Animals Via Extinctión in Colombia 2

UNIVERSIDAD DEL VALLE
FACULTAD DE HUMANIDADES
ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS DEL LENGUAJE DEPARTAMENTO DE LENGUAS
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LECTURA DE TEXTOS ACADEMICOS EN INGLES II

HEYLER ALBERTO RAMIRES ANGULO
María Yaneth López Torres

Maria.Yaneth.lopez@correounivalle.edu.co
Keila Rentería Rentería

Keila.renteria@correounivalle.edu.co
Beatriz Angulo Angulo

Beatriz.angulo@correounivalle.edu.co
Sara Lucia Bejarano Lemus

sara-ubele@hotmail.com
ANIMALS VIA EXTINCTION IN COLOMBIA
INTRODUCTION
According to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Colombia is the
fifth country in the world with the most threatened species, with a total of 540
endangered species. Factors such as deforestation and the lack of policies aimed at
achieving higher levels of conservation and preservation have led to the increase in
the number of animals in danger.
From mammals, through birds and even amphibians, they are part of the species
that are located in one of the risk categories, given the wide biodiversity offered by
the country, which offers the possibility that a large number of animals grow and
develop in different areas and regions of the national territory.
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TORTOISE
Species: reptile
Scientific Name: Testudines
Classes: terrestrial and aquatic
Inhabited: land turtles: forests, jungles
Water turtles: the sea
Feeding: Terrestrial turtles: they are herbivorous, however, there are also
omnivorous species. They usually eat fruits, vegetables, leaves, lettuce.
Water turtles: carnivores that feed on fish, algae, sea sponges.
Reproduction: they are oviparous are born through eggs
Number of eggs: between 24 - 70
they live in the middle of many threats: the overexploitation for consumption of
their meat and eggs, the loss and alteration of the habitat and the collection for the
pet trade that, in addition to uses related to the elaboration of medicinal, ornamental
and folkloric ceremonies, generate a untold illegal traffic.
In some cases, turtle consumption is more related to cultural roots or beliefs about
supposed medicinal or aphrodisiac powers. These species are also affected by
impacts derived from environmental deterioration, global warming and productive
and development activities.
Suggestions to avoid and improve this problem: Reduce pollution in the sea,
collect plastic wrap you see on the beach or the sea, do not encourage mass
fishing, Avoid deforestation of forests.
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ARMADILLO
Species: mammal
Scientific Name: Dasypodidae
Class: terrestrial
Inhabited: rainforests, rainy and dry forest, thorny thickets and grasslands
Food: roots, worms, snails, insects, although they prefer termites and ants.
Number of pups: between 4 and 12 armadillos
Reproduction: sexual their offspring are genetically identical as a result of the
division of the same zygote.
Suggestions to avoid and improve this problem: do not hunt them for food for
human beings, avoid deforestation, create environmental conservation units for the
armadillo and thus protect their environment.
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PEREZOSO DE DOS UÑAS
Family: Megalonychidae
Genus: Choloepus
Common name: Two-toed sloth
There are two species, embassies in

Colombia:
Choloepus hoffmanni and Choloepus
didactylus
Characteristics
The characteristic feature of this family of sloths is the presence of two strong claws
in the anterior and three in the posterior. Its fur is dense and long, with the presence
of algae in the wet seasons.
The head of both species is rounded, with no visible ears and no prominent tail.
Choloepus hoffmanni is characterized by presenting the yellow-reddish back, the
chest contrasts sharply with the pale throat. On the other hand, Choloepus didactylus
has a homogeneous color on the back and chest.
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Diet
They are leafy (it feeds primarily on leaves) and can feed on fruits and processed
foods.
Activity
They are strictly nocturnal.
Distribution and hábitat

hoffmanni has a range of distribution in the northern coast, Pacific coast and Andean
regions, currently very fragmented. He lives in humid forests and deciduous forests,
in mature and intervened forests
Threat of the Sloths
-The biggest threat is the destruction of their natural habitat by the expansion of
agricultural borders and urban areas.
Habitat fragmentation is one of its biggest threats. It isolates them from their feeding
places, as well as from potential reproductive couples and makes them highly
vulnerable on the ground being of arboreal habits.
-Illegal traffic and wildlife trafficking. Traffickers extract lazy from nearby forests,
often causing the death of lazy mom. The largest traffic of sloths in Colombia is in
the departments of Córdoba, Sucre, Bolívar, Atlántico and Magdalena.
Control of the species:

