Alexander (1977), of the Global North, This essay will relate theory based on the built environ-

prescribes particular characteristics ment to the un-built environment. Where the built environ-
necessary in creating successful open ment intersects with the open spaces beyond the built –
spaces. But how are the configurations considering internal and external spaces as equal in poten-
of open spaces, prescribed by Alexan- tial to be programmed and inhabited.

Reimagining the IDENTITIES

Considering South der’s principles, perceived in the
African Identity/ies as Global South? Are these markers/ele-
inhabitant/s of space ments of ‘northern’ open spaces (as

and spaces between

and key informant/s for defined by Alexander) successful
the reimagining and based on the innate or instinctual
transformation of characteristics of mankind regardless

buildings in South Africa

spaces between
buildings in relation to
built thresholds.
The public realm, being the spaces around, between
and within buildings, is continuously disputed due to
our political past which has negatively influenced
identities of individuals and larger communities exist-
ing as part of the South African Identity as a way of
segregating people.
However, the power of public space (within and
around buildings) to inform, strengthen and encour-
age social cohesion within a society has been the focus
of many South African Urban Planning and Architec-
tural practices today, due to the need for social
upgrading to achieve “liveable cities” (Jane Jacobs).
Figure 1 Programmatic & Spatial segregation
of culture, identity and location or
can/should these markers be contest-
ed and rather based on culture, identi-
ty and location? Figure 3 Bernard Tschumi - Movement Study as a sequence
In 1994, Tschumi considered the sequences of spaces in relation to their users and events which may be
transferable to external spaces as ways of programming open spaces. But which users and which events
should be considered in the conception of these open spaces? The identities who have passed through
the spaces, those who do pass through these spaces, or those who will (determined by greater order).
Two South African scholars, Jodi Davids and Vivian
Miller, have explored the roles of identity within the built
environment and the impact of the built environment
along with the spaces between them on South African
identity. Jodi Davids (2007) examines the transformation
and development of South African architectural expres-
sion through the window of identity and how identity
can begin to inform the built environment and respond
to its inhabitants. These may in turn or independently
function as catalysts for South African identity – where
South African Identity is currently difficult to define.

However, public spaces are to be carefully considered in Figure 4 Identities within the Built Environment informing the occupation of the spaces between them
relation to its identity as a space, the identity of its inhabi-
tants, the identity of its built edge as well as the identities
of the building’s inhabitants.

This essay seeks to investigate the theoretical frameworks

which inform the spaces within and surrounding the built
environment and its relation to the identity they project as
well as the identities which occupy space in reimagining
these spaces.

First by defining identity in terms of people as well as

buildings and then by the spaces between them, followed Figure 5 The aspects of identity between buildings (Internal Identity -left & Right - external identities (center),
by a case study on the V&A Waterfront & Silo Precinct Building Threshold (Bold)
observed through the lenses of Christopher Alexander,
Bernard Tschumi and Jodi Davids (a South African scholar).
Figure 2 Identity in relation to the Built Environment &
the spaces between them

Derek Kleynhans | KLYDER001 | Space & Inhabitation | 28 May 2019 Derek Kleynhans | KLYDER001 | Space & Inhabitation | 28 May 2019
 Identity of people
South African Identity as a term conjures up questions of eligibility, legitimacy and the past as a criteria
for those who seek to claim their stake in it. According to Leilde (2008), Public spaces

Public spaces can be defined as “streets, alleys, buildings, squares”

