mrt et a NMC Mae it YT B.H. Baenep JIEKCUKA PYCCKOLO A3bIKA KAK HHOCTPAHHOrO Mt EE MIPEMOJABAHHE | RA ile em SIL) Jia mpenogapareneit Mi CTYA€HTOB COUT RCE NAGY_PYCCKMA #3bIK_KAK MHOCTPARHBIA B.H. Barnep JIEKCHKA PYCCKOTO A3bIKA KAK MHOCTPAHHOTO VM EE TIPEMOJABAHHE Yue6noe nocobue Bropoe u3qaHve Mocxsa Vizaatenperso «@Prunta> Vanatenpctso «HayKa> 2009YAK 811.161.1(0.054.6) BBK 81.2Pyc-3-96 B12 B12 Barnep B.H. Jlekcuka pyccKoro #3b1Ka Kak MHOCTpaHHOro H ee Mpesomapaiine * yue6. noco6ue / B.H. Barnep. — 2-e u3a. — M. : Banta: HayKa, 2009. — 104 c. — (Pycckwii a3bik Kak MHOCTpAaHHDiii). ISBN 978-5-89349-997-1 (Danuta) ISBN 978-5-02-034870-7 (Hayka) B nepuoll wacru KAMPH paceMaTpHBaeTcs CocTaB PyCCKHX C101 H OCOGEH- HOCTH CylORAPHOFO COCTaBa PyccKOrO #3bIKa. BO BTOpOl YacTH ONMCHIBAcTCA MeTOANKa lIpeMCTANNEH WKCHKH: ONpeAeeNHe ce OFREM:, CHOCOGH! opr: HMBaUMH, CeMalIH3aUMH H 3aKperiicHus. Beck MarepHam Wanaraetes 8 cO- noctanntenbHow acnekre. B KavecTBe HCXOAHOTO A3EIKA HcHOABAYETCH aH TAMACKHE S3BIK. Anpecyerca tipertonasaTensm pycckoro #abIka KAK HNOCTpANHOrO. Mero AMCTM, aBTOpAM YHeOHMKOB, CTyMeHTAM-dpit70TOraM, The first part of this work deals with the structure of Russian words and the peculiarities of the Russian vocabulary. The second part deals with the methods of teaching Russian vocabulary: its selection, grading, semanticizing and training. This volume proposes a comparative view of these above-mentioned aspects and has been developed using English as a basic comparative language for learners of the Russian language. It is mainly adressed to teachers of Russian as a foreign kinguage, textbook writers as well as linguistics students. YAK 811.161.1(0.054.6) BBK &1.2Pyc-3-96 ISBN 978-5-89349-997-1 (baunta) ISBN 978-5-02-034870-7 (Hayka) © Mianatenserno «anita», 2006OTIABJIEHHE K untareaio Tpeaneaopne .... Yacth neppas COCTAB CJIOBA ..... Ad OCHORA ....... : 9 KOPEHb ........... 10 OKOHUAHAS.. 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OcoGeHHO 4aCcTbI OUIMOKM ydalMxca pH OOpaz0BaHHn (bopM MpoulemWero BpeMeHH TaPOAOB M-CIIpsAKCHHA, KONA YUALUMeCA OTOXACCTBIAIOT PIACHYIO JAMYHOPO OKONYAHUSA C TeMaTHYeCKOM racHow MHQMHMTHBA: «oH eudua», «on Cmompua». betBatoT HW OOpaTHble cry4aH, Kora yyaliine- ca O6pa3yior POpMBbI HaCTOALCTO BPCMCHH, MCMOsb3yA OCHOBY Mpo- IleAlero BpeMcHH: OH dagan — «oH Oagaem>. YMeHNC BbIABAITH H OCO3HABATb OCHOBY CNOB MMeeT GombIloe 3HAYEHME JL TPaBHJAbHOFO CAOBOM3MCHEHHA HM CLOBOOOpa3s0BaHHA. KOPEHb Topopa 0 Kopiie cioOBa, 3HAKOMMM yualLIMXca C THIMYHbIM 1A PYCCKOTO H3bIKA ABACHACM — YepC:LOBAHMEM COPMACHDIX H [ACHBIX. 