OPERASI TEKNIK KIMIA 2 𝜌𝐵 > 𝜌𝐴

BAB I Pendahuluan ∆𝑃 = 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 𝑋. 𝑔 (𝜌𝐵 − 𝜌𝐴 )

𝑃𝑉𝜌𝑀 𝑃𝑀 𝟒. 𝑴𝒂𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒂 𝑼 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒏 𝒔𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒉 𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒖 𝒖𝒋𝒖𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒃𝒖𝒌𝒂
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 ⇒ 𝑃 = =
𝑛𝑀𝑅𝑇 𝑅𝑇
𝑃 = 𝑋. 𝑔. 𝜌𝐵 + 𝑃𝑢𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑎
𝜌𝑣𝐷
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = VISKOSITAS FLUIDA
𝜇
↳ 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑎 𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑘 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡 ∶ 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑘𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑉
𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟 = 𝜏 = 𝜇
= 4 𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑖 𝑗𝑎𝑟𝑖 − 𝑗𝑎𝑟𝑖 ℎ𝑖𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑘 (𝑅) 𝑑𝑦
𝐴 𝜌𝑣4𝑅 1/3 1/3 1/3
𝐷 = 4𝑅, 𝑅 = , 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 𝜇𝑚 = 𝓍1 𝜇1 + 𝓍2 𝜇2 , 𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑘 ∆𝜇 < 15 𝑐𝑃
𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝜇

↳ 𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑖 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑡

B
2𝑎𝑏
𝐷 = (𝑎+𝑏) A

↳ 𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 (𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎 − 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑢𝑎 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑎)

1
𝜋𝐷12 −1/4𝜋𝐷22
𝐷=4 = 𝐷1 − 𝐷2
𝜋𝐷1 −𝜋𝐷2

PENGUKURAN TEKANAN

∆𝑷 = 𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏

𝟏. 𝑴𝒂𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑮𝒂𝒖𝒈𝒆
𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 = 𝑃 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑝 𝑡𝑒𝑘𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑟

𝟐. 𝑷𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒏 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒂 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒃𝒖𝒌𝒂 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒌𝒂𝒍

𝑃
𝐻(𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑔𝑖 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑎) =
(𝜌. 𝑔)

𝟑. 𝑷𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒏 𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒂 𝑼

BAB II Dasar-dasar Fluida Aliran 𝑳𝒂𝒋𝒖 𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒓 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 = 𝑨𝟏 𝑽𝟏
1. Distribusi Kecepatan 3. Sistem Neraca Energi
Kondisi yg berlaku :
✓ Pipa circular horizontal, Incompressible, Newtonium, Steady 𝑽𝟐 𝒈
𝑬= 𝑼+ + .𝒉
state, Rejim laminar atau turbulen 𝟐 𝒈𝒄

𝑯 = 𝑼 + 𝑷𝑽
A. Laminer
𝑷𝟎 − 𝑷𝒍 𝟐 𝒓 𝟐 𝑲𝒆𝒓𝒋𝒂 (𝑾) → (+)𝑲𝒆𝒓𝒋𝒂 𝒅𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒌𝒖𝒌𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒉 𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎
𝑽𝒙 = 𝑹 [𝟏 − ( ) ]
𝟒𝝁𝑳 𝑹 𝑲𝒆𝒓𝒋𝒂 (𝑾) → (−) 𝑲𝒆𝒓𝒋𝒂 𝒅𝒊𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒌𝒂𝒏 𝒌𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎
𝑷𝟎− 𝑷𝒍 𝟐 𝑲𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒓 (𝑸) → (+)𝑷𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒌𝒂𝒏 𝒌𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎
𝑽𝒙𝒂𝒗 = 𝑹 (𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒔. 𝑯𝒂𝒈𝒆𝒏 𝑷𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒆)
𝟖𝝁𝑳
𝑲𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒓 (𝑸) → (−)𝑷𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒔 𝒌𝒆𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎
𝑷𝟎 − 𝑷𝒍 𝟐
𝑽𝒙 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑹 ✓ 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒂𝒏 𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒂 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒊 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍:
𝟒𝝁𝑳
∆𝑯 + ∆𝑬𝒌 + ∆𝑬𝒑 = 𝑸 − 𝑾𝒔
𝑽𝒙
𝑽𝒙𝒂𝒗 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟏 𝒈
𝟐
𝑯𝟐 − 𝑯𝟏 + [𝑽𝟐𝟐 − 𝑽𝟐𝟏 ] + [𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 ] = 𝑸 − 𝑾𝒔
𝟐. 𝜶. 𝒈𝒄 𝒈𝒄
𝒓 𝟐
𝑽𝒙 = 𝑽𝒙 𝒎𝒂𝒙 [𝟏 − ( ) ]
𝑹 𝜶 = 𝟎, 𝟓(𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓), 𝟏(𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒏)

