Aprendendo Inglês-5

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br/
Resumo Curso de Inglês
Present Simple
Verb
Positive Negative Verb example
example
I I
don’t (do
work.
You You not)
work.
We
He We
He doesn’t
works.
(does not)
They
She They
She
It It
Question Verb
Short answer
example
I Yes, I do.
Do
you you don’t.
No,
we work? we
he Yes, he does.
Does they they
she she doesn’t.
No,
it it
Use Examples
Long-term situations I live in Madrid.
Where does she work?
Habits and routines I travel to work by car.
How often do you play golf?
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com
01
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Feelings and opinions She doesn’t like her work.
I agree with you.
Facts The journey takes 30 minutes.
It costs $ 15.
Question words
Where do you live? In Rome.
What do you do at weekends? I usually play golf.
When do they take their In July or August.

holiday?
Which magazine does James Wine and Dine.

write for?
How do you travel to work? By car.
How often do you make About twice a month.

business trips?
Whose book is this? It’s mine.
Who (*Whom) do you visit in I visit my sister.

London?
Who arrives at work first? Anna does.
* Whom is very formal, and is not used very often.
Present Continuous
Verb Verb example

Positive Negative
example
02
I ’m (am) I ’m not (am

not)
He ’s (is) He isn’t (is
working. not) working.
She She
You ’re You aren’t
It (are) It (are not)
We We
They They
Verb
Positive Short answer
example
Am I Yes, I am.
Is he No, ’m not.
Yes, he is.
she No, isn’t.
Are you she
it working?
Yes, you are.
we No, it aren’t.
we
they
they
Use Examples
Actions happening now He’s talking on the phone at the

moment.
They’re having lunch with a

customer.
Temporary situations or Jeans are selling well this season.

actions
I’m not travelling on business this
month.
Which hotel are you staying at?
- A dictionary tells you when the final consonant doubles (travel,

travelling), and when we leave out the final e (make, making).
03
Past Simple
Positive Negative
I I
You You
He He
started yesterd didn’t
Start
She She (did yesterday.
ay ring*
rang* not)
It It
We We
They They
Question Short answer
I I
Yes, did.
You You
He He
start yesterd
Did She She
ring* ay?
No, didn’t.
It It
We We
They They
* See the list of irregular verbs on page 16.
Use Examples
04
Finished situations and I lived in Rome for two years.

actions in the past
He flew to America last week.
They didn’t come to the party.
Where did you spend your last

holiday?
- We often use the Past Simple with finished time phrases like
yesterday, last week, an hour ago.
- Regular verbs in the Past Simple end in –ed. A dictionary tells

you when the consonant doubles (Group 3), and when the –y changes
to –I (Group 4).
Work Play Wait

Group 1
worked played waited
Live Smile Close

Group 2
lived smiled closed
Stop Travel Plan

Group 3
stopped travelled planned
Study Worry Try

Group 4
studied worried tried
- When the infinitive ends in a / d / or a / t / sound, we

pronounce the –ed ending as / id /
See Grammar timelines on page 36.
Comparative and superlative adjectives
05
Form Adjective Comparative Superlative
long longer longest

One
few fewer the fewest
syllable
hot hotter hottest
Two
syllable
easy easier easiest
s the
happy happier happiest
Ending
in -y
famous famous famous

Two or
crowded crowde crowded
more
more d the most
syllable expensive expensive
s expens
ive
good better best
bad worse worst

Irregula
r
much/many more most
the
Adjectiv little less least
es
far farther / farthest /
further furthest
06
Use Examples
We use than after a London is bigger than Paris.

comparative adjective.
Much can come before the He is much younger than his

comparative to add emphasis. brother.
Tokyo is much more expensive than

Rome.
We use the before a Camary Wharf is the tallest

superlative adjective. building in London.
As… as shows something is Greece is as sunny as Spain.

the same or equal.
I am as happy as you are.
Not as… as shows something Italy isn’t as big as France.

isn’t the same or equal.
- One syllable adjectives ending with one vowel and a consonant

double the consonant:
Adjective Comparative Superlative
Big Bigger Biggest
Fat Fatter fattest
- This doesn’t happen when the consonant is –w or –y:
Adjective Comparative Superlative
New Newer Newest
Grey Greyer greyest
Mass and Count nouns
07
Mass nouns
Use Examples
Mass nouns have no plural They want some information.

