“TORY OF REINFORCED BEAMS ANDSLABS s xample 2. For a balanced rectangular section (bd) of a singly reinforced beam, determine (o depth of neural axis (i) moment of resistance and (il) percentage of ste! using M iS concrete fond wang Fe 415 steel If 6 = 200 mm and d = 300 mm, determine the numerical values of mM, and A. Solution. We hve ¢= 9a =5 Nimm’ m=19 and ¢=0¢= 230 Ninn? (© For atanced section, pi Gimeney ioxs+ 230 ~°%? 2 Depih OF NA. anmkd=02se | (if) From Eq. 2.12 (a) M, dqk.bd? =R.ba* ot where jin =1-2% = 0903 R a=hok =1x5x0903 x0292 = 0659 MM, = Roa = 065954? (where mis in Nm units) “Gi From Eq 29 percentage of steel is given by Some? 50x 195) ? =i me+i) | BO(I9 x5 + 30) 8% _ 0.292 x5 2x 230 x 100 = 0.318% |For the given numerical values, © 0.292 x 300'= 87.6 mm _-M, = 0.659 (200) (300) = 11.86 x 10° N-m Ae =p Pow OBE X20 % 300 - 1590.8 ° Determine the moment of resistance of a singly reinforced beam 160 mm wide the centre of reinforcement, if the stresses in steel and concrete are not The reinforcement consists of 4 bars of 16 mum diameter. ‘is used over an effective span of Sm, Jind the maximum toad + of is oWm weight Ay 4x7 (16)? = 804mm" € =04.=5 Nimm’ ; ¢=o4= 140 Nimm’ ; m=18, in compression to the moment of the equivalent area in 0: = mA, (d=) 18 x 804 (300-n)2 [REINFORCED ConcueTe ST or n+ 181m ~ 54287 = 0 From which» =1595 mm tn, isthe depth of critical neutral ax, from Eq. 28 we have, = asx 5) +140 ‘singe the depth of actual neutral axis i more than Section is over reinforced. Thus, aot. Ae treads ts maximum stress arler to see. Hence coreresnent of resistance i found on the bass of com oo presine fore developed in concrete, anes tm 468 mm Lever am=d- $= 8 FIG. 212 M, =}e.n.b (as ee re = 15.75 kN-m Let w = uaifoimly étttbvied lost ia ENim Jnctati of the selCwelght, of, me, eam Maximum BM. = "2° = "7225 aN—-m Bquating this to the moment of resistance of the beam we Be w = 1SISX8 i! 75x 8 — S06KN/ in uample 23, The cresseton ofa simply suppored reinforced bear i 200 fam pees son amet 23, The coset cama wich cons of albert of 36mm te, Peer Fear eye ceph of HA and the manu set i concrete When Sic ‘stressed to 120 Nimm’. Take m=19. sotuion, Here, the dimensions ar fully 200mm — een] fiver. : : Apa 2e ey em Let the depth of N.A. be n. Equating the moment of the compressive area to the moment of equivalent area of steel, about N.A., wwe get bon b= mAn(d—n) or 100? = 19 x 603.2300 ~m ) or n?+ 1146 ~ 34382 = 0 From which n = 1368 mm Fig. 2.13 (6) shows the stress diagram = 120 Nimm* (Given = 6316 300mm kK. stress in ste t 120 19 FIG. 213,"TMEORY OF REINFORCED BEAMS AND SLABS 2 eample 2.1. Fora balanced rectangular section (bx<) of a singly reinforced bear, determine (i depth of neural axis (i) moment of resistance and (it) percentage of steel using M 15 concrete land using Fe 415 steel If b = 200 mm and d = 300 mum, determine the numerical values of m, M- and Ax Solution. We have ¢=om=5 Nimm’ m=19 and 1=0,= 230 Nimm* (For balanced section, me__ 19S fine te 19RS +230 Cad “Depth of NA. =n=kd=0.292 d M,=iok.bd? =R.ba 020 ~ 9222 = 0903 R = jok =}x5x0503 x02 =0689 p s ‘M, = Rod’ = 0659 bd? (where m is in N-mm_ units) “(a From q 29 percentage of steel is given by = Some? ___ 50x 195)" __ P =m +1) 230(19 x5 + 230) Es 0225 x 109 = Ix B30 0318% “the given numerical values, “m= 0292 x 300 = 87.6 mon M, = 0659 (200) (300)* = 11.86 x 10" N-mm= 11.86 kN-m ¢ bd 0318 ¥ 200 300 199.5 mm? Ae =p th 20 300 — 190.8 Determine the moment of resistance of a singly reinforced beam 160 mm wide tp to the centre of reinforcement, if the stresses in steel and concrete are not LS N/mm?. The reinforcement consists of 4 bars of 16 mm diameter ‘beam is used over an effective span of Sm, find the maximum load of is own weight. | Ay = 4x5 (16)? = 804mm" ¢ =u =5 Nimm* ; ¢= 0 = 140 Nimmé ; m =18. in compression to the moment of the equivalent area in = mA, (dn) |= 18 x 804 (300-n )REINFORCED CONCRETE sma or WP IBLn — 54287 = 9 From which n =159.5 mm Mics the depth of crtial newtra itn i the depth as, we have, from Eq. 28 nekd = 4 me +t __18x5 300 = = Gex5) +100 oe ssingeine depth of actual neural xs 6 more than the chal one, the section & over reinforced. Thus te recs its maximum ses eal Wstel