AFTER

Stay tuned to a battery-operated radio for the latest emergency information.

Help injured or trapped persons.

Give first aid where appropriate. Do not move seriously injured persons unless
they are in immediate danger of further injury. Call for help.

Remember to help your neighbors who may require special assistance--infants,

elderly people, and people with disabilities.

Stay out of damaged buildings. Return home only when authorities say it is safe.

Enter your home with caution.

Use a flashlight when entering damaged buildings. Check for electrical shorts
and live wires. Do not use appliances or lights until an electrician has checked
the electrical system.

Open windows and doors to help dry the building.

Shovel mud while it is still moist to give walls and floors an opportunity to dry.

Check food supplies and test drinking water.

Fresh food that has come in contact with flood waters may be contaminated and
should be thrown out. Have tap water tested by the local health department.
Healthy Diet
Harmful Bacteria

Useful
Synthetic FIbre

Uses

Advantages :

 Synthetic fibres are very durable and do not wrinkle easily

 They are elastic and can be easily stretched out
 They are strong and can sustain heavy load.
 It is soft and hence it is used in clothing material.
 It is cheaper as compared to natural fibres.
A thermoplastic, or thermosoftening plastic, is a plastic material, polymer, that becomes
pliable or moldable above a specific temperature and solidifies upon cooling.[1][2]

Most thermoplastics have a high molecular weight. The polymer chains associate through
intermolecular forces, which weaken rapidly with increased temperature, yielding a viscous
liquid. Thus, thermoplastics may be reshaped by heating and are typically used to produce
parts by various polymer processing techniques such as injection molding, compression
molding, calendering, and extrusion.[3][4] Thermoplastics differ from thermosetting polymers,
which form irreversible chemical bonds during the curing process. Thermosets do not melt,
but decompose and do not reform upon cooling.

Stress-strain graph of a thermoplastic material

Above its glass transition temperature, Tg, and below its melting point, Tm, the physical
properties of a thermoplastic change drastically without an associated phase change.

Some thermoplastics do not fully crystallize below the glass transition temperature Tg,
retaining some or all of their amorphous characteristics. Amorphous and semi-amorphous
plastics are used when high optical clarity is necessary, as light is scattered strongly by
crystallites larger than its wavelength. Amorphous and semi-amorphous plastics are less
resistant to chemical attack and environmental stress cracking because they lack a crystalline
structure.

Brittleness can be decreased with the addition of plasticizers, which increases the mobility of
amorphous chain segments to effectively lower Tg. Modification of the polymer through
copolymerization or through the addition of non-reactive side chains to monomers before
polymerization can also lower Tg. Before these techniques were employed, plastic automobile
parts would often crack when exposed to cold temperatures.

Thermosetting

Thermoset, or thermosetting, plastics are synthetic materials that strengthen during being heated,
but cannot be successfully remolded or reheated after their initial heat-forming. This is in contrast to
thermoplastics, which soften when heated and harden and strengthen after cooling. Thermoplastics
can be heated, shaped and cooled as often as necessary without causing a chemical change, while
thermosetting plastics will burn when heated after the initial molding. Additionally, thermoplastics
tend to be easier to mold than thermosetting plastics, which also take a longer time to produce (due
to the time it takes to cure the heated material).

Thermosetting plastics, however, have a number of advantages. Unlike thermoplastics, they retain
their strength and shape even when heated. This makes thermosetting plastics well-suited to the
production of permanent components and large, solid shapes. Additionally, these components have
excellent strength attributes (although they are brittle), and will not become weaker when the
temperature increases.

Thermoset plastic products are typically produced by heating liquid or powder within a mold,
allowing the material to cure into its hardened form. These products can be removed from the mold
even without allowing it to cool. The reaction used to produce thermosetting plastic products is not
always the result of heating, and is sometimes performed by chemical interaction between
specialized materials. Typical types of thermosetting plastics are epoxies, polyesters, silicones and
phenolics. Vulcanized rubber is also an excellent example of a thermosetting plastic; anyone who has
ever driven an automobile can attest to the properties of a superheated tire—it burns but does not
mold into a new shape.

Each type of thermosetting plastic has a unique set of properties. Epoxies, for example, exhibit
elasticity and exceptional chemical resistance, and are relatively easy to cure. Phenolics, while fairly
simple to mold, are brittle, strong and hard. Because of their wide range of characteristics,
thermosetting plastics find use in an extensive variety of applications, from electrical insulators to
car bodies.

Thermoplastic
Thermoplastic