COMPLETE THE TEXT WITH THE VERBS IN BRACKETS AT THEIR CORRECT FORM:

1. Cheating and Plagiarism

Students are responsible for familiarising themselves with the University Code of Student Conduct, as on
enrolment with the University the student 1. …... (TO PLACE) themselves under the policies and regulations
of the University and all of its duly constituted bodies. Disciplinary authority 2. …... (TO EXERCISE) through
the Student Conduct Committee. The Committee has procedures in place for hearing allegations of
misconduct. Copies of the student conduct code are available at the Student Services Office. Academic
dishonesty is never condoned by the University. This includes cheating and plagiarism, which violate the
Student Conduct Code and could result in expulsion or 3. …... (TO FAIL) the course.

Cheating 4. …... (TO INCLUDE) but is not limited to obtaining or giving unauthorized help during an
examination, 5. …... (TO GET) unauthorized information about the contents of an examination before it is
administered, using unauthorised sources of information during an examination, 6. …... (TO ALTER) or
falsifying the record of any grades, altering or supplying answers after an examination 7. …... (TO HAND)
in, falsifying any official University record, and misrepresenting the facts to get exemptions from or
extensions to course requirements.

Plagiarism includes but is not limited to submitting any paper or other document, 8. …... (TO SATISFY) an
academic requirement, which 9. …... (TO COPY) either in whole or in part from someone else’s work without
identifying that person; failing to identify as a quotation a documented idea that has not been thoroughly
assimilated into the student's language and style, or paraphrasing a passage so closely that the reader could be
misled as to the source; 10. …... (TO SUBMIT) the same written or oral material in different courses without
11. …... (TO OBTAIN) authorisation from the lecturers 12. …... (TO INVOLVE); or 'dry-labbing', which
includes obtaining and 13. …... (TO USE) experimental data from fellow students without the express consent
of the lecturer, utilizing experimental data and laboratory write-ups from other parts of the course or from
previous terms during which the course 14. …... (TO CONDUCT), and fabricating data 15. …... (TO FIT)
the expected results.

2. English as a National Foreign Language

India has two national languages for central administrative purposes: Hindi and English. Hindi is the national,
official, and main link language of India. English is an associate official language. The Indian Constitution
also officially 1. ….. (TO APPROVE) twenty-two regional languages for official purposes.

Dozens of distinctly different regional languages 2. ….. (TO SPEAK) in India, which share many
characteristics such as grammatical structure and vocabulary. Apart from these languages, Hindi 3. ….. (TO
USE) for communication in India. The homeland of Hindi is mainly in the north of India, but it is spoken and
widely 4. ….. (TO UNDEERSTAND) in all urban centres of India. In the southern states of India, where
people speak many different languages that are not much related to Hindi, there is more resistance to Hindi,
which 5. ….. (TO ALLOW) English 6. ….. (TO REMAIN) a lingua franca to a greater degree.

Since the early 1600s, the English language 7. ….. (TO HAVE) a toehold on the Indian subcontinent, when
the East India Company 8. ….. (TO ESTABLISH) settlements in Chennai, Kolkata, and Mumbai, formerly
Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay respectively. The historical background of India is never far away from
everyday usage of English. India 9. ….. (TO HAVE) a longer exposure to English than any other country
which 10. ….. (TO USE) it as a second language, its distinctive words, idioms, grammar and rhetoric have
spread gradually to affect all places, habits and culture.
In India, English serves two purposes. First, it 11. ….. (TO PROVIDE) a linguistic tool for the administrative
cohesiveness of the country, causing people who speak different languages to become united. Secondly, it
serves as a language of wider communication, including a large variety of different people 12. ….. (TO
COVER) a vast area. It overlaps with local languages in certain spheres of influence and in public domains.
Generally, English 13. ….. (TO USE) among Indians as a ‘link’ language and it is the first language for many
well-educated Indians. It is also the second language for many who speak more than one language in India.
The English language is a tie that 14. ….. (TO HELP) bind the many segments of our society together. Also,
it 15. ….. (TO BE) a linguistic bridge between the major countries of the world and India.

3. The Great Wall of China

Walls and wall building 1. ….. (TO PLAY) a very important role in Chinese culture. These people, from the
dim mists of prehistory 2. ….. (TO BE) wall-conscious; from the Neolithic period – when ramparts of pounded
earth were used - to the Communist Revolution, walls were an essential part of any village. Not only towns
and villages; the houses and the temples within them were somehow walled, and the houses also had no
windows overlooking the street, thus 3. ….. (TO GIVE) the feeling of wandering around a huge maze. The
name for “city” in Chinese (ch’eng) means wall, and over these walled cities, villages, houses and temples
presides the god of walls and mounts, whose duties were, and still are, to protect and be responsible for the
welfare of the inhabitants. Thus a great and extremely laborious task such as 4. ….. (TO CONSTRUCT) a
wall, which 5. ….. (TO SUPPOSE) to run throughout the country, must not 6. ….. (TO SEEM) such an
absurdity.

However, it is indeed a common mistake to perceive the Great Wall as a single architectural structure, and it
would also be erroneous to assume that it 7. ….. (TO BUILD) during a single dynasty. For the building of the
wall spanned the various dynasties, and each of these dynasties somehow contributed to the refurbishing and
the construction of a wall, whose foundations had been laid many centuries ago. It was during the fourth and
third century B.C. that each warring state started building walls to protect their kingdoms, both against one
another and against the northern nomads. Especially three of these states: the Ch’in, the Chao and the Yen,
corresponding respectively to the modern provinces of Shensi, Shanzi and Hopei, over and above building
walls that surrounded their kingdoms, also laid the foundations on which Ch’in Shih Huang Di would build
his first continuous Great Wall.

The role that the Great Wall 8. ….. (TO PLAY) in the growth of Chinese economy 9. ….. (TO BE) an
important one. Throughout the centuries many settlements 10. ….. (ESTABLISH) along the new border.
The garrison troops 11. ….. (TO INSTRUCT) to reclaim wasteland and to plant crops on it, roads and canals
were built, to mention just a few of the works 12. ….. (TO CARRY) out. All these undertakings greatly 13.
….. (TO HELP) to increase the country’s trade and cultural exchanges with many remote areas and also with
the southern, central and western parts of Asia – the formation of the Silk Route. Builders, garrisons, artisans,
farmers and peasants left behind a trail of objects, including inscribed tablets, household articles, and 14. …..
(TO WRITE) work, which have become extremely valuable archaeological evidence to the study of defence
institutions of the Great Wall and the everyday life of these people who 15. ….. (TO LIVE) and 16. ….. (TO
DIE) along the wall.

4. Dirty Britain

Before the grass 1. ….. (TO THICK) on the roadside verges and leaves 2. ….. (TO START) growing on the
trees is a perfect time to look around and see just how dirty Britain 3. ….. (TO BECOME). The pavements 4.
….. (TO STAIN) with chewing gum that has been spat out and the gutters are full of discarded fast food
cartons. Years ago I remember 5. ….. (TO TRAVEL) abroad and being saddened by the plastic bags,
discarded bottles and soiled nappies at the edge of every road. Nowadays, Britain seems to look at least as
bad. What 6. ….. (TO GO) wrong?

The problem is that the rubbish created by our increasingly mobile 7. ….. (TO LIVE) lasts a lot longer than
before. If it is not cleared up and properly thrown away, it stays in the undergrowth for years; a semi-
permanent reminder of what a tatty little country we have now.

Firstly, it 8. ….. (TO ESTIMATE) that 10 billion plastic bags 9. ….. (TO GIVE) to shoppers. These will take
anything from 100 to 1,000 years to rot. However, it is not as if there is no solution to this. A few years ago,
the Irish government introduced a tax on non-recyclable carrier bags and in three months reduced their use by
90%. When he was a minister, Michael Meacher attempted to introduce a similar arrangement in Britain. The
 plastics industry protested, of course. However, they need not have bothered; the idea 10. .…. (TO KILL)
before it could draw breath, leaving supermarkets free 11. ….. (TO GIVE) away plastic bags.

What is clearly necessary right now is some sort of combined initiative, both individual and collective, before
it is too late. The alternative is to continue 12. ….. (TO SLIDE) downhill until we have a country that looks
like a vast municipal rubbish tip. We may well be at the tipping point. Yet we know that people 13. ….. (TO
RESPOND) to their environment. If things around them are clean and tidy, people behave cleanly and tidily.
If they are surrounded by squalor, they behave squalidly. Now, much of Britain 14. ….. (TO LOOK) pretty
squalid. What 15. ….. (TO BE) it look like in five years?

5. The Digital Divide

A recent survey 1. ….. (TO SHOW) that the number of people in the United Kingdom who do not intend 2.
….. (TO GET) internet access 3. ….. (TO RISE). These people, who are known as 'net refuseniks', make up
44% of UK households, or 11.2 million people in total.

The research also 4. ….. (TO SHOW) that more than 70 percent of these people 5. ….. (TO SAY) that they
were not interested in 6. ….. (TO GET) connected to the internet. This number 7. ….. (TO RISE) from just
over 50% in 2005, with most giving lack of computer skills as a reason for not getting internet access, though
some also said it 8. ….. (TO BE) because of the cost.

More and more people 9. ….. (TO GET) broadband and high speed net is available almost everywhere in the
UK, but there are still a significant number of people who refuse 10. ….. (TO TAKE) the first step.

The cost of getting online is going down and internet speeds

11. ….. (TO INCREASE), so many see the main challenge to be explaining the relevance of the internet to
this group. This would encourage them to get connected before they are 12. ….. (TO LEAVE) too far behind.
The gap between those who have access to and 13. ….. (TO USE) the internet is the digital divide, and if the
gap 14. ….. (TO CONTINUE) 15. ….. (TO WIDE), those without access will get left behind and miss out on
many opportunities, especially in their careers.

6. Vincent Van Gogh

 When Vincent van Gogh 1. ..... (TO GET) out of hospital in January 1889, with a white bandage covering the
place where his left ear had been, he immediately 2. ..... (TO GO) back to work in his house next to a cafe in the
southern French town of Arles. A still life he painted that month looks like a determined attempt 3. ..... (TO
HOLD) on to the things of this world, to quell his inner turbulence by 4. ..... (concentrate) on the solid facts of his
life. Around a sturdy wooden table, he 5. ..... (TO LAY) out a symbolic array of the simple pillars of his existence.
Four onions. A medical self-help book. A candle. The pipe and tobacco he found steadying. A letter from his
brother Theo. A teapot. And one more thing: a large, emptied bottle of absinthe.
6. ...... he ...... (TO DRINK) the absinthe since leaving hospital? Does its emptiness represent a promise to swear
off the stuff from now on?
The first thing to be said about this painting is that it is revolutionary. It is a new kind of art. The very idea that a
collection of objects, painted with fiery brushstrokes in heightened luminous colours, with ridges of thick impasto
in some places and bare canvas in others, can reveal the state of someone’s soul 7. ..... (TO BE) utterly new. Van
Gogh was its originator. In the months after this mostly self-taught Dutch artist in his mid-30s arrived in Arles in
February 1888 he 8. ..... (TO INVENT) a new kind of art that 9. ..... (TO COME) to be called expressionism.
Van Gogh’s expressionism 10. ..... (TO BECOME) the best known avant-garde movement in northern Europe
in the early 20th century and the image of his “madness” was deeply carved into it. When the German
expressionist Ludwig Kirchner painted himself as a wounded soldier with a severed hand in 1915 – his real
injuries were mental, not physical – he 11. ..... (TO DRAW) on the legacy of Van Gogh’s Self-Portrait with
Bandaged Ear 12. ..... (TO CREATE) a study in shell shock. In 1922 the psychiatrist Hans Prinzhorn
published The Art of the Insane, which 13. ..... (TO FEATURE) his collection of his patients’ paintings and
drawings, illustrating what he 14. ..... (TO SEE) as a unique form of creativity. His belief in the creativity of
mental illness was clearly inspired by expressionism and its cult of madness that 15. ..... (TO GO) back to Van
Gogh himself.