“Identity reflects and aims to control one’s experience” (Gehl & Svarre, 2013). They are spaces in which daily-life can be
observed, i.e. that which happens between buildings of specific func-
and is an tion. Public spaces vary in scale, function and inhabitation, depend-
“act of consciousness which is neither essential nor immutable but a social ing on its location and associated built environment.
construct open to change”
Within South Africa, truly free, public and open spaces based on its
while The Concise Oxford dictionary (1996) defines identity as
inhabitants are rare or generally defined by principles not indigenous
to its context. These spaces are either produced by a top-down mas-
“the quality or condition of being a specified person or thing” terplan approach (e.g. Silo District, Waterfront), are privatized (e.g.
Woodstock Exchange), have controlled access (Company Gardens) or
and refers to are defined by the buildings surrounding it, which limit the type of
user. Certain open spaces function together with built spaces (e.g.
“the state of being the same in substance, nature, qualities, etc.” piazza at the Artscape) and are essentially not informed by the larger
configuration of the city.
Figure 6 The constructs of identity as a formwork to our perception of space Figure 7 Disconnect between
ephemeral inhabitation and
In reflection, human beings are likely to inhabit spaces which align with their identities fixed activity
(which include their needs, traditions, daily rituals, etc.)
Public spaces with semi-public build-
South African Identity does not exist as a homogenous ing thresholds – of commercial
construct. It is a culmination of multiple identities, the program, social architectural devices
relating tensions and/or symbiotic relations which inform such as seating or hospitality outlets -
South African Identity. Broadly, it may be used to define a tend to be more successful in gather-
people who have all (regardless of individual or cultural ing people of various identities. This is
identity) been subjected to similar/the same histories, often most evident in spaces
socio-political effects thereof, economies and so forth, produced for tourist activity such as
regardless of whether certain peoples benefited while the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront & Silo Figure 8 The successful effect of blurred building threshold on the spaces between them
other have not. Consequently, identity is the formwork of Precinct.
our very existence. It is our value systems, our culture, our
history, our languages, our races and more. Zooming in, the neighborhood park is essentially an isolated public lung which allows suburbia a form of
refuge to which one can escape. It functions independently from any civic buildings and forms the context
Identity of buildings (Reproduction of Identity) in which social play can take place. The identities which find use for these spaces are largely limited to the
inhabitants of the neighborhood. The informal settlement, like the neighborhood, considers open spaces as
A building’s identity or rather, its character, reaches far beyond it breathing spaces to counter the sea of domestic life but where the landscape of the space is only affected by
physical form but manifests its identity through its appearance. the identities which pass through it. Within the city, once can consider formal public spaces (informed by
Considering the actors responsible for the erection of a building, built edges), public spaces as thoroughfares and public spaces for recreational purposes. Consequently, the
such as the designer, the client, the context and its program, one beforementioned characteristics of different spaces inform which identities occupy them.
would observe a layering of the representation of identity.
In relation, spaces which serve as independent public spaces, such as The Company
Together with Identity, Miller (2011) investigates the importance
Gardens or the Grand Parade opposite the Cape Town City Hall, are inhabited only on occa-
of meaning and memory when observing the role of architecture
sion as an ephemeral experience. Privatised public spaces relating to a built edge
within society. Meaning referring to the interpretation of symbol-
constrained by time, opening and closing hours - such as a courtyard within a precinct
ism and form in a context which ultimately informs a sense of
(Woodstock exchange or The Old Biscuit Mill) function in a similar manner and can perhaps
purpose, while memory refers to the past and is deeply rooted in
not be considered as public spaces. Large public spaces, relating to a specific built edge of
context and performance. Identity, meaning and memory are
a specific program (such as the Plaza situated before the Artscape Theatre) remain relatively
thus importance informants to how people perceive, remember
empty, either inhabited as a thoroughfare, as an extra activity to theatre performance or an
and apply purpose to buildings and the spaces between them.
isolated space of refuge.
Figure 2 Identity in relation to the Built Environment & the spaces between them

Derek Kleynhans | KLYDER001 | Space & Inhabitation | 28 May 2019 Derek Kleynhans | KLYDER001 | Space & Inhabitation | 28 May 2019
Global North vs. Global South (Power-play of identities)