10Buayaae TOBOPUM TOJIbKO O YCPeAOBAHHH OTILCJIbHbIX COPIACHBIX (yepeoBaHHe ¢C > DB CBA3M C M3y4elMeM NapalMrMbl cripskKeHHA rarosla nucamo;, > T, 6 > On, 1 > na, B> BA — B CBH3M C M3yYCHHeM FlarONOB BTOPOTO CNpAxXeHHA eudemb, AlobumMb, Chumb, eomosumb). Motom npuBozuM moHyto TaGAMLy YepeoRaHHit: ¢ > XK, 0 > *K, 3> %K,K>4,¢> Ww, CK> wh, cT> ut, 6 > 6.1, N> NA, B> BA, > a, mM > MI. OG VMMEIOUIMX MECTO YepedOBAHHAX YIIOMHHaeM Mp M3yYeHHH COOTBET- CTBYIOULMX PpPaMMaTHYeCKHX TEM (napaqurMbl cnpaxKeHHii HeKOTO- PbIX ParOsIbHBIX rpylin, (POPMbI HECOBEpINEHHOPO BHA, HaCCHBHbIe NMIpHYACTHS MpolleLero BPeEMeHH, OTTArOAbHBIe CyIeCTBHTEAb- Hble, (POPMbI NpOcToOH CpaBHUTeAbHOH CTerleHM, COBa C CyppUK- com). C hykunonnposannem Gernbix racuplx (B KopHe Mu cypuk- Ce) 3HaKOMHMM Y4aLlHXCH MPH M3YYEHHM COOTBETCTBYIOLUHX TpaM- MaTHUCCKHX Tem (POpMbI poAMTeNbHOrO Haslexa CyilecTBUTENL HBbIX MHOXCCTBEHHOFO YMCA, KPaTKHe MPMaraTCsbHBIe, CLOBO- M3MeHeCH Me HCKOFOPbIX P1arO/IbHBIX Ppytin: 6p- — bep-, 36- — 306. cy@uKkcbl -OK, -eK, -el), COOTBETCTBYIOICH ACKCHKH: den, 1é0, yeoa, con. OKOHYAHHA ima cyulectButTembioe Oxonsannsa nepesaem oporpaduyeckn: a, A, 0, e. Ha Hayanb- HOM 3Talie OGy4eHHA He MIpHHMMaeM BO BHMMaHHe HECOOTBeTCTBHE opcorpaduyeckoii 4 3ByKOBON peanusailMn cbaeKkcuit. HartomnHa- CM, YTO HOTHPORAHHbIe Plactible MW Machad HW YKa3bIBalOT Ha MAT- KOCTb MOCAeMHETO COPMACHOFO OCHOBbI, MOSTOMY OTCYTCTBYeT MsI- KM 31aK: Closape — caosapu. IHANMTebHbIe TPYAHOCTH BOSHMKa- TOT NPM BLIACHEHMM OKOHNAHMM CYLUICCTBUTCADHBIX ¢ {j] B MOCTeaHeM. core OCHOBHI: Pamuua, ynpaxcnenue, dpy3ba. B opdorpaduyeckoi nepesaye |j] o6beaHHAeTCH C OKOHYAHMeM, a HENOcpeACTBEHHO T0- KasbiBaercs B COpMe C HYCBbIM OKOHMAHMeM. dacro NpH HAIMA Geraol macnot: Pamuautt, dpyseit. ltB yae6tiom ipouecce npapnaa obpa3onakua opm iaem napaci- JICAbHO C OGBSACHEHHEM HX TpaMMaTHYeckOro 3HaYeHHA. Moment, cm0co6 H MOAHOTa OObACHEHMA 3aBMCAT OT XapakTepa MCX’bA3bIKO- BbIX COOTHOWeHHA. Halipumep, np4 HanM4unn KaTeropun 4HCIa B ABbIKe YUALIMXCA MPM NepBHYHOM NpescTaBreHuv (hOpM MHOxe- CTBEHHOTO YMCA CYLIECTBUTEAbHbIX BOOOLUC HeT HEOOXOMM™MOCTU TOBOPHTb O ero 3HayeHHU. O6 oTM4NAX yNOTpeGJEHHA MHOKECTBEH- HOrO 4NCJIa TOBOPHM Nosxe. BRezeHHe xe 1aexKHBIX (OPM TIpesBa- PAeM nozpoGHo MHdopmaneii oO NOHATUAX Nalexka MW CKOHEHNA, CCJIM TAKOBbIC OTCYTCTBYIOT B ABbIKE YYAINLAXCA, HW Taree coo6ulaem oO SHa4eHHH Kak OPO MalexKa. Podoevie okon4anua CyutectauTembHble MYXCKOTO pOJla UMC1OT HY/ICBOe OKOHAHKC, CYLIECTBUTCAbHbIe KEHCKOFO pola — OKOHYAHHA a, A, CyULeCTBH- TesIbHbIC CpeAHErO pOAa — OKOHYAHHH O, e. Tipusogum cxemy: CTYNCHT eH wamn-a MecT-o. ocHoBa ocHoBa oKOHUaHHe ocHOBa okonuanine Hegen-s 3anaHu-e YMeHNe OlpedeNT pod CYULeCTBHTEADHOTO ABHTCA yCOBHEM JUS MpaBMbHOrO COMMacoBaHMA C CYLUECTBMTEbHbIM ero OMpene- JIMTeseH, BbIGOpa COOTBETCTBYIOLUETO AH4HOrO MecTonMeHMs. Ka- XKYIMASCH ACPKOCTb C TOUKM 3PeHHA PyCCKOFO A3bIKA ONpeeTeHAA pola CYILECTRUTeEABHOTO 110 OKOIAHMIO ALA MHOASbIMHOLO yuallle- roca He Bcerfa ABAMeTCH GecnpoGreMHOn sagayeli. B MHbIX A3bIKaX MOTYT GbITb Pye KPUTCPHH ILIA ONIpesleeHMA POMa CYIMECTBHTEsb- HbIX. (AHMIMMCKHH ASbIK: Ha3BaliWst JIMEL — MYKCKOM WH KCHCKUM poy, Ha3BaHHA NCONYWEBEINIbIX HIPeAMCTOB — CpeAHHii pos, (bpanuy3- CKMM S3bIK: Ha3BAHMA AHIL — MYXKCKOM MW KCHCKH Pos, Ha3sKaHMA 12HeOAYUIEBMEHIIbIX IpeAMETOR — MyXKCKOII HW KEHCKHI