe sould ofr yculcsstom. Hydraulic can us of tl yan 3 be pipe in all direction and can ow in several pipes athe se tne, bt al) ‘input an ouput willbe balanced othe same presi 121 Advantages of a Hydraulic System ‘Tae baie sdvantagesoffeed by a hytale systm aes fallow: 1. Hydeale powers as to produce, nei, sore, regulate nd conta ‘minain nd esr 2. Weight to power rato of a hydaulic system ie comparivey less han that fora elerosnechaial yam. (About 8 kpRW for elercal motes and 85 kg/RW fo a hydo- sysem. Tis possibeo genecate high aun fre and power amplifcton 44 Hydulc stems areunform ané sacs, generat sees mein snd Sarah sped snd force to a greater azarae, 4. Division and dserbution of iyelie power simpler and casi than ‘ther frme of ent 6. Liming nd balancing of hy dake forces re ely performed. 7 Frchonalesistange sch kss in ahd sytem as competed o& ‘mechani! movers. 8. Hydraulic elemens an be located atany pace and controled every 5. The noise and baton produced by hyde pup mini. 10. Herat systems are cheaper fone consider the high efficensy of power trnimision. 11, Easy maiteance of hydraulic system is another advantage 12. Hydraulics is mechanically safe compactand is apie other fors of power and can be eal contlled. 13, Hydraulic onputcan bebo ines, rotations or angul,Use of fesble ooreston in hyauhe system permits generation of compound moon without ear ee 14 Hydaulis ss beter overtoad safe power sytem. Tis ca be ely achieved by using a pressure ali ale, 15. Aboltlysecuate fed bck of lod, postion ec. ca be achieved ina hydolic system as in elecwohyarulic and digital electronic sef09 system Because efighpowerand scat contl possiblity, n mode ogieganguge byes teed eral ot an at 122 Disadvantages of a Hydraulic System In pit ofall he above advantages, dal ayes have some drawbacks vhichate mentioned elo, "The disadvantages sre 1. yeas elements have to be mashing t igh degree of pression which increases he manufac cot ofthe system4 Ae: ripe on Mate 2 Cecain hyd systems are exposed to unienly climate and diy [pmoaghore she near of mabey dais ke dumper, loaders. 3. Lenkge afar pses problems to hyralic user, {2 Ryautc tement have to be special uested protect them against, fas comeson dite ‘5, Hydvulic ol ay pose problems if sregrates due to sping and chemical deteoeon 6, Povleum based Ryall sy pose fre hazards ths limiting the oper level of wocking temperature. However, duet avaabty of Siete fre resistant ols ths problem is of academic interest, sovee-ys, Tocombutevioometl effets of peoleum an chemical edo effort ar on to ei degradable ols no, 13. PHYSICAL UNITS FOR FLUID POWER efoedesebing the physical pisples of lst may be necessary coknow fist the physical units usedin Mud omer measurement. 13:1 Philosophy of Mass/Weight/Force Engineers throughout ihe world are nw fully accustomed tothe wse of Systeme Inertia (Sune and asocre terminology. However, ceranterms ike Stee us, et a ail wrongly eed by any. We know that weights in Trai unt otfre ie. Ws mg whee m = mas spd g=aceeleraon de 0 avi, yet we pena in using to designate a physical propery of a body sociated wih its mas. To be consist in te ase of proper physical ‘ermology a laid wnt ISO one shouduse the unit Newton in Leyte to Gente weg. The discrepancy inthe use of properand appropriate ems maybe ‘nade clea fom he subsequent clanifcatons. Pound) was ere used bythe Bish system as uit of mass or weigh. ‘Now. convert 1 kg Ib we sate dt 1g = 22 Tb. Bu lyn may not pein sucha steent, What equality ay ha Ug as, Tun) 5 thesame asa ass which weighs 22 Tip Bish un. But what his equality oer nots isunde which gravity condition this statements te To acs statements tue only wheretheaceeraton de to gevityis 981 sai or 322 Ws Ifthe above comparison s mage at a reference where the ‘elton due to gravis 7.62 nl oF 25 fser then 1g (ass)= 1 1 (weit. ‘Ter is nothng wrong i ong these uns as long as we recogise the fundamental itfeence. However te inonsisency caused wouble antl the FPS Unis were phased out entirely In the metae world there i sll lot of inconsieney nthe we ofrastnightunts. A troublesome practice the one kg iaes) and (force) orklopund by some merc ses "There isan inconsistency ofthe sae order a5 that we have seen inthe receding paragraph The ilopoordis atan Sunita has been replaced by the Bare dnl Hoc § [Newon. We have become so used to using Ke (mt) in the contest of fundamental phil propery of ody that we ages aly adeivedterm ‘The space programme With Is "weighters" environment provided sme pesspecivecn his situation butsomehow wehavenotbeenabetocaryover te Concept ofthe vaca of he force of gravity int dating room. “eight” means the force of gravity acting on gten mae 0 he layman “weigh georaly means rass—tbe anoontof oatoes,oilor rete he bust a store, Further complication arsesby using “logan” forboih mass and fece inte mari technical (raion) sytem Incossteny nceaes when ne Say Tor iastane, that pou s being sold by “weigh” but is measured i Newton ‘This confsion i ony due tothe practi method of messing mass which is peformed by graviationl methods, Le. we messre the “Tree” by which that as aac the euth “Te sping balance san example of ths, butt i ceaibeted in mse unit and shoud be adjusted fora given Iecaton by thease of known mass pecs. A Aouble pn balance needs no adjustment for location becuse the forces cing gully onthe masen on bth sides are efatively peated Because ofthe dal meaning of the term "weight ts recommended that be techicl community should notuse the term weight and its derivatives. The system has sepate and distnet units for mass andYore. Instead of using eight the em mas o° force, whichever sapropie andi esgesive SI {ithe ogra or newton shold be ued ‘When refering tothe force of gravity, ws newton, When fring tomas, se ile. The SK sjster san absolute satin which mas the Base ‘wan and force ith deed gut, Te we an religous! asa fom asin he terms “weight. "weigh ad ‘weighs the problem wil save isle. Tn some counties, dss doe or the consume follows ig Reva a Ws 3 ele ins peses, 4 ay devin or weihng smut mer AAs mule engineers when they work with fres, convert matt louds (logs) ino Fre unis newton) to solve a problem involving ores. Mass sunt malpliedby the acceleration af gravy Yor aspecfe lean wl giethe force of aravty in newtone sting on hat mass, Dx 88 ws! = 294N), ‘crane operator infty erst nly the mani oa (mast unis that he eran strict cn sey hal. “To stopthe saz ofthe “weigt ithe ulna wolatontothe confusion ‘Til that is achieved we habe to live with this contadicton in physi termialogy.6 Othe Snr: Pepe od Matinee 14 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT 14 Basie Units Sixbasi toi ar given below Psa quan None of Stat Symba 1 Lent ate a 2 Mise I & 3 Tne io : 4 Bet comet ee a 5 Temedmanctenpeatre Kein E 6. Limo ety ‘sols & Symbol for nits donot take apa foe, Sipplenentary wits St Symbol 1, Pane ng rds 8 2. Sold ange Sendan te 142 Definitions 4, Length The unit of length called the mate i 168076373 wave lengths in ‘cau of the dation coreaponing fo the Wanton between the eneey levels 22 and Sd ofthe eyptom 86 atom. 2.Hlasr The eit of mas, calle he ilogra, i the mas ofthe interatinst oatyeofaplatnanindiameylinder kept Stes in Paris {he Koga was oginallyVtended tobe the weight in vacuum of one cable deinete fisted wate at °C.) 44.