ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3.

Materials

ASME B31.3 Process Piping

Charles Becht IV, PhD, PE

Don Frikken, PE
Instructors

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Piping Development Process

1. Establish applicable system standard(s)
2. Establish design conditions
3. Make overall piping material decisions
ƒ Pressure Class
ƒ Reliability
ƒ Materials of construction
4. Fine tune piping material decisions
ƒ Materials
ƒ Determine wall thicknesses
ƒ Valves
5. Establish preliminary piping system layout & support
configuration
6. Perform flexibility analysis
7. Finalize layout and bill of materials
8. Fabricate and install
9. Examine and test
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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

3. Materials
¾Strength of Materials
¾Bases for Design Stresses
¾B31.3 Material Requirements
ƒ Listed and Unlisted Materials
ƒ Temperature Limits
ƒ Toughness Requirements
ƒ Deterioration in Service

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The Material in This Section is

Addressed by B31.3 in:
Chapter II - Design
Chapter III - Materials
Appendix A - Allowable Stresses & Quality
Factors – Metals
Appendix F - Precautionary Considerations

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Strength of Materials
¾Stress
¾Strain
¾Stress-Strain Diagram
ƒ Elastic Modulus
ƒ Yield Strength
ƒ Ultimate Strength
¾Creep
¾Fatigue
¾Brittle versus Ductile Behavior

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Strength of Materials
Stress (S): force (F) divided by area (A)
over which force acts, pounds force/inch2
(psi), Pascals (Newtons/meter2)
Strain (ε): change in length (ΔL) divided
by the original length (L)

ΔL
L
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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Strength of Materials
Stress
ST = Tensile Strength

SY = Yield Strength

E = Elastic Modulus = Stress/Strain

Typical Carbon Steel Strain

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Strength of Materials
Stress

ST = Tensile Strength

SY = Yield Strength
Proportional Limit

0.2% offset

Typical Stainless Steel Strain

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Strength of Materials
Creep: progressive permanent
deformation of material subjected to
constant stress, AKA time dependent
behavior. Creep is of concern for
ƒ Carbon steels above ~700ºF (~370ºC)
ƒ Stainless steels above ~950ºF (~510ºC)
ƒ Aluminum alloys above ~300ºF (~150ºC)

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Strength of Materials
Primary Secondary Tertiary
Strain

Rupture
Creep Rate (strain/unit time)

Typical Creep Curve

Time
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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Strength of Materials

Minimum Stress to Rupture, 316 SS

Fig I-14.6B, ASME B&PV Code, Section III, Division 1 - NH

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Strength of Materials
Fatigue failure: a failure which results from a
repetitive load lower than that required to cause
failure on a single application
Stress

Number of Cycles
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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Strength of Materials
Brittle failure:

Ductile deformation:

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Strength of Materials
Brittle failure:
Stress

Toughness

Strain
Ductile failure:
Stress

Toughness

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Strength of Materials
Measuring Toughness W
using a Charpy impact H1 -H2 Pendulum
test H1

H2

Charpy Impact Test

Cv = W(H1 - H2)
= Energy Absorbed
Specimens tested at 40, 100 and 212ºF
(4, 38 and 100ºC)

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Strength of Materials

Ductile to Brittle Transition for a Carbon Steel

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Bases for Design Stresses

Most Materials – (materials other than gray
iron, malleable iron and bolting) below the
creep range, the lowest of (302.3.2)
ƒ 1/3 of specified minimum tensile strength (ST)
ƒ 1/3 of tensile strength at temperature
ƒ 2/3 of specified minimum yield strength (SY)
ƒ 2/3 of yield strength at temperature; except
for austenitic stainless steels and nickel
alloys with similar behavior, 90% of yield
strength at temperature
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Bases for Design Stresses

Most Materials – additional bases in the
creep range, the lowest of (302.3.2)
ƒ 100% of the average stress for a creep rate
of 0.01% per 1000 hours
ƒ 67% of the average stress for rupture at the
end of 100,000 hours
ƒ 80% of the minimum stress for rupture at the
end of 100,000 hours

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Bases for Design Stresses

ASTM A106 Grade B Carbon Steel (US Customary Units)

25.00

20.00
Stress, ksi

15.00 2/3 of Yield

1/3 of Tensile
10.00 Allowable

5.00

0.00
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Temperature, F

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Bases for Design Stresses

ASTM A106 Grade B Carbon Steel (Metric Units)

180.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
Stress, MPa

100.0 2/3 Yield

80.0 1/3 Tensile
Allowable
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Temperature, C