In our country there is the National Strategy for the prevention and control of illegal
trafficking of sloth species present in Colombia, which seeks to identify, coordinate,
articulate and carry out actions aimed at the eradication of illegal trafficking of sloth
species and generation of sustainable productive alternatives that replace this illicit.
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Some Curiosities of the Sloth:

Did you know that the Sloths only come down from the trees to defecate?
Did you know that the Sloth is a tree and solitary animal?
Did you know that they have very short movement patterns, they move from 20 to
40 meters a day.
Did you know that lazy people are excellent swimmers?
CAPUCHIN MONKEY
Scientific Name: Cebus

Family: Cebidae
Género: Cebus
Specie: C. capucinus
The word "cappuccino" was given to them by explorers because of their physical
resemblance to the dress of the religious order of the Capuchin Friars Minor.
They are short-lived animals, with a tail the same length as their body. His limbs are
long and skillful to hold objects, while his thumbs are opposable. Its prehensile tail
helps them to hold on the branches and also use it as extra support when moving.
The Capuchins own a short black, brown, suede or very light beige coat.
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Habitat
Robust Capuchins live in the east and part of the South American west. Some
countries that host them are Honduras, Colombia, Peru, Brazil, Venezuela and
Argentina.
Feeding
It maintains a very varied diet, in accordance with its omnivorous diet. You can eat
fruits, nuts, sprouts, seeds, insects, spiders, bird eggs, small vertebrates such as
frogs and lizards and if they can, crustaceans such as crabs.
Behavior
The Capuchins stand out for a privileged intelligence. It has been proven that in their
natural habitat they are able to use stone tools and sticks to solve their basic needs.
This does not mean that they build, but that they use objects that become their tools.
For example, they dig with the help of sticks and crush millipedes to spread the dust
on their backs, as a remedy against insects.
They mark their territory with urine (smell marks) and communicate through
vocalizations. They are eminently arboreal and spend most of their time in the
treetops.
Threats and conservation
Several species of capuchin monkeys have stable populations and their survival is
not too dangerous, but others do face dark scenarios. The blond cappuccino (Cebus
flavius), the kaapori cappuccino (Cebus kaapori) and the yellow-breasted
cappuccino (Sapajus xanthosternos), for example, are critically endangered, as they
appear on the International Union Red List for Nature Conservation Its most serious
threats are habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting and capture to be sold as pets or
as food.
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PACIFIC UMBRELLA STAND
Belongs to: Animalia Kingdom

Edge: chordata
Subfilo: vertebra
Class: birds
Order: passerine
Family: cotingidae
It is located on the Pacific Coast of Colombia and Ecuador. In Colombia, it is

distributed from 80 to 1800 m high above sea level on the Pacific slope from the
south of the department of Chocó to the south of the country by the departments of
Valle del Cauca, Cauca and Nariño. Adults mainly feed on large fruits, including
those of species of the Arecaceae (Bactris setulosa and Oenocarpus bataua),
Myristicaceae (Otoba gordonifolia,), Meliaceae and Lauraceae families.
Occasionally also includes insects, amphibians and small reptiles such as lizards of
the genus Anolis. During the breeding period, the chick is fed mainly with arthropods
such as cockroaches, beetles, spiders, moths and their larvae, crickets and cycads.
A smaller proportion (about 21%) of the food brought to the farm consists of small
vertebrates such as frogs, lizards and snakes and a much smaller part (3%)
corresponds to fruits.
It is an arisca bird and difficult to see. It usually remains only in the canopy or perched
for short periods of time in bare and exposed branches. It has been found to act as
a disperser of large seeds, being able to link forest patches in fragmented habitats
and encourage the regeneration of forests in degraded areas. Individuals of this
species can retract or lengthen their tie at will and their flight is characterized by
being strong and undulating, similar to that of a carpenter.
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In the national and international scope it is classified as a species in Vulnerable state.