B. Turbulen ✓ 𝑵𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒂 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒊 𝒎𝒆𝒌𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒔

𝟏 ∆𝑯 = ∆𝑼 + ∆𝑷𝑽 = ∆𝑼 + ∫ 𝑷. 𝒅𝑽 + ∫ 𝑽. 𝒅𝑷
𝑹−𝒓 𝟕
𝑽𝒙 = 𝑽𝒙 𝒎𝒂𝒙 [𝟏 − ( ) ] ∆𝑼 = 𝑸 − 𝑾′
𝑹
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅𝒂 𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒓 𝒔𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒌𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒍𝒆𝒕,
𝑽𝒙𝒂𝒗 = 𝟎, 𝟖 𝑽𝒙 𝒎𝒂𝒙 , 𝟎, 𝟖 𝒅𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒊 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒇𝒊𝒌
𝑾′ = ∫ 𝑷. 𝒅𝑽 − ∑𝑭
2. Prinsip Neraca Massa 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝟏
∆𝑯 = 𝑸 + ∑𝑭 + ∫ 𝑽. 𝒅𝑷 , (𝑽 → , )
𝝆𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑫𝟐 𝟐 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒂 𝝆
=[ ]
𝝆𝟏 𝑽𝟐 𝑫𝟏
 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒌𝒂𝒏 𝒌𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒔. 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒊 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍, 𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒋𝒂𝒅𝒊:
𝟏 𝟐 𝒅𝒑
[𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗𝟐𝟏 ] + 𝒈[𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 ] + ∫ + ∑ 𝑭 + 𝑾𝒔 = 𝟎
𝟐𝜶 𝝆
Untuk fluida incompressible, maka suku :
𝒅𝒑 𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏
∫ =
𝝆 𝝆
✓ Pompa
𝑾𝒔 = 𝜼. 𝑾𝒑

𝜼. 𝑾𝒑 = 𝑾𝒑 − 𝒉𝒇𝒑

𝑊𝑠 = 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑖 𝑚𝑒𝑘𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑦𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑘𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑎

𝜂 = 𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖 𝑝𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝑊𝑝 = 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑖 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑢 𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑗𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑘𝑢𝑘𝑎𝑛 𝑘𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎

ℎ𝑓𝑝 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑖 ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖 𝑝𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎

4. Bernoulli
✓ Kondisi :
Tak melibatkan suhu sistem
Tak melibatkan kerja (𝑾𝒔 )
Bentuk hilang energi diabaikan (∑ 𝑭 = 𝟎)
✓ Total Head

𝑷𝟏 𝒗𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝑯= + + 𝒁𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝟐
𝝆. 𝒈 𝟐. 𝒈 𝝆. 𝒈 𝟐. 𝒈
✓ Mempunyai dimensi head (panjang)

𝑷𝟏 𝒗𝟐𝟏 𝒈. 𝒁𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝒈. 𝒁𝟐
+ + = + +
𝝆 𝟐. 𝒈𝒄 𝒈𝒄 𝝆 𝟐. 𝒈𝒄 𝒈𝒄
BAB III Friksi dalam Sistem Perpipaan 𝑣12
↪ ℎ𝑒𝑥 = 𝐾𝑒𝑥 , 𝐾 = 𝐾𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛 ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑘𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖
1) Penurunan Tekanan 2𝛼 𝑒𝑥
✓ Pressure Drop karena friksi , aliran laminer (𝑣1 − 𝑣2 )2
↪ ℎ𝑒𝑥 =
32𝜇𝑣(𝐿2 − 𝐿1 ) 2𝛼
↪ ∆𝑃𝑓 = (𝑃1 − 𝑃2 )𝑓 =
𝐷2
✓ Pengecilan tiba-tiba (ℎ𝑐 )
𝐴2 𝑣22
2) Faktor Gesekan Fanning (f) ↪ ℎ𝑐 = 0,55 [1 − ]
✓ Nilai faktor gesekan Fanning (f), L & T 𝐴1 2𝛼
𝑣22
∆𝑃𝑓 𝜋𝑅 2 ↪ ℎ𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐
2𝛼
↪ 𝑓 = 2𝜋𝑅∆𝐿2
𝜌0,5𝑣
∆𝐿 𝑣 2 ∆𝐿 𝑣 2 ✓ Fitting atau kerangan (ℎ𝑓 )
↪ ∆𝑃𝑓 = 4𝑓𝜌 (𝑆𝐼), ∆𝑃𝑓 = 4𝑓𝜌 (𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑠ℎ) 𝑣12
𝐷 2 𝐷 2 𝑔𝑐 ℎ𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓
2
✓ Friction Loss = Ff , L & T
∆𝑃𝑓 ∆𝐿 𝑣 2
↪ 𝐹𝑓 = = 4𝑓 (Energi / waktu)
𝜌 𝐷 2