Past Architecture and the configuration of public However, changes in control over time
spaces associated with the built edge are often ultimately shift the associated power relations
products of colonialism, Apartheid (Segrega- of the built environment and the spaces
tion) and various resulting socio-political power between them. The Company Gardens, once a
relations. The power relations associated with symbol of colonial power and civilization has
the built environment assert a sense of order evolved into an inclusive green space (dismiss-
and control over the spaces and subjects which ing its original function) in Cape Town, not
occupy or surround them. These power relations limited by ownership or time constraints and is
Case Study: V&A Waterfront | Silo Precinct
or embodied notions of power, afforded to a tourist attraction. This evolution is a product
certain buildings and identities, within a build- of decades of socio-political reform, brought
Although there is substantial
ing or the power exerted onto certain groups by about by turbulence. The adaptability of such
evidence pointing at the exclusivity
a building or people are essentially prescribed public spaces are of necessity in creating a new
of the V&A Waterfront and Silo
by context, politics and social order. social dynamic between South African Identi- Figure 11 The V&A Waterfront & Silo Precinct
Precinct (based on up-market com-
ties and her people.
mercial activity, residential property
The conception of public space in the Global South and hospitality), the prevailing social Although there is substantial evidence pointing at the exclu-
In the Global South, many public spaces, untouched by previous power relations or specific programs, spaces undoubtedly capture the sivity of the V&A Waterfront and Silo Precinct (based on
remain informal and are rather defined by past inhabitation or informal sculpting. In relation, the Global attention of South Africans of all up-market commercial activity, residential property and
North is plagued with notions of the masterplan and recorded ideals; such as those produced by Chris- identities as well as foreign identities hospitality), the prevailing social spaces undoubtedly capture
topher Alexander. in a manifestation and celebration of the attention of South Africans of all identities as well as
“South African” culture together with foreign identities in a manifestation and celebration of “South
the physical context of the port and African” culture together with the physical context of the port
By considering the inhabitants of open space and
the spaces between buildings in the cities of association thereof as an internation- and association thereof as an international zone (similar to an
South Africa, these informal spaces might evolve al zone (similar to an airport). airport).
to reach its true protentional when based on
necessity rather than predetermined agenda.
According to statistics, released by the V&A Waterfront Tourism Marketing Department in 2018, 21 000
They may evolve based on preceding program,
people work at the precinct, 1500 people live there and up to 180 000 guests a day visit in peak season
natural inhabitation by particular cultures/identi-
ties as part of a participatory design process incor- (V&A Waterfront Tourism Marketing Department, 2018). Although most of the internal program is com-
porating professionals or be left completely infor- mercial, based on the thriving economic system of capitalism, most cultural activities, events and social
mal and rather be defined by the mundane, the happenings (besides gastronomy) takes places in the external spaces surrounding the various malls,
everyday and necessity. Perhaps this alludes to hotels and office buildings and can be constantly encountered along a meandering path connecting the
the ‘ways of the Global South’ in space making V&A Waterfront with the Silo Precinct. But perhaps the question of identity within the V&A Waterfront
(driven by context, necessity, inhabiting identities should focus on more permanent inhabitation, such as the 1500 people who live there and the 21 000
and associated daily rituals). people who work there.
Figure 9 Formal space defined on preceeding informal principles of space making
Besides Cape Town pristine beaches, the V&A Waterfront is perhaps Cape Town’s most prominent link to
Without detailing aspects which might define such the sea.
spaces, I surmise that informal aspects such as
desire lines, informal trade, transport, adaptability, The inception of the V&A Waterfront dates back to 1652, originally purposed as a refreshment station for
accessibility and landscape are all transferable trading ships of the Dutch East India Company. The development of the Waterfront into a harbor only
factors to be considered in the formalizing or began in 1859 by the British Imperial Government (PS van Zyl and Victoria and Alfred Waterfront (Pty) Ltd,
conceptualizing of such spaces in South Africa. 2005) and was built by convict labour of mix race and identity (Smith, 2019). At this point, the City of Cape
This method or process of urban design or Urban had been distanced from the coastline due to the harbor and even more so by the reclamation of the Fore-
upgrading is apparent in work done by VPUU (Vio- shore in 1940 and the construction of elevated freeways of the 1960s.
lence Prevention through Urban Upgrading)
Following its early development, the V&A Waterfront became home to the fishing industry as well as ship
Figure 10 Upgrading and design emerging from existing elements in Freedom Park, Chicago, Paarl by VPUU NPC repairs. However, it became dilapidated and underused towards the 1970s
In analyzing the V&A Waterfront/Silo Precinct, several beforementioned aspects will be investigated -
from the inception of the V&A Waterfront as a space to its current Function – questioning it according
to theory produced by Christopher Alexander, Bernard Tschumi, Jodi Davids and Vivian Miller