Hence con at of resisance found on the basis of com o w preshe ferce developed in concrete = 15.75 kN-m M, =he.n.d eels 160 2468) Ken wy ween zces toast nhac ameree pasate YP Maximum B.M. ae = 2225 a -m Bquating this to the moment of resistance of the beam we Bet 15I5*8 souan/m, cupped reinforced beam i& 200 mim wie and Example 23 The cross-section of a simply s 200 eee ne ante ofthe reinforcement which consists of 3 bars of 16 ey dia. Determine ‘in concrete when steel rom the fist principles the depth of NA. and the maximum S7e3$ ‘stressed 10 120 Ninm* Take m=19. Solution. Here, the dimensions are fully 200mm —~{ aj given T j= 3 x %(16)?= 6052 mm Let the depth of N.A. be n. Equating the moment of the compressive area to the moment of equivalent area of steel, about N.A., = J Shgenecen |, or 1001? = 19 x 6032 (300-1) or w+ 114.6 n — 34382 = 0 sa eee | ES eel te ww) Stress in steel = ¢ = 120 Nimm* (Given © 120 =D -6316 FIG. 213"THEORY OF REINFORCED BEAMS AND SLABS 2 From the stress diagram © tm nn d-n or Ee From which 29° N/mm? Tcample 24. A rectangular, singly reinforced eam, 300 mm wide and 500 mm effective depohis used aa sony supported beam over am effective span of 6 m. The reinforcement consis SP srs of 20 mm dameter If he beam cars aloud of 12 kNim, inclusive ofthe Sel weight Lirmine the sess developed ‘n concrete and steel Toke m=19. olution Let m= depth of NA Au = 40% (20) = 1256.6 mm. Equating the moments of two areas about NAA. ve get bam = mde dn) 300% = 19x 12566(500—n ) or 7°41592n—79587 = 0 From which n= 2135 mm Lever arm 288mm 3 Maximum BM, ="! = 3209) = 54xN—m = 54x 10" N-mm Let ¢ be the compressive stress in concrete. Mix donb xa = 4e x 300 x 2135 x 4288= 13.732 x 10te Nem Equating M, to the external BM. we get 13,732 10%e = 54x 104 54 2 6 = ig = 393 Num If ¢ is the corresponding stress in stecl, we get © tim 1 = (an) = 22293 500-2135) =1002 Neamt M, Auta =12565%1% 288 1256.6 x 428.81 = 54 x 10° 54x 10° 2 66x 4788 ~ 1002 Nimo Example 2.5. Design a reinforced concrete beam subjected 10 a bending moment of 20 kN-m. Use M 20 concrete, and Fe 415 reinforcement. Keep the width of the beam equal to half the ‘effective depth. Solution. For M 20 concrete, , =230 Nimm’, For a balanced section, ac= 7 Nm? and m= 13. For Fe 415 stecl,REINFORCED CONCRETE ST ime, moa + on” 13% + 230 2m 283 «9906 R =} cjk= bx 7 x 0.905 x 0283 = 0.898 0-283 k fet-fe1 Now Manoa Bd! O88 0400 sme Given BM.=M = 20kN-m=20 x 10" Nam 0.4490 = 20% 10" 4 (20108) a= (Raye) -asmm so Area of see given by A= a = 7.1mm 4 anid ~ 350% 05 x354 ‘Thus provide a beam of 177 mm width and 354 mm effective depth, with area of tensile reinforcement equal to 271. mm" Example 26 A reinforced concrete beam 200 mmx400 mm effective depth is used over &” goon gen i wr Ne tah o's tao sorta oak of 5 fale hate Gon weight Find the necessary stee! reinforcement at the centeof the spar. Take llowable stresses in see! and concrete as 130 Ninn and 4 Nimm’ respectively, and m=16 ‘Solution. Given: ¢ = da =4;t =o, = 130and m = 16. MaBE 25X25 yma 15.605 KNam= 155625 % 10° Nm Ronde 1M, =R.bdt = 15-605 x 10 = 15-625 ¥10" _ ag 200 (400 Hence M, =0-488 0d © For the balanced section, k= —™<— = 16% 40.33, met” 16x44 130 j <1-£=1-011= 0-89. R = }ejk=} x4 x 089 x 033 = 0-587 : M, =0-58768 « “Tie moment of resistance of the given beam has 10 be less than the moment of resistance of thera section. ener the stel reinforcement willbe corresponding to an under einforced ‘beam. For such a section, the stress in steel will reach the maximum value of 130 N/mm’. ‘Let me depth of NA. of the actual section, Then the corresponding stress in concrete is piven by (ii)Now M, =ye.n.0(4-5) 1 425m 1h $f AIP gt] 200 (100-8) or 1200") 1200") = 57700 ‘This is a cubic equation in m, Solving it by trial and ers fence ii) 10, 1218 vm Hence trom (ii) ¢ = 30x IES om 3:56 Nim Now, Total compresion = Total tension, den =Ae.t send _ 13-56% 1218x200, 535 mam? or as YS} rae a we get, n= 1218 mm (Check. For the actual section, me x39 18% 3:56 — 9.3007 meet” 1x35 +190 j=1- 230 oa R = hejk =} x 3°56 x 0:3984 x 0-3087 = 0-4873. (0-4873 x 200 x (400)' = 15:625 x 10" N-mm 133 x 150 x 0.8984 x 400, = 15:6 x 10° N-mm, M, Also M, =Aqtjd = Hence OK. Example 27 A reinforced