The main threats facing this species are the loss of habitat and hunting, which derive
from the expansion of the agricultural frontier, the increase in logging and illegal
mining. Currently this species is protected in the Farallones National Park of Cali
and the El Pangán Private Reserve.
Habitat
Its habitat is the humid and very humid jungles of the Pacific foothills and lowlands.
Use forest edges, secondary growth forests and isolated trees in forest clearings.
Although it uses secondary habitats, it seems to have a preference for primary
forests.
Feeding
Adults mainly feed on large fruits, including those of species of the Arecaceae
(Bactris setulosa and Oenocarpus bataua), Myristicaceae (Otoba gordonifolia,),
Meliaceae and Lauraceae families. Occasionally also includes insects, amphibians
and small reptiles such as lizards of the genus Anolis. During the breeding period
the chick is fed mainly with arthropods such as cockroaches, beetles, spiders, moths
and their larvae, crickets and cycads. A smaller proportion (about 21%) of the food
brought to the farm consists of small vertebrates such as frogs, lizards and snakes
and a much smaller part (3%) corresponds to fruits.
Reproduction
During this part of their life cycle, males form leks making behavioral displays that
consist of tilting their body forward while calling and extending their crest and
"tie." Nests have been recorded in the months of January, February and
June, some of which were located in the tree fern cup of the Cyathea genus. Its nest
is shaped like an open and bulky cup, which it builds with dry twigs, epiphytic roots,
moss and twigs of tree ferns. The size of its posture is of a single egg that only
incubates the female for 27 to 28 days. The young leave the nest 32 days after
hatching.
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Behavior
It is an arisca bird and difficult to see. It usually remains only in the canopy or perched
for short periods of time in bare and exposed branches. It has been found to act as
a disperser of large seeds, being able to link forest patches in fragmented habitats
and encourage the regeneration of forests in degraded areas.
Individuals of this species can retract or lengthen their tie at will and their flight is
characterized by being strong and undulating, similar to that of a carpenter.
Conservation
In the national and international scope it is classified as a species in Vulnerable state.

The main threats facing this species are the loss of habitat and hunting, which derive
from the expansion of the agricultural frontier, the increase in logging and illegal
mining. This, in turn, has been facilitated by the change in land use policies and the
development of road infrastructure that allows the progress of colonization
processes in previously inaccessible regions. Currently this species is protected in
the Farallones National Park of Cali and the El Pangán Private Reserve.
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PACIFIC TIGRILLO
The scientific name of the common tigrillo is Leopardus pardalis and belongs to the
Felidae family. It has several common nicknames such as caucel, margay, small
tiger and spotted cat, among others. They unfold in places near water reservoirs and
with lush vegetation. They sleep during the day and go out in the dark to look for
their food. Sometimes they are sheltered in fallen logs or in the roots of large bushes.
They are agile animals and very climbers. Their smell is very acute and they use it
to locate their prey and to perceive the danger. Despite not being dangerous, they
stay away from civilizations. They flee from contact with humans.
In general, tigrillos are very lonely animals, which are supported by reptiles, tree
mammals, birds and rodents. In captivity they can live up to 20 years, but in natural
conditions they do not tend to exceed.
Individuals of this species can retract or lengthen their tie at will and their flight is
characterized by being strong and undulating, similar to that of a carpenter.
Habitat and behavior
He is the only cat with such flexibility in the ankles that he can get off the trees
head down. Due to its long tail and its great eyes, many feline fans consider it the
cutest cat of all.
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Reproduction
Gestation lasts about 75 days, they have an average of a surviving puppy; There
are no data regarding the age of sexual maturity.
Conservation
His main threat is hunting; his skin is considered very valuable; habitat alteration
(deforestation) also negatively influences its conservation status. It has specific
regulation dictated by its countries of origin, for its part, from an international point of
view, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies it as
"vulnerable" (VU), that is, a category that groups those species with
significant reduction of their population. It is also regulated in CITES, appendix I,
which includes endangered species, allowing their commercialization only in
exceptional circumstances.
THE BATS
Bats are the only mammals that can fly. Like all mammals they feed their young ones
milk. We don’t see bats very often because they usually fly around only at night.
During the daytime they hang in dark rooms of buildings, caves, hollow trees and
other dark places.
There are about 900 types of bats. They live all over the world except in colder
regions. You can often find them in groups, called colonies. If you see one bat flying
around there are probably others nearby.
The bats in Chocó-Colombia
Seven families, 12 subfamilies, 59 genera and 132 species of bats are reported for
the department of Chocó, a diversity that represents 64.4% of the wealth of bats
documented for Colombia, which positions Chocó as the richest department in bats
from the most diverse country for this group of vertebrates in the western
hemisphere; hence it could be said that we are facing the most diverse place on the
planet in terms of bats.
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Scientific Name: Chiroptera