Derek Kleynhans | KLYDER001 | Space & Inhabitation | 28 May 2019 Derek Kleynhans | KLYDER001 | Space & Inhabitation | 28 May 2019
 Social Cohesion or segregation

In 1985, a committee was formed to
explore the potential public use of the
Waterfront. The proposal comprised the
adaptative redevelopment of the area as
a mixed use area including commercial
program, tourist attractions and residen-
tial development all the while maintain-
ing the harbor’s original function. The
goal of the committee was to, once
again, establish the Waterfront as a phys-
ical link between the City and the coast-
line as well as to create a healthy and
pleasing work, social and living environ-
ment. It is clear that the Waterfront had
to adapt to new usage or rather addition-
al usages in order to survive and become
what is today a “rich, cultural and historic
link between land and water – a redevel-
opment concept of harbors executed in
port cities worldwide (PS van Zyl and
Victoria and Alfred Waterfront (Pty) Ltd,
2005). This revival evokes the idea of the
Harbour as a trading hub, once again.
The ethic of the committee who redeveloped the Waterfront was to “Make the historic harbour of Cape Town
a very special place for Capetonians and visitors” (PS van Zyl and Victoria and Alfred Waterfront (Pty) Ltd, 2005).
According the David Green (CEO of the V&A Waterfront), the Waterfront is purposed as a space “relevant for
locals and internationals alike” (Ole!Media Content Hub, 2015). But more interesting statistics show that, in
2005, only 21% of visitors were foreigners, 14% were domestic tourists and 65% were local Capetonians (PS
van Zyl and Victoria and Alfred Waterfront (Pty) Ltd, 2005). Statistics have since changed, but still support the
initial concept of the V&A Waterfront. Judging by the accents, the activities and social awareness of visitors to
the Waterfront, the area is essentially an inclusive space with programs which benefit all classes, cultures and
identities but exclusive in terms of its overbearing property prices. This, however, does not mean that the
Waterfront is socially inclusive in terms of cross-cultural engagement.
Figure 12 The V&A Waterfront as a working harbour
Figure 15 The point at which cultures intersect and are equally Figure 16 Photographic marketing, representing the V&AW’s desired
represented occupation
Figure 13 Cultural/musical performance in the V&A Waterfront
V&A Waterfront according to Christopher Alexander

Christopher Alexander presents a guideline in his book titled Pattern

Today, the V&A Waterfront also consists of the Clock Tower Language (1977), defining characteristics of towns, buildings and
Precinct, but more excitingly, the Silo Precinct – centered construction. In what can be perceived as a manual to designing for
around the historic grain silo – in an attempt to expand the Global North, the British-American Architect and Design Theorist
mixed-use program into previously industrial areas. But identifies the best practice in designing public spaces – from paths
how does the Waterfront in its entirety function as a built and goals to something in the middle). According to Alexander and
space in relation to the spaces between them or as an several global examples, the threshold situated at a building’s edge
external space consisting of buildings? Several thousands can create an “ambiguous territory between public and private”, such
of Capetonians, South Africans, Africans and international as the arcade or balconies, restaurants and commercial activities
foreigners flock to the V&A Waterfront – all for relatively which relate to the public spaces of the Waterfront.
different reasons. While locals who identify with the imme-
diate surrounding context, are residents of the Waterfront, These building edges, or fronts are what define the external spaces
work there or frequent the area generally engage with the Figure 14 Social Gathering at the Amphitheatre at the V&AW beyond them as well a the paths which line them. Alexander encour-
middle-class retail component while appreciating a space age a penetrable front to a building as it is said to enhance the life of
in which they find pride – a well looked after area with the relevant external spaces. But it is precisely the beforementioned
substantial security measures – the non-local South ideas of blurring the threshold between internal built space and there
African might identify as a tourist in the precinct, while the functions with the adjacent external public space which emphasizes
foreigner is more inclined to appreciate the cultural repre- the relation in identity. Accordingly, the V&A Waterfront precinct,
sentations of South African identity, the aesthetic views as which consists of social activity is more inclusive and active than the
well as exclusive up-market retail in a modern form of trad- Clock Tower Precinct and the Silo precinct which consist of office
ing. Who is more likely to support the various South African spaces, Museums and Hotels – the identities occupying the internal
spaces, occupy the external spaces which are also dependent on
Figure 15 The blurring of thresholds of the built environment
ritual, time and necessity (Tschumi, 1994).
through a progression
Figure 17 Christopher Alexander in considering the penetration of building envelopes