concrete beam 200 mm%x400 mm effective depth is used over fan effective span of Sm. It is subjected to a uniformly disibuted load of 7 kNim inclusive (Of its own weight Find the necessary steel reinforcement at the centre of the span. Take allowable stresses in steel and concrete as 130 Nimm* and 4 Nimm® respectively and m=16. Solution. This example is exactly the same as the previous example except that has been increased to 7 kN/m. = 04 =4Nimm? j= 0¢= 150 Nimm’ and m = 15. ME 2 D8 8.88 kN = 21-88 x 10 Nm M, M2188 «0 R Fe ba 00x oye ‘Hence M, =0-684b a é) For the balanced section me___16%4 em * nett 16 x 4+ 130 ¥ 0-33 = 933 1-0-1 20-89 R =lejk =}x4x08)%033 =0-587 M, =0-587bd? i)se REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES can moment of resistance ofthe given beam is gebler than the moment of resistance For geet section, the steel reiforocmett wil be corresponding 10a ever ene FOr sich « seston, the ste invconecie. wl reac the masimurtvaiee of 4 Net fen («2 21-88 10 = 3 4m x 200 ( 400 = *~1200n + 164100. = 0. From which, n = 104207157-5 mm nee nm =157-Smm crideal section, = kd = 0-33 x 400-= 152mm), The stess-in sil is given by Now, M, tim d—n PEER) m0 2097-5 eg : oo Sa] = SITS 5 164-985 Nim tension = total edmpression fae =Len.b or fe = JERE 14% 15755200 gay gs Check, M =Antid =A, (a ) = 639-6 x 98-5 | 409 ~ 1575 ] 2 21.89 x 10° N-mm, = 140andm = 18, Let the ratio of depth of t Solution. Given : ¢= 0a = 5 neutral axis to the effective” depth be k. Now R =4ejk =0:9 (ven) 1 2( Accretion a or (1-5)« oes 3k 47-08 =0. From which, = 0:43,|EORY OF REINFORCED BEAMS AND SLABS ° For the balanced section, k= —M€— = 18S = 9.392 me ti 185+ 140 Since the actual N.A. fs below the critical NA, the section {s overrinforces stress in concrete reaches & maximum valve of 5 Nimm’. The correspondin in steel i given by sd. Hence the if value of stress Now 1 = 19 Nina? Tasos at P= ap = Ta aRsT ~ 9 \e p = lop’ = aaa NoftFix & Batnont secon p = SE Gee = 99 93225 = 07% ample 28 0). Sale example 28 (a) f M 20 grade concrete and Fe 415 rade ste! anjosoni are ssed forthe bear Selotion ome 7 Nem? ; m= 135 oe = 230 N/mm" Gren F R =}gk = 0-9 (given) s as a deli) n08 Hy ots 218 = (eee -3k+0-7714 =0 om which i 0-384 me 13x7 For the balanced section, = Em rT ia, = 0005 ~ 0284 ‘Thus the beam is nearly balanced. Hence the stresses in concrete and steel reach their permissible values simultaneously. For a balanced section,sa REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCT igo Example 28(c) Solve example 28(a) if M 15 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel reinforcemey for 4 used for beam Solution. Given ¢ = ou =5 Nimm? ; m=19 and ¢ = 04 = 230 Nimm? R= kge = 0:9(gies) k =0:9 or in, = 228 epee : 3+ 1-08 =0. From which k= 0-43 For the balanced section, k =e XS o203 z mow +0," BxS +20 in comreeal NA. is below the critical N.A, the section is overreinforced. Hence ine in tech STE eaches « maximum valve of 3 Nim’ The eorerpondive eee Sr in steel is. given by i ae a Um ~a=d rR QB amet = B50) 6195.55 Nom! Now pr dee M 1 ond bd fd bd pe ey Hoke 5 = 1-98 < 0.857 and ¢ ; 0-9 P= DSR OT or P = 100p' = 0-834% Note. For a balanced section, p = Sk 2 _ where j 28. VARIATION OF M, WITH p in concrete (Eq 2.122), For a beam with given dimensions (ie. b,d,p') the neutral axis depth factor k is comp from Eq. 2.10. In general, M, =R.ba Hence M, depends upon R, and the variation of M, of R directly proportional to v M, 2 R= ™, Nim’ ba (where M, is in N-mm, 6 in mm and d in mm){THEORY OF REINFORCED BEAMS AND SLABS For illustration purposes, let us study the variation of R,(orM) with p for M 18 concrete sing (@) Mit steal bars (Fe 250) having 0, = 140 Ninn’ and (2) HYSD pars (Fe 415) having (@ Fe 250 n= 0 Niet ep aT ee mom +o, TF OOIOTS, — 10-0107 x140 be = 1-240 0 0-867 a Fa 3 1099 = 98S a pe = 28 x 100 = FS 5 100 = 0-71 Re = fos vjeko= $x 5 x 0-867 x 0:4 = 0:867 Nima For any other value of k is given by Bq, 210 = V2mp + (mp'y — mp rep = Bee Ae and m= where p’ =355= fj and m = 1867 For P oF 02 03 oF 05 0 £ ons ox 0209 0319 038) ome q om 070 090 0 om ons | x e217 04m 068 7s om, one Te variation of R= Mit P, for both the types of bars are Shown in Fig. 2.14 Is seen that v0. hys0 sans 