7. Digital art

We 1. ..... (TO LIVE) in a digital world. The rise of technology in the 21st century 2. ..... completely ...... (TO
TRANSFORM) the way in which we 3. ..... (TO THINK), create and consume. And the art world – far from being
sheltered inside the walls of galleries and institutions – 4. ..... (TO UNDERGO) a metamorphosis of its own.

Digital technology 5. ..... not only ...... (TO EXPAND) the potential for creating new forms of art – it 6. .....
(TO CHANGE) how the industry operates. From CGI software, to Instagram and virtual auctions, it has affected
how art is created, promoted, bought and sold.’ I was in my early twenties when I 7. ..... (TO START) dabbling
with digital art,” Chris explains, "although I didn’t get serious until my mid-twenties after .8. .... (TO LEAVE)
the RCA where I 9. ..... (TO STUDY) product design." The practice of digital art is the creation of pieces which
are computer generated, scanned, or drawn using a tablet or a mouse. This includes digitally manipulated videos,
photographs, and in recent years, it 10. ..... often ...... (TO BE) interactive – allowing the audience to influence
the images which are made. This increasing proximity between the art and the audience is an important part of
what makes digital art stand out.

"In college, I was interested in making high-end design, art, furniture and products. But I started 10. ..... (TO
REALISE) that the image was just as important as the actual object – most people only get to experience these
ultra-rare objects through an image online or in a book or magazine. These thoughts 11. ..... (TO PUSH) me 12.
..... (TO PURSUE) image-making using digital technology."

Whatever the future 13. ..... (TO HOLD) for digital art – whether that 14. ..... (TO MEAN) visiting exhibitions
in galleries or museums, or scrolling through Instagram – we 15. ..... (TO WATCH) how it develops with interest.

8. Emotional self-sufficiency

Emotional self-sufficiency is the foundation of good mental health. It’s also fertile ground for happiness. The
better you can deal with your emotions; the more positive moments you can extract from even the worst of
situations.

The hardest and most important part of emotional self-sufficiency is not 1. ..... (TO RUN) away when your
feelings 2. ..... (TO MAKE) you uncomfortable.

It’s easy to gloss over negative emotions and “try to stay positive,” as we 3. ..... (OFTEN, TO TELL). Sadly,
4. ...... (TO DO) so further obfuscates our feelings rather than 5. ..... (TO CLARIFY) them. We 6. ..... (TO THINK)
we 7. ..... (TO HANDLE) our sadness, fear, or disappointment when, actually, we 8. ..... (even, TO IDENTIFY)
which one causes our discomfort.

This is the first task of emotional self-sufficiency: finding emotional clarity. It 9. ..... (TO REQUIRE) spending
time with yourself, thinking, and holding off on judgments so you don’t jump to false conclusions.

Our age 10. ..... (TO AFFECT) our ability to label emotionally laden situations, and, usually, we 11. ..... (TO
BECOME) worse at it as we grow up. When do you ever hear an adult say, “I’m afraid?” Children, however,
confess to being scared all the time. Of course, they are less burdened with responsibilities. Kids have time. As
adults, we must make said time 12. ..... (TO GAIN) emotional clarity.

The next time you feel particularly uncomfortable, tempted to act on an impulse, or as if you’re on the verge
of a nervous breakdown, go home. Sit. Make some tea. Put on some music. Think. Rest. Let your true feelings
bubble to the surface, and then 13. ...... (TO TAKE) a bath inside those emotions.
 It may still feel uncomfortable at first, but after a while, you 14. ..... (TO GET) a sense of relief and new clarity
on what 15. ..... (TO GO) on inside your body and mind.

9. Frida Kahlo

An artist who epitomizes an individual’s triumphant spirit to overcome challenges through creativity is Frida
Kahlo. One of the most respected women artists her art 1. ..... (TO PRAISE) for its originality and its surreal,
dreamlike, and fantastical quality.

At the age of six Kahlo 2. ..... (TO STRIKE) with polio. At age 18 she was in a bus when it 3. ..... (TO
OVERTURN). She suffered numerous injuries including a broken spinal column, a broken collarbone, and 11
fractures in her right leg. Throughout her life the woman had relapses of tremendous pain and fatigue, which
caused her to be hospitalized for long periods of time. She had to undergo more than 30 operations in her lifetime.
Despite the medical treatment she 4. ..... (TO RECEIVE) in San Francisco, Kahlo’s health problems continued
throughout the 1940s. Due to her spinal problems, she 5. ..... (TO WEAR) 28 separate supportive corsets, varying
from steel and leather to plaster, between 1940 and 1954. She experienced pain in her legs, the infection on her
hand 6. ..... (TO BECOME) chronic, and she was also treated for syphilis.

Frida Kahlo 7. ..... (TO TEACH) herself to paint during her initial recuperation period. Through her art she
reflected and transcended her suffering and loss. In her highly personalized style she 8. ..... (TO EXPOSE)
intimate aspects of herself. Her paintings 9. ..... (TO BE) a type of catharsis, 10. ...... (TO RELEASE) sorrow and
pain associated with her physical trauma.

In many of her self-portraits Kahlo is surrounded by symbols that 11. ..... (TO REPRESENT) superstitions and
folklore. The surrealist usage of mask and costume is part of everyday rituals in Mexico, and death in the realm
of the sacred, also 12. ..... (TO WORK) as a resource to address the matter of identity and gender. In some of her
self-portraits, Frida Kahlo 13. ..... (TO PAINT) herself wearing ornaments and accessories that identify with the
pre-Hispanic past and the indigenous cultures of Mexico. These paintings 14. ..... (TO EVOKE) powerful women
such as goddesses or tehuanas, 15. ...... (TO APPROPRIATE) the identities of these Amazon matriarchs.

10. Nietzsche’s philosophy

The German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) 1. ..... (TO PURSUE) two main themes in his work,
one now familiar, even commonplace in modernity, the other still under-appreciated, often ignored. The familiar
Nietzsche is the “existentialist”, who 2. ..... (TO DIAGNOSE) the most profound cultural fact about modernity:
“the death of God”, or more exactly, the collapse of the possibility of reasonable belief in God. Belief in God –
in transcendent meaning or purpose, dictated by a supernatural being – is now incredible, usurped by naturalistic
explanations of the evolution of species, the behaviour of matter in motion, the unconscious causes of human
behaviours and attitudes, indeed, by explanations of how such a bizarre belief 3. ..... (TO ARISE) in the first
place. But without God or transcendent purpose, how 4. .... (we, TO CAN) withstand the terrible truths about our
existence, namely, its inevitable suffering and disappointment, followed by death and the abyss of nothingness?

Nietzsche the “existentialist” 5. ..... (TO EXIST) in tandem with an “illiberal” Nietzsche, one who 6. ..... (TO
SEE) the collapse of theism and divine teleology as tied fundamentally to the unitability of the entire moral world
view of post-Christian modernity. If there 7. ..... (TO BE) no God who 8. ..... (TO DEEM) each human 9. ..... (TO
BE) of equal worth or possessed with an immortal soul beloved by God, then why think we all 10. ..... (TO
DESERVE) equal moral consideration? And what if, as Nietzsche 11. ..... (TO ARGUE), a morality of equality
– and altruism and pity for suffering – 12. ..... (TO BE), in fact, an obstacle to human excellence? What if 13. .....
(TO BE) a “moral” person 14. ..... (TO MAKE) it impossible to be Beethoven? Nietzsche’s conclusion is clear:
if moral equality is an obstacle to human excellence, then so much the worse for moral equality. This 15. ..... (TO
BE) the less familiar and often shockingly anti-egalitarian Nietzsche.

11.
In Netherlands people 1. …… (TO WORRY) about the danger of the whole country sinking because of global
warming. Global warming is expected to cause the sea level 2. …… (TO RISE UP) to three feet this century.
Not surprisingly, the Dutch 3. …… (TO TAKE) climate change very seriously. With half their country below sea
level, they 4. …... (TO BUILD) elaborate dykes and windmill to preserve farmland.
But scientists 5. …… (TO WORRY) that these dykes and gates may not be able to hold water much longer. Much
of the land 6. …… (TO BE) reclaimed from marshlands, but as the water 7. …… (TO PUMP) out the land settled
lower and lower. The land that many people now 8. ….. (TO LIVE) on only 9. …… (TO STAY) dry because of
the constant work of pumps and dykes.
One radical idea to solve this problem is 10. …… (TO LET) water back into hundreds of miles of lowest-lying
farmland. Dykes 11. …… (TO MOVE) inland opening large areas of sand dunes to the tides, and floating houses
12. …… (TO BUILD) on the water. Despite resistance from the older generation that 13. …… (TO SUFFER)
flooding, young people 14. …… (TO SEE) the water as an opportunity for pleasure and recreation.
Regardless of what 15. …… (TO DECIDE) many people think that a fundamental shift in the way the Dutch
approach water is inevitable.

12.
It was late afternoon when we drove into the little town. We 1. …… (TO DRIVE) for over 400 kilometres that
day and most of it had been in thick fog. We were tired and decided to find a hotel- we 2. …… (NOT TO KNOW)
how far it might be to the next town. We parked, got out of the car and stretched- a walk 3. …… (TO BE) very
welcome, we thought. We left our luggage in the car boot and 4. …… (TO WALK) along the already empty car
park to a narrow but fast-flowing stream.
A five-minute stroll to a tree-lined avenue by the stream 5. …… (TO TAKE) us into the town square. It was a
beautiful old square with a fountain in the middle and arcades on three sides. We 6 …… (TO LOOK) up at
terraces of interesting-looking restaurants above the arcades and then back down at entrances to fascinating little
shops near them.
We had no idea where to look for a hotel or a pension in this sleepy town, so we 7. …… (TO WALK) up to an
old man sitting on a bench by the fountain. He pointed us in the direction of a narrow alleyway and told us we 8.
…… (TO FIND) the best hotel along the little road. It seemed unlikely, but we followed his advice and sure
enough, at the other end of the alleyway, between two picturesque old houses
9. …… (TO BE) a sign saying” hotel”. Just opposite the hotel, on the other side of the street, was a house covered
in the most colourful flowers, and I immediately 10. ….. (TO HOPE) that we might be able to see the house from
our bedroom window. Inside the hotel reception, a cool, dark room with a coffee lounge in one corner, we 11.
…… (TO ASK) for a room. Our satisfaction was complete when we realised that even the best room in the hotel
was under $80.
We 12. ……(look) at the room, decided to take it and went down to the lounge, where we stopped for a delicious
cappuccino. Soon dusk 13. …… (TO FALL) so we handed the room key to the receptionist and told him we
would be back with our luggage in ten minutes. As we walked through the narrow streets, we discussed what we
14. …… (TO DO) in the next day and how long we would stay in the little town. Imagine our horror when we
arrived at the car park to find it completely empty- our car and all of our luggage 15. …… (TO STEAL)!