form.
I don’t like music
We do not use a or an with
them. This machinery is expensive.
We use them with a singular

verb form.
Count nouns
Use Examples
Count nouns have a singular and This machine is expensive.

plural form.
Did you have a good trip?
We use them with a and an.
These machines are expensive.
We use them with singular and
plural verb forms.
Some nouns are both mass and

count.
Mass / Count nouns
Use Examples
08
Mass (general James writes about wine.

meaning)
She has a lot of experience of the travel
industry.
Count (specific He’s writing a book about the wines of Italy.

meaning)
I had some amusing experiences on my last
holiday.
some, any, a lot of, much, many
some
Use Examples
With mass and count nouns in I bought some tea.

positive sentences
She made some appointments.
In offers and requests
Would you like some coffee?
Could I have some information?
any
Use Examples
With mass and count nouns in I didn’t buy any apples.

negative sentences in
questions He didn’t spend any money.
Did they give you any help?
Do you have any questions?
09
a lot of / lots of
Use Examples
With mass and count nouns in There’s a lot of traffic today.

positive sentences
There are a lot of cars in the city
centre.
Lots of people go jogging in the

park.
much
Use Examples
With mass nouns in negative We haven’t got much luggage.

sentences, and in questions
I don’t have much time.
How much paper do you need?
many
Use Examples
With count nouns in negative We haven’t got many suitcases.

sentences, and in questions
She didn’t have many meetings.
How many people did you invite?
In positive sentences Many people are on holiday this

week.
- In positive sentences, a lot of / lots of is more common than

many.
- We can use a lot of / lots of in negative sentences and in

questions.
010
- Lots of is mostly used in informal spoken English.
Present Perfect Simple
Verb Verb examples

Positive Negative
examples
I I haven’t
’ve
arrived. (have arrived.
You (have) You
begun. not) begun.
We
He We
He hasn’t
’s (has) (has
They
She They
She not)
It It
Question Verb Short answer Verb examples

examples
I Yes, I have.
Have
you No, you haven’t.
arrived?
we
he Yes, we
he has.
begun?
Has they
she No, they
she hasn’t.
it it
Use Examples
Finished experiences in your She’s lived in China and Japan.

life up to now
He’s had experience of marketing
Have you ever been to Brazil?
011
Recent situations and We’ve reduced prices.

actions in a time up to now
Corporate business has increased
significantly.
Have you had a holiday this year?
Situations that started in He’s been an architect since 1992.

the past and still continue
She’s had a translation agency for
ten years.
How long have you known her?
Past actions in a time up to She’s designed a lot of fashion

now where we give the items for Burberrys.
quantity
How many letters have you written?
- gone to or been to?
Ann’s gone to New York, means she’s in New York now, or she’s on
her way there.
Ann’s been to New York, means she’s not in New York now. Her visit
is over.
- contracted forms
In spoken English, we usually say I’ve, you’re, he’s, etc.
In formal, written English we normally use I have, you have, he

has, etc.
- For information on yet, just, already, see page 33.
See Grammar timelines on page 36.
Present Perfect Continuous
012
Positive Negative
I I
You You haven’t

’ve
(have
(have)
We We not)
been
They They been working.
working.
He He
hasn’t
She ’s (has) She (has
not)
It It
I Yes, I have.
Have
you No, you haven’t.
we been we
he working? Yes, he has.
they No, they hasn’t.
Has she she
it it
Use Examples
Actions that began in the We’ve been producing pens since the
past and continue to the 1980s.
present
He’s been living here for five
years.
How long have you been learning

