Civil Engineering

Environmental Engg : Vol-I

(Water Supply Engineering)

Comprehensive Theory
with Solved Examples and Practice Questions

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 Publications

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Environmental Engineering : Vol-I (Water Supply Engineering)

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All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced
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First Edition: 2014

Reprint : 2015
Second Edition: 2016
Reprint (Revised and Updated) : 2016

© All rights reserved by MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form without the
written permission from the publisher.
Preface
This book was motivated by the desire to further the evolution of a concise
book on Environmental Engineering (Vol-I). Keeping in focus the importance
of this subject in GATE and ESE, we have done a proper study and
thereafter developed the content of the book accordingly. This edition has
an expanded discussion of all relevant topics in the subject.

Initially, we compiled the perceptions of our students on their problems

in GATE and ESE while dealing with the questions from this subject.
We identified their various problems like- lack of fundamentals of the
subject, difficulty in solving simple solutions, shortage of a complete study package, etc. These strengthened our
determination to present a complete edition of Environmental Engineering (Vol-I) textbook.

The book addresses all the requirements of the students, i.e. comprehensive coverage of theory, fundamental
concepts, objective type problems and conventional problems, articulated in a lucid language. The concise
presentation will help the readers grasp the concepts with clarity and apply them with ease to solve problems
quickly. The books not only covers the entire syllabus of GATE and ESE, but also addresses the need of many
other competitive examinations. Topics like ‘Water Demand, Resources of Water and its Conveyance, Water Quality,
Treatment of Water, Distribution System’, are given full coverage in line with our research on their importance in
competitive examinations.

We have put in our sincere efforts to present elaborate solutions for various problems, different problem solving
methodology, some useful quick techniques to save time while attempting MCQs without compromising the accuracy
of answers. A summary of important points to remember is added at the end of each topic. For the convenience
of readers, points to remember are specifically highlighted in the form of a note- both in theory as well as solved
examples. At the end of each chapter, sets of practice question are given with their keys, that will allow the readers
to evaluate their understanding of the topics and sharpen their problem solving skills.

Our team has made their best efforts to remove all possible errors of any kind. Nonetheless, we would highly
appreciate and acknowledge if you find and share with us any printing, calculation and conceptual error.

It is impossible to thank all the individuals who helped us, but we would like to sincerely thank all the co-authors,
editors and reviewers for putting in their efforts to publish this book. We also express our thanks to MADE EASY
publications for completing and publishing the book on time.

With Best Wishes

B. Singh
CMD, MADE EASY
Contents
Environmental Engg : Vol-I
(Water Supply Engineering)
Chapter 1
Water Demand.......................................... 1
1.1 Water Demand.................................................................. 1
1.2 Various Types of Water Demand................................. 1
1.3 Factors Affecting Per Capita Demand...................... 5
1.4 Coincident Draft............................................................... 8
1.5 Design Period of Water Supply Unit.......................... 9
1.6 Population Forecasting.................................................. 9
1.7 Population Forecasting Methods.............................11
Objective Brain Teasers............................................22
Chapter 2
Resources of Water and its Conveyance......26
2.1 Sources of Water............................................................26
2.2 Yield of an Open Well...................................................30
2.3 Yield of Wells....................................................................33
2.4 Tube Wells.........................................................................35
2.5 Collection of Surface Water........................................37
2.6 Conduits for Water Supply..........................................38
2.7 Calculation of Head loss caused by Pipe Friction... 39
2.8 Forces Acting on Pressure Conduits.......................42
2.9 Types of Pipes..................................................................46
2.10 Joints in Water Supply Piping....................................50
2.11 Corrosion in Pipes (Metals).........................................52
2.12 Pipe Appurtenances.....................................................54
2.13 Testing of the Pipe Lines.............................................59
2.14 Economical Diameter of the Pumping Mains......60
Objective Brain Teasers............................................66
Chapter 3
Water Quality : Definition, Characteristics
and Perspective......................................71
3.1 The Hydrologic Cycle and Water Quality...............71
3.2 Water Impurity................................................................73
(iv)
3.3 Presence of Organic......................................................95
3.4 Biological Water Quality Parameter........................96
Objective Brain Teasers......................................... 103
Chapter 4
Treatment of Water...............................114
4.1 Nature of Impurities in Water................................. 114
4.2 Types of Treatment..................................................... 115
4.3 Pre-Treatment.............................................................. 120
4.4 Sedimentation............................................................. 125
4.5 Sedimentation with Coagulation.......................... 143
4.6 Mechanism of Coagulation..................................... 145
4.7 Mixing Device.............................................................. 152
4.8 Filtration......................................................................... 161
4.9 Disinfection................................................................... 179
4.10 Water Hardness and Softening.............................. 189
4.11 Minor Treatments....................................................... 195
Objective Brain Teasers......................................... 209
Chapter 5
Distribution System..............................229
5.1 Methods of Distribution........................................... 229
5.2 Systems of Supply...................................................... 230
5.3 Layouts of Distribution System.............................. 230
5.4 Guidelines For Design of a Distribution System....232
5.5 Pressure in the Distribution System..................... 233
5.6 Detection of Leakage in Distribution System... 233
5.7 Analysis of Network of Pipes.................................. 234
5.8 Appurtenances in Plumbing System................... 237
5.9 Water Supply System Plumbing............................ 238
5.10 Service Connection.................................................... 239
5.11 Water Storage for Buildings.................................... 240
5.12 Design of Balancing Reservoir/Distribution
Reservoir/Service Reservoir.................................... 240
Objective Brain Teasers......................................... 247
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