'pto p= pe the moment of resis reais) ance increases almost linear, al eee Provision of reinforeement in ex: oop Rew 667 STEEL ears eesolpe does notleadio propor, re 250) Comme increate in Mand isnot 0-7 ee no.83_/ ‘economical boeeS AS per IS : 456-1978, the 7 frinimum reinforcement i ren af 08 i = 34 * 100 = & percent on For Mild steel bars, h a = 250 N/mm’, — P = 85/250 =0-34% For HYSD bars having 4-83 Nim as P = 85/415 = 0.205% FIG. 24 VARIATION OF R AND M, WITH p Pw 29, BEAM OF TRIANGULAR SECTION (@ Balanced Section, Fig. 2.15 (a) shows a triangular section ‘effective depth d and width b at the level of the reinforcement. Let the N.A. be at a depth nm below the apex. At depth x below the apex, the width b, and stress , are given by Te wads 5 gee Hence the compressive force dC, of elementary strip of thickness dr is given CG, = by tyodte ‘The total compressive force is given by{THEORY OF REINFORCED BEAMS AND SLABS © = Seca feoncten fo = fis na [ie§ 18) Taking © om, and k=, for a balanced design c= BM oa. (2.18(@)] ‘Total tenile force T= Ay on ‘Bquating the two, for equilibsium, An Kb tn. 0, = Kb og, x ee ae 219) aq, 218 will be useful in determining reinforcemeat for a balanced section, where k. is given bY =m on 1 (2.180) * moa +o TOOT On In order to find the moment of resistance of the section, take the moment of compressive force about the centre of tensile stecl meth e-syaneif cesar = Scab gE cae = i fer cud caret ay ad be. [we ga »e+4), a m, = [HF ty 20D (aay $y] i 7 aaa od? (2.20) ‘Taking ¢ =oacandk =k for a balanced section, ~@21) ens (221(@)) and -[2.210)] and k is given by Eq. 28 (d) ‘The values of K and Q are given in the table (next page). (b) Determination of M, and Stresses. If the dimensions of the section (Le. bd and ‘As) ate given, the M,, and the actual stresses can be determined by first locating the N.A. This can be done by equating the moment of the compressive area about N.A. to the moment Of the equivalent tensile area about N.A.SM 18) 0.107 one 0.060, Coa 7 (20) 0149 0.106 0.083, = b bn by =F kd = oh = Ot Moment of compressive area about NA Login’) Be oc, Paleo a ba Moment of oqualent tele aes sort Na=ea, ny Equating the two, we get, 4 6nd Ay This is a cubic equation, the solution of which (by trial) would yield the value of » The depth of citeal NA. i gien by my = Og oy g © if n=nc the section is balanced, and the M, is obtained by Eq, 221. @ Wm< nthe section is underreinorced, value fist. "Thus ¢ and the stress in steel will reach its maximum ‘Hence the corresponding stress c in concrete is given, from the stress diagram (Fig, 2150), & © Lam an c 2 d—=n* Tt im d=n ay Knowing c, the moment of resistance of the section is found from Eq. 220 ‘Thus ete co ECE nd, (where & = (220) (ii) if m>n, the section is over reinforced and the stress in concrete will reach its max imum value first." Thus ¢ =o ‘The corresponding stress in steel is given by se =m or i ‘ 2.17%(@)1 Thus, M, (where k = ) a2.10, BEAM OF TRAPEZOIDAL SECTION (©). Batanced Secon, The moment of yesttance fora apezolal secon can Se found ty aking the um for mile ‘tungulat and Mfr ranula scons Tm Mem Mant Mes wipers Mv = moment of tessance of tangle portion -#G-k : Bees 5) ec =e (1-5) koa (Eq. 212(0)) ie & i -fBAEDo-oy+he(i- a acct cm cas and honk 5) noe My = [eu G5 #2 0 ~ 019+ fom (1 or Mr ae bi) + Ro]? 2.22(a) ~EOC=K) 4, aT where @ == 7%) .o4 221(@)] oe Ee —— a Reet 3)* a T0007 oe Tne total compressive force & given by €-G+G eter © Gy “compre force for triangular porion=#c(6 —byd (ex. 218 and Gy = compressive foroe for rectangular portion = 3 cbskd ss ax 6 223 For a balanced section, = [2.23(@)] ‘otal tensile force, or a balanced section is - T mAs. 24 Equating the two, we get yea gas De KA theo](©) Determination of M, and stresses. If the dimensions of the section are given, ine ‘M, and actual stresses can be determined by first locating N.A. This can be done by equating ‘he moment of compressive area about N.A. t0 the moment of equivalent tensile area atu NA. Thus, from Fig 2.16, moment of compressive area about NA 1 b= ap 4 bunt ea Moment of equivalent tensile area about NA m.Ae(d~m) gute te wo, we gc, BEB BA. Aaah) =O Tis cabic eunton, the sltlon of which fy ti) woul eld the sae of» Hence kat The depth of crtal NA is given by, m= MO ga ka (@ I n=n, , the section is balanced, and M, is obtained by Eq. 222 (a), @ Ifmn the section is overrenforced, and sess in concrete will reach its maximum value Rist, Tans ¢= 600 = 2426 mm 2 a ‘Since n>nq the section is over-reinforced. Hence the stress in concrete reaches its “maximum value first. Therefore, ¢ =oae=5N/mm* tom. ME =Ma 3% 19% 600-311) «99.3 N/m? “Moment of resistance is given by Eq. 2.20 in which c= oa. =5 N/mm RQ-k a.si8)!