English?
Actions that began in the You look very tired. Have you been
past and have just stopped working?
I’m hot because I’ve been running.
013
- The Present Perfect Continuous and Simple are similar in

meaning. The form we use often depends on whether we are more
interested in the action or its result.
I’ve been fixing the car. (My hands are dirty.)
I’ve fixed the car. (Now I can drive to work.)
- We use the Present Perfect Continuous to say how long.
They’ve been interviewing people since 10 a.m.
She’s been writing letters all morning.
We use the Present Perfect Simple to say how many.
They’ve interviewed nine people. She’s written five letters.
for and since
Use Examples Use Examples
With a period For With a point Since

of time three days, in time Tuesday, 8 August, 4
five hours, a o’clock, last
month, ten summer, 1982...
minutes,
ages…
Future: going to
Positive Negative
I ’m (am) I ’m not
going to (am not) going to
He ’s (is) begin. He isn’t begin.
(is not)
She She
You ’re
It It
014
(are)
We You aren’t
(are
They We not)
They
Am I Yes, I am.
he No, ’m not.
Is
she Yes, he is.
going to No, isn’t.
it
you begin? she
Yes, you are.
Are we it
No, aren’t.
we
they
they
Use Examples
Future plans, intentions, We’re going to buy a new car soon.

and decisions
When are you going to have a
holiday?
I’m not going to have lunch today.
Future actions we feel The sky’s very dark. I’m sure it’s
certain about because of going to rain.
what we can see now.
Look out! That car’s going to hit
you!
- With come and go, we usually use the Present Continuous.
I’m going on holiday soon.
Are they coming by car on Saturday?
Future: Present Continuous
015
For Present Continuous form see page 02.
Use Examples
Fixed future arrangements I’m flying to Tokyo at 10 a.m.

tomorrow.
When is the President arriving?
I’m not playing golf this weekend.
Future: will
Positive Verb Negative Verb example

example
I I
You You
He He
won’t
’ll
She arrive. She (will arrive.
(will)
not)
It It
We We
They They
Question Verb Short answer Verb example

example
I I
Will arrive? Yes, will.
016
You You
He He
She She won’t (will

No,
not).
It It
We We
They They
Use Examples
Future facts and The new hotel will cost $ 10

predictions million.
The construction work won’t start

until next year.
How many jobs will there be?
Decisions made at the time I’ll give you the report today.
of speaking
Hold on a minute. I’ll write down
your phone number.
Zero Conditional
If + Present Simple + Present Simple
Positive Negative
If I read too much, I get a If I didn’t read too much, I didn’t

headache get a headache.
Question Negative
017
You get a headache if you Yes, I get.

read too much?
No, I don’t get.
1st Conditional
If + Present Simple + will + infinitive (without to)
Positive Negative
If they offer me the job, If you don’t study more, you’ll

I’ll accept it. fail your exam.
They won’t visit us if they’re very

busy.
We’ll have a lot of work if
we get the contract. If they don’t leave now, they won’t
arrive on time.
Question Negative
Will you buy a new car if you have Yes, I will.

the money?
No, he won’t.
If you ask him, will he tell you?
-
What will he do if his plane
arrives late?
Use Examples
Future possibilities and If the proposal becomes a reality, it

their results will revolutionize train travel in
Europe.
If the weather is bad, the train will

arrive before the plane.
018
- The if clause can come before or after the main clause. When the
if clause comes first, we usually put a comma between it and the
main clause.
If the meeting is successful, we’ll sign the contract.
We’ll sign the contract if the meeting is successful.
- For things we are certain will happen, we use when nor if.
When he returns from the USA, he’ll contact you. (We know he will
return.)
We’ll leave when we finish the work. (We know we will finish the
work.)
2nd Conditional
If + Past Simple + would + infinitive (without to)
Positive Negative
If I had more time, I'd If he didn’t earn so much, he

travel more. wouldn't spend so much.
I wouldn't invest in that company

if I were you.
He'd understand the reason
if you explained it.
Question Negative
019
Would you stop work if you won $ 1 Yes, I would.

million?
No, he wouldn't.
Would he work abroad if he got the
chance? -
If you had six months off work, how

would you spend the time?
Use Examples
Unlikely or unreal If public transport were free, there

situations and their would be fewer cars in the city
probable results centres.
If I were the Transport Minister, I

would increase petrol prices.
- The if clause can come before or after the main clause. When the
if clause comes first, we usually put a comma between it and the
main clause.
If I won a lot of money, I'd buy a Ferrari.
I'd buy a Ferrari if I won a lot of money.
- With I, he, and she, we can use was instead of were in the if
clause, especially in a more informal style.
If it was less expensive, he would buy it.
- Could is both the Past and the Conditional of can.
When she lived in Paris, she could visit the Louvre at any time.
(Past)
We could make some of the money if we charged motorists.