pod; HeMell- KWH ASbIK: Ha3BaHAA AML — MY>KCKOM M KEHCKMH poll, HasBalHa He- OYLICBICHHBbIX MpeIMeTOB — MYXCKOM, KEHCKH, cpewHHM pol.) Tipu oupegeieHHn powa pyccKHx cyileCTBHTebHBIX yualiiMeca Mr- HOpHpyior cro (opMaybHbIe NOKAsaTEIH MH OMMpalOTCA Ha OMIT CBO- cro s3bika. AHPOOHb! OTHOCAT BCe Ha3BAHHA HEOMYLLEBICHHbIX NpeAMeros k CpedHeMy PO/ly, PPaHKOPOHb! — K MYXCKOMY HIM Ker ckomy. Tlostomy Tpe6yercs BbIpaGoTKa YMCHHA OMpeeMTb pod cy- HICCTBHTCAbHOFO NO OKOHYAHMIO (ynpaxHeHna: Ha 3aMellenMe cy- MLECTBHTESIbHOFO JM4HbIM MECTOMMeHHeM: Imo KHuea. Ona cnpasa; Ha O6pa3soBaHue COueTaHHid CyLECTBHTCAbHBIX CO CIOBaMM Moll, meoit, odun). B ynpakHeHus BKMOFaeM GOsbLUe BCerO CYLLECTBATesIb- HbIX — Ha3BaHHi HEOZYWIeBACHHBIX MpeAMeTOB, He COBTMAasLaOUMXx No pouly ¢ aHaTOraMH B POHOM ABbIKe. OkoHHaHUA mitodcecmeeHHOzo 4UuCcAa Tipu w3yyeHMn KaTeropun 4Hcu1a coobutaeM, YTO pycCKHH A3bIK He AONYckacT NPMCOCMMHEHHA K OCHOBe AByX OKOHYaHHii. [1puicoe- AMHeHHe HOBOPO OKOHYAHHA TpeGyeT oTCeNeHHA MpezMecTByIOLe- ro (KomHama — KoMHambl). STO MpaBy.10 OCOGeEHHO aKTyasIbHO Wt YUalHXCA C A3bIKAMH, JLOMYCKaIOlUMMM OOpaTHoe (panuy3scKuii si3bIK: grand — grands, HO grande — grandes). B pe3ynbtate MrHOpH- POBalint ITOH 3aKOHOMEPHOCTH PYCCKOTO 43bIKa MOTYT BOSHMKaTb OUMOKK THNa KoMHama — «KoMHamab. Tipusoaum OKOHYAaHHA MHOXECTBCHHOPO 4YNCAa NO posaM Cylle- CTBUTesIBHBIX C TBEPLOM A MATKOM OCHOBON (TIPHCOeMHENMe OKOH- \“aHMA TIpAMO K OCHOBE IPH HY-1eBOM OKOHYAHMM: cmydeHm — cmy- denmol, TOCJI¢ MpeBapUTebHOTO OTCEYEHHA MMEIONIEFOCA OKOHYA- HUA: KoMHama — KomMnamel, Mecmo — Mecma). OGpaitiaem BHHMaHNe Ha OKOHYAHMe -M Y CYLLCCTBHTETbHIX C OCHOBOH Ha T, K, X HK, I, 4, HB CHay opcborpaduyeckHx mMpaBual (KAU2a — KHUeu, epau — epauu). NapazaetbHo BBOJLMM HM HempaBibHble opMpt MHOXKeCTBEHHO- TO YMCs1a: CYIECTBHTeIbHbIe MYKCKOTO Poa C OKOHYAHHAMH -a, -A ¥ OKANMHBAIOMILMeCA Ha -bA: dom — Joma, yuumeas — yuumena, (pam — 6pamoa, Opye -- Opy3en. He avastv3upyeM HalivcaHne -bA, HO He Ha- 133bIBAEM CFO OKOHYAHHEM, a FOBOPHM O CYIICCTBUTEAHBIX, OKA H- BalO1LMXCA BO MIfOXKECTREHHOM YHGIIE 11a -bA. O6pasopaHne OpM MHOXKECTREHHOTO YHCIa CYIUCCTBHTEADHDIX MPHCOCMMHEHHEM COOTRETCTBYIOIIEFO OKOHYAHMA 3aKperLiseM Iy- TEM HX OOPasoBaHHA OT CYMLCCTBUTEADHDIX B CAMHCTBEHHOM IKCIe, AAHHbIX H30/MpOBaHHO, B COYCTAHMAX HIM B MpeLIOKEHHAX. Tladencnee okonHanua NagexkHbie OKOHYAIINA MMH CYLECTBATEsbHBIX BBOMHM MIpH sH- HeHUOM H3y4eHHM OTACMBHBIX Masexkeit. Kommentupys 4a BapvaHTa MepBOro MH BTOpOrO CKOHeHMA, OT- Me4aeM, YTO OTHOCHTEIbHO OKOHYAHHM pasnM4nA 3aKsMIOGAIOTCA TOJIBKO B Optorpaun u peatH3ylor co6ou HasM4ve NapHocTH pyc- CKUX HeMOTHPOBAHHbIX M HOTHPOBAHHBIX TaCHBIX: a — A, Y — 10, o — 6, bt — u. TepponauaibHo yuauiveca 31aKOMWIMCb C 9THM 5B- AeHMeM pyccKoli opdorpaun yoke NIH NepBu4HOM H3y4eHHH rac- HbIx. CyIeCTBUTeADHbIe C TBEPLOM OCHOBOI NPHHMMAaIOT OKOTHa- HUA C HEMOTHPOBAHHOH racHOH, a CyLeCTBHTe/IbHbIe C MATKOH OC- HOBOM B MAeHTHUHOM fazexe — C NapHow hoTupoRaHHod riacHoh: cmydenm — cmydexma — cmydenmy, yuumens — yuumenn — yuume- ato, Komnama — KomHamet — komuamy, méma — mému — mémio, cmy- Oenmax — cmydexmam, yuumeaax — yuumenam WT... TaKMM 06pa3om, hakTuyeckoe pase Mexily BApMaHTAMH FepBOrO Ki BTOporo CK:10- HeHMA 3aKMOYaeTCA He B MOMHOM paXIH4HM OKOHYAHMI (TOALKO B opdorpacbHyeckom), a B pa3sIH4MH OCHOB (TREpslaa OCHOBA: cmydenm, cmydenmk-; MATKaA OCHOBAa: yaumeas, mém’-). [evicrBuTebHOe pa3- JIMMMe B OKOMAHHAX Mee TCA B OpMaXx POAMTELHOLO Nake2xKa MHO- XECTBCHHOFO YHCAA CYLLECTBHTCIIbHBIX MepBOTO CKMOHEIIMA: y Cy- MICCTBHTCADIbIX C TBCPAOH OCHOBO! — -OB, y CYILECTBUTEMbIBIX C MSATKOM OCHOBOH — -eii, -eB. [puBoia opMb! Ha -eii THIla dpy3ei H -Hii (apauil, ynpancienuit) We L\OBOPHM OO OKOHMATIMSIX, a 0 (pOpMaX, OKAHUMBAIOIXCA Ha -ei, -il, KOTOPbIC NpeuCTaBAMIOT COG! KO- Het OCHOBpI ¢ [j| (apmuja ~— apmuj) MAM ce TOcAeAHHH CuOr ¢ Gersioit raacnoi u (dpy3 ja — dpy3 ej). Or TouHOro onncaltua cocraBa (opm. CTYACH FAM-HEMIOOLM MOXKHO BOsLepxKaTLCs. 14YrpaxHeHHa Ha OGpaszoBaHve NalexiHblx (opm OOINIO CBA3a- HbI C BbISBIEHMEM HX ynlorpebsrenna. OsHako 1IpH (POpMastbHOM MHO- roo6pa3uu opm pognterbHoro alexa MHOXCCTBEHHOFO YMCA PALMOHAIbHO MaBaTb BHatate ynpaxkHelime 1a Mx OGpasoBaline OT HCXOAHOH dopMbi. Via npuaararespuoe BHavae BBOXMM MpHaAaratelbHble C TREpAOF OCHOBOII B (bopMe MMCHHTesbHOTO Malexa: HoBbIil, -aA, -0e, -ble; 2oayOoll, -aA, -0e, -ble. OxonyaHva KOcBeHHDbIX Malexkelt UeTeCOOGpa3sHO MIPHBOLMT NOcAc W3YYeHHA BCeX Namexeli CyWECTBUTEBHbIX. O6pauiaem BHAMaHue Ha optor padpu4ecknit CocTaB OKOHYaHHit MpWaraTenbHbIx (Be SyKBbI) B OTIMYME OT OKOHYAHHH CyulecTBH- TebHbIX (O0Ha GykBa) H OGpa3z0BaHHe ApyrHx (opm NyTeM rpucoe- AMHEHMA OKOHYAHMH TOKO K OCHOBE I1OcHe OTCeYeHHA OKOHYA- HMA McxonHOn cbopmnl. IpuBbikiys kK oHorpacbeMHOcTH OKOIManit MMeH CYUIeCTBMTEMbHBIX H NOM BIMAHHEM POPM MpHTAKaTesbHbIX MeCTOMMeHHit (moll, Moa, Moe, Mou), y4alllMeca YacTO Mp OGpas0Ba- HMM HOBOM opMbI 3aMeHAIOT TOKO MocHeAHIOW rpademy: noeotii, «HOgDLD. CucTemHoe npescTabrenne CKNOHeHMi MMeH MpwaraTestbHbIX No napaaurma (npwiaraTembHble KCHCKOFO posa, HpHaraTebHbIe MY2KCKOFO M CpeaHero pola, NpWJaraTe/IbHbIe MHOXKECTBEHHOTO 4HC- Wa) MapanienbHo OGeNX HX pasHOBMHOCTcH HacT BO3MOXHOCTS BCKPbITb COOTHOLUEHMe OKOHYAaHHM BHYTPH Mapaqurmel M ycTaHo- BUTb OCHOBHOE pasinuve Mexay OGEMMM pasHOBKAHOCTAMH. Kak 4 B TBEPOOM VM MHTKOM CKIOHEHHM MEH CYLIECTBHTEbHBIX, pa3iIH- “He Mexly TBEPAbIM HW MATKMM CKOHEHMeM MpwilaraTeAbHbIxX CBO- AMTCA K pasnMunto B Optorpaduy OKOHYaNHii — OKOHYAHHA TBep- AbIX TIpWlaraTeAbHbIX BKIOUAIOT HeHOTMpOBAIIHYIO PAACHyIO, OKOL- 4aHMA MATKHX MIpWiaraTeAbHbIX WACHTMYHOFO Nanexka — mapltyio HoTMpoBaHHyio MacHyio: aa — AA, ylo — 1010, Oro — ero, bIX — HX (Hogan — 3uMnAA, HOByHO — 3UMIIOI0, HOG020 — 3UMNE2O0, HIGLIX ~~ IUM- aux). Tak Ke KaK MB CHCTEMAX CKIOHCHHIT CYIMECTBUTCADHDIX, CKAO- 15HCHME THEp/bIX MW MSIPKHX LIpHilaraTeMblbIx B Mpenelax KakIOM Ma- PagMIMbl NpeAcTaBlaeT COGOM AMUIb Be pasHOBMiHOCTH (TREPAYIO HW MATKYI0) OMNOM CHcTeMbl. Takum 06pa30M, pasTH4He MeXxKaY ABY~ MA PaSHOBAAHOCTAMH CKIOHCHHM OTHX MpWaraTesIbHbIX 3aKTIONA- eTCH B HAIMUNMK TBEPLO WAM MArKOM OCHOBbI MIpHaraTebHOTO. Tiacnas okonanna (HeHoTHpoBaHHasl WAM HOTMpoRalitiias) yKa3bI- BaeT Ha TBCPLOCTb MIM MAPKOCTb OCHOBBI. OcBocHii0 OKOHYaHH KOCBeHHBIX Malexelt MpwlaraTeAbHbIX My2KCKOFO HM CpesHero pola COCOGCTBYeT MX COOTHCCCHHE € ailex- HBIMM OKOHYAHHAMM BOMPOCHTEMbHbIX MECTOMMeHHHt Kmo, 4mo: Ko20 — Hogo20, 4e20 — sumuezo W 7.2. He copmamaioT TOsIbKO OKOHYA- HHA TROPUTEAbHOTO Namlexka: Kea — Nosbim, 4eM — 3uMHUM. BO MHO- 2XXECTBCHHOM UMCHe OKOHYAHHA AATEbHOTO, MpesOXKHOTO M TROPH- TeABHOFO Halexket MpwsaraTesbHbIX OTM4FAIOTCA OT OKOHYAHH CO- OTBETCTBYIOULUX llalexelt CYLUECTBATEMbHBIX TOABKO rlacHoii (bI/A — a/a) — bIM, bIX, bIMH/HM, HX, HMK, aM, aX, AMH/AM, AX, AM: HO@bLM cemydenmam, 0 3umnux duax. PosMTesbHbIi Nanex CoBNasaer 10 Pop- ME C MIpeLAOKHbIM MalexKOM: 0 HOBbIX — OM HOBDIX. B napagurmpt CKIOHEHM MIpHsaraTembHbIx C TREPAOM M MATKOE OCHOROM BKIOYaeM Take MapalMrMbl CKIOHEHHH MpyslaratetbHbIX Ha umnsiuyto. Jlaem o6ulee mpaBHto: 3aBMCHMOCTb BbIGOpa acho OKOHYAHHA OT Ophorpaduyeckoro NpaBusta — HeLOycTHMOCTb Ha- TMIMCaHMA NOCHE WIMTIALLAX PaCHBIX BI, A, 10; OT yapeHHa OKOHYa- HMA — 0 TIO” yaperMem, e Ges ynapeHua. Tlonttepknpaem, 4TO MIpHsaraTenbHble Ha F, K, X CKOHAIOTCA NO oOpa3uly npularatembHOrO Hoselit, H TOIbKO BMECTO T1aCHOIA bI B CO- OTBETCTBYIOWIUX OKOHYARHAX IMIUeTCH Miactiad H. C way¥eHvem KOCBeHHDIX Nallexkel NpwlaraTenbHbIX CBAIbIBAEM M3yTeHHe MapallMlM CKOHeHMi CyOTaHTHBHpOBaHHbIX lIpHtaraTesth- HbIX; TOPAAKOBbIX YMCHMTEMBHBIX; PYCCKMX (paMMsTMii, HMeIOULAX opmy MpusarateszbHoOro; MecTOHMeHHH Komopwiit, Kancdblil, KaKoil, makoil, 2mom, mom, 6ecb, TIPHTAKATeMbHbIX MECTOMMCHHit; YHCTM- TeAbHOLO odun. OSpaiuacm BHUMAHHe yualMxcs, YTO MeCTOMMeHHA Moti, MBO COCTOAT TOJbKO M3 OCHOBI. K KOTOPOH NpuGaBAAIOTCA OKOHYAaHHA, NPHIeM 3BYK [j] OCHOBbI GyIeT CKPbIT B HOTHPOBAHHBIX TacHbIX: Moll + eco = moezo. HenpaBiibHO OTOKACCTBLAA TO COCTA- 16BY MECTOMMCHMs Mou, meot C ipUsaraTebHbIMH THN bovbWOL, T.c. BOCTIPHHMMas CoYeTaHHe -OH KaK OKOHUAIINE, yuall[Wecd OTCCKAaIOT cro WH UPMCOeAHHAHOT OKOHYAHWA K TipeawiecTByroulett coracHoi, copepulast O1mmMOKM THA: Moll — «moz0>. Ha cpestiem strane o6yucHMs COOTHOCHM Co CKOHEHMAMH KMeH HpHaravesibublx UpwVactus, Kommeiitupyem TakxKe OCOOCHHOCTH CKOHCHHS COB Yell H mpe- muti, V3MCHAIOWAXCA 10 O6pasily MecTOKMeHHA moll. DopMbl CHOB vel, mpemuil WMeIOT HyAeBOe OKOHNaHHe. B pyrux popMax 3ByKH fol, [4] yrpasupatorcs, a apyx [j| opdorpadbuueckn BxXOMUT B KOTU- PoBaHHyto raAacHyto OKOHYaHMA MW CPHKCMpyeTcA MATKUM 3HaKOM Nepen HUM: 4eil, 4be20; Mpemuil, Mpembezo; 4bsA, 4bIO; MpembA, Mpe- mbh UTA Maye Hpre CbopMbI TpHAaraTesblibIx K MeCTOMMeHHH 3aKperta- eM B COYeTAHMH C CYIMECTBUTeEIbHBIMH. Mome3HbI M YHCTO POpMasb- lible ympaxkHeHHsA Ha MapasMrMaTH4ecKoe NPMBEEHHe Mase xHbIX (DOpM Takux coueTaHHit (mou noesltt