-ime The unions called second isthe ration of 9192631770 periods ‘tthe dition sorsesponding fhe anton htween the wo hypering eels fhe pound stat ofthe cpestur-133at. oi enon second = =! — of man solar day [ove was | L 4 Tomperatare Kevinis —1__ of te thermodynamie temperature of water, me 143 Common factors and multiples of Metric and SI waits Malis factor Pri Symbol wo a T wo aa c 108 mega M © ‘lo x ww eco 5 Bots dail Pps 7 z saw ee goes (8) 20.00.00 watt = 220 10" W = 220 mega watt, 0 MW (0) 1S pgabyees =15 10° ayes = G byes 145 Force and Mass in SI System ‘Mass isthe fundamental propery of a quantity of a puticular mater, Conceptual ican be considered ashe quant’ resistance to change inmotion (era) in Newtonian ystems Foexampe themes ceri volume! on ‘safer rom te mass ofthe same volume of wood ol tne, Forceisadeiedfncaon rate han funda oe tint the Prope of he gaunt of materia ba reste fra what happening to. Kelas nergy being expended in moving a mas (kina ener). or being sted (potential ensey) relative othe as in onli sys Weigh i considered tobe an nheret property, ke mas. Actually it i special kindof force which snot consn. Ie depende onthe aeeleration of he mast, wich because of the force of evity egal 9807 min the SI met syst 145 Newto This uw stats ht foc is proprional o the at of change of momentum Second Law of Motion im aw Pa oF a RG whee SMC isthe rte of change of momentum and ie «cost Nora ngineringtolerancescan beheld the mast iste tobe constant Making ‘hisasumpton, faf =) ao (4{22)) +n $2 px 2, This ile called veloc presae i= Vx Th veloc oe fds Hybasie 17 Pressre energy: Pressure energy isthe energy of» body by vimue of is ondon. The pressure energy of & liquid solu ws expressed by dividing pressure by the dense of the gud 2 Ae presurecongy = = i pressue enity of Ws, = volume displaced presse = Vx P According to Bernoulli's pil, the tora energy of guid cost. Neglecting the loses Wg + Wy Wi As all te thee forms of energy can exist in a hyéralic sytem, ean sepreent te sum tol of energy a tie nano ayem +2uk 2p Frome fist law of thermodynamics, we know tha energy cant becreted ‘or destyedeven though the eetgy canbe rns formed tote for, Chel nary ea be converte to heat enerzy or het energy oul be converted fo ‘lecical ar mechanical nay. Now applying thisaalgy to Gud low, ne ‘derstand hth ual ene (E) comand in eligi ata pon ented by suberpt may no change fom te ener (,) at snohe pint denoted by Subscript? arin tee words, e ut Benet. a Behe the 26 cee yet Fae 3a pa ‘This clled Bermouls here 1.8 FLOW VELOCITY Hydrodynamics (motion of moving igi. (Constant Faw: The velocity of qd Aowingthrough pipe of variable cos section changes to maintain continity of lw as may be sen ftom Pp ls volume Flow18-0 kc Se rapa nance Fig 1S Comey ofr ©. where Q flow cate in iin and time in min. s om, zat os oz40 Ba Qed Example 13. Through hydrate pipe of 15 mo dia flo ci at flow rate Of 12 Uni, Find our he ow vee. Silt Wekzow, Fw e2(Q) ‘res of pipe ess secon Flow velo Here Diameter foie Are of pipe cross seston vents ys 17am . LB ms. In flow lines which are oct with ely a small dtfeence i evel tbe pst pressure can be neglected and Rene the pipe of conservation at Sars tepied. — Te cc presi alls with nang velo pessu and vce ves, with creasing ow velo the state pesuredarishes. ass f il Brann 19 182 Friction As soon slg lows in asjtem beats pedaced dt tion so that par of the energy ostin the forma este. Although friction i never gui eliminated, can nevertheless be ited. (Causes of waneesiy large fiction lose in hydraulic ow ine a (a) Pow ines too long (©) Toomeny ends (e) Exeesive velocities dato tings, Iaenceofrcsion on pressure As teeny, tio pneates heat nd bat an duce he ol viscony. This may resin uadesirable leakage, Hereby recog ihe presi. Fst ofall de othe weight ofthe guid, potenti energy is permanentty consumed bythe continuous motion of guid paricles Complying withthe era conservation pricpe ts ot esuoyed bat converted ato et enrsy et tion oa the pie mas 1.9 LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW “Laminar low exis when imegulartis sur inthe magaitae and drction of velociy. Turbulent (whiiag) flow is whe the main flow seams eae ‘unsale and random motion. The arions in velo ato ll ie, ‘The nar ofthe ow is determined bythe Reno Number Re Re 52320 lamina low Re 2 2320cubulent ow, Adietrlatonsipexss between the msgitdeof veloc, vison ofthe ‘ow medi, intra nd external ition ad the ate ofthe fom Review Questions 1, State the basic advantages ofa yer ysem over mechanical sytem, 2, Diflesniate between mass, weight sad force. Whit pe of sures ‘occurs whl sing theta weight? 