13.
Is this picture the work of an unknown artist or a painting by Leonardo da Vinci?
A team of historians 1. …… (TO EXAMINE) the picture at a laboratory in Paris. Tests 2. …… (TO REVEAL)
a fingerprint near the top of the painting which is remarkably similar to one found on a da Vinci work in the
Vatican. If the team is correct, the painting 3. …… (TO BE) worth many millions of dollars.
The painting was previously believed to be an early nineteenth-century work by an unknown German artist. It 4.
…… (TO SELL) at Christies in New York in 1988 for $19,000. In 2007 it was sold again for a similar sum to
Canadian-born collector, Peter Silverman. Mr Silverman 5. …… (TO KNOW) there was a something special
about the painting. He wasn’t convinced it was a nineteenth-century work and so, last year he 6. …… (TO
DISCUSS) about painting with Dr Nicholas Turner of the British Museum. As a result of these discussion, Mr
Silverman 7. …… (TO DECIDE) to begin a thorough investigation of the picture.
Professor Martin Kemp of Oxford University, an expert on da Vinci work, believed the picture may be a portrait
of Bianca Sforza, daughter of the Duke of Milan. The Dukes daughter was only a teenager at the time, and the
picture clearly 8. …… (TO SHOW) a teenage girl. The costume and hairstyle are those popular with the nobility
of late fifteenth-century Milan. Carbon dating analysis 9. …… (TO CONFIRM) this date. Further scientific
evidence 10. …… (TO PROVIDE) by infra-red photography. This
11. …... (TO INDICATE) that the picture was painted by a left-handed artist. Leonardo da Vinci, as is well
known, was left-handed.
Perhaps the most convincing piece of evidence is the fingerprint found on the painting. It is from the top of the
middle or index finger. The matching fingerprint 12. ….. (TO BE) on da Vinci painting of Jerome in the Vatican
collection. This is undisputedly a work by da Vinci and 13. …... (TO PAINT) at a time when we believe he 14.
…... (TO WORK) by himself, without assistants. There is therefore a strong probability that this is Leonardo’s
own fingerprint.
If it is proved that this is a painting of Leonardo, then one can only speculate as its potential value on the open
market. We all 15. ….. (TO KNOW) that works by da Vinci are incredibly rare and, as he is the world most
famous old master, any work of his which does come up for sale is likely to reach a phenomenal sum.

14.
New Orleans, the great city at the mouth of the Mississippi is one of the most colourful, most cosmopolitan and
most European of American cities.
Though very few people in the city now speak or understand much French, New Orleans prides itself on its
French heritage. The historic centre of the city 1. …… (TO KNOW) as the French Quarter, and the city is famous
across the United States for its restaurants and its "Mardi Gras" celebrations.
It is still one of America's great ports, where goods that have travelled down the Mississippi valley by barge or
by truck or by train are offloaded and trans-shipped, to be exported all over the world.
Mardi Gras, meaning literally "Fat Tuesday" 2. …… (TO CELEBRATE/ FIRST) in Louisiana by French
colonists in the eighteenth century. It was, in those days, a day of feasting before the start of Lent, the 40-day
period leading up to Easter.
As the last "normal" day before the austerity of Lent, "fat Tuesday" 3. …… (TO BE) a day to make the most
of, a day of carnivals, eating, drinking and revelry. It 4. …… (TO REMAIN) a day of carnival ever since; but the
original French celebrations are just a small part of today's festivities. Mardi Gras, New Orleans style, owes as
much to Afro-Caribbean customs and the Latin American carnival tradition as it does to the French colonists who
established it in their new city.
 The Mardi Gras celebrations actually last for several weeks. About a month before the main carnival, a season
of elaborate balls and parties 5. …… (TO BEGIN): the official Mardi Gras program is published, and shops start
selling the very sweet and colourful "King Cake", a delicacy that can only be found during this holiday season.
In other parts of Louisiana, the first Mardi Gras parades actually 6. …… (TO TAKE) place three to four weeks
before the big carnival in New Orleans, and even in the city itself, smaller parades begin two weeks before the
big day.
My first Mardi Gras party took place in a friend's apartment in New Orleans a few days before the parade. The
apartment 7. …… (TO DECORATE) out in the season's traditional colours of green, gold and purple; the hi-fi
system pounded out carnival music, while the guests danced, talked, and ate King Cake, washed down with
"Blackened Voodoo Beer", another specialty 8. …… (TO BREW) in a local brewery.
On Fat Tuesday itself, I joined the hundreds of thousands of local people and visitors, to watch the
processions wind their way through the streets of New Orleans. The processions 9. …… (TO ORGANIZE) by
groups called "Krewes", which each have mythological or historic names, such as Proteus, Endemion, or Bacchus.
The one I 10. …… (TO LIKE) best was Zulu, a parade organized by members of the city's black
community, resplendent with its colourful ornate floats and costumes based on African themes.
Perhaps the most astonishing aspect of Zulu and other parades was the "throws". As the floats move slowly
through the crowds, tradition 11. …… (TO HAVE) it that those on them should throw all kinds of trinkets into
the crowd — plastic necklaces, engraved plastic cups, plastic medallions (a coveted prize) and other souvenirs.
Most parade-goers do all they can to catch these materially worthless items, and I 12. …… (TO FIND) myself
quickly caught up in the frenzy, scraping on the sidewalk among the surging spectators to proudly 13. …… (TO
PICK) up my plastic prize. In the heat of the moment, it's hard not to be caught up in the madness of this ritual,
in spite of the worthlessness of the prizes!
Traditionally, people in New Orleans use the "throw cups" they pick up, and decorate their cars or homes with
the other souvenirs they take home.
As a Yankee spending my first Mardi Gras in New Orleans, however, I 14. …… (TO MAKE) some mistakes
in planning my time. There is so much going on at Carnival time, that you can't see everything, and I was
disappointed not to see more of the city's famous Dixieland jazz bands parading through the streets, but obviously
I was often in the wrong place at the wrong time.
After a year, I know that I still have a lot to learn about the customs, cultures and traditions of Mardi Gras in
New Orleans. This year, I'll try and restrain myself during the throws, so that I
15. ……. (NOT TO COME) home with a bagful of plastic objects that I simply have to recycle. I'll let someone
else have that pleasure!

15.
Since almost the beginning of cinema, we 1. …… (TO HAVE) scary films. Of all the genres that exist, horror is
perhaps one of the most conventional. Many horror films 2. …… (TO RELY) on specific plot devices, also called
tropes, to make their audience frightened. When a trope is used too much, it can become a cliché. But when used
well, it can really make us jump out of our skin. Here are some of the most used, and perhaps abused, clichés in
horror films.
No matter what kind of house it is, the basement is a scary place in horror films. That's usually where something
3. …… (TO HIDE) or where the evil psychopath 4. …… (TO HIDE) his tools. Basements are always dark and
often damp. You can only reach them by a narrow staircase. And basements are always creepy, even when there
5. …… (NOT/ TO BE) anything down there.
In older horror films, when protagonists were in desperation, it was difficult or impossible for them to call for
help or call the police. Mobile phones 6. …… (TO MAKE) that situation a bit less believable now. What's the
solution to maintain suspense? No phone coverage! If you're a hero in a horror film, it's almost certain that at a
key moment, just when you absolutely need to call for help, you 7. …… (NOT/ TO HAVE) any coverage at all.
Or your phone battery 8. …… (TO DIE) just as you are making the call. Or both.
Horror films love uninhabited places. This could be an abandoned hospital, a scary empty house or a ghost town.
There's something about lonely, empty places. What was it like when people lived there? Why 9. … they…. (TO
LEAVE) ? Maybe it's also that they are so quiet, which can be very scary too. Of course, abandoned places are
also handy for horror film directors in that it's more believable that you 10. ……. (TO HAVE) no phone coverage
there either (see above).
The hero 11. ……. (TO DRIVE) for hours. It's night-time and it's beginning to rain. Suddenly he sees a person
on the side of the road. Maybe the company 12. …… (TO KEEP) him awake? In horror films, giving anybody a
ride 13. …… (TO ASK) for trouble. The hero always 14. …… (TO DO) it, and it always ends badly.
This horror film cliché was especially popular with horror films of the late 20th century. It starts with a group of
teenagers all enjoying themselves, and it ends with everyone dead except one girl. At the beginning the girl is
usually innocent, shy and not particularly strong. By the end, she 15. …… (TO BECOME) the toughest and most
resourceful person in the world. The last girl almost always wins in the end.

16.
He was an old man who 1. ..... (TO FISH) alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he 2. ..... (TO GO) eighty-four
days now without 3. ..... (TO TAKE) a fish. In the first forty days a boy 4. ..... (TO BE) with him. But after forty
days without a fish the boy’s parents 5. ......(TO TELL) him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao,
which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy6. ......(TO GO) at their orders in another boat which caught three
good fish the first week. It 7. ......(TO MAKE) the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff
empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that
was8. ..... (TO FURL) around the mast. The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it 9. ......(TO LOOK)
like the flag of permanent defeat. The old man 10. .... (TO BE) thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of
his neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun 11. ......(TO BRING) from its reflection on
the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotches 12. ......(TO RUN) well down the sides of his face and his hands
had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of these scars were fresh. They 13.
......(TO BE) as old as erosions in a fishless desert. Santiago,” the boy 14. ......(TO SAY) to him as they 15. ......(TO
CLIMB) the bank from where the skiff was hauled up.

17.
Bull riding - a uniquely Wild-West sport.
At 1 p.m. the air is still, heavy with a confusion of smells that 1. ......(TO DRIFT) among the stalls and
the barbeques, the animal enclosures and the ice-cream vendors. In the hot midday sun, the fair throngs with
visitors, but there's little shade to sit in, just narrow strips of shadow alongside the buildings and the tents. All
around, the music 2. ..... (TO PLAY) while kids run riot and stall-holders beckon passing visitors with their
colourful displays.
Then, as the time moves towards 2.30, there 3. ..... (TO BE) a new sense of excitement in the air: people are no
longer moving round randomly, but heading in the same direction, towards the dusty arena to the south of the
showground. It's almost time for the rodeo!
Here at last there is shade for everyone: the grandstand, with its tiered seating, rapidly fills up, as thousands of
fair-goers pile in, eager for a good view of the excitement that is soon to begin.

