Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2.2 FOC - Dispersion - January 2020 PDF
2.2 FOC - Dispersion - January 2020 PDF
Irfan khan
Dispersion
Intermodal delay/ modal delay
Intermodal distortion or modal delay appears only in multimode fibers.
Irfan khan
Intermodal delay/ modal delay
Irfan khan
The intermodal dispersion in multimode
fibers can be minimized by adopting
optimum refractive index profile provided
by the near parabolic profile of most GI
fibers.
So, the overall pulse broadening in
multimode GI fibers is less than that of
the SI fibers.
Thus GI fibers used with a multimode
source gives a tremendous bandwidth
advantage over multimode SI fibers.
To eliminate the Intermodal Dispersion
SMF is the best solution.
Intermodal delay/ modal delay
Fiber Capacity:
Irfan khan
Dispersion
Intramodal Dispersion or Chromatic Dispersion
1. Material Dispersion
2. Waveguide Dispersion
Irfan khan
Intramodal Dispersion or Chromatic Dispersion
Material Dispersion:
The material dispersion is due intrinsic property of the material. Glass is a
dispersive medium. We can recall from high school physics that glass has
different refractive index for different colors.
This refractive index property causes a wavelength dependence of the
group velocity of a given mode; that is,
Pulse spreading occurs even when different wavelength follow the
same path.
Irfan khan
Material dispersion
d L g d d 2n
vg | 0 , g , ( ) ( 2 ) ,
d vg L d c d
d 2n
Dm ( 2 ), g Dm L,
c d
Solution:
Waveguide Dispersion:
n2 d 2 (Vb)
Dw V , g Dw L ,
c dV 2
Solution:
d 2 (Vb )
V 0.26 ,
dV 2
n2 d 2 (Vb)
Dw V 1.9 ps /(nm km),
c dV 2
Intramodal/Chromatic dispersion (material plus waveguide dispersion)
g
( Dm Dw ) ,
L
• material dispersion is determined by
the material composition of a fiber.
• waveguide dispersion is determined
by the waveguide index profile of a
fiber
Single mode fiber dispersion
For NRZ signals BR=2BW
For RZ signals BR=BW
Bireferingence
• Along with the mode field diameter there are
various other parameters that are used to
characterize an optical fiber completely when it
is laid into the system.
• One such important parameter is the
‘birefringence’ of an optical fiber.
• Any general linear polarization inside an optical
fiber may be decomposed into horizontal and
vertical components as shown in the figure
below.
• If the core of the optical fiber is perfectly circular, both of these
orthogonal polarization components propagate through the fiber with
the same phase constant and have equal phase velocities along the
optical fiber so that at the output the linear polarization of the input
light remains intact.
• But in practical fiber manufacturing processes, due to some errors,
the manufactured fiber core sometimes has an elliptic nature.
• Due to this ellipticity, both the orthogonal polarization components,
now, have different effective modal indices and propagate with
different phase constants.
• So there is a net phase change between these two components
which result in the initial linear polarization to turn elliptical.
• If we assume ‘nx’ and ‘ny’ be the effective modal
refractive indices for the horizontal and vertical modes
respectively, then the birefringence is defined as:
In WDM systems, the channels at shorter wavelengths will act as pump signals and suffer
from excess loss. On the other hand, the channels at longer wavelengths acting as probe
signals are amplified via SRS
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
• The interaction between a strong optical signal and an acoustic
wave gives rise to the non-linear effect called as stimulated
Brillouin scattering (SBS).
• It causes refractive index variations, that in turn causes the
scattering of the optical signal in backward direction. Due to
back scattering there is a loss of signal power. The frequency
of scattered light also gets downshifted. Shift in frequency is
equal to frequency of an acoustic wave.
• The Brillouin threshold power is
Aeff vP
PBrillouinTh 42 1
gB vB