(2- ; tae Eis x OSG OSISY x 300 (600) 7.89 x 10° N-mm = 17.89 kN=mcamp 210. Fa, te beam secon of canoe 29 th rnferemen: corspning to bane ston Wha b is moi af tance : Sotetan For bales ecion Kee 040k c= 404 600 = 2426 mm Needing eoreqccy sm ulenrstonetion toe py 219 A ah Pw 0404 OO 5 55 = 1149 a! Moment of resins qivth y By 221 2M, = Oe ah(2-k) (0.404)? (20.404) - OS M, = 0.1085 x 300 ( 600 )'= 11.72 x 10" N-mm= 11.72 kN-m. Bile I etre mens of reinance of th Bede secon of Fig 219 4 Ara end eye tpins proniar at tne pet Any dete the eho BAe of ratence covering othe hoinced secon. Se ste tht cy. Ofrcnvorcemen m0 2 tens bm Aa = 4x5 (12)? = 4524 mm: ‘The width by at the N.A. is given by the relation be 5 be rca of compresion rone =!" 2 cq 1 oo" + 300]n oy ww O-n pet Bi tb 3” x94 W0=n “3 300 + SO =n Y from NA = Moment of compression area about N.A. 600—n ay ‘Moment of equivalent tensile arca about NAA. = mAu(d—n) = 19 x 452-4600 —n) 0) Equating the two, we get {00 + 2) = 19x 452-4 (600 ~n) or n’ — 18007" — 103147 n + 61888320 Solving thi by til, we get : n= 165 mm : fence = 165/600= 0-275 . For the balanced section, k= 0-408 n= 0-408 % 600 = 2424 mm.‘ingen > the section is under-einforced, an the stressin steel will reach is max. permissible 40 N/m value fist. Hence = on Gen MO, 16S ve & artemis on Im order to find the moment of resistance, considera strip of thickness dy at a distance OF y fom NA. Width 2, i given ty > bx = = AAD py aden ty, sty 7 = Tne stress 6, at the level of strip Is pen, by. SE mE Se 7 a 16s” POS +y 2-75 4 — . 4G, = by dy = BEA Tag y= O-O0RATA3S ty) yy 1s a ppeiss c= feof 00084738 + yap = 00187 | 259 +4] o 2838 N Asem, = fac) (a—n+y) = J 0.008471435 + yy {600 — 165 + yy = 0.00887 f (35 + »)'yay= o008e7] 925% 426+ 870%] a = 34.42 = 10° N-mm = 34.42 kN—m Check, From Eq, 228, 1. k RQ-h am, =[5(1-)e-2 G9) cnet By. 0275) 2 0295) (2 = 02°5))> 705 5 300 (600)* = [40-229 x 027s G07), (00) = 34.42 x 10° N-mm. ‘This is about three simes more than the one of the example 2.9, with the same dimensions but pce ror {For the Balanced Seton fe maddtsn = 0404 60 = 202m 5 gon Luca = xiq-y = 0000629 don ty, 00 -2284),, by SEB AY, = OBIS HY 300 ac, =352842 5 oomnsay y= 00100 (3876+ 7¢ ee: pe o= fief, oor 3576 + pay 10¢N-mm Example 212. 4 simply supported beam of trapezoid! shape is shown in Fig. 221(a), Taking cuc= 5 Nim’, ona 140 Nimm? and m=18, determine the moment of resistance of the beam Section and the actual sess in the Section. Solution. Let n be the depth of the N.A wiein ab = 500 — 200 = S00 -$ Width > at reinforement level = $00 ~ 20x 560 = 313.3mm “The trapezium abed of compression zone can be divided into rectangle abhg and two triangles acg and bd. Width og = Ad = En Hence moment of the compressive area about N.A. =n (500-4) 5 + 5 x4n x $n = 2500 —& + 5 = 2808 — Ty “ Aa = 5x5 (20) Moment of equivalent tensile area, aon 18x 157038 (560 —n} ro) Eqeating the ‘wo arca moments, we get : 250"? "y = 18 x 15708560 —n) ‘1 ~ 4500 n* ~ 508940 n + 285 x 10" = 0 by tial and error, we get Solving = n= 205mm ; k = 4 = 3 = 0366 =0. mos ___18x$ mou +e, 18x 5+ 140 391 jm. = 0.391 x 560 = 219 mm“THEORY OF REINFORCED BEAMS AND SLABS FIG, 221 Since the actual N.A. is above the critical N.A, the section is under-reinforced, amd the stress in steel will reach the maximum value earlier. Hence ¢= oe = 140 N/mm’ Conesponding sre in concrete Is gen by © ie TE © sagas = 409 No consider an elementary strip In order to find the moment of resistance of the beam, of area b-dy at a distance y from the NA. Width of strip of =b, = 500- "52 = 500 - =P sess ¢ at of we.2 = 442, = 00019) dG, =>, dy .c, = (500 — 205=Y) (0.0219 y yay = (1295 + y) x 0.0073y dy ‘Moment of the force about the centre of