✓ Nilai faktor gesekan Fanning (f), Laminar

16 16
↪𝑓= =
𝜌𝑣𝐷/𝜇 𝑁𝑟𝑒

3) Friction karena Perbesaran, Pengecilan, Fitting, atau Valve

✓ Perbesaran tiba-tiba (ℎ𝑒𝑥 )

𝐴1 2 𝑣12
↪ ℎ𝑒𝑥 = [1 − ] , 𝛼 = 1(𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛); 0,5(𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟)
𝐴2 2𝛼
 Jenis Kerangan Kf Le/D Jenis Kerangan Kf Le / D

Elbow 45 o 0,35 17 Check Valve

Elbow 90 o 0,75 35 Ball 70,0 3500

Tee 1 50 Swing 2 100

Coupling 0,04 2 Water meter, 7,0 350

disk
Union 0,04 2 Globe valve
Gate valve Wide open 6,0 300

Wide open 0,17 9 Half Open 9,5 475

Half open 4,5 225

✓ Total Friksi
Total Friksi = Friksi ppa lurus + perbesaran + Pengecilan + fitting
∆ 𝑣12
∑𝐹 = [4𝑓 + 𝐾𝑒𝑥 + 𝐾𝑐 + 𝐾𝑓 ]
𝐷 2
BAB IV Alat Ukur Fluida −∆𝑃
2𝑔𝑐 [ ]
1) Prinsip dasar 𝜌
𝑉1 = 𝐶1 . 𝛼 √ 2 , 𝐶1 𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑛𝑔 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑟 ∑𝐹
✓ Kondisi yang bisa dipenuhi: 𝐴1
( 2 − 1)
Horizontal, ∆ℎ = 0, ∆𝐸𝑝 = 0 𝐴2
Tidak ada kerja Pompa, (𝑊𝑠 = 0)
Tidak perubahan kalor (𝑄 = 0) −∆𝑃
2𝑔𝑐 [ ]
𝜌
𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷 𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟐 − 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝐴2 = 𝐶2 . 𝐴0 → 𝑉1 = 𝐶1 . 𝛼 √
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑛 𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑛𝑦𝑎 → ( )+ +∑𝑭 = 𝟎 𝐴2
𝝆 𝟐𝒈𝒄 𝜶 ( 1 2 − 1)
𝐶2 . 𝐴0
𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑢𝑛 𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔 → 𝑽𝟐𝟐 − 𝑽𝟐𝟏 = −𝟐𝒈𝒄 𝜶 [ + ∑ 𝑭]
𝝆 −∆𝑷
𝟐𝒈𝒄 [ ]
𝝆
𝑔𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠. 𝑘𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑠 → 𝑽𝟏 𝝆𝟏 𝑨𝟏 = 𝑽𝟐 𝝆𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑪𝟎 √ , 𝐶0 𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑛𝑔 ∑𝐹, 𝛼, 𝐶2
𝑨𝟐𝟏
( 𝟐 − 𝟏)
𝑽𝟏 . 𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟎
𝑘ℎ𝑢𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑖𝑟 → 𝑽𝟐 =
𝑨𝟐
3) Venturi Meter
−∆𝑷 4) Rotameter
𝟐𝒈𝒄 [( ) − ∑𝑭 ]𝜶
𝝆 𝒈 𝒈 𝒈
𝑁𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑔 𝑎𝑘ℎ𝑖𝑟 → 𝑽𝟏 = √
𝑨𝟐 𝑭𝑫 = 𝑭𝑮 − 𝑭𝑩 = 𝑽𝒇 . 𝝆𝒇 . − 𝑽𝒇 . 𝝆. = 𝑽𝒇 (𝝆𝒇 − 𝝆).
( 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝒈𝒄 𝒈𝒄 𝒈𝒄
𝑨𝟐 𝐹𝐷 = 𝐺𝑎𝑦𝑎 𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑘
𝐹𝐺 = 𝐺𝑎𝑦𝑎 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑠𝑖
∆𝑷
− : 𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑘𝑘𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑘𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑢𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑘 𝐹𝐵 = 𝐺𝑎𝑦𝑎 𝐴𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑔
𝝆
𝟐. 𝒈𝒄 . 𝑽𝒇 (𝝆𝒇 − 𝝆)
∑𝑭: 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑢𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑘 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑎 2 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑘 𝑽𝒓 = 𝑪 𝒓 √
𝑨𝒇 . 𝝆
∆𝑷 = 𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏
𝑣𝑟 = 𝑘𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑒𝑟𝑎ℎ 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑔 (𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)
2) Orifice Meter 𝜌𝑓 = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑔
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑔
𝐴𝑓 = 𝐿𝑢𝑎𝑠 𝑀𝑎𝑘𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑔
𝐶𝑟 = 𝐾𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑖 𝑘𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