(Conditional)
020
- The Past tense does not refer to past time in a conditional

sentence. If refers to an unreal situation.
If I were the Transport Minister... (but I'm not).
3rd Conditional
If + Past Perfect + would have + Past Participle
Positive Negative
If I had studied, I would If I had known that day we had a

have passed the exam. test, I wouldn’t have spent the
night drinking.
Question Negative
Would you have passed the Yes, I would have.

exam if you had studied?
No, I wouldn’t have.
Use Examples
Criticizing people, pointing If I had known, I would have gone

out their mistakes or to visit you.
expressing regret about the
past.
Modal verbs
Can Coul May Migh Shal Shoul Will would Must Mustn't Needn't
d t l d
Modal verbs add extra meaning to the main verb.
021
Use Examples
Necessity He must have a visa.
Prohibition He mustn't leave without paying.
No necessity You needn't make an appointment.
Advice You should always be punctual.

You shouldn't use first names.
Possibility Paperwork can take a long time.

Your host may invite you to his
home.
I might be late.
Use Examples
Permission Can I use your phone?

Could I interrupt you for a moment?
May I borrow your car?
Ability Can you speak Spanish?

She could swim when she was three.
Requests Could you repeat that, please?

Will you post this letter for me?
Would you type this letter, please?
Offers Would you like a drink?

Shall I call a taxi for you?
- The form of a modal verb is the same for all persons. We don't
add -s to the 3rd person singular of a modal verb.
I/You/He/She/It/We/They may arrive late.
He can speak German.
022
- We don't use to after modal verbs.
I must to go now.
- To make the negative of a modal verb, we add not or n't. We

don't use don't and doesn't.
He can't/cannot speak Japanese.
You mustn't/must not drive on the right in the UK.
She may not arrive before you leave.
- We can't add -n't to may.
She mayn't arrive before you leave.
- We put the modal verb before I/you/he, etc. to make a question.
Should I confirm the booking by letter?
- With I and we, we use shall for offers, and when asking for and
making suggestions.
Shall I close the door?
What shall we do?
Shall we go to the park?
- We can use have to for necessity.
I have to work overtime sometimes.
We can use don't have to when there is no necessity.
I don't have to work on Saturdays.
023
The Passive
Be (is/was/have been, etc.) + past participle

(produced/built/grown, etc.)
Positive Negative
Coffee is grown in Brazil. Cigarette advertising isn't allowed

in cinemas.
The company was founded in
1970. Prices weren't increased last year.
Vines have been grown in A decision hasn’t been made yet.

this area for over 2000
years.
Are Peugeot cars made in Yes, they are.

France?
No, they weren't.
Were the goods delivered on
time? Yes, it has.
Has the factory been built -

yet?
-
How is champagne produced?
-
When will it be finished?
How long has this method

been used?
Use Examples
024
Use Examples
We use the Passive when the Active

person or thing that does the
action isn't important, or The architect IM Pei designed the
when we don't know who does Louvre Pyramid in Paris.
it. If we want to say who
does or did the action we use
by.
Passive
The Louvre Pyramid in Paris was

designed by IM Pei.
Prepositions of time
Month/season/year/century
June
Winter
In
1996
The 21st century
Part of the day

The morning
In The afternoon
The evening
025
Day/date
Tuesday
6 December
Easter Monday
On Christmas Day
Friday morning
Wednesday evenings.
Time/meal time
Six o'clock
Lunch time
At
Midnight
Period of two or three days
The weekend
Christmas
At
Easter
Prepositions of place and direction
preposition use examples
above higher than sth. The picture hangs above my bed.
You mustn't go across this road

from one side to
across here.
the other side
There isn't a bridge across the
026
river.
one follows the The cat ran after the dog.