3. Whats desta? Dos ital fom hyokinmaics? 4 Define pressure, Does ition infuses na hy ral systeni? LA) References 1M Herion Tschenbuch, M/s Heron Werke K G, Suga, Genmany, pat 1.2 S4,Unie-BIS No, 10005-1985, Unite & Recommendations, Bureau of ndan Standards Publications New De 1.3 Fluid Power Directory Hand ok 89, Fit Powee Soviet of Tdi, Bangalore Inds 14 Westermann Taber, WesecnannPublisions, German, pL 1.3 Melle LS Spied Hreuls, MeGraw Hill Co Lid. New Yor 16 Krist Thomas Dr Ing. Hydrulil, Vogel Veta, Waeraurg Geary, pp. 37-382 Hydraulic Oils and Fluid Properties HEYORALLI Mi ponerse my Be id ets of ont A\ ‘inmmsstnin atte and) ome Rais dt ores ming edn The play paper of hdr se nfo famne eon nsnshr ste crveron ohne 1 efi work Tyérulic power ie usily genera by pumps nd the energy geet i conered to etl work by Are einem of er atu (ea oF rtp ansmision ofthis energy ascomglatedhy movement othehydauc fd gh nel ues or cstonerc hss, with contol he overt fenced by ees f vues Ato dali tysem can coe De asad isk widow he hr. ts oF ext imparancn hyauc Pe broad asks of hydraulic oil can be classified beosdly as follows: toranferydalc energy tolues al pes tbavedcnoon toremove inputs an irson toast 2.1 TYRES OF HYDRAULIC FLUIDS AND ~ SELECTION CRITERIA : ‘Thea innumenbleypesof mt nue hye is. These nee {Tom nto wpe a sols wr of emwnon, sete an ory oncuring ego meri * poe Oiled Fd Popetia 21 ‘Though water was the fst hyérauli and wat wedding te ey ages of distil Revoluion, pazoleam based hydrocarbon type Hai ar wily sed today. Neverless, a specie requirement ofthe Aya fi is ‘deine byte dsinf hese andy the function he sytemis sgn ‘perfor. Cenain carters are considered desirable in good bydrlc Midas expen Secon 22, 22, PROPERTIES OF HYDRAULIC FLUIDS 22.1 Good Lubeicity ‘The components in ahydalictystom contin many surfaces which are in close ont and which move inrelion to each athe. The Ayal Nid mus ‘spurts and ubiatesch races Protection gant wes principal ason for selecting lid having good Iseang chaactensics 8 hydric rem 2.22 Stable Viscosity Characteristics isco is very important Mid property rom he pont of vew of act we Vasco ay be consieredastheressancea the hd to low ov «mene fier feton, Viscosity vais with empertue ad presi. his having lng changes of viscosity with tempertue ate commonly refered as ow vscotyinde fda hoe having al changes of Vico) with temperature ae Known a high viscony index fli, Viseosity is also ‘eporant with egard oe bit offi abate 223. Stable Chemically and Physteally Fld charactersies sould remain anchanged during anexended seul ifeand uring storage. The Mid in a working yr yen is sbjected 10 lent ssge—large pressure flatatons, shock, buen, ein, cavitation wae ‘and parila contain, hgh shear rte, ad ge temperate arson, Since many aspctsof stabi ae chemical nature the terete to which ‘he ld willbe exposed isan important cnten in te selecton of shyt ui 2.24 System Compatibility From the design point of view. ti expected thatthe hydraulic ud shold be inet those materials se nora the hyraui euipment. Ihe fd in anya tacks, destroys, dsolve or changes pats of the Rjauic sytem he systemmay ls its factional efficiene nd may stat alfanctionn. Simla, charges inthe hydrate caused by neracton withthe stm teal an aso cause system malfunction, Replacement of one hydrate fd with ‘oh invalves the considention of compat