Date : 24 Feb 2020 Chem004

C. Interfacial defects – are boundaries that have two dimensions and normally separate regions of the
materials

That have different crystal structures and/or crystallographic orientations.

- This includes imperfections on external surfaces, grain boundaries, twin boundaries,

stacking faults

and phase boundaries.

i. External surfaces – it where crystal structure terminals.

ii. Grain boundaries – boundaries between two small grains or crystal having different crystallographic
orientations

In polycrystalline materials.

a. Tilt boundaries – alignment of edge dislocations

2. Twist boundaries – an array of screw dislocations.

(ii) Miscellaneous Interfacial Defects

1. Stacking faults – interruption in stacking sequence.

2. Phase boundaries – multiphase materials due to sudden change in physical and chemical
characteristics.

3. Ferromagnetic walls – boundary that separates regions having different directions of magnetization
termed as domain wall.
D. Bulk or Volume Defects

i. Pores Normally introduced

ii. Cracks during processing and

iii. Foreign inclusions fabrication steps

iv. Phases formation

E. Atomic Vibrations defects – atom vibrating very rapidly about its lattice position within the crystal
structure.

Defects Observation

Microscopy

a. Optical microscopy – uses light to observe surfaces

b. Electron microscope – image of the structure under investigation is formed using beams of electrons.

02 March 2020

Mechanical Properties of Materials

1. Strength ( Capacity to handle a load )

2. Hardness

3. Ductility

4. Stiffness

Factors affecting Mechanical Properties

1. Nature of applied load and duration

2. Environmental conditions

ASTM ( American Society for Testing and Materials )

The mechanical properties of materials are ascertained by performing carefully designed laboratory

Experiments (testing) that replicate as nearly as possible the service conditions.

Structural Engineers - responsible in determining the stress and distributions within members
of a materials that are subjected to well-defined loads.

Materials and Metallurgical Engineers - are concerned w/ producing and fabricating materials
to meet service requirements as produced by stress analysis.