steel area is AM, = byt -c,(d—n +9) = 00073 (1295-+y) 749 (5D 205-49) M, -S, 0.0073 (1295 + y) (355 ie oor fo (7 + 165097 + 459275) dy = 0.0073 [evsege eps] = 10833 10¢N-mm = 108.33 KN-m Alternatively, from Eq. 285, aM, = fife— $m 257 Me. set = [Bt - 259} x 0366 x s00- 10366) = 0369)(s99 — 3133] 449(560)" = 1083 x 10* N-mm = 108.3 kN-m2 ide and 60 cm deep has 0 10 Example 213. A sing refrced concrete bear 36 om wie an 1 cm wie ae 16 om dep prove me compres eas shown i Fi. 222 The renforcemen Cont ofa brs of 20 fam tamer Deine (postion of the neal as (1) maxim aor cet eis sets when Ws sje 17a beans mara! of #0 Nm. Take Sotaton Area of stot =4 5 (20)" = 12866 mn? Let the depth of the NA. ben Moment of tensie area about NA 215% 12566(500-n) Moment of compressive area about NA = a00m «4 + 100(n ~ 100) ©2= 109) ae 200? + SO(n? — 200m + 10000 )= 250n? — 10000 n + 500000 2507 ~ 100001 + S000 = 15% 1286.6 (560 =) 88 mm i) Equating the two we get or m+ 354m — 42023 Stress c' in conerete at the bottom level of groore is 00_ , 188 = 100 pee 0, From which 468. Let F be the distance of CG. of total compressive force, from top fibre. Let us divide the total compressive force into three parts as marked in the stress diagram. 18720¢, acting at SO mm from top. Force G, = 400 x 100¢’ = 40000 x 0.468¢ Force CG; = 400 x 100 x 1(c ~c') = 20000 x 0.532¢ = 10640, Pe etre la Fore C= 500( 188 ~ 100) Le! = 22000 x C468 ating at 100 +3(188~ 100) = 129 mm from the top Hence taking the moments of individual forces atout the top we get 18720 x 50) + (106406 cx 129) a (1870ex 10640¢ x 333) + (102966129) _ 66 a 187ADe + 10640e + 10296 10296 ¢ Lever arm =d —¥ = 560 ~ 66 = 494 mm Now M = Ay.tx Leverarm = A,,a = Ah = a5 = 19 N/m! From the stress diagram, 72> = 7% ro ADR) FRB ee 4 Bay git an 1S * 550 188{THEORY OF REINFORCED BEAMS AND Stans Aa = Mm yyy HBO! afd ~ BOK OWI RTT Choosing 10 mm dia. bars, = Ae = E10) = 1834 mm Spacing 5 = 10004» _ 1000 x 78.54 tar it 180 mm ck. It sean that by using HYSD bats, Hence provide 10 mm dia, though the depth of slab is increased, there ‘k consideratle saving in steel reinforcement Example 218. Redesign the slab of example 214, using M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel reinforcement "30 N/mm? Salton. ca=7 N/mm; m 19 undo, wenn KT 0.2835 pee sores? poe k= 3 x 7 x 05055 0.2895 = 0.898 (M = 12% 10 N-mm as before Keep d = 116 mm 12x 108 Am chad ~ pao OST 87 0.905 Choosing 10 mm dia, bars, 4s = (10)! = 78.54 mnt E 100042 __ 1000 x 78.54 Spacing 5 = 100040 mm. ae A aie ee Hence provide 10 mm dia, bars at 150 mm cic. PROBLEMS: (@) Discuss in brief asc assumptions of straight line theory (©) Drive expressions for the postion of neutral axis and moment of resstance ot balanced rectangular section (© How do you find the moment of resistance of a beam section. Working from the frst principles, determine the momest of resistance and percentage of steet in a singly reinforced rectangular section (bxd) for a balanced design, if the stresses in concrete and sieel are not 10 exceed $ N/mm? and 140 N/mm! respectively. Take m = 18. Design a R.C. beam to carry a load of 6 kNim inclusive of its own weight on an effective span Of 6m. Keep the breath to be 2rd of effecve depth. The permissible stresses in concrete and sieel are not to exceed 5 N/mm’ and 140 N/mm? respectively, Take m = 18 “The cross-section of singly reinforced beam is 320 mm wide and 450 mm deep to the centre of the reinforcement, The reinforcement consists of 4 bars of 16mm. Determine the moment of resistance Of the beam section. The permisible stresses in conerete and steel are § N/mm" and 140 N/mm" respectively. Take m = 18. Determine the moment of resistance, per meter width of a RC, slab having the following details:REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES eral tieknes: 100. mm Reinforcement: 12 6 @ 100 mm ce Cover to te centre of reinforcement “Take the permanble seses in oncrte mais 6 RRC: beam 100 mm wide and 600mm deep bas 4 bas of 20 mm diameter a Lesion reinforce men ‘he Sate ofthe bar boing 50 mm fom te Bottom ofthe beam, Determine the uniformly dsb; ita (eane of ts Owe weigh) ine beam can cary over ab elective simply supported span ot Gm. Take the pemisibe sresis in