Derek Kleynhans | KLYDER001 | Space & Inhabitation | 28 May 2019 Derek Kleynhans | KLYDER001 | Space & Inhabitation | 28 May 2019
 Tschumi – Sequence of space (From the Waterfront to the Silo Precinct)
Bernard Tschumi’s theory on the Sequence of Space (Tschumi,
1994) observes the dynamics of space, time, movement and
event as the essence of multi-dimensional layering of spaces
between buildings in relation to when the built environment is
active. The redevelopment of the V&A Waterfront was successful
in redefining space in terms of activity. Activity which is either a
ritual – fixed event in space – or ephemeral is a performance of
occupants, inhabitants and identities who exist in the space due
to different rituals or ephemeral activity. Considering the Water-
front’s vast array of mixed use buildings and public spaces, may
be at the center of its social inclusivity. But for the built form to be
truly successful, according to Tschumi, it needs to disappear
through successful program. Regardless, whether one is aware or
not, an inhabitant moves through space as is intended by the
architectural narrative, curated rather than configure according
to existential necessity or desire in order to mediate between
social groups.
Davids argues, that South African architecture needs to be culturally specific which requires the notions
of regionalism or context-based design, for a building which reproduces a multitude of cultures is
improbably – and the South African identity is made up of multiple identities. But, the identity of the
inhabitants of a space must be present in the built form for its occupants to relate to it. How do these
ideas translate into a rather global or international architecture found at the Waterfront characterized by
shipping, industry and the physical landscape in creating a successful space? Perhaps, these are the exact
reasons as to why the V&A Waterfront is successful. Its built environments act as devices or methods for
perpetuating South African consumer culture but is moreover a blank canvas, onto which culture is
projected. Perhaps identity within the Waterfront is communicated through the performance thereof
rather than a fixed representation. Many of its aesthetic devices owe its origin to the Industrial Revolu-
tion, Industrial architecture of steel-framed warehouses and masonry halls (mostly based on previous
function rather than political power dynamics). Individual identities which occupy the Waterfront need
not relate to the built sense of identity, but rather to natural features and necessity (e.g. the working
harbor). Desire lines, informal trade and accessibility might not exist within the Waterfront as a natural
evolution of the space but adequately represent it.
Conclusion

Figure 18 An exclusive space promotes ephemerall thoroughfare by the excluded or marginalised
Jodi Davids on the Waterfront & the Silo
Precinct
Jodi Davids’ perception of the identities
which inhabit space is greatly informed
by the evolution of such spaces, exist-
ing according to ideals of the Global
North to promoting South African Iden-
tity in its adaptability, to creating spaces
which reinforce identity. She seeks to
investigate how identity should inform
architecture and in turn, how architec-
ture informs identity – in essence, how
identity is reproduced, celebrated and
remembered in the form of symbolism
and meaning. However, Davids warns
against the troubles of mimicking or
romanticizing traditional African
culture in the practice of reproducing it
in the built form. What creates relevant
architecture should be the different
cultures which inhabit it along with
their structures and value if it is
concerned with all aspects of human
life – and not just the ephemeral experi-
ence or the ritual.
A singular South African identity does not exist,
and therefor neither does a single language for
public space-making, at the scale of architecture
and the spaces between buildings. The contested
argument for generic space-making may perhaps
be the only solution, onto which various aspects of
various identities and cultures can be projected
and represented.
Figure 20 Cultural performance at the V&A Waterfront
Political turbulence (power and control), inequality of spaces and other factors present in South
Africa due to our racialized history may have produced exclusive spaces. It is through adapting
these spaces to relate to the identities which inhabit them through the careful use of program,
that we can achieve inclusivity. However, regardless of the Architectural narrative, public spaces
are formed maintained and exist, ever evolving, according to the identities which seek or have a
sense of validity in occupying or existing within a space. Context-based architecture may be ben-
eficial to a context of a singular representation of identity in the same way that the V&A Water-
front is based hugely on its physical context and preceding as well as existing function as a harbor
or port.
As Rem Koolhaas states:
“Perhaps we have to shed our identities” (Davids, 2007),
- even if only to produce architecture and public spaces which aren’t limited to singular forms of
identity or to produce a national identity founded on experience and the future, rather
Figure 19 The effect of scale of the built environment on the inhabitation of the than the past and its memories.
spaces between them