Physical features
They have large, pointed ears and grey or brown fur. Bats have long arms and hands
with especially long fingers. These are connected to the legs with membranes, which
form their wings. The muscles in them make it easy for a bat to fly.
What is the fuction of a bat?
Bats play an important role in many environments around the world. Some plants
depend partly or wholly on bats to pollinate their flowers or spread their seeds, while
other bats also help control pests by eating insects.
How bats live
Bats are creatures that are only active at night. They sleep during the daytime and
come out at night in search of food. Flying around at night means meeting
fewer enemies and being able to catch more insects than during the day because
they don’t have to compete with birds for food. Some bats eat insects, fruit
and pollen; others are meat eaters that feed on birds and smaller bats.
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How bats see
For a long time people have been wondering about how bats can fly in the dark.
Today we know that bats depend on a technique called echolocation. In 1920 a
Cambridge university professor found out that bats send out ultrasonic signals that
humans cannot hear. These signals bounce off anything that is in a bat’s flight path.
Bats use these echoes to locate objects in the dark. It is similar to the radar that
planes and the sonar that submarines use.
BAT EATING HABITS
When you think about bats and what they eat, does the thought of blood come to
mind? Only a very small fraction of bats in the world actually survive off of the blood
of other animals. The diet for the bat depends on what species you are talking
about. Approximately 70% of bats consume insects and small bugs. They are
referred to as insectivores. Most of the rest consume fruits and they are called
frugivores.
Those bats that consume fruit will look for what is in season. They also consume
nectar and pollen in order to survive. Those that feed on bugs and insects are
opportunistic. They will consume anything that they come into contact with. The
fraction of bats that do consume blood will do so from a variety of animals. This
includes frogs, fish, and small animals.
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A bat typically will consume about 1/3 of its own body weight in food per night.
The echolocation process of many species of bats allows them to sense movements
and vibrations around them. As a result they certainly have an advantage over their
prey. Studies show that even in complete darkness the bat is able to find and capture
its prey. Bats have a mouth full of tiny teeth that are extremely sharp. They use them
to penetrate their prey.
A bat typically will consume about 1/3 of its own body weight in food per night. This
can add up fast to large numbers of insects. It is estimated that four tons of insects
are consumed annually by bats. Without these creatures around the number of such
insects would be much too high.
There are two types of insects that bats consume. Most people assume they only
eat those that are in the air. Those are called aerial insects and this action can take
place with lightening fast speed. They usually use their tail to capture the prey and
then they will stop and consume it.
hey use their teeth to pierce the fruit and then take the juices out of it.
Other types of insects are considered ground dwelling insects. The bats have to
swoop down and get them. They often will remain on the ground long enough to
consume them and then they continue on again. There are bats that don’t use their
tail for catching food though. Instead, they capture it in their teeth. The method that
is used depends on the particular species of bat being discussed.
When it comes to bats feeding on fruits, they avoid those that are bright colored or
that are strong smelling. They use their teeth to pierce the fruit and then take the
juices out of it. They will spit out the seeds and the pulp of the fruit, and this is how
the seeds of fruit are frequently spread about.
The bats that consume nectar from flowers use their long tongues to be able to reach
it. These types of bats are at the biggest risk of extinction. That is often due to the
fact that that they struggle to find food more than bats which consume insects or
fruits.
A very small number of bat species also feed on vertebrates. They are said to be the
carnivores of the bat world. They consume frogs, lizards, small birds, and also other
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species of bats. Fish also make great meals for these types of bats. Only the Vampire
Bat specifically feeds only on blood for survival.
Many people don’t know that the bat does have to consume water for survival. Some
of them even have the capability of being able to drink while they are still flying. Most
of the time though they will land in water. Instead of drinking it right from the source,
they will lick what is on their chest area.
Threat of extinction
According to the 2016-1 version of IUCN, 119 species of bats are evaluated. From
the present results, the prioritization in conservation plans for the species
Saccopteryx antioquensis, Balantiopteryx infusca, Choeroniscus periosus,
Platyrrhinus chocoensis, P. ismaeli, and Vampyressa melissa, cataloged at risk of
extinction threat, corresponding to 4,5% of the species reported for the department
of Chocó.
However, 101 species (76.5%) are indicated in the category Minor Concern, so there
is a call for attention to the high number of species in this category, making it clear
that there are still gaps in research related to biogeographic aspects , ecological, of
habitat availability and population dynamics, of the chiroptera of this region of the
country, which serves as an input to properly categorize these species, and thus be
able to formulate management and conservation plans necessary to face the current
problems of loss and fragmentation of the natural habitat and other effects on the
natural dynamics of the populations of these species in the context of Chocó.
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CARIBBEAN MANATEE
Scientific Name: Trichechus Manatus
The Caribbean Manatee (Trichechus Manatus) also known as the Antillean Manatee is a
large marine mammal with spatula-shaped fins and rounded termination. Its skin is slightly
wrinkled and is 5 cm thick. His body is usually covered with algae and molluscs.
Manatees are approximately 3 m long and weigh between 400 and 600 kg, females are
usually larger than males. It is estimated that manatees can measure up to 4.6 m and weigh
1500 kg.
Its head is wide at the junction with its body, while towards the front it is thinner, joining with
its trunk, the manatee does not have a neck or shoulders, its limbs are joined directly. They
only have their front members that are very
flexible, these help them to move, in their
fins they have 4 nails.
They have no fur on their body, which