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Bases for Design Stresses

Additional Notes
ƒ For structural grade materials, design
stresses are 0.92 times the value determined
for most materials (302.3.2)
ƒ Stress values above 2/3 SY are not
recommended for flanged joints and other
components in which slight deformation can
cause leakage or malfunction (302.3.2)
ƒ Design stresses for temperatures below the
minimum are the same as at the minimum

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B31.3 Material Requirements

¾Listed and Unlisted Materials
¾Temperature Limits
¾Impact Test Methods & Acceptance
¾Toughness Requirements
¾Deterioration in Service

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Listed and Unlisted Materials

¾ Listed Material: a material that conforms
to a specification in Appendix A or to a
standard in Table 326.1 – may be used
(323.1.1)
¾ Unlisted Material: a material that is not
so listed – may be used under certain
conditions (323.1.2)
¾ Unknown Material: may not be used
(323.1.3)

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Listed and Unlisted Materials

An unlisted material may be used if (323.1.2)
¾ It conforms to a published specification
covering chemistry, mechanical properties,
method of manufacture, heat treatment, and
quality control
¾ Otherwise meets the requirements of the
Code
¾ Allowable stresses are determined in
accordance with Code bases, and
¾ Qualified for service…all temperatures (323.2.3)
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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Temperature Limits
Listed materials may be used above the
maximum described in the Code if (323.2.1)
ƒ There is no prohibition in the Code
ƒ The designer verifies serviceability of the
material, considering the quality of mechanical
property data used to determine allowable
stresses and resistance of the material to
deleterious effects in the planned fluid service
(323.2.4)

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Temperature Limits
Listed materials may be used within the
temperature range described in the Code if
(323.2.2)
ƒ The base metal, weld deposits and heat
affected zone (HAZ) are qualified in
accordance with Column A of Table 323.2.2.

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Table 323.2.2
Requirements for Low Temperature Toughness Tests

ment.
s upple
e
0 of th
p age 2
See
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Temperature Limits
Listed materials may be used below the
minimum described in the Code if (323.2.2)
ƒ There is no prohibition in the Code
ƒ The base metal, weld deposits and heat
affected zone (HAZ) are qualified in
accordance with Column B of Table 323.2.2.

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Carbon Steel Lower Temperature Limits

¾ Most carbon steels have a letter
designation in the column for minimum
temperature in Appendix A
¾ See page 25 of the supplement
¾ For those that do, the minimum
temperature is defined by Figure 323.2.2A

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Figure 323.2.2A
Minimum Temperatures without Impact Testing for Carbon Steel

ent.
plem
up
f thes
22 o
g e
pa
See

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Carbon Steel Lower Temperature Limits

¾ Impact testing is not required down to
-55ºF (-48ºC) if stress ratio does not
exceed the value defined by Figure
323.2.2B
¾ Impact testing is not required down to
-155ºF (-104ºC) if stress ratio does not
exceed 0.3

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Fig.323.2.2B
Reduction in Minimum Design Temperature w/o Impact Testing

See page 23 of the supplement.

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Carbon Steel Lower Temperature Limits

Fig.323.2.2B provides a further basis for use
of carbon steel without impact testing. If
used:
ƒ Hydrotesting is required
ƒ Safeguarding is required for components with
wall thicknesses greater than ½ in. (13 mm)

Stress Ratio is the largest of

ƒ Nominal pressure stress / S
ƒ Pressure / pressure rating
ƒ Combined longitudinal stress / S

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Carbon Steel Lower Temperature Limits

NPS Nominal Stress
650 psig (45 bar) steam
WT Ratio
superheated to 735°F in (mm)
(390°C). Relief pressure is
1 0.178 0.71
725 psig (50 bar). Pipe
(4.52)
material is ASTM A53 Gr B
seamless. 4 0.237 0.74
(6.02)
What options are available
12 0.500 0.86
to deal with expected
ambient temperatures (12.70)
down to -30°F (-34°C)? 30 1.000 0.97
(25.40)
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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Deterioration in Service
¾ Selection of material to resist deterioration
in service is not within the scope of the
Code. (323.5)
¾ Recommendations for material selection
are presented in Appendix F.
ƒ General considerations
ƒ Specific material considerations

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Deterioration in Service
¾ General considerations
ƒ Fire resistance
ƒ Possibility of brittle fracture
ƒ Susceptibility to crevice corrosion
ƒ Possibility of galvanic corrosion
ƒ Chilling effect of the loss of pressure
ƒ Compatibility of materials such as
• Packing
• Gaskets
• Thread sealants
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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Deterioration in Service
¾ Specific material considerations
ƒ Carbon and low alloy steel
ƒ High alloy steel
ƒ Nickel and nickel alloys
ƒ Aluminum and aluminum alloys
ƒ Copper and copper alloys
ƒ And more…

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