after
other After you.
directed towards
against The bird flew against the window.
sth.
in a line; from
along one point to They're walking along the beach.
another
among in a group I like being among people.
around in a circular way We're sitting around the campfire.
Our house is behind the

behind at the back of
supermarket.
Death Valley is 86 metres below sea

below lower than sth.
level.
Our house is beside the

beside next to
supermarket.
sth./sb. is on Our house is between the

between
each side supermarket and the school.
by near He lives in the house by the river.
Our house is close to the

close to near
supermarket.
down from high to low He came down the hill.
the place where it

from Do you come from Tokyo?
starts
the part that is

Our house is in front of the
in front of in the direction
supermarket.
it faces
inside opposite of You shouldn't stay inside the
027
outside castle.
into entering sth. You shouldn't go into the castle.
near close to Our house is near the supermarket.
Our house is next to the

next to beside
supermarket.
off away from sth. The cat jumped off the roof.
onto moving to a place The cat jumped onto the roof.
Our house is opposite the

opposite on the other side
supermarket.
out of leaving sth. The cat jumped out of the window.
outside opposite of inside Can you wait outside?
over above sth./sb. The cat jumped over the wall.
going near
past Go past the post office.
sth./sb.
round in a circle We're sitting round the campfire.
going from one

You shouldn't walk through the
through point to the other
forest.
point
I like going to Australia.

to towards sth./sb. Can you come to me?
I've never been to Africa.
in the direction
towards They walk towards the castle.
of sth.
under below sth. The cat is under the table.
up from low to high He went up the hill.
028
Irregular verbs
Present Past Past Participle
awake awoke awoken
be was, were been
bear bore born
beat beat beat
become became become
begin began begun
bend bent bent
beset beset beset
bet bet bet
bid bid/bade bid/bidden
bind bound bound
bite bit bitten
bleed bled bled
blow blew blown
break broke broken
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast broadcast
build built built
burn burned/burnt burned/burnt
029
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
cast cast cast
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
cling clung clung
come came come
cost cost cost
creep crept crept
cut cut cut
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
dive dived/dove dived
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt
drive drove driven
drink drank drunk
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
030
fit fit fit
flee fled fled
fling flung flung
fly flew flown
forbid forbade forbidden
forget forgot forgotten
forego (forgo) forewent foregone
forgive forgave forgiven
forsake forsook forsaken
freeze froze frozen
get got gotten
give gave given
go went gone
grind ground ground
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
kneel knelt knelt
knit knit knit
031
know knew know
lay laid laid
lead led led
leap leaped/lept leaped/lept
learn learned/learnt learned/learnt
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lighted/lit lighted
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
misspell misspelled/misspelt misspelled/misspelt
mistake mistook mistaken
mow mowed mowed/mown
overcome overcame overcome
overdo overdid overdone
overtake overtook overtaken
overthrow overthrew overthrown
pay paid paid
plead pled pled
prove proved proved/proven
032
put put put
quit quit quit
read read read
rid rid rid
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
saw sawed sawed/sawn
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
sew sewed sewed/sewn
shake shook shaken
shave shaved shaved/shaven
shear shore shorn
shed shed shed
shine shone shone
shoe shoed shoed/shod
shoot shot shot
show showed showed/shown
033
shrink shrank shrunk
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
slay slew slain
slide slid slid
sling slung slung
slit slit slit
smite smote smitten
sow sowed sowed/sown
speak spoke spoken
speed sped sped
spend spent spent
spill spilled/spilt spilled/spilt
spin spun spun
spit spit/spat spit
split split split
spread spread spread
spring sprang/sprung sprung
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
034
sting stung stung
stink stank stunk
stride strod stridden
strike struck struck
string strung strung
strive strove striven
swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept
swell swelled swelled/swollen
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
thrive thrived/throve thrived
throw threw thrown
thrust thrust thrust
tread trod trodden
understand understood understood
uphold upheld upheld
upset upset upset
wake woke woken
035
wear wore worn
weave weaved/wove weaved/woven
wed wed wed
weep wept wept
wind wound wound
win won won
withhold withheld withheld
withstand withstood withstood
wring wrung wrung
write wrote written
SOCIAL ENGLISH
Meeting people
Introductions
May/Can I introduce myself?
My name's... (James Turner for example).
I'm... (Monique Bresson).
May/Can I introduce a good friend of mine?
This is... (Roberto Angelini).
Excuse me, are you... (Duncan Ross)?
036
Hello, you must be... (Luigi Bastini).
I'd like to/let me introduce you to... (Tony White).
How do you do. How do you do.
Pleased to meet you. Pleased to meet you, too.

Please call me... (Luigi). Then you must call me... (Monique).
Greetings
Hello,... (Roberto).
Good/Nice to see you again.
How are you? Fine, thanks. And you?
How are things? Not too bad, thanks.

