DESIGN OF STEERING SYSTEM: A REVIEW

Kishan Kumawat[1] Mr. Satyaprakash Saini[2]

M.E. Student [1] Associate Professor[2]
kkumawat195@gmail.com
JECRC, Jaipur, Raj. India JECRC, Jaipur, Raj. India

Ackermann (reverse Ackerman) geometry is used

ABSTRACT in high speed vehicles, which is appropriate for
Steering system is used to control the direction of formula one cars. When the vehicle operator
travel and the stability of the vehicle. The objective provides a steering input to the rack, the resultant
of steering system is to provide maximum motion of Said rack and consequent motion of the
directional control of the vehicle and provide easy rack piston creates a pressure differential in the
manoeuvrability of the vehicle in all type of rack power assist chambers which is Sensed by two
terrains with appreciable safety and minimum pressure Sensors coupled one in each fluid line to
effort. We have mainly focused to achieve least thereby generate a corresponding pressure
turning radius so that the vehicle can easily turn on differential Signal. An electronic controller utilizes
narrow tracks and have also focused on minimizing the pressure differential signal to control the Servo
the driver’s effort. This is achieved by selecting a motor and thereby cause rotation of the drive
proper steering system. An electro-hydraulic Screw to move the actuator piston in a proper
power Steering System comprising an elongated direction to force sufficient hydraulic fluid from
vehicle Steering linkage rack with a rotatable one of the actuator chambers into an associated one
Steering gear in mesh with rack teeth and of the power assist chambers to thereby minimize
extending within an elongated power assist the fluid pressure differential existing between
cylinder of a rack housing. A rack piston Separates Said two pressure Sensors and thus provide
the power assist cylinder into first and Second Steering assist power in the power cylinder to assist
power assist working chambers filled with the vehicle operator in manually applying torque
hydraulic fluid. An electric/hydrostatic Steering via the Steering wheel to achieve the desired
assist module includes a hydraulic actuator motion of the rack to thereby move the steerable
cylinder with a linear drive Screw extending vehicle wheels.
lengthwise there in and journaled for bi-directional
rotation and against axial displacement. An
LITERATURE REVIEW
actuator piston is reciprocal but non-rotatable
within the actuator cylinder and Separates it into S.NO. DESIGNER/ REVIEW
first and Second hydraulic fluid filled actuating DEVELOPER/
chambers. The drive screw is threadedly engaged FABRICATOR
with the actuator piston to produce bi-directional &
linear movement thereof as rotationally bi-
YEAR
directionally driven by a servo motor carried on the
1. Keiji Suzuki, This paper deals with an
module. Fluid lines respectively communicate the
Yoshiharu advanced electro-hydraulic
first and Second actuating chambers with the first
Inaguma, and power steering (EHPS)
and Second power assist chambers Such that the Kyosuke Haga system compactly integrating
hydraulic fluid filling Said actuating chambers is -1995 a hydraulic pump with an
force fed to and from Said first and Second power electric motor, a steering
assist chambers in response to motion of Said gearbox with a center-closed
actuator piston under control of the motor and drive servo valve and an
Screw. accumulator. In this EHPS
INTRODUCTION system, the hydraulic pump
with an electronically
Traction is an important factor in order to controlled motor works only
manoeuvre a vehicle Ackermann steering during steering operation.
geometry provide pure rolling motion or prevent Stopping the hydraulic pump
slipping of tires, which is appropriate for Baja during non-steering
where there is speed limit of 60 mph. Whereas anti- operation is extremely
 effective for reducing energy
consumption in power
steering because steering
operations are infrequent.
The EHPS system described in
this paper is suitable for
pollution free vehicles such
as electric vehicle having no
engine-driven accessories
and has the advantages of
reduced power consumption
and ease of installation. This
EHPS system may be also
used for enginedriven
vehicles and has been tested
on a conventional gasoline
engine vehicle with an 810 kg
front weight. Test results
demonstrate its
effectiveness.
2. Roy McCann
This paper investigates a
-2000
method for improving vehicle
stability by incorporating
feedback from a yaw rate
sensor into an electric power
steering system. Presently,
vehicle stability
enhancement techniques are
an extension of antilock
braking systems in aiding the
driver during vehicle
maneuvers. One of the
contributors to loss of vehicle
control is the reduction in
tactile feedback from the
steering handwheel when
driving on wet or icy
pavement. This paper
presents research indicating
that the use yaw rate
feedback improves vehicle
stability by increasing the
amount of tactile feedback
when driving under adverse
road conditions.
3. Elmar Dilger, A Steer-by-wire Steering
Peter Ahner, System comprised of an