concrete and sel as $2 N/mm and 126 N/mm respect nd m= 18 "A RCC. beam hs a section 400 mm wide and 600 mm deep, Find the necessary reinforcement 1b cary toad of 10 KNim. In adation to. is own weigh, over an effective span of 6 m. The team has an effeive cover of $0 mm 10 the een of reinforcement. The permisible sess in eonerete and see! may be taken as S N/mmn* and 140 N/mm? respecvely. Take m = 8 Sahe problem 7 if the beam has size 400 mm x 450 mm, “The moment of resistance ofa rectangular tenforced concrete beam, of breadth b (mm) and effective pth d (mm) is 07 ba? N-mm. Ifthe siesses in the outside fibre of concrete and in the steel {do not etceed 42.N/mm* and 140 N/mm respectively, and the modular ratio equals 18, determine the ratio of the neutra! xs from the outside compression fibres to the effective depth of the beam fand the ratio of the atea of tension steel to the effecive area of the beam, A reinforced concrete beam has Section 300 mm wide and 600 mm deep. The reinforcement consis Of mil steel bars of 25 mm iameter with a cover of 50 1 soem — ‘mm 10 the centre of reinfor cement. If i i subjected (0 ‘bending moment of 120 KN: 'm, determine the stresses \developedinsteelandconerete, Take m = 15. on 11, Determine the moment of | es 20 mm id steel as 6 Nimm® and 140 N/mm* respectively, ang resistance of the beam section shown in Fig. 225. Take Gi = 5 N/mm and m = 18 ree 12 Determine the moment of a ae resistance ofthe seon own, ‘in Fig. 2.26. Take oa: Boyes. aay at N/mm? and op = 140 N/mm* and m = 18. ANSWERS 2088 ba 06989% 3. = 240 mm ; d = 360 mm ; Ay = 616 mm? 4 49 Nm S. 85.10 Nm 6 = 1238 KN/m 7. 1040 mm? 8 1970 mm! 9. k= 038; p = 065% 10.657 Nm 106 N/mm? 11,455 kNom 12665 kNDounLYRENFORCED BEANS ns Note. I is found here that Aq > Au Sach a design is uneconomical because the HYSD bap (4) prod i compro ona hgh under nel. For sch 9 cease Wis beter to redesign the beam wing see team hea, By proving equal areas Of sel fusion id compreston Sonck ks sts Mllod Me fxs” ieee % ~~ Boao a) Ths false area = 528+ 5281656 mm agains total area of 11456-+ 8922 = 19778 nm found by balanced design The reader may now find the actual stresses developed in conréte, compreston ste! and tensile sich wth the above proiion of equal sea seas. Buample S54 reinforced concrete scion is jected to a reveal of bending moment of equal marie of 120 EN tn her decton, Deng the seton ff he permissible ees in concrete and sel are 6 N/m? and 140 N/mm? repecve, and m= 15. Assure = duatatighetbel core to san! apa oa. Solin. hen €= c= SN/mm and t= y= M40. N/mm Since the moment can actin either direction (ey hogging as well as sagging), we wil ave 10 provide equal reinforcement atthe top sy well at etter, Hence As ete Ay (23) Ae =A, Now nana ME g- _ 15X64 gang me #0" "15% 6 + 140 Byung te momen of cule acs ate the NAL ge Wes (i= Acti —a) 484, dn) a O62 (03910) + (15x15—1)4, (0391-0.1)d or 0046 4 + 6.26.4, = 9.144, 15.4, (03914) AAs As = 0016¢ (am) o “Now Me mOn§ (6-8) tennant 391 = 0.4 iy 2 = OO 6 = 466 Nim Aq = 0016¢" mm?; M, = M = 120 x 10° N-mm 2 120% 10° 06a x 03914 x5 ( = SGPta) + (15x18 1 x ated x 4464-014) ZA = Se or 120 x 10' =0612d? + 1.3810 = 1.9934" From which d= 392mm. Hence, 6 = 06x 392 = 235mm Ac = Ay = 0.016 (392)? = 2460 mm? ; Cover to steel = 01 d = 40 mm. Example 5.6. Determine the moment of resistance of a doubly reinforced beam of trapezoidal section shown in Fig. 5.5. Take cae=5 N/mm , 04 =140 N/mm® and m=18. Solution. Let n be the depth of N.A. To get the position of N.A. take the moments Of the equivalent areas about the N.A. The concrete area consisting of trapezium abde can be divided into the rectangles abhg and two triangles acz and bhd [Fig.S.5(b)},Wiath ab — S00 — 259m = 500 = % wah p= itd oe we Sees of S]i dente (ntact d} so #8 ats 250 Pe 18-1685 fot IBa5T08HA0-n) ‘orn? — 4500n° — 773593n + 2.956 x 10" = 0 Sing hy snc, we ok “187 wn, Fre he ses, epi a fe ot etal NA phen ty mo Moe gn ES 5) 219. Sd Moe +0, = «8X5 + 140 Sie tn to Nabors ces Na hue ew we ‘maximum permissible value first. Thus ¢ = 0, = 140 N/mm’. ‘The corresponding stress in concrete is given by 40 5, 187 = 39 N/mm m “18 * 360 — 187 “The ses ia onete Stroud compre sel gen by @ Pah xe 39-307 Nam? ‘The moment of resistance, M, of the section is found by taking the moment of the compressive forces about the centre of tensile steel Let My =moment of compressive force in concrete, about the centre of tensile steel. ‘Mg =moment of compressive force in steel, about the centre of tensile stecl, so that M, =Ma+Ma To find M,, consider an elementary strip of thickness dy at a distance y from the N.A, [Fig 53500] and fet the stress at the level be c, Breath of stip of = b= 500 — 300530 my) « 509-2187 -y1 sues G =exd= Force in elementary strip =b,.4).