Guide Questions: (p.

8)

1.What are viruses? What is the structure of a typical viruses?

Answer:

A virus is a biological agent that reproduces inside the cells of living hosts. When infected by a virus, a
host cell is forced to produce thousands of identical copies of the original virus at an extraordinary rate.
The animal virus structure is the most typical structure.

2.Why are viruses not considered as living things?

Answer:

Viruses are not made out of cells, they can't keep themselves in a stable state, they don't grow, and they
can't make their own energy. Even though they definitely replicate and adapt to their environment,
viruses are more like androids than real living organisms.

3.What is the central dogma of molecular biology? Relate this concept to how viruses infect their host
cells.

Answer:

The central dogma states that once 'information' has passed into protein it cannot get out again. In
more detail, the transfer of information from nucleic acid to nucleic acid, or from nucleic acid to protein
may be possible, but transfer from protein to protein, or from protein to nucleic acid is impossible.
Information means here the precise determination of sequence, either of bases in the nucleic acid or of
amino acid residues in the protein. The first is that in some viruses, there is no DNA at all! Instead, they
used RNA exclusively for their coding. Among these are the viruses that cause the common cold, flu,
polio, and hepatitis.

4. What are Tupanviruses? What makes them different form other viruses?

Answer:

Tupanvirus is the name of two giant viruses, Tupanvirus deep ocean and Tupanvirus soda lake. They are
named after Tupã, a Guaraní thunder god, and the places they were found. These are the first viruses
reported to possess genes for amino-acyl tRNA sythentases for all 20 standard amino acids.This virus is
different from other viruses because the viruse itself is so huge in size and it is capable of infecting
different types of amoebae.

Guide questions: (p.19)

1.Why was the smartphone placed upside down inside the box?

Answer:

Because the image projected on the screen will be upright while the phone is in an inverted position.

2.
The Magnifying glass magnifies the image in the smart phone towards to the projected image and it
makes a sharper and softer on the screen.

Guise questions: (p.22)

1.What are fossils? What are the two types of fossils?

Answer:

A fossil is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological
age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects
preserved in amber, hair, petrified wood, oil, coal, and DNA remnants. The two types of fossils is true
form fossil and trace fossil.

2. What are the different processes that form fossils? How do you differentiate molds from casts?
Answer:

Most are formed when a plant or animal dies in a watery environment and is buried in mud and silt. Soft
tissues quickly decompose leaving the hard bones or shells behind. Over time sediment builds over the
top and hardens into rock.A mold preserves a negative imprint of the surface, while a cast preserves the
external form of the organism. Sometimes a shell can be filled with minerals and then dissolve away.

3.Describe the Dickinsonia. Why do evolutionary biologists find it difficult to classify this organism?

Answer:

Dickinsonia is an extinct genus of fossils of the Ediacaran biota. The individual Dickinsonia typically
resembles a bilaterally symmetrical ribbed oval. Because the its affinities are presently unknown.

4.Why is the Dickinsonia now believed to be an animal?

The discovery of cholesterol molecules in fossils of Dickinsonia lends support to the idea that Dickinsonia
was an animal and this animal has its own family in its kingdom called Dickinsoniidae.