prevents an accumulation of algae in their
skin. Your skin color may vary between
gray and brown.
The manatee can live up to 60 years in the

wild, although they usually die earlier.
Habitat
Manatees inhabit the Caribbean Sea to the West Indies generally in shallow coastal areas,
they can adapt to water salinity, allowing them to enter rivers. It is known that they can live
in fresh water, salt water and brackish water.
They live only in tropical and subtropical waters, because they don't have enough insulating
fat to keep them warm. During the summer they usually travel north as the water is warmer.
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Feeding
Its main food is seaweed, whether they are attached to the ground or floating, depending on
their location, they have a greater variety of foods, since it is known that they have consumed
60 different types of algae.
They are usually found at the bottom of the sea consuming algae or grass, but sometimes
they surface to consume the algae that are floating.
Rarely do Caribbean manatees feed on the fish that are trapped in the fishing nets. Also
while they are at sea they go to the mouths of the rivers to drink fresh water.
Manatees can consume 4 to 15% of their body weight per day, this is approximately 50 k of
food for 7 hours of searching.
Predators
The natural predators of the manatee are whales and sharks only in their breeding stage,
when they grow they are too big for these animals. Adults often fight against predators to
save their offspring, being injured
The manatees are illegally hunted for their flesh and skin, formerly the locals hunted them
to feed European explorers.
Behavior
Manatees often use their fins to move under water, near the ground, thanks to their nails
they can scratch the ground or themselves. They also use their fins to touch objects and
even hug other manatees.
The manatees grab their food with their fins and drag it to their mouths, they also use their
fins to clean their mouths.
They are very agile animals despite their size, they have been seen turning, somersaults,
jumps and even seen swimming upside down. They are not territorial animals.
They are animals sensitive to cold and low temperatures, if these animals come into contact
with the cold they can lose their lives. During the cold seasons when the sea temperature
drops to 20 ° C many manatees lose their lives because their digestive tract closes and they
can suffer hypothermia.
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Reproduction
Females are lonely, but they usually walk in packs when they are in heat, most females
breed between 7 and 9 years old, although they can breed after 4 years.
The gestation period of the manatee is 12 to 14 months, normally the manatees only give
birth to a calf. The calf is born with molars that allow him to consume the seaweed, the young
remains 2 years with his mother.
Females can have a baby every 2 to 5 years, manatees that exceed adulthood can have up
to 7 babies in 26 years.
State of conservation
It is believed that the Caribbean Manatee became extinct 15 countries
The manatee is usually in danger because it cannot turn its head without having to turn the
rest of its body, this prevents it from looking sideways and backwards, many manatees often
lose their lives because they crash into ships, meshes, engines and objects that are under
the sea.
The biggest threat is the loss of their habitat, poaching and boats.
There are laws that protect this animal, because in some countries this species is extinct
and in others like the USA it is in danger of extinction. In 2007 the IUCN takes measures, as
the manatee population decreases by 20%. The species has been in Vulnerable state since
1982.
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Bibliografía
Álvarez, I. G. (s.f.). ANIMALES. Obtenido de https://www.animales.website/tigrillo/
Artículos en inglés fácil de entender para estudiantes. (s.f.). Obtenido de Inglés en línea:
https://www.english-online.at/biology/bats/bats-physical-features-of-flying-
mammals.htm
Colombia, W. (s.f.). Fandom. Obtenido de Manatí del Caribe:

https://colombia.fandom.com/es/wiki/Manat%C3%AD_del_Caribe
El Tiempo. (14 de febrero de 2013). Recuperado el febrero de 2020, de

https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-12596962
GIRALDO, V. Z. (12 de MAYO de 2017). ESFERA VIVA . Obtenido de

http://esferaviva.com/animalium-el-perezoso/
ICESI, U. (26 de MAYO de 2017). WIKI AVES DE COLOMBIA. Obtenido de

http://www.icesi.edu.co/wiki_aves_colombia/tiki-index.php
IMAGINES, G. (s.f.). Obtenido de

https://www.google.com/search?q=IMAGENES&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahU
KEwi6tbrMwfXnAhWkneAKHVMUAOkQ_AUoAXoECAwQAw&biw=1366&bih=657
Monkeyworlds. (s.f.). Monkeyworlds. Obtenido de https://www.monkeyworlds.com/es/mono-

capuchino/
Themes, E. (5 de Noviembre de 2013). Batworlds. Obtenido de https://www.batworlds.com/bat-

feeding/
TRADUCTOR, G. (s.f.). Obtenido de https://translate.google.com/?hl=es
Wiki colombia. (s.f.). Obtenido de https://colombia.fandom.com/es/wiki/Cachicamo_sabanero

Animals Via Extinctión in Colombia 2

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UNIVERSIDAD DEL VALLE

LECTURA DE TEXTOS ACADEMICOS EN INGLES II

María Yaneth López Torres

Keila Rentería Rentería

Beatriz Angulo Angulo

Sara Lucia Bejarano Lemus

ANIMALS VIA EXTINCTION IN COLOMBIA

PEREZOSO DE DOS UÑAS

There are two species, embassies in

Distribution and hábitat

Threat of the Sloths

Control of the species:

Some Curiosities of the Sloth:

Scientific Name: Cebus

Threats and conservation

PACIFIC UMBRELLA STAND

Belongs to: Animalia Kingdom

It is located on the Pacific Coast of Colombia and Ecuador. In Colombia, it is

In the national and international scope it is classified as a species in Vulnerable state.

In the national and international scope it is classified as a species in Vulnerable state.

Habitat and behavior

The bats in Chocó-Colombia

Scientific Name: Chiroptera

What is the fuction of a bat?

How bats live

How bats see

BAT EATING HABITS

Scientific Name: Trichechus Manatus

They have no fur on their body, which

The manatee can live up to 60 years in the

It is believed that the Caribbean Manatee became extinct 15 countries

Álvarez, I. G. (s.f.). ANIMALES. Obtenido de https://www.animales.website/tigrillo/

Colombia, W. (s.f.). Fandom. Obtenido de Manatí del Caribe:

El Tiempo. (14 de febrero de 2013). Recuperado el febrero de 2020, de

GIRALDO, V. Z. (12 de MAYO de 2017). ESFERA VIVA . Obtenido de

ICESI, U. (26 de MAYO de 2017). WIKI AVES DE COLOMBIA. Obtenido de

IMAGINES, G. (s.f.). Obtenido de

Monkeyworlds. (s.f.). Monkeyworlds. Obtenido de https://www.monkeyworlds.com/es/mono-

Themes, E. (5 de Noviembre de 2013). Batworlds. Obtenido de https://www.batworlds.com/bat-

TRADUCTOR, G. (s.f.). Obtenido de https://translate.google.com/?hl=es

Wiki colombia. (s.f.). Obtenido de https://colombia.fandom.com/es/wiki/Cachicamo_sabanero

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