Microlight kids on minuscule (matching) ponies

For some people it 4. ..... (TO BEGIN/ALREADY). Microlight kids on minuscule ponies are cavorting
round the empty arena, while a handful of cowboys, astride impeccably trained horses, 5. ...... (TO WALK) or
trot sedately round the ring. Suddenly a little blonde girl, hardly four feet tall, careers into view, riding bareback
at the speed of light on bright white pony. No-one 6. ..... (TO PAY) much attention. The folk in the stands are too
busy talking about horses and rodeo-riders, discussing the last rodeo, predicting the winners of the next.
Somehow, as someone who 7. ......(NOT TO BRING) up in the company of horses, I feel slightly out of place, as
if everyone here except me knows everything about what is going on.
I 8. .......(TO BE) to a couple of rodeos before, including the biggest of them all, the Calgary Stampede; but
the other rodeos I 9. ..... (TO BE) to were put on for the tourists. Not this one; in central Oregon, there 10. ......(TO
BE) few tourists. Rodeos here are for the locals, people who know them and understand them; most of the folk
round me are from Redmond, or Prineville or Madras or Bend, certainly not from Europe!
Then action: suddenly the gates at the end of the arena 11. ......(TO BURST) open, and a posse of flag-carrying
girls 12. ......(TO ERUPT) into view, circling the arena in formation on shining dark ponies. Dressed in patriotic
red white and blue, courtesy of Pepsi-Cola, the girls come to a stop in the middle of the ring, as the crowd rise to
their feet, the men take off their Stetson hats, and everyone joins in the singing of God Bless America. The rodeo
has begun!
The rodeo 13. ..... (TO BEGIN)! For the next couple of hours, spectators watch with excitement as local heroes
perform feats of dexterity on the backs of bucking animals! While some show their skills at calf roping — 14.
.......(TO CATCH) a running calf with a lasso and tying it up in just a few seconds — others demonstrate their
daredevil skills by riding untamed broncos or bounding round on the backs of enormous raging bulls. As intrepid
riders master or fall off their wild mounts, the crowd cheer wildly or aah in apprehension, then burst into laughter
as the obligatory clown, the matador of the rodeo, distracts the attention of the raging animals while mounted
cowboys round them up, calm them down, and coax them away into the pens from which they originally 15.
......(TO EMERGE), their day's work over.

18.
While this passed, Hester Prynne 1. .…. (TO STAND) on her pedestal, still with a 2. ...… (TO FIX) gaze towards
the stranger—so fixed a gaze that, at moments of intense absorption, all other objects in the visible world seemed
to vanish, 3. …... (TO LEAVE) only him and her. Such an interview, perhaps, would 4. .…. (TO BE) more terrible
than even to 5. ……. (TO MEET) him as she now did, with the hot mid-day sun 6. ……. (TO BURN) down upon
her face, and lighting up its shame; with the scarlet token of infamy on her breast; with the sin-born infant in her
arms; with a whole people, drawn forth as to a festival, 7. …... (TO STARE) at the features that should 8. ……
(TO SEE) only in the quiet gleam of the fireside, in the happy shadow of a home, or beneath a matronly veil at
church. Dreadful as it 9. …... (TO BE), she was conscious of a shelter in the presence of these thousand witnesses.
It was better 10. …… (TO STAND) thus, with so many betwixt him and her, then 11. …… (TO GREET) him
face to face—they two alone. She 12. …... (TO FLEE) for refuge, as it were, to the public exposure, and dreaded
the moment when its protection should be withdrawn from her 13. …… (TO INVOLVE) in these thoughts, she
scarcely 14. …… (TO HEAR) a voice behind her until it had 15. …… (TO REPEAT) her name more than once,
in a loud and solemn tone, audible to the whole multitude.

19.
The voice which 1. …… (TO CALL) her attention 2. …… (TO BE) that of the reverend and famous John Wilson,
the eldest clergyman of Boston, a great scholar, like most of his contemporaries in the profession, and withal a
man of kind and genial spirit. This last attribute, however, 3. …… (TO BE) less carefully 4. …… (TO DEVELOP)
than his intellectual gifts, and was, in truth, rather a matter of shame than self-congratulation with him. There he
5. …... (TO STAND), with a border of grizzled locks beneath his skull-cap, while his grey eyes, 6. …… (TO
ACCUSTOM) to the shaded light of his study, 7. …… (TO WINK), like those of Hester's infant, in the
unadulterated sunshine. He 8. …… (TO LOOK) like the darkly engraved portraits which we see 9. …… (TO
PREFIX) to old volumes of sermons, and 10. …… (TO HAVE) no righter than one of those. "Hester Prynne,"
said the clergyman, "I 11. …… (TO STRIVE) with my young brother here, under whose preaching of the Word
you have been 12. ……. (TO PRIVILEGE) to sit"—here Mr. Wilson 13. …… (TO LAY) his hand on the shoulder
of a pale young man beside him—"I 14. ……. (TO SEEK), I say, to persuade this godly youth, that he should
deal with you, here in the face of Heaven, and before these wise and upright rulers, and in 15. …… (TO HEAR)
of all the people, as touching the vileness and blackness of your sin.

20.
The stranger 1. ….. (TO ENTER) the room with the characteristic quietude of the profession to which he 2. ……
(TO ANNOUNCE) himself as belonging. Nor did his demeanour 3. ….. (TO CHANGE) when the withdrawal of
the prison keeper 4. …... (TO LEAVE) him face to face with the woman, whose absorbed notice of him, in the
crowd, 5. …… (TO INTIMATE) so close a relation between himself and her. His first care was 6. …… (TO
GIVE) to the child, whose 7. …... (TO CRY), indeed, as she 8. …... (TO LAY) writhe on the trundle-bed, made
it of peremptory necessity to postpone all other business to the task of soothing her. He 9. …… (TO EXAMINE)
the infant carefully, and then 10. …… (TO PROCEED) to unclasp a leathern case, which he 11. ……. (TO TAKE)
from beneath his dress. It 12. …… (TO APPEAR) to contain medical preparations, one of which he mingled with
a cup of water.
"My old studies in alchemy," 13. ……. (TO OBSERVE) he, "and my sojourn, for above a year past, among a
people well versed in the kindly properties of simples, 14. …… (TO MAKE) a better physician of me than many
that claim the medical degree. Here, woman! The child is yours—she is none of mine—neither will she 15. ……
(TO RECOGNISE) my voice or aspect as a father's. Administer this draught, therefore, with thine own hand.

21.

Many of the major supermarket chains 1. ..... (TO COME) under fire with accusations of various unethical
acts over the past decade. They 2. ..... (TO WASTE) tonnes of food, they 3. .... (TO UNDERPAY) their
suppliers and they 4. ..... (TO CONTRIBUTE) to excessive plastic waste in their packaging, which 5. ..... (TO
HAVE) its impact on our environment.
But supermarkets and grocers 6. ..... (TO START) to sit up and take notice. In response to growing
consumer backlash against the huge amounts of plastic waste generated by plastic packaging, some of the largest
UK supermarkets 7. ..... (TO SIGN UP) to a pact promising to transform packaging and 8. ...... (TO CUT) plastic
wastage. In a pledge to reuse, recycle or compost all plastic wastage by 2025, supermarkets 9. ..... (NOW/TO
BEGG) to take some responsibility for the part they 10. ...... (TO PLAY) in contributing to the damage to our
environment, with one major supermarket announcing their plan 11. ..... (TO ELIMINATE) all plastic packaging
in their own-brand products by 2023.
In response to criticisms over food waste, some supermarkets 12. ..... (TO DONATE) some of their food
surplus. However, charities estimate that they are only accessing two per cent of supermarkets' total food surplus,
so this hardly 13. ..... (TO SEEM) to be solving the problem. Some say that supermarkets are simply not doing
enough. Most supermarkets operate under a veil of secrecy when 14. ..... (TO ASK) for exact figures of food
wastage, and without more transparency it is hard to come up with a systematic approach to 15. ..... (TO AVOID)
waste and to redistributing surplus food.

22.
Before the grass 1. ….. (TO THICKEN) on the roadside verges and leaves 2. …… (TO START) growing
on the trees 3. …… (TO BE) a perfect time 4. …… (TO LOOK) around and see just how dirty Britain 5. ……
(TO BECOME). The pavements 6. ….. (TO STAIN) with chewing gum that has been spat out and the gutters are
full of discarded fast food cartons. Years ago I remember 7. ….. (TO TRAVEL) abroad and being saddened by
the plastic bags, discarded bottles and soiled nappies at the edge of every road. Nowadays, Britain 8. …… (TO
SEEM) to look at least as bad. What 9. …… (TO GO) wrong?
The problem is that the rubbish created by our increasingly mobile lives lasts a lot longer than before. If
it is not cleared up and properly thrown away, it 10. …… (TO STAY) in the undergrowth for years; a semi-
permanent reminder of what a tatty little country we have now.
Firstly, it 11. …… (TO ESTIMATE) that 10 billion plastic bags 12. ….. (TO GIVE) to shoppers. These
13 ……. (TO TAKE) anything from 100 to 1,000 years to rot. However, it is not as if there is no solution to this.
A few years ago, the Irish government 14.…. (TO INTRODUCE) a tax on non-recyclable carrier bags and in
three months reduced their use by 90%. When he was a minister, Michael Meacher attempted to introduce a
similar arrangement in Britain. The plastics industry protested, of course. However, they need not 15. ….. (TO
BOTHER) ; the idea was killed before it could draw breath, leaving supermarkets free to give away plastic bags.

23.

I suppose you 1. ….. (TO HEAR) the latest news: Mary 2. …… (JUST/TO HAVE) a new baby girl ...
She is a preemie: The Baby 3. ….. (TO BE) born prematurely and is tiny, but in good health. Mary and Guy 4.
….. (TO WANT) a baby for so long that they 5. ….. (TO THRILL) when Mary was pregnant with that baby at
last! This little girl 6. ….. (TO BRING) such a great change in their lives! My Mom 7. ….. (NOT/ TO COME)
home yet. When she 8. ….. (TO DO), I'm sure she 9. ….. (TO GO) to the Hospital right away, unless she decided
to finish the Baby's birth present overnight. Mom 10. …… (TO KNIT) a cute bedcover for the baby for a few
weeks. I'm sure she will spend her whole night knitting so as to 11. …… (TO FINISH) it as soon as possible. She
would like her birth present to the young Mother very quickly! 'When will the baby go back home?' 'In a few
days, I suppose. I 12. ….. (TO GIVE) birth to my own baby two years ago, Paul wasn't a preemie! I remember:
it 13. ….. (TO SNOW) when we got out of the hospital, and it 14. …... (TO TAKE) us hours to be driven home.
Yet, it was the time I 15. ….. (TO FEEL) so happy to come home!'

24.
Professor Decks 1. ….. (TO BELIEVE) that there is a problem in education at the moment. For years,
children 2. ….. (TO PRAISE) for their intelligence or talent, but this 3. ….. (TO MAKE) them vulnerable to
failure. They become performance-oriented, wanting to please by getting high grades, but they are not necessarily
interested in learning for its own sake. The solution, according to Decks, is to praise the process that children 4.
….. (TO ENGAGE) in: making an effort, using learning strategies, persevering and improving. This way they 5.
….. (TO BECOME) mastery-oriented (i.e. interested in getting better at something) and will achieve more. She
6. ….. (TO CONTEND) that sustained effort over time is the key to outstanding achievement.
Psychologists 7. …… (TO TASTE) these theories. Students 8. ….. (TO THINK) that if they 9. ….. (TO
LEAVE) their comfort zone and 10. …... (TO LEARN) something new and difficult, the neurons in their brains
11. ….. (TO FORM) stronger connections, making them more intelligent. These students 12. ….. (TO MAKE)
faster progress than a control group. In another study, underperforming school children on a Native American
reservation were exposed to growth mind-set techniques for a year. The results 13. ….. (TO BE) nothing less than
staggering. They came top in regional tests, 14. …... (TO BEAT) children from much more privileged
backgrounds. These children 15. …… (PREVIOUSLY/TO FEEL) that making an effort was a sign of stupidity,
but they came to see it as the key to learning.

