AKMAL RAZAK

12/26/16
TUTORIAL 1B

Tutorial 1B

1. With the aid of diagram, explain the central perspective in photogrammetric techniques
(8 marks)

Central perspective in photogrammetric is every light ray reaching the film surface during the
exposure, passed through the camera lens and considered as a single point.

2. Discuss the characteristic of metric and amateur metric cameras (8 marks)

Metric Camera Factor Amateur Metric Camera

Stable and precise known The internal geometry not
Stability
internal geometries stable
Normal commercially
Very expensive device Price
available camera
The focal length is constant Interchangeable focal length
Focal length
can be sharpened and able to focus
Coordinate determined by Coordinate determined by
Coordinate
fiducial marks corner of the picture
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 1B

3. Name the instrumentation for the traditional and digital photogrammetry. (3 marks)

Traditional Digital

Analogue Stereoplotter PHOTOMOD system

Analytical Plotter VIRTUOZZO system

Digital Video Plotter (DVP) system

PCI

4. Discuss three products from aerial photogrammetry and describe each product.
(9 marks)

 Topographic maps
o Topographic maps are a type of map characterized by larger scale details to show
both natural and man-made features. It is also representing the contour line by
connecting places of equal elevation.

 Orthophoto
o Orthophoto is an aerial photograph geometrically corrected (orthorectified). So,
that the scale is uniform and reduce the distortion of one photo. This orthophoto
can be used to measure true distance since its actual representation of the Earth
surface.

 Digital Terrain Model (DTM)

o DTM is topographic model of the bare earth terrain relief that can be manipulated
by computer programs. The data files contain the spatial elevation data of the terrain
in digital format which represent as rectangular grid.
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 1B

5. Explain the differences between Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Digital Surface
Model (DSM). (6 marks)

Digital Elevation Model Factor Digital Surface Model

Surface without any object Surface Surface including objects on it

Terrain stability, Soil Vegetation Encroachment

Mapping and Hydrologic GIS Approach Analyst, View Obstruction
Mapping Analyst
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 1B

6. Discuss the orientation element in photogrammetry. (9 marks)

Interior Orientation:
 To obtain the internal geometry camera (calibration)
 Camera constant or Focal length
 The image coordinate of the principle point (X and Y)
 Transform image pixel coordinate system to image space coordinate system.
 Radial and tangential lens distortion

Exterior Orientation:
 Image matching (two pair image)
 Manual image matching
 Image coordinate system to ground coordinate system
 Ground control points
 Rotation angle (6 degree of freedom)