Opye, moa pycckaa nodpyea). Ho OCHOBHas YacTh yopaxkHeHnit TipeguOaraeT 3akpemmeHve pasn4d- HBIX HajleKHBIX opm MpWJlaraTeIbHbIxX MeCTOMMeHHH B COueTa~ HUH C CYHLECTBUTCJIBHBIM B MPeLUIOKEHUSIX. Boicnaem oco6ecHHOcTH peAyIHpoBaHHhA MlaCHbIX B OKOHYa- uuax. B oKoHYaliHAX CYLLCCTBUTEbHbIX Oe3ynapHaa TylacHad § 4H- ‘TacTCs Kak 3ByK {o] (Tak xe Kak u GesysapHas riacHas a): dada [u‘an’al, o mémax |r’ or’ ax], a GesyaapHoe e — Kak 3ByK [9]: nose {noa'o].Takas xe peAYKILMs MMeeTCA UB HEKOTOPHIX OKOWYAHHSIX NpHaaratcAbHbIx: “oeaAa |HOBaiia], cunan [c’ MH‘ alta], cnriee [Cc n- Hi’ 9ita / cunt’ 3a]. Tnaroa Okow4anua autneix opm enazoaa Ipu repsH4ioM O3HaKOMAeCHMH Y4aLLxca CO CLIp@kKeHMCM PYCCKHX M1arostoB (rpyiiila THA aumams) WC NpeApaABACHMeM OKOUYAH HH AMYHbIX (OPM HacTosuLero BpeMeHM PUKCHpyeM BHH- 17 3-256Male YualuMxca Ha [acho e€, MMeIOWUelicA B HeTbIPCX OKOIIMa- HUAX (-elllb, -eT, -eM, -eTe) Hy rarono0B TuNa nucame. MevoM- YeECKM OMpaBsdaHO HAMMEHOBAHMe CIpAXeHHA 11aroAOB ITOFO THIla C-ClIpskKeHMeM, KOTOPOE MOmpasMesseM Ha C,-ClipseKCHME — OCHOBa Ha TacHyto MM €,-Clps»KeHMe — OCHOBA Ha COracHyio. Broas cripsxkeHve raronos THMa 2ogopumb, OTMe4aeM Hane B COOTBETCTBYIOUIMX OKOHYAHMAX TaCHOit W (-HLIb, -HT, -HM, -HTe) HM 1a3biBacM 9TO CTIpsdKeHMe H-CIIpsKeHHeM. OTH TepMUHbI yKa- 3bIBAIOT 1a OCHOBHYIO OTAMYATEBHYIO YepTy KaxkOPO M3 ITHX CIIPs>KCHH M ONpeserMoT Opdorpauo OKOHYANMH. OKOHNAHMA -yT/-10T Ui -aT/-AT ABIAIOTCA Kak ObI AOMONHEHMeM K e-OKOHYa- HAM HM H-OKOHYaHMAM. OT2eMbHOe MpaBHAO MpMBOM 06 OKOH- ¥aHMM MepRoro Mla CEAMHCTBEHHOrO uncsa (y raro.10B ¢,-crips- XKHMA -10, Y TIaTOAOB e,-CMpaAXeHMA -y; y Maros1OB U-ClIps- XKEHMA -10 1OCTe COTAACHBIX KpOMe WMMAUMX, -y — Nocae LIMMAWIMXx). TepMAHbI Mepsoe MU @mopoe cnpascenue ABIAIOTCA ab- COMOTHO YCAOBHEIMH HW OTMYeCKM B3AHMO3AMCHMMbIMH KaK Tep- MUHbI Nepeoe M emopoe CKAOHEHUE CYLICCTBATCABIBIX (MX pasqH- Hasi MHTepripeTalua akayeMHYeCKOM HM WKOABHOM rpaMMaTUKOll). TlosTOMy He BbI3bIBaIOT YETKOFO BOCIIPMATHA y YuaLHXca H He O11pe- HeAsIOT CAMOTO A3bIKOBOTO (pakTa. Alia 3akperieHHa CHOBOM3MeHeHMA TaronOB No Kamo; Ma- TONbHOH rpynme mpenaraem ynpaxkHeHHA Ha OGpasoBaHHe BKIO- YeHHbIX B NIpeIOXKeHHA COBOOpM M0 O6pa3uy u Ges OG6pa3uia, CIpsKeHHe MaPOsOB M3ONMPOBAHHBIX, B COBOCOYETAHHAX, BCOCTA- Be NpesOKeHuH. TIpowedwee epema [pxsous oKOHYaHHA (opM Mpouleswero Bpemelin (Hys1eBOe, -a, -0, -H), aeM MpaBHO O MepeHoce ylapeHHs B OpMe X%KeHCKOTO pola Y OAHOCAOXHBIX M1arOsOB: Sbinib — Soir, 610d, 6viao, Gviau; Gpamb — 6paa, 6paad, bpa.o, Opa- AU; siedame — 90an, #cOand, OGIO, HOGAU; HeUMb ~~ deur, HeUnd, HAO, NCU; 36aMb’ — 36a, 36aNG, 36410, 36dAU; Chamb -- CnaA, Cna- ad, cnaao, cndau. 18CYP@UKCHI Cy uke GHrBawr ABYX THITOB, OJIM BbITOAHMIOT TOAbKO EPaMMATHTECKYIO PYHKICMIO! CAYKAT NPH3HAKOM HPHHa/UlexKHOC- ‘TH JWHEHOVO C1OBA K ONpeeEHHOH YacTH ped (-a, -e, -M — rIa- POAbUbIe CYPPUKCbl: NAakaib, cCMompemb, eoeopumb; -CK- — cyd- puke npsstaratesAbHOLO: epcKoll) WAM NOKa3saTeseM [paMMaTHyec- Kol (bopMbi (-biBa-/-ABa- — (opMbI r1arosOB HECoBEpIeHHOrO BHA: NOKasbIGaNb, ycuAugamb, -ee — CypPUKC CpaBHUTesbHOH CTe- HeHM: Sercmpee). CypPUKebl ¥TOTO THMa NPHBOAMM IIpH W3y4ueHAn CooTBeTeTBYIONIAX rpamMaTHyeckHXx Tem. Jpyrue cydbepukcbl HecyT BceGe JIeKCHKO-rpaMMaTH4eckKoe 3naicHue. 