25.

India 1. ….. (TO HAVE) two national languages for central administrative purposes: Hindi and English.
Hindi 2. ….. (TO BE) the national, official, and main link language of India. English 3. ….. (TO BE) an associate
official language. The Indian Constitution also officially 4. ….. (TO APPROVE) twenty-two regional languages
for official purposes.
Dozens of distinctly different regional languages 5. ….. (TO SPEAK) in India, which 6. ….. (TO SHARE)
many characteristics such as grammatical structure and vocabulary. Apart from these languages, Hindi is used for
communication in India. The homeland of Hindi 7. ….. (TO BE) mainly in the north of India, but it is spoken and
widely 8. ….. (TO UNDERSTAND) in all urban centres of India. In the southern states of India, where people 9.
….. (TO SPEAK) many different languages that are not much related to Hindi, there is more resistance to Hindi,
which 10. ….. (TO ALLOW) English to remain a lingua franca to a greater degree.
Since the early 1600s, the English language 11. ….. (TO HAVE) a toehold on the Indian subcontinent,
when the East India Company 12. …... (TO ESTABLISH) settlements in Chennai, Kolkata, and Mumbai,
formerly Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay respectively. The historical background of India is never far away from
everyday usage of English. India 13. ….. (TO HAVE) a longer exposure to English than any other country which
14. ….. (TO USE) it as a second language, its distinctive words, idioms, grammar and rhetoric spreading gradually
15. ….. (TO AFFECT) all places, habits and culture.

26.
High above the city, on a tall column, 1. …... (TO STAND) the statue of the Happy Prince. He 2. ...… (TO BE)
gilded all over with thin leaves of fine gold, for eyes he 3. ...… (TO HAVE) two bright sapphires, and a large red
ruby glowed on his sword-hilt. He 4. …... (TO BE) very much admired indeed. "He 5. ...… (TO BE) as beautiful
as a weathercock," 6. ...… (TO REMARK) one of the Town Councillors who 7. ...… (TO WISH) 8. ...… (TO
GAIN) a reputation for having artistic tastes; "only not quite so useful," he 9. ...…(ADD), fearing lest people 10.
...… (SHOULD/TO THINK) him unpractical, which he really 11. ...… (TO BE) not. (…) One night there 12.
...… (TO FLY) over the city a little Swallow. His friends 13. ...… (TO GO) away to Egypt six weeks before, but
he 13. ...… (TO STAY) behind, for he 14. ...… (TO BE) in love with the most beautiful Reed.

27.
I 1. ...… (TO BE) born in the year 1632, in the city of York, of a good family, though not of that country, my
father 2. ...… (TO BE) a foreigner of Bremen, who 3. ...… (TO SETTLE) first at Hull. He 4. .... (TO GET) a good
estate by merchandise, and 5. ......(TO LEAVE) off his trade, 6. .... (TO LIVE) afterwards at York, from whence
he 7. .... (TO MARRY) my mother, whose relations 8. .... (TO BE) named Robinson, a very good family in that
country, and from whom I 9. .... (TO BE) called Robinson Kreutznaer; but, by the usual corruption of words in
England, we 10. ......(TO BE) now called - nay we 11. .... (TO CALL) ourselves and write our name - Crusoe;
and so my companions always 12. .... (TO CALL) me. I 13. .... (TO HAVE) two elder brothers, one of whom 14.
.... (TO BE) lieutenant-colonel to an English regiment of foot in Flanders, formerly commanded by the famous
Colonel Lockhart, and 15. .... (TO KILL) at the battle near Dunkirk against the Spaniards.

28.
As 1. .... (TO SEE) later on, Pygmalion 2. .... (NEED), not a preface, but a sequel, which I 3. .... (TO SUPPLY)
in its due place. The English 4. .... (TO HAVE) no respect for their language, and 5. .... (NOT/ TO TEACH) their
children 6. .... (TO SPEAK) it. They 7. .... (TO SPELL) it so abominably that no man 8. .... (CAN/ TO TEACH)
himself what it 9. .... (TO SOUND) like. It 10. .... (TO BE) impossible for an Englishman 11. .... (TO OPEN) his
mouth without making some other Englishman hate or despise him. German and Spanish 12. .... (TO BE)
accessible to foreigners: English 13. .... (NOT/ TO BE) accessible even to Englishmen. The reformer England 14.
.... (NEED) today 15. .... (TO BE) an energetic phonetic enthusiast: that is why I 16. .... (TO MAKE) such a one
the hero of a popular play.

29.
When we 1. .... (TO ARRIVE) before day at the inn where the mail stopped, which 2. .... (TO BE) not the inn
where my friend the waiter 3. .... (TO LIVE), I 4. .... (TO SHOW UP) to a nice little bedroom, with DOLPHIN
painted on the door. Very cold I 5. .... (TO BE), I know, notwithstanding the hot tea they 6. .... (TO GIVE) me
before a large fire downstairs; and very glad I 7. .... (TO BE) to turn into the Dolphin’s bed, 8. .... (TO PULL) the
Dolphin’s blankets round my head, and 9. .... (TO GO) to sleep. Mr. Barkis the carrier 10. .... (TO BE) to call for
me in the morning at nine o’clock. I 11. .... (TO GET) up at eight, a little giddy from the shortness of my night’s
rest, and was ready for him before the appointed time. He 12. .... (TO RECEIVE) me exactly as if not five minutes
13. .... (TO ELAPSE) since 14. .... (TO BE) last together, and I 15. .... (ONLY/ TO BE) into the hotel to get
change for sixpence, or something of that sort.

30.
It 1. .... (TO SEEM) to me that this quaint lie 2. ......(TO BE) most simply and beautifully told; but then I 3. ....
(TO HEAR) it only once, and that 4. .... (TO MAKE) a difference; it 5. .... (TO BE) pleasant to the others when
it 6. .... (BE) fresh, no doubt. Sir Dinadan the Humourist was the first to awake, and he soon 7. .... (TO ROUSE)
the rest with a practical joke of a sufficiently poor quality. He 8. .... (TO TIE) some metal mugs to a dog’s tail
and 9. .... (TO TURN) him loose, and he tore around and around the place in a frenzy of fright, with all the other
dogs bellowing after him and battering and crashing against everything that 10. .... (TO COME) in their way and
making altogether a chaos of confusion and a most deafening din and turmoil; at which every man and woman of
the multitude 11. .... (TO LAUGH) till the tears 12. .... (FLOW), and some 13. .... (TO FALL) out of their chairs
and 14. .... (TO WALLOW) on the floor in ecstasy.

31.
“Everybody 1. ..… (TO KNOW) the story of another experimental philosopher who 2. ….. (TO HAVE) a great
theory about a horse being able to live without eating, and who 3. ….. (TO DEMONSTRATE) it so well, that he
4. ….. (TO GET) his own horse down to a straw a day, and 5. …. (UNQUESTIONABLY/ TO RENDER) him a
very spirited and rapacious animal on nothing at all, if he 6. ….. (NOT/ TO DIE), four-and-twenty hours before
he 7. ….. (TO HAVE) his first comfortable bait of air. Unfortunately for, the experimental philosophy of the
female to whose protecting care Oliver Twist 8. ….. (TO DELIVER OVER), a similar result usually 9. ….. (TO
ATTEND) the operation of HER system; for at the very moment when the child 10. ….. (TO CONTRIVE) 11.
….. (TO EXIST) upon the smallest possible portion of the weakest possible food, it 12. ….. (PERVERSELY/ TO
HAPPEN) in eight and a half cases out of ten, either that it 13. ….. (TO SICKEN) from want and cold, or 14.
…... (TO FALL INTO) the fire from neglect, or got half-smothered by accident; in any one of which cases, the
miserable little being 15. ….. (USUALLY/ SUMMON INTO) another world.”

(“Oliver Twist”, Chapter II- Charles Dickens)

32.

” The evening altogether passed off pleasantly to the whole family. Mrs. Bennet had seen her eldest daughter
much admired by the Nether field party. Mr. Bingley 1. ….. (TO DANCE) with her twice, and she 2. ….. (TO
DISTINGUISH) by his sisters. Jane was as much gratified by this as her mother 3. ….. (TO BE), though in a
quieter way. Elizabeth 4. ….. (TO FEEL) Jane’s pleasure. Mary 5. ….. (TO HEAR) herself mentioned to Miss
Bingley as the most accomplished girl in the neighbourhood; and Catherine and Lydia 6. ….. (TO BE)
fortunate enough never to be without partners, which 7. ….. (TO BE) all that they 8. ….. (YET/ TO LEARN)
to care for at a ball. They returned, therefore, in good spirits to Longbourn, the village where they 9. ….. (TO
LIVE) and of which they 10. ….. (TO BE) the principal inhabitants. They found Mr. Bennet still up. With a
book he was regardless of time; and on the present occasion he 11. ….. (TO HAVE) a good deal of curiosity
as to the events of an evening which 12. ….. (TO RAISE) such splendid expectations. He 13. ….. (RATHER/
TO HOPE) that his wife’s views on the stranger 14. ….. (TO BE DISAPPOINTED) but he soon 15. ….. (TO
FIND OUT) that he had a different story to hear.”

(“Pride and Prejudice”-Jane Austen)

33.

Everything about him was old except his eyes and they 1. ….. (TO BE) the same colon as the sea and were
cheerful and undefeated.
“Santiago,” the boy said to him as they 2. ….. (TO CLIMB) the bank from where the skiff 3. …... (TO HAUL
UP) “I could go with you again. We 4. ….. (TO MAKE) some money.”

The old man 5. ….. (TO TEACH) the boy 6. ….. (TO FIX) and the boy 7. ….. (TO LOVE) him.

“No,” the old man said. “You 8. ….. (TO BE) with a lucky boat. Stay with them.”

“But 9. ….. (TO REMEMBER) how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we 10. ….. (TO
CATCH) big ones every day for three weeks.”

“I remember,” the old man said. “I know you did not leave me because you 11. …... (TO DOUBT).”

“It 12. ….. (TO BE) papa made me 13. ….. (TO LEAVE). I am a boy and I 14. ….. (TO OBEY) him.”

“I know,” the old man said. “It is quite normal.”

“He 15. ….. (TO HAVE) much faith.”

(“The Old Man and the Sea”-Ernest Hemingway)

34.

Soon after my return from Leyden, I 1. ….. (TO RECOMMEND) by my good master, Mr. Bates, 2. ….. (TO
BE) surgeon to the Swallow, Captain Abraham Pannel, commander; with whom I continued three years and
a half, 3. …... (TO MAKE) a voyage or two into the Levant, and some other parts. When I came back I 4.
….. (TO RESOLVE) 5. ….. (TO SETTLE) in London; to which Mr. Bates, my master, encouraged me, and
by him I was recommended to several patients. I 6. ….. (TO TAKE PART) of a small house in the Old Jewry;
and 7. …... (TO ADVISE) 8. ….. (TO ALTER) my condition, I 9. ….. (TO MARRY) Mrs. Mary Burton,
second daughter to Mr. Edmund Burton, hosier, in New gate-street, with whom I received four hundred
pounds for a portion.