Derek Kleynhans | KLYDER001 | Space & Inhabitation | 28 May 2019 Derek Kleynhans | KLYDER001 | Space & Inhabitation | 28 May 2019

References
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Ole!Media Content Hub, 2015. SA Breaking News. [Online]
Available at: https://www.sabreakingnews.co.za/2015/01/26/24-million-
people-visited-va-waterfront-last-year/
[Accessed 26 May 2019].
PS van Zyl and Victoria and Alfred Waterfront (Pty) Ltd, 2005. The story of
the Victoria and Alfred Waterfront Development, Cape Town: s.n.
Smith, R., 2019. Historical Victoria & Alfred Waterfront and Cape Town's
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Fact Sheet, Cape Town: V&A Waterfront.
List of Figures
Figure 1 Programmatic & Spatial segregation
Derek Kleynhans
Figure 2 Identity in relation to the Built Environment & the spaces between
them
Derek Kleynhans
Figure 3 Bernard Tschumi - Movement Study as a sequence
Bernard Tschumi, The Manhattan Transcripts, ‘MT 1’, Academy Editions,
1994
Figure 4 Identities within the Built Environment informing the occupation of
the spaces between them
Derek Kleynhans
Figure 5 The aspects of identity between buildings (Internal Identity -left &
Right - external identities (center), Building Threshold (Bold)
Derek Kleynhans
Figure 6 The constructs of identity as a formwork to our perception of
space
Derek Kleynhans
Figure 7 Disconnect between ephemeral inhabitation and fixed activity
Derek Kleynhans
Figure 8 The successful effect of blurred building threshold on the spaces
between them
Derek Kleynhans
Figure 9 Formal space defined on preceeding informal principles of space
making
Derek Kleynhans
Figure 10 Upgrading and design emerging from existing elements in
Freedom Park, Chicago, Paarl by VPUU NPC
(Ewing, 2019)
Figure 11 The V&A Waterfront & Silo Precinct
(Smith, 2019)
Figure 12 The V&A Waterfront as a working harbor
(PS van Zyl and Victoria and Alfred Waterfront (Pty) Ltd, 2005)
Figure 13 Cultural/musical performance in the V&A Waterfront
Photograph by Marti McFly taken on June 10, 2008, available online at:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/martimcfly/2566277072/
Figure 14 Social Gathering at the Amphitheatre at the V&AW
Photograph available online at: https://gotrend.co.za/2016/06/15/event-
musical-youth-day-celebration-at-the-va-waterfront/
Figure 15 The blurring of thresholds of the built environment through a
progression
Derek Kleynhans
Figure 15 The point at which cultures intersect and are equally represented
Derek Kleynhans
Figure 16 Photographic marketing, representing the V&AW’s desired
occupation
(PS van Zyl and Victoria and Alfred Waterfront (Pty) Ltd, 2005)
Figure 17 Christopher Alexander in considering the penetration of building
envelopes
Derek Kleynhans
Figure 18 An exclusive space promotes ephemerall thoroughfare by the
excluded or marginalized
Derek Kleynhans
Figure 19 The effect of scale of the built environment on the inhabitation
of the –spaces between them
Derek Kleynhans
Figure 20 Cultural performance at the V&A Waterfront
Photograph (September 16, 2016) available online at:
http://maiax.co/hlanganani-spirit/