Biology 2401 Review sheet – Unit 3.

1: Prions and Eukaryotic pathogens

1. Define the following terms:
a. Prion:

b. Mold:

c. Yeast:

d. Mycosis:

e. Dermatophytes:

f. Mycotoxins:

g. Bioaccumulation:

h. Trophozoite:

i. Schizogony:

j. Definitive host:

k. Intermediate host:

l. Dioecious:
 m. Monoecious:

2. Describe the 4 classes that mycoses are divided into based on their invasiveness.

3. What are tineas? What are two common tineas?

4. What are two fungal toxins? What diseases do they cause?

5. Describe in detail how diatoms and dinoflagellates can cause disease (include the specific toxins
and diseases in your answer).

6. For each of the following protozoan pathogens, describe the disease they cause (include main
symptom(s)) and briefly describe their life cycle (include their definitive/intermediate hosts and
how the pathogens are transmitted to/between the host(s)).
a. Entamoeba histolytica.

b. Plasmodium vivax.
 c. Toxoplasma gondii.

7. Describe how parasitic helminthes are specialized to live inside their hosts.

8. Describe the main differences between the two different categories of parasitic helminthes.
9. For each of the following helminthic pathogens, describe the disease they cause (include main
symptom(s)) and briefly describe their life cycle (include their definitive/intermediate hosts and
how the pathogens are transmitted to/between the host(s)).
a. Taenia solium.

b. Schistosoma spp.

c. Echinococcus granulosus.

d. Enterobius vermicularis.
 e. Ascaris lumbricoides.

Biology 2401 Review sheet – Unit 6.1: Viruses

1. Define the following terms:
a. Virion:

b. Bacteriophage:

c. Acute viral infection:

d. Latent viral infection:

e. Chronic viral infection:

2. Describe the general structure of a viral particles.

3. Describe the three basic shapes of viral particles.

4. How does the definition of a viral species differ from that of eukaryotic and prokaryotic species?

5. Describe the five stages of the lytic cycle of bacteriophage replication.

6. Describe the lysogenic cycle of bacteriophage replication.

7. Describe the process of generalized transduction.

8. Describe the process of specialized transduction.

9. Describe the six stages of animal virus replication for a non-enveloped DNA virus.
10. How would your answer for question 10 be different for an enveloped DNA virus.

11. How would your answer for question 10 be different for an ssRNA virus? How would it be
different for a retrovirus?

12. Explain how viruses are able to cause cancer.

Biology 2401 Review sheet – Unit 3.3: Prions
1. Define the following terms:
a. Prion:

2. Briefly explain how prions cause disease.