But my good master Bates 10. ….. (TO DYE) in two years after, and I having few friends, my business began
11. ….. (TO FAIL); for my conscience 12. ….. (NOT/ TO SUFFER) me 13. ….. (TO IMITATE.) the bad
practice of too many among my brethren. 14. …... therefore …... (TO CONSULT) with my wife, and some
of my acquaintance, I determined 15. ….. (TO GO) again to sea.

(“Gulliver’s Travels”, Chapter I-Jonathan Swift)

35.

‘Boh! Madam Mope!’ cried the voice of John Reed; then he paused: he 1. ….. (TO FIND) the room apparently
empty.
 ‘Where the dickens 2. ….. (TO BE) she!’ he continued. ‘Lizzy! Georgie! (calling to his sisters) Joan is not
here: 3. WSWS…... (TO TELL) mama she is run out into the rain—bad animal!’

‘It is well I 4. ….. (TO DRAW) the curtain,’ thought I; and I wished fervently he 5. ….. (NOT/ TO
DISCOVER) my hiding-place: nor 6. ….. John Reed …... (IT/ TO FIND OUT) himself; he 7. ….. (NOT/ TO
BE) quick either of vision or conception; but Eliza just 8. ….. her head …... (TO PUT IN) at the door, and
said at once –

‘She 9. ….. (TO BE) in the window-seat, 10. …... (TO BE SURE), Jack.’

And I 11. ….. (TO COME OUT) immediately, for I 12. ….. (TO TREMBLE) at the idea of 13. ….. (TO
DRAG) forth by the said Jack.

‘What 14. ….. (YOU/ TO WANT)?’ I 15. ….. (TO ASK), with awkward diffidence.

(“Jane Eyre”, Chapter I-Charlotte Bronte)

36.
A dark group of bushes stood between her and her car. She 1. ..... (TO WALK) confidently through them, then
2. ..... (TO TURN) and bent down a little to look carefully behind her.
She saw the man before he 3. ..... (TO NOTICE) her.
Everything she 4. ..... (TO LEARN) about self-defence went through her mind: she 5. ..... (TO EXAMINE) his
walk, the look on his shadowed face, and the object in his hands. She thought of those hours she'd had to work to
earn fifty dollars, and of the man who 6. ..... (TO STEAL) it from her so easily. She took from her pocket the little
gun that Stan 7. ..... (TO TEACH) her to use. Then, just as the man 8. ..... (TO STEP) past the bushes, she 9. .....
(TO JUMP) behind him so he couldn't see her.
She put the gun against his head.
‘I don't want to hurt you,' Susan said in her confident new voice, which sounded lower than normal. ‘I just
want your money.'
The little old man dropped his shopping bag beside one leg of Susan's trousers.
‘There 10. ...... (TO BE) another mugging at the mall!’ Stan 11. ..... (TO FOLD) back the local newspaper.
The edges touched his fried egg. ‘That just proves what I 12. ..... (TO SAY). You should never go there alone at
night. You won't, will you, Susan?’
‘You 13. ..... (TO GET) egg on your trousers, dear.'
‘What? Oh! It's all over the floor, too.'
‘Don't worry about it,' said Susan. ’I 14. ..... (TO CLEN) it up. I have lots of extra time now.'
Stan smiled a little nervously. He was glad she 15. ..... (TO STOP) doing that low-paying job at the sales office.
 37.

Doctor Barclay 1. ..... (TO STAND) by the bed. He 2. ..... (TO LOOK) strange. One of his eyes was almost shut,
and his shirt collar was in a terrible state.

'You 3. ..... (TO BE) in a fight,' I said.

'Yes,' he said. 'And you 4. ..... (TO GET) a very pretty bullet graze on the side of your head. I 5. ..... (TO
HAVE) to cut off quite a bit of your hair. Don't worry, it was very pretty hair and it 6. ..... (TO GROW) again.

Who did it? Who shot at me? 'The postman,' he said, and went out of the room.

I slept after that. I suppose he gave me something. It was the next morning before I heard the rest of the story.
He came in, big and smiling, with his right eye purple and completely closed.

Then he told me.

In the spring, Elinor 7. ..... (TO COME) him with a strange story She was being followed, and was frightened.
The man who 8. ..... (TO WATCH) her, she said, 9. .... (TO WEAR) a postman's uniform. It 10. ..... (TO SOUND)
fantastic, but she 11. ..... (TO SWEAR) it was true

Do you mean it was this man that the Thompson saw going into your office?' I said. woman

"She 12. ..... (TO IDENTIFY) him. The real postman 13. ..... (TO BE) there earlier. He 14. ..... (TO SEE) Mrs
Hammond sitting in a chair, reading a magazine. But the real postman 15...... (TO GO) before the Thompson.

38.

The grandmother didn't want to go to Florida. She 1. ..... (TO WANT) to visit some of her connections in east
Tennessee and she 2. ..... (TO SEIZE) at every chance to change Bailey's mind. Bailey was the son she 3. ..... (TO
LIVE) with, her only boy. He 4. ..... (TO SIT) on the edge of his chair at the table, bent over the orange sports
section of the Journal. "Now look here, Bailey," she said, "see here, read this," and she 5. ..... (TO STAND) with
one hand on her thin hip and the other rattling the newspaper at his bald head. "Here this fellow that calls himself
The Misfit is aloose from the Federal Pen and headed toward Florida and you read here what it 6. ..... (TO SAY)
he did to these people. Just you 7. ..... (TO READ) it. I 8. ..... (NOT/ TO TAKE) my children in any direction
with a criminal like that arose in it. I couldn't answer to my conscience if I did."

Bailey 9. ..... (NOT/ TO LOOK) up from his reading so she 10. ..... (TO WHEEL) around then and 11. .....
(TO FACE) the children's mother, a young woman in slacks, whose face was as broad and innocent as a cabbage
and was tied around with a green head-kerchief that had two points on the top like rabbit's ears. She 12. ..... (TO
SIT) on the sofa, feeding the baby his apricots out of a jar. “The children 13. ..... (TO BE) to Florida before," the
old lady said. “You all ought to take them somewhere else for a change so they 14. ..... (TO SEE) different parts
of the world and be broad. They 15. ..... (NEVER/ TO BE) to east Tennessee."

39.

He was an old man who 1. ..... (TO FISH) alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he 2. ..... (TO GO) eighty-four
days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy 3. ..... (TO BE) with him. But after forty days without
a fish the boy's parents 4) ... (TO TELL) him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the
worst form of unlucky, and the boy 5. ..... (TO GO) at their orders in another boat which 6. ..... (TO CATCH)
three good fish the first week. It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and
he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled
around the mast. The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it 7. ..... (TO LOOK) like the flag of permanent
defeat.

The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. The brown blotches of the
benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotches 8. .....
(TO RUN) well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on
the cords. But none of these scars were fresh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert. Everything about
him was old except his eyes and they were the same colour as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated.

"Santiago," the boy said to him as they 9. ..... (TO CLIMB) the bank from where the skiff was hauled up. "I
could go with you again. We 10) ... (TO MAKE) some money."

The old man 11. ..... (TO TEACH) the boy to fish and the boy 12. ..... (TO LOVE) him.

"No," the old man said. "You're with a lucky boat. Stay with them."

"But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we 13. ..... (TO CATCH) big ones
every day for three weeks."

"I 14. ..... (TO REMEMBER)," the old man said. "I know you 15. ..... (NOT/ TO LEAVE) me because you
doubted."

40.

Our understanding of the brain 1. ..... (TO CHANGE) with developments in science, surgery and medical
technology. For example, as new technologies 2. ..... (TO INVENT), the brain was thought to be like a mechanical
watch or telephone communication and, more recently, it 3. ..... (TO BE) described as a computer. After Galen 4.
..... (TO PROVE) that the brain was the centre of intelligence, it (GENERALLY/ TO BE ASSUME) that different
parts of the brain 6. ..... (TO CONTROL) certain senses and functions of the body. However, the brain could only
really be understood from the outside by studying animal brains and dissecting human bodies. Knowledge
increased as a result of surgery where a patient 7. ..... (TO HAVE) a tumour removed from their brain and the
resulting physical change meant functions could be mapped to the part of the brain that 8. ..... (TO BE) operated
on. This mapping 9. ..... (TO COME) about as much through failed operations as successful ones. Now operations
sometimes carry out while the patient is awake and talking, so if a part of the brain is touched and it affects one
of their senses, they can tell the surgeon! Since the late 1970s, medical technology such as MRI scanning 10. .....
(TO ALLOW) safe research into the brain without the need for surgery or X-rays. MRI 11. ..... (TO USE) powerful
magnets and computer imaging12. ..... (TO SEE) high blood flows in different parts of the brain that are believed
to show brain activity. If people 13. ..... (TO HAVE) their brains scanned while doing various thinking activities,
researchers think they can identify more accurately how the brain works. One result of this research is to show
the limits of the brain- computer comparison. For example, it is now understood that memories 14. .... (NOT/ TO
BE) stored in one place but 15. ..... (TO BE) the result of activity in many parts of the brain.

46. Deserts of America

The United States 1. ….. (TO BE) reluctant to follow the lead of other developed countries, in recognising the
threat of global warming; indeed, while things 2. ….. (TO CHANGE), there 3. ….. (TO BE) still a strong lobby
of conservative climate-change sceptics in the USA - encouraged by the election of Donald Trump – who 4. …..
(TO ARGUE) that global warming 5. ….. (NOT/TO BE) man-made, so there is no point in bothering about it.
But as dramatic climatic excesses cause increasing damage on America's coasts, and inland too, the problems 6.
….. (TO BECOME) too big to ignore.
If global warming 7. ..... (TO TURN) out to be as serious as some scientists are now forecasting, camels might 8.
….. (TO BECOME) the animals best able to live in much of the American West by the time the present century
comes to an end. A mean temperature rise of six degrees, which certain computer models 9. ….. (TO SUGGEST)
now, might 10. ….. (TO LEAVE) much of the United States of America, from the Mississippi to the Pacific coast,
uninhabitable.
In recent years, Americans living in parts of Texas, Arizona and New Mexico 11. ….. (TO HAVE) to get used
to ever more frequent summer days with temperatures in excess of 100° Fahrenheit (over 38° Celsius); and most
years now, long hot dry summers 12. ….. (TO LEAD) to the destruction by fire of millions of acres of Western
forests. Slowly, but perceptibly, the West 13. ….. (ALREADY/TO RETURN) to desert; it 14. ….. (TO BE) a
trend that 15. ….. (TO SEEM) liable to continue.

47. Agatha Christie, the world's best-selling writer

Although she 1. ….. (TO DIE) over 40 years ago, Agatha Christie 2. ….. (STILL/TO BE), according
to the Guinness Book of Records, the world's most successful writer of fiction. Agatha Christie 3. ….. (TO SELL)
between two and four billion books – about as many as Shakespeare, and four times as many as the next most
successful writer of fiction, romance writer Barbara Cartland. To put things in perspective, J.K.Rowling, the
creator of Harry Potter, 4. ….. (ONLY/TO SELL) about a quarter as many books as Agatha Christie.
Agatha Christie’s first novel, The Mysterious Affair at Styles, 5. ….. (TO PUBLISH) in 1920; and since then
she 6. ….. (TO BE) a non-stop best-seller. Over a billion copies of her books 7. ….. (TO SELL) in the English
language and a further billion 8. ….. (TO SELL) in translation! With sales of her books still running at 5 million
copies a year, and actually increasing, the grand old lady's record 9. ….. (TO GET) further and further ahead of
any competition all the time.