3akmoyaa B ce6e MpH- SHAKM O1IPeesIeHHOH WaCTH peu WAM [paMMaTuyecKol dopMpbl, OH OAMOBPEMEHHO ABISIOTCA HOCHTE/AM JEKCH4CCKOTO 3HAYeHHA (-Teab: yuumeab: |) OTHECEHHOCTH K K1acCy CY{LeCTBUTeAbHbIX Hep- BOTO CKAONCHHUA MATKOrO BaphaHTa; 2) IPOM3BOAMTeAb HeHcTBMA, Ha3bIBACMOLO MOTHBHPYIOWWMM FtarosioM). Tp HMciouleMcA co- OTBCICTBHM PYCCKUX M MHOABSBINHDIX CyddUKCOB MpMBOaHM COOT- BererBute: -ee/-eii — -er: Gercmpee quicker, -wn(a) — -lion: cmanuua station; -opar(biit)/-epar(biil) —~ -ish: kpacnoeamoiit redish. Ecan npu MMeollelicd OOMlei AHATOrNM ecTh CAYNAM HecoBMageHMa, crieuy- AAbHO OGpaiaemM Ha HUX BHMMaHMe yyaiiuxca. emonctpannio (PYNKILMOHMpOBaHHs cypuKca Ha{HHAeM CO CIIOB, MMEIOWMX aHa- JOPHIO B ACKCHUCCKMX KOppeATAX: -TeIb — -er: npenodacamea teacher, cmpoumeap builder, 10 gardencr cadoenux. OOpailtaem BHU- Maline y4alilixca Ha MMCIOULMeCH HeCOBraieHHs: -M4ecK (Hi) — -al: Mamemamuueckuu mathematical, HO demoxpamuyeckuu democratic, -neT — -ist: #cypraaucm journalist, coyuaaucm socialist, Ho mpaxmo- pucm tractor operator, waxmamucm chess player, [pv oTcyTcTBHH aHa- JOFHM HCMOAB3YeM TOADKO TOAKOBAHHE: -OBHY, -eBAY, -OBH(a), -eB- H(a) —- cpeuctsa OOpa30BaHMsA OTHeCTB. Tpyaitocrb VCBOCHUA PYCCKMX NPHCTABOK H CyPduKCOB 3aKI0~- YaeTCH BUX MUOFO3HANHOCTH (-K(a) — 3Ha4eHWe KEHCKOCTH! Co- CCOKA, UNOCMPAHKU; NAIBANME NPCAMETA! 3QHCUCAIKA, 1eUKA; YM b- HIMTEIBHO-TACKATCAbHO’ 3HAMeHIC! WeliKa, pyyka; 3HaNeHMe (a- MHADsIpHocTH: Bepea) W CHHOHUMMYHOCTH (Haa.10 AeHCTBHA -— NO-, 3a=: HOM, SAKPUMaMb; YMEHHIUMNTEALHO-saCKaTeAbHOe 3Hade- ivHUe — -OK, -HK: eopodok, CaduK; OTBACICHHbI IIPH3HaK — -OCTb, -0T(a), -CTB(0): cmezocmo, uucmoma, a‘wbonvnimcmeo). Yuorpebic- Hue COOTBETCTBYIONLerO acbdukca OripewesaseTCH Kak cro 3Htate- HMeM, TaK AW KOHKPeTHbIM KOPHeM Cj1OBa. Yuauinecd CKOHHBI B KaXOM CAOBOOOPa30BaTCAbHOM MOpMaHTe YCMaTPHBaTh TOABKO OMHO 3HAYeHHE H MpPHpaBHUBaTd cro K ONpeEseNeNHOMY CpescTBY MCXOMHOTO ABbIKa. OTCIOda BO3ZMOXIIOe HempaBysibHOe NOHHMAHHe YuaLMMUCA 3HAYCHHA PYCCKOTO CNOBa NO AOraiKe pu U3BeCTHOM MM KOpPHe, HO HeiipaBusAbHOK HHTeplipeTauun 3HaAYeHHA ci108006- pasoBaTesbHOrO (popmanta (3HayeHMe c10B /Opka, Mawka nonv- MaeTCs Kak YM@HbILMTEMbIIO-aCKATEAbHOE M10 AHAOTHH CO Ci1O- BaMM KNUKKa, KaPMUHKa; COBO Oaeaxcnuk — KaK «HOcALUM Oaraxk» — « HO AHAIOPHM CO C1OBaMHM pabomnuk, 3a- MUMHUK — JOSH, IPOW3BO/LALLME HWeucTBve, Ha3BaHHoe Mi [BM ~ PYIOWIMM COBOM). Bo3MOXHO M HetlpaBHAbHOe COBOTBOpYC- CTBO — HCMOAb3OBaHKe Tipu OOpa3s0BaHMH CORA CHHOHMMHYHOFO adbibukca: masenokull «necuk». HeoGxoMMo yKa3aTb Y4alMMCcA Ha NOsIMCeMMO M CHHOHMMHIO pyccKHx adpuKcos M MpesocTepedb Ux OT OMpelesIeHHA 3HaYeHHA CNOBA MO Aoralke 6e3 yaueTa MHOrO- 3HadHOCTH