<, Moment of this force about the centre of steel arca is given by aM, =by.dy.c,(@—n+y) Siyo@-nt ny = in {s00-50187-»} 0.0209 (560-187+y) dyDOUBLY REINFORCED BEANS, 1 = IM oy? + 4897403) 4 = ogee + hy 3784] = 879 x 10° N-mm Moment of comprestive fret in the sompresonreinforcmen ven y Mam ~ 1)Ause! (= tym (18 x 181) 368.5307 50) =H) AIBA HI Nm, Hence ttl moment of rsstance pron by My = Ma Ma = 87.39 108+ 2447 1 Nem 11.86 FN 1186 6, SHFAR STRESS, BOND STRESS AND DEVELOPMENT LENGTIL @ Maximum Shear Stree Fig. 56 6) shows the shar res dirbuon ns doubly tn freed beam, The dnuton ot these test tary plane, das above the NA, Is gives by «AL. Ter wl be tude in crete nthe ser stresbelow te toed of he compresion set Ths esbecmse the quanty-4) sat Aen ines al plac blow the level compression stl et Wo 4, SMEAR STRESS BTRINUTION sear ses st below the level ofthe compression steel Then ae v a’ =¥ x; incre ny) = ¥ x m.~ 1yAu(n a) where 1 i the moment of inti of the equvalent secon Forall planes blow the NA, the shar ses wl be maximum and of «constant magnitode ven by (512) 4 ba listance between tensile force and the centre of the compressive 6.1) where a Fig. 56 (c) shows the tensile and compressive forces. G, =compressive force in steel, acting. at a below the top of the beam C =compressive force in concrete, acting st n/3 belew the top of the beam. C Sresultant compressive force acting at ¥ below the top of the beamDOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS 2 Sant om where % =sttess in bar at the section considered at the design load, For bars in compression, the permissible bond stress is increased by 259%. Hence (la) = 9-2 619) Sah 7 Sra where ox compressive siress in the bars, at thesection considered, at the design load. PROBLEMS 1A ovbly reinforced rectangule beam & 300 mm wide and 450 mm deep and ie subjected 10 bending, moment of 90 kN-m. If the limiting stesses in conerete and steel are $ Nim? and 140 ‘iam’, determine the sec! areas, Assume that sec! is tried on both faces with ts centre 40 tm from either fe. Take m= 18 2. Arectangolar beam of breadth b and etfeane depth d i reinforced with 1.2% tensile and 12% ompressve sel, Determine the moment of resstance ofthe Secuon a) by accurate method and () by steel beam theory, neglecing concrete. ‘Take compeesion reinforcement © be placed at 0.1 effective depth below top. Take the permisibie siess in seel and concrete as 140 Nanm? and 52 N/mm* respectively, and m = 18. 3 A.beam 250 mm x S00 mm in section is reinforced with 3 bars of 14 mm diameter at top and 5 bars of 20 mm diameter at the bottom, each aan effertve cover of 40 mm, Determine the ‘moment of resistance of the beam section. Take the permisible stress in steel and concrete as 126 N/tmm? and 52 N fmm* respectively, ahd m= 18 4A éoubly reinforced concrete beam i 250 mm wide and S00 mm deep from the compresion edge 10 the centre of tensile sce! The area of compression and tensile steet are both 1300 mmé each, “The centre of compression steel $0. mm from the compression edge. If the beam i subjected 104 total bending moment of 70 kN-m, determine the stem In concrete, and tension and compression steel. Take m = 18 5. Determine the moment of resianee of a doubly reinforced) beam (of trapezoidal section shown in Fig. 57. What willbe the moment Oem ——wi Seo i Serer ¥ ee epee tee - When being hauled up to the frame, it is subjected to a bending | moment of 25 KN-m, Determine the maximum siresses set up in eoncrete and steel. Take m = 18, “e ANSWERS: Feom— An = 1710 mm"; Aw = 1300 mm? (@ 1594 bd N-mm (6) 1.598 bi N-mm 735 kN-m ¢ = 356 N/mm? 1 = 1238 N/mm (@) 567 KN-m (0) 562 kN-m © = 319 N/mmé; ¢ = 889 N/mm FIG. 52 683 N/mm? eae ene