Apart from the quality of her novels, one reason for Agatha Christie’s lasting popularity 10. ….. (TO BE) that
she 11. ….. (TO BE), according to UNESCO, the world’s most translated fiction writer. No one is quite sure how
many languages Agatha Christie’s books 12. ….. (TO TRANSLATE) into, but it 13. ….. (TO BE) at least 103,
and maybe quite a few more. Harry Potter novels 14. ….. (TO BE) a long way behind, as they 15. ….. (ONLY/TO
TRANSLATE) into 68 languages, according to their publisher.

48. Wall Street Culture- the heart of America

Say "the streets of New York" to a non-American, and he 1. ..... (TO THINK) of Times Square, Madison Avenue
or Broadway; but mention the subject to an American and for many the first name that 2. ….. (TO COME) to
mind will be Wall Street.
For many, Wall Street 3. ….. (TO BE) indeed just "the street", probably the most important street in the USA
or even in the world; for what 4. ….. (TO GO) on Wall Street 5. ….. (TO HAVE) a direct influence on the lives
of everyone in the USA, if not most people in the world.

Wall Street 6. ….. (TO BE) of course the home of the New York Stock Exchange, the financial heart of the
American business world. Each day, billions of dollars of shares 7. …. (TO BE) traded on the floor of the stock
exchange on behalf of companies, pension funds and private individuals wanting to protect their investments or
their life's savings, and make sure that they too are on the bandwagon of prosperity. The New York Stock
Exchange 8. ….. (TO BE) the biggest and most active stock exchange in the world; over half of all adult
Americans 9. ….. (TO HAVE) some, if not all, of their savings invested directly on Wall Street, so it 10. …..
(NOT/TO SURPRISE) that the fluctuations of the Street's famous indexes, the Dow Jones and the Nasdaq, 11.
…. (TO BE) followed daily by millions of ordinary Americans. When the Dow and the Nasdaq 12. ….. (TO BE)
on a rise, millions of Americans 13. ….. (TO FEEL) more prosperous; when they 14. ….. (TO FALL), millions
15. ….. (TO START) feeling worried about their financial security and their retirement years.

49. Tea and the British

There 1. ….. (TO BE) a time in the 1960's and 1970's when some people 2. ….. (TO BELIEVE) that coffee 3.
….. (TO REPLACE) tea as Britain's favourite beverage.
In the event and today, tea 4. ….. (TO REMAIN) firmly anchored as Britain's favourite drink, accounting for
over two fifths of all the drink consumed in Britain with the exception of water.
To say that the British are fond of tea 5. ….. (TO BE) something of an understatement. From the Royal Family
down to the humblest of the homeless and the out-of-work, tea 6. ….. (TO BE) more than just a pleasure. It 7.
….. (TO BE) one of those things that 8. ….. (TO DISTINGUISH) life in Britain from life anywhere else. The
average Briton over the age of 10 drinks three and a half cups of tea per day, or 1,355 cups per year – mostly tea
with milk in it — which 9. ….. (TO PUT) Britain miles ahead of any other country in the international league of
tea-drinking nations! Second and third in the league 10. ….. (TO BE) the New Zealanders (889 cups) and the
Australians (642 cups); in Europe, the nearest rival to Britain is Russia, where people 11. ….. (ONLY/ TO
CONSUME) on average 325 cups of tea per year.

For a century and a half, tea 12. ….. (TO REMAIN) an expensive drink; many employers 13. ….. (TO SERVE)
a cup of it to their workers in the middle of the morning, thus inventing a lasting British institution, the "tea break";
but as a social drink outside the workplace, tea 14. ….. (TO RESERVE) for the nobility and for the growing
middle classes. Among those who had the means, it 15. ….. (TO BECOME) very popular as a drink to be enjoyed
in cafés and "tea gardens"

50. Thomas Edison- Predictions that came true…or didn’t

In 1911, inventor Thomas Edison 1. ….. (TO MAKE) a series of predictions as to how technology 2. ….. (TO
TRANSFORM) the world.

Edison 3. ….. (TO BE) positive that in the years to come, machinery 4. ….. (TO TAKE) over manual labour. He
even 5. ….. (TO REALISE) that when this revolution in industry 6. ….. (TO TAKE) place, certain jobs 7. …..
(TO DISAPPEAR).

In other industries this 8. ….. (NOT/TO BE) the case, however. The car industry 9. ….. (NOT/TO BE ABLE) to
produce cars at the rate it 10. ….. (TO DO) today if it 11. ….. (NOT/TO BE) for technological developments.
The mundane jobs on production lines for cars these days 12. ….. (TO BE) performed by robots rather than
humans. But it 13. ….. (NOT/TO BE) all good news as we 14. ….. (NOW/ TO REACH) the stage where our
economies no longer fully 15. ….. (TO EMPLOY) people as the use of automated machinery 16. ….. (TO
PROVE) more cost effective.

51.
When he 1. ..... (TO SEE) his wife off at the station, he 2. ..... (TO RETURN)home as he 3. ..... (NOT/ TO HAVE)
to be at the airport till 9.30. He 4. ..... (NOT/ TO HAVE) to pack, for his wife already 5. ..... (TO DO) that for him
and his case 6. ..... (TO BE) ready in the hall.
He 7. ..... (NOT HAVE) to check the doors and windows either, for his wife always 8.
..... (TO DO) that before she 9. ..... (TO LEAVE) the house. All he10. ..... (TO HAVE) to do11. ..... (TO BE) to
decide whether or not to take his overcoat with him. In the end he 12. ..... (TO DECIDE) not to. At 8.30 he 13.
..... (TO PICK) up his case, 14. ...... (TO GO) out of the house and 15. ...... (TO SLAM) the door behind him.

52.
When the old lady 1. ..... (TO RETURN) to her flat she 2. ..... (TO SEE) at once that burglars3. ..... (TO BREAK)
in during her absence, because the front door 4. ......(TO BE) open and everything in the flat 5. ......(TO BE)
upside down. The burglars themselves 6. ......(TO BE) no longer there, but they probably only just 7. ......(TO
LEAVE) because a cigarette was still burning on the table. Probably they 8. ......(HEAR)the elevator coming up
and 9. ......(TO RUN) down the fire escape.
They10. ......(TO HELP) themselves to her whisky too but there11. ......(TO BE) a little left, so she 12......(TO
POUR) herself out a drink. She13. ..... (TO WONDER) if they 14. ......(TO FIND) her jewellery and rather 15.
......(TO HOPE) that they had.

53.
When I 1. ......(TO OPEN) the door I 2. ......(SEE)a man on his knees. He clearly 3. ..... (TO LISTEN) to our
conversation and I 4. ......(TO WONDER) how much he 5. ......(TO HEAR). When I 6. ..... (TO ASK) him what
he 7. ..... (TO DO), he 8. ..... (TO SAY) that he 9. ......(TO DROP) a 50p piece outside the door and 10. ..... (TO
LOOK) for it. I 11. ......(NOT/ TO SEE) any sign of the money, but I 12. ..... (TO FIND) a small notebook and
pencil which he probably13. ..... (DROP)when the door 14. ..... (TO OPEN) suddenly. So he 15. ......(TO TAKE)
notes of our conversation!
54.
Dear Spencer,
I 1. ...... (TO BE) very sorry to hear about your mother’s illness, and 2. ...... (TO BE) glad they you 3. ......(TO
GO) to Scotland to see how she is. It 4. ..... (TO BE) nice for her to see you.
Of course I 5. ..... (TO LOOK) after Tim. We 6. ..... (TO ENJOY) having him last year and my dog 7. ..... (TO
MISS) him when he 8. ..... (TO LEAVE) and 9. ...... (TO LOOK) for him everywhere. I’m sure he 10. ..... (TO
BE)delighted to see him again.
You 11. ......(TO BRING) him on Tuesday afternoon? Or, if that 12) ......(NOT/ TO SUIT), any time on
Wednesday. And 13. ......(NOT/ TO BOTHER) to bring dog food. I hope you 14. ......(TO HAVE) time to have
tea with me when you 15. ......(TO BRING) Tim.
Love, Hanna

55.
Dear Toby,
You by any chance1. ..... (TO KNOW) where Bob is? I 2. ..... (TO LIKE) to find out because I just 3. ......(TO
HEAR) of a job that exactly 4. ......(SUIT) him, but if he 5. ......(NOT/ TO APPLY) fairly soon of course he 6.
......(NOT/ TO GET) it.
I last 7. ......(TO SEE) him about a month ago, when he just 8. ......(TO LEAVE) his job with the film company.
He 9. ...... (TO SAY) he 10. ......(TO GO) to France for a holiday and 11. ......(TO PROMISE) to send me a
postcard with his French address as soon as he 12. ......(TO FIND) a place to stay. But I 13. ......(TO HEAR)
nothing since then and 14. ......(NOT/ TO KNOW) even whether he 15. ......(TO GO) to France or not.
Yours, Jordan

56. A Threat to Bananas

In the 1950s, Central American commercial banana growers 1......(TO FACE) the death of their most
lucrative product, the Gros Michel banana, known as Big Mike. And now it 2......(TO HAPPEN) again to Big
Mike’s successor – the Cavendish.
With its easily transported, thick-skinned and sweet-tasting fruit, the Gros Michel banana plant 3...... (TO
DOMINATE) the plantations of Central America. United Fruit, the main grower and exporter in South
America at the time, mass-produced its bananas in the most efficient way possible: it 4......(TO CLONE)
shoots from the stems of plants instead of growing plants from seeds, and 5...... (TO CULTIVATE) them in
densely packed fields.
 Unfortunately, these conditions are also perfect for the spread of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
cubense, which 6......(TO ATTACK) the plant’s roots and prevents it from transporting water to the stem and
leaves. The TR-1 strain of the fungus was resistant to crop sprays and travelled around on boots or the tyres
of trucks, slowly infecting plantations across the region. In an attempt to escape the fungus, farmers abandoned
infected fields, flooded them and then replanted crops somewhere else, often cutting down rainforest to do so.
Their efforts failed. So, instead, they searched for a variety of banana that the fungus 7...... (NOT TO
AFFECT) They found the Cavendish, as it 8......(TO CALL), in the greenhouse of a British duke. It wasn’t as
well suited to shipping as the Gros Michel, but its bananas 9. ..... (TO TASTE) good enough to keep consumers
happy. Most importantly, TR-1 didn’t seem to affect it. In a few years, United Fruit 10...... (TO SAVE) itself
from bankruptcy by filling its plantations with thousands of the new plants, copying the same monoculture
growing conditions Gros Michel had thrived in.
While the operation was a huge success for the Latin American industry, the Cavendish banana itself 11.
..... (TO BE) far from safe. In 2014, South East Asia, another major banana producer, 12. ...... (TO EXPORT)
four million tons of Cavendish bananas. But, in 2015, its exports 13......(DROP) by 46 per cent thanks to a
combination of another strain of the fungus, TR-4, and bad weather.
Growing practices in South East Asia 14. ..... (TO HELP) matters. Growers 15...... (NOT ALWAYS/TO
AFFORD) the expensive lab-based methods to clone plants from shoots without spreading the disease. Also,
they often aren’t strict enough about cleaning farm equipment and quarantining infected fields. As a result,
the fungus has spread to Australia, the Middle East and Mozambique – and Latin America, heavily dependent
on its monoculture Cavendish crops, could easily be next.