oGpasyroilero ero cbopmanta. Oco6eritio 9tO OTHOCHT- cH K TEM a@@uKcaM, 3HaXCHHs KOTOPbIX CHAbHO AMddepenMpo- BaHbl: -K(a) — Ha3BaHHe JIMLa KCHCKOPO [101a, Ha3BaHHe MpeslMeta, Ha3BanMe jelicr BUA, -TeIb — Ha3BAHME MUA, Ha3BaHHE TIPesMeTa, -HHK — Ha3BaHHe JIMUa, Ha3BaHWe MpewMeTa. Tpn H@JIM4HM B KAKLOM M3 A3BIKOB HCCKOAbKUX CHHOHMMHY~ HbIX acPPUKCOB UX COOTBETCTBUA MOFYT UPOABATLCA MepekpecTHo, Beepooopa3io: -oTa: KpacoTa ————— -ty: beauty -ota: 6bicrpora Sone -ty: necessity -OCTb: HCOOXOMMOCTh ~~ ness: quickness -ocTb: c1a60cTb ——- ——-~ -ness: weakness B mantoM cAyyae HEBO3MOXHO ycTalOBHTb GUHAapItyO MexXb- S3bIKOBY10 DKBUBALIEHTHOCTb. HepeaAKMMM 6bIBalOT OLUMOKH yualllnx- CH MMCIINO B peayabraTe YCTAHOBAEHUH AOXKHDIX NPAMbIX aHaTorHit Ha OCHOBAHMM HECKOABKHX M3 4CHHBLX COB: Geicmpoma — quickness, 20-0Ta © *-ness, 1O9TOMY Weakness -> «caaboma», weakness - + cra6ocme, -Ness + -OcTb, o3zTOMy thickness —* «rycTocTb». JLa9 1paBMAbHOrO ynOTpeG.1eHUsA CHHOHHMMYHBIX acpuKCOB pe- KOMEHJLYCM YYaMILMMCA 3aYMHBAT HEPaCUICHEHHO KaxKi0€ COBO Kak CAMHYIO JIEKCHYCCKYW CAMHMILY, 3a/1OMMHaH Kak KOPCHB, Tak M CO- OTBETCTBYIOIUMH adukc, HaMpMMep: doatuk, HO#CUK, CadUK, HO 20- podok, #3b140K; Geicmpoma, Kpacoma, Hhozvwoma, 4ucmoma, HO MedneH- Hocinb, Heobxodumocmb, naomnocme Vi T.1. BbiGpaTb aleKBaTHOe 3Ha- yetne acbHKca MoMmoract B GoOAbWOM Mepe KOHTeKCT. Ilo Mepe M3y4elIMst PYCCKHX adbdHKCOB yYHM YyaLIMXCA OFpPeNcATh 3Haye~ Hive 11e10TO COBa C YYETOM BCEX EFO KOMMONEHTOB: Ha OCHOBAHUM S3HaYeHUA KOpHA M adduxca. 3Hanue 3nayeHHit pyccKux adbdukcos HeoGXOsMMO yualuMcs HW NIpH M3y4cHHn OGWeHay4HOro HM MyGTMUMCTHYeCKOrO CrMIcit A3bI- Ka, (14 TOO YTOObI OM MOL MOHATL MHOrMe pyccKNc TepMHHbI, KOTOpbIc ABAAIOTCA CAOBAMH C OMpeslesTeHHIMM acbduKcamnt: nepe- epy3Kka, cmbiKoGKa, WeliKa, meavue, Mundanuna, HeBecomocmb, PodKc- Oaemocme. Ha tayasbHoM HM cpeuHem oTamax O6yyeHMA Mpe’CTaBAseM TOMb- KO NPOJLYKTUBHbIE CHOBOOHpaz0BaTe/bHbIe THIIBL, CLYKaLMe MOse- JbIO 1.19 BOCPHATHA VW OOpaz0BaHHs! psa COB, COCTABIIAIOLINX naaHMpyeMblid CAOBAPHbI Sanac y4aLMXCA, a TAKXKE JVI BOCIIPHsA- THA HOBDIX COB Ha MIPOABHHYTOM gyrarie OSyacHMs. IpH BBeAeHHM adeukcos coGlosaeM Onpeslese@HHYyIO CHCTCMHOCTD, OObEAMHAA acdukcel c OOMMM 31a4eHHeM, a TakxKe CycppHKCbI CyHIeCTBATeb- HbIX H MpwiarateAbHbIx, OGpasylOuie CAOBa, CBASAHHbIC OOLIHOC- ThtO 3HayeHHs (WaxMambl, Waxmamucm, waxmamubiil). BoisiBseM M xapakTepH3yeM CyPMHKC BHatale TOKO B HECKOMbKHX C10Bax. TIpn NOSBACHMM APYPHX COB C DartttbIM cyepepuKCoM B MocieAyIOUIMX ypo- Kax (PUKCHpyeM Ha HEM BIMMaHHe yualllHxca. Moment mpesctaBicHua onpencsicHHoro COBOOOpasz0BaTeLIb- HOTO (OpMaHTa MOTMBUPOBAaH CBAZAHHOCTHIO eFO C KaKOH-1K60 IpaMMaTHYECKON, AACKCHMECKOM HAM perenol TeEMO; HAM C JeKCH- Kolt TeKcva jaHHOTO ypoka. Ouepestiocth npexbapaenns acppuK- COB He ABAICTCA CTPOFO perAaMeHTAPOBAHHO!, Ostako 1IpH ee yc- TANOBICIMM HEOGXOAHMO YUMTHIBAT CTeMeHb akTYAbUOCTH adb- (pbuKea Na Aatitiom state o6ysenMs. EctectReHHo, WalipHMep, TO 21