Peter Dominke electronically regulated
-2001 Steering positioner mounted
to the Steering gear of the
front axle or to both front
wheels of a vehicle together
with an electronic Steering
regulator and a feedback
actuator. A Sensor Senses the
driver's Selected direction
from the Steering wheel.
Road feedback can be
relayed to the driver through
a feedback actuator via the
Steering wheel. The loss of
road feel caused by the
absence of the steering
column, which normally
strongly influences the
driver's directional wish, is
recreated by the feedback
actuator.
4. William Glenn
An electro-hydraulic power
Spadafora-
Steering System comprising
2001
an elongated vehicle Steering
linkage rack with a rotatable
Steering gear in mesh with
rack teeth and extending
within an elongated power
assist cylinder of a rack
housing. A rack piston
Separates the power assist
cylinder into first and Second
power assist working
chambers filled with
hydraulic fluid. An
electric/hydrostatic Steering
assist module includes a
hydraulic actuator cylinder
with a linear drive Screw
extending lengthwise there
in and journaled for bi-
directional rotation and
against axial displacement.
An actuator piston is
reciprocable but non-
rotatable within the actuator
cylinder and Separates it into
first and Second hydraulic
fluid filled actuating
chambers. The drive screw is
threadedly engaged with the
actuator piston to produce
bi-directional linear
movement thereof as
rotationally bi-directionally
driven by a servo motor
carried on the module.
5. Zhenhai Gaoa ,
The kinematic models of
Jun Wanga
planetary gear set and
-2011
steering gear are
established, based on the
analysis of the transmission
mechanism of angle
superposition with Active
Front Steering system
 (AFS). A controller of
variable steering ratio for
Active Front Steering
system is designed, and
virtual road tests are made
in CarMaker drivervehicle-
road simulation
environment. The results of
simulation tests validate
the controller performance
and the advantage of
variable steering ratio
function, also show that the
driving comfort is
improved at low speed
especially, due to the
Active Front Steering
system alters the steering
ratio according to the
driving situation.
6. Robert William
A hydraulic power steering
Hammond,
system controllable by left
Jeffrey Edward
and right steering wheels
Tipton
-2014
has two control valves,
each valve connected to a
respective left and right
steering wheel, and a valve
arrangement that
selectively connects one
control valve to a Source of
high-pressure fluid and
disconnects the other
control valve from the
source of high-pressure
fluid.
CONCLUSION
Hence the literature review on steering system is
completed. An EHPS system suitable for electric
vehicles has been newly designed. It integrates the
electric motor, hydraulic pump, steering gearbox,
center-closed servo valve and so on into one
compact, easy to install unit. A model of driver-
vehicle dynamics based on visual clues for path
tracking using lateral velocity feedback is
developed. It is shown that an EPS system
incorporating yaw rate sensor feedback helps
stabilize the driver-vehicle system. A series of
optitrial compensators were designed with the
structure defined by physical properties of the
steering system. The first design with complex
zeros is adequate in the case of the high bandwidth
electric actuator and provides better steering feel.
The. second design with real zeros is used to
provide similar steering system performance in the
case of the low bandwidth actuator. 0 The control
designs were verified using full model dynamic
simulation, test bench experiments and vehicle
prototypes.
REFERENCES
[1]Elmar Dilger, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Peter
Ahner, “Steer-By-Wire Steering System For
Motorized Vehicles”, United States Patent, Dilger
et al..
[2]William Glenn Spadafora, “Electro-Hydraulc
Power Steering System”, United States Patent,
Spadafora
[3]Robert William Hammond, Hanover, PA (US);
Jeffrey Edward Tipton, Gettysburg, “Dual
Hydraulc Power Steering System” United States
Patent, Hammond et al.
[4]Yoshiharu Inaguma, and Kyosuke Haga,
"Integrated Electro-Hydraulic Power Steering
System with Low Electric Energy Consumption",
Sae Technical Paper Series, 950580
[5]Roy McCann, “Variable Effort Steering for
Vehicle Stability Enhancement Using an Electric
Power Steering System”, Delphi Automotive
Systems, Sae Technical Paper Series, 2000-01-
0817
[6]Zhenhai Gaoa , Jun Wanga , Deping Wangb.,
“Dynamic Modeling and Steering Performance
Analysis of Active Front Steering System”, State
Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and
Control, Jilin University, 130025Changchun,
China
[7]K.Okamoto, I.Chikuma, N.Saito and
H.Miyazaki, "Improvement of Driver's Feel of
Electric Power Steering", SAE paper 890079
[8]Y.Shimizu and T.Kawai, "Development of
Electric Power steering", SAE paper 9 100 14
[9]J. Chen, “Control of electric power steering
systems,” SAE Paper 981116, SAE Transactions,
1998.
[10]S. Amberkar, Y. Chin, W. Lin and J. Zuraski,
”Adaptive variable-effort steering,” Internal GM
Report CV-194, March 1997.