57. A biography of Kilian Jornet

When you picture mountain climbers scaling Mount Everest, what probably 1......(TO COME) to mind are
teams of climbers with Sherpa guides leading them to the summit, equipped with oxygen masks, supplies and
tents. And in most cases you 2. ...... (TO BE) right, as 97 per cent of climbers use oxygen to ascend to Everest's
summit at 8,850 metres above sea level. The thin air at high altitudes 3......(TO MAKE) most people breathless at
3,500 metres, and the vast majority of climbers use oxygen past 7,000 metres. A typical climbing group 4. .....
(TO HAVE) 8–15 people in it, with an almost equal number of guides, and they 5......(TO SPEND) weeks 6. .....
(TO GET) to the top after reaching Base Camp.

But ultra-distance and mountain runner Kilian Jornet Burgada 7...... (TO ASCEND) the mountain in May 2017
alone, without an oxygen mask or fixed ropes for climbing. Oh, and he 8 ...... (TO DO) it in 26 hours. With food
poisoning. And then, five days later, he did it again, this time in only 17 hours.
 Born in 1987, Kilian 9. .... (TRAIN) for Everest his whole life. And that really does mean his whole life, as he
10. ..... (GROW UP) 2,000 metres above sea level in the Pyrenees in the ski resort of Lyles de Cerdanya in
Catalonia, north-eastern Spain. While other children his age 11. .... (TO LEARN) to walk, Kilian was on skis. At
one and a half years old he did a five-hour hike with his mother, entirely under his own steam. He left his peers
even further behind when he climbed his first mountain and competed in his first cross-country ski race at age
three. By age seven, he 12. ..... (TO SCALE) a 4,000er and, at ten, he did a 42-day crossing of the Pyrenees.

He was 13 when he says he 13. ..... (TO START) to take it 'seriously' and trained with the Ski Mountaineering
Technical Centre (CTEMC) in Catalonia, entering competitions and working with a coach. At 18, he took over
his own ski-mountaineering and trail-running training, with a schedule that only 14. ..... (TO ALLOW) a couple
of weeks of rest a year. He does as many as 1,140 hours of endurance training a year, plus strength training and
technical workouts as well as specific training in the week before a race. For his record-breaking ascent and
descent of the Matterhorn, he prepared by climbing the mountain ten times until he knew every detail of it, even
including where the sun would be shining at every part of the day.

It 15. ..... (TO TAKE) a book to list all the races and awards he's won and the mountains he's climbed. And
even here, Kilian’s achievements exceed the average person as, somehow, he finds time to record his career on
his blog and has written three books, Run or Die, The Invisible Border and Summits of My Life.

58. The state of the art

If your view of the world 1. ..... (TO COME) from watching the news and reading newspapers, you 2.
......(COULD/FORGIVE) for lying awake at night worrying about the future. Apparently, rising violence and
population rates mean humans are both killing each other in ever larger numbers and being born at rates the
world's resources can't sustain. 3. ...... (TO MAKE) matters worse, all the wealth is concentrated on a handful of
people in the world's richest countries. People in low-income countries live in poverty while the West gets richer.
But 4. ..... (THE STATISTICS/SUPPORT) our negative world view or 5. ...... (THE WORLD/TO IMPROVE)?

Let's take global population first. It's around 7 billion now, in line with figures predicted by the UN in 1958.
By the year 2100, the same experts predict it 6. ..... (TO BE) around 11 billion. But 7. ......(YOU/TO KNOW) that
11 billion is probably as high as that number will get? The rate of increase 8. ..... (TO SLOW DOWN) in the
second half of this century thanks to falling birth rates today.

In the last two centuries, improvements in technology and health 9. ......(TO MEAN) fewer children died
young, fuelling rapid population growth. These large families 10. .... (TO PRODUCE) even more children who
survived into adulthood and had their own children. But with the wider availability of contraception in the 1960s,
the global average number of babies per woman 11. ..... (TO DECLINE) from six babies per woman to as low as
two.

As for news stories that make us think the world is an increasingly violent place, there is cause for some
optimism too. Between the end of World War II and 1990, there were 30 wars that 12. ......(TO KILL) more than
100,000 people. Today there are still civil wars, but countries are mostly co-existing more peacefully than in the
past. However, terrorism 13. ...... (TO SHOOT UP) in the last few years and, since World War II, wars 14. .....
(TO KILL) many more civilians than soldiers. Even for civilians, though, the statistics are not all bad. Although
deaths are nine times more likely to be a result of violent crime than political conflict, the global murder rate fell
slightly, from 8 per 100,000 people in 2000 to about 5.3 in 2015.

Of course, none of this means the world is perfect, and whether you personally 15. ......(TO AFFECT) by war
and poverty is often down to the lottery of where you're born. Also, we still face huge problems of our own
making, particularly environmental ones like global warming, and wealth and natural resources need to be
distributed more fairly. But not all the news is bad news, whatever the TV and newspapers might say.

59. How humans evolved language

Thanks to the field of linguistics, we know much about the development of the 5,000 plus languages in
existence today. We can describe their grammar and pronunciation and see how their spoken and written forms
1. ..... (CHANGE) over time. For example, we understand the origins of the Indo-European group of languages,
which 2. ..... (TO INCLUDE) Norwegian, Hindi and English, and can trace them back to tribes in eastern Europe
in about 3000 BC.

So, we 3. ..... (TO MAP OUT) a great deal of the history of language, but there are still areas we know little
about. Experts 4. ..... (TO BEGIN) to look to the field of evolutionary biology to find out how the human species
developed to be able to use language. So far, there are far more questions and half-theories than answers.

We know that human language is far more complex than that of even our nearest and most intelligent relatives
like chimpanzees. We can express complex thoughts, 5. ...... (TO CONVEY) subtle emotions and communicate
about abstract concepts such as past and future. And we do this following a set of structural rules, known as
grammar. 6. ......(ONLY HUMANS/TO USE) an innate system of rules to govern the order of words? Perhaps
not, as some research may suggest dolphins share this capability because they are able to recognise when these
rules 7. ..... (TO BREAK).

If we want to know where our capability for complex language 8. ......(TO COME) from, we need to look at
how our brains are different from other animals. This relates to more than just brain size; it is important what
other things our brains can do and when and why they 9. ..... (TO EVOLVE) that way. And for this there are very
few physical clues; artefacts left by our ancestors 10. ...... (NOT TO TELL) us what speech they were capable of
making. One thing we can see in the remains of early humans, however, is the development of the mouth, throat
and tongue. By about 100,000 years ago, humans 11.... (TO EVOLVE) the ability to create complex sounds.
Before that, evolutionary biologists can only guess whether or not early humans 12. ..... (TO COMMUNICATE)
using more basic sounds.

Another question is, what is it about human brains that 13. ..... (TO ALLOW) language to evolve in a way that
it did not in other primates? At some point, our brains became able to make our mouths produce vowel and
consonant sounds, and we developed the capacity to invent words to name things around us. These were the basic
ingredients for complex language. The next change 14. ......(TO BE) to put those words into sentences, similar to
the 'protolanguage' children use when they first learn to speak.

More questions lie in looking at the influence of genetics on brain and language development. Are there genes
that mutated and gave us language ability? Researchers 15. ..... (TO FIND) a gene mutation that occurred between
200,000 and 100,000 years ago, which seems to have a connection with speaking and how our brains control our
mouths and face. Monkeys have a similar gene, but it did not undergo this mutation. It's too early to say how
much influence genes have on language, but one day the answers might be found in our DNA.

60. Life on Mars

A new study published in the journal Science 1. .... (TO SHOW) definitive evidence of organic matter on the
surface of Mars. The data 2. ..... (TO COLLECT) by NASA's nuclear-powered rover Curiosity. It 3. ...... (TO
CONFIRM) earlier findings that the Red Planet once 4. ...... (TO CONTAIN) carbon-based compounds. These
compounds – also called organic molecules – are essential ingredients for life as scientists understand it.

The organic molecules 5. .... (TO FIND) in Mars's Gale Crater, a large area that 6. ......(TO BE) a watery lake
over three billion years ago. The rover encountered traces of the molecule in rocks extracted from the area. The
rocks also contain sulphur; which scientists speculate helped preserve the organics even when the rocks 7. .... (TO
EXPOSE) to the harsh radiation on the surface of the planet.

Scientists 8. .... (TO BE) quick to state that the presence of these organic molecules is not sufficient evidence
for ancient life on Mars, as the molecules 9. …... (TO BE) formed by non-living processes. But it's still one of
the most astonishing discoveries, which could lead to future revelations. Especially when one considers the other
startling find that Curiosity uncovered around five years ago.
 The rover analyses the air around it periodically, and in 2014 it 10. ..... (TO FIND) the air contained another
of the most basic organic molecules and a key ingredient of natural gas: methane. One of the characteristics of
methane is that it only 11. ..... (TO SURVIVE) a few hundred years. This means that something, somewhere on
Mars, 12. ...... (TO REPLENISH) the supply.

Of course, this means further research is necessary. Scientists say they need to send new equipment to Mars,
equipment that can measure the air and soil with more precision. There are already missions underway. The
European Space Agency's ExoMars ship lands in 2020 and 13. ...... (TO BE ABLE) to drill into the ground on
Mars to analyse what it finds. Additionally, NASA 14. ......(TO SEND) another Mars Rover in the same year to
collect samples of Martian soil and return them to Earth.

The possibility of life on Mars 15. ...... (TO FASCINATE) humans for generations. It has been the subject of
endless science-fiction novels and films. Are we alone in the universe or have there been other life forms within
our Solar System? If the current missions to the Red Planet continue, it looks as if we may discover the answer
very soon.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
(1-5)
https://www.usingenglish.com/comprehension/13.html
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/skills/reading/advanced-c1
(6-10)
https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/aug/05/vincent-van-gogh-myths-
madness-and-a-new-way-of-painting
https://www.artworkarchive.com/blog/a-deep-look-at-digital-art-and-social-media
http://www.hollowtop.com/Articles/Self_Sufficiency.htm
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(11-15)
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/
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(21-25)
https://www.usingenglish.com/comprehension/9.html
https://www.tolearnenglish.com/cgi2/myexam/voir2r.php?id=103646
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f4lGt88P4PQVoIzKCSJ5BnKLhIIG3z_3vXf5doTXrhWE
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(26-30)
http://www.literaturepage.com/authors/Oscar-Wilde.html
http://www.learnlibrary.com/rob-crusoe/rob-crusoe_1.htm
http://www.publicbookshelf.com/historical/pygmalion/preface
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http://www.gutenberg.org/files/86/86-h/86-h.htm#c4

(31-35)
https://www.planetebook.com/free-ebooks/oliver-twist.pdf
https://www.planetebook.com/free-ebooks/pride-and-prejudice.pdf
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https://www.planetebook.com/free-ebooks/gullivers-travels.pdf
http://www.planetpublish.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Jane_Eyre_NT.pdf

(36-40)
•American Crime Stories
•The old man and the sea
•Perspectives

(46-50)
https://linguapress.com/advanced/tea-in-britain.htm
Close-Up Student’s Book C1

(51-55)
A practical english grammar exercises 2-A.J Thomson &A.V Marinet
(56-60)
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/skills/reading/advanced-c1