How's the family? Very well, thank you.
Good morning/afternoon/evening.
- We only say Good night when we are leaving. We don't use it as a

greeting.
Goodbyes
I must go now.
037
We really must leave now.
I must be off.
It was very nice meeting you. I really enjoyed meeting you, too.
Have a good Thank you... (and the same to you).

trip/journey/flight.
I hope to see you again. I hope so, too.
I look forward to... (seeing you again).
I'm looking forward to... (our next meeting).
See you… on the (first July)/next week/soon.
Have a good... trip back/flight back.
Telephoning
Making contact
Hello. This is... (James Turner)
Is that... (Monique Bresson)? Yes, speaking.
I'd like to speak to... (Mr. Who's calling, please?

Brown).
Could I speak to... (Manfred May I know who's calling, please?
Weiss)?
038
I'm calling about... (the letter I sent you).
Hold the line, please.
I'm sorry... (Mr Weiss) is in a meeting at the moment.
I'm afraid... (he)'s busy at present.
I'm afraid... (she) isn't here.
Leaving a message
Can I... take a message?
Can I... leave a message?
Could you take a message?
Could you ask... (her) to call... (Luigi Bastini)?
Could you tell... (him) that... (Duncan Ross) called?
Could you spell... (your name), please?
What's your number, please?
Welcoming a visitor
039
Did you have a good journey?

How was your flight?
Did you have any problems finding
The journey here us?
How did you get here?
Are you here on business?
What do you do?

Where do you work?
Work
What are you working on currently?
What was the weather like in...

The weather (London)?
Do you travel a lot?

Which countries do you visit?
Travel and holidays Where did you spend... (your last
holiday)?
Where do you live?

Which part of the country/city is
The visitor
that?
What do you think of... (the new

airport)?
Is this your first visit to...
First impressions (Barcelona)?
How long are you here for?
040
What do you do at the weekends?

Sports and leisure Do you play any sports?
What's the latest news on... (the

election)?
News Is there any news about... (the
conference)?
Staying at a hotel
Booking a hotel
I'd like to book a singe/double room for 4 April.
Arriving at a hotel
I have a reservation.
Making requests
I'd like a room, please.
Could I have an early morning call, at 6.30?
Could I have my bill, please?
Can I pay by credit card?
At a restaurant
041
Recommending
What do you recommend?
The... (seafood) is usually excellent here.
I recommend the... (chicken).
Ordering
I'll/We'll have... (smoked Scottish salmon).
I'd/We'd like... (the roast Normandy pork).
Could we have... (a bottle of mineral water)?
Offering
Do have some more... (prawns).
What about... (dessert)?
How about... (some strawberries)?
Would you like... (a coffee)?
Accepting
Yes, I'd like that.
Yes, that would be very nice.
Declining
Thank you, but I couldn't eat any more.
042
No, thank you.
Thanking and responding
Thank you for a really Don't mention it.

excellent meal.
Thank you for a lovely I enjoyed it very much, too.

evening.
Making arrangements
Making an appointment
would be convenient for you?
When could we meet?
What time are you free?
would suit you?
Shall we say... (next Yes,... (Tuesday) suits me fine.

Tuesday)?
Is... (9.30) possible for Yes, that's fine.

you?
How about... (Friday)? Yes, I can make it on... (Friday).
What about... (the No, I'm afraid I've got another

afternoon)? appointment then.
043
I look forward to meeting you on... (Wednesday).
See you... (next week).
Changing an appointment
I'm very sorry I have to cancel the appointment on... (Friday).
I'm afraid I can't manage our meeting... (tomorrow).
Could we arrange another time?
Opinions and suggestions
What do you think about... (the

design)?
What's your opinion of... (the
Asking for opinions quality)?
How do you feel about... (the
price)?
I agree.
I certainly agree with that.
Agreeing
I agree completely.
Do you have any suggestions for...

(the agenda)?
Asking for suggestions Any ideas on... (the parking
problem)?
044
I suggest... (we meet at the hotel).

How about... (going by plane)?
What about... (giving a talk)?
Why don't we... (have a meeting)?
Making suggestions
Why not... (finish with a party)?
We could... (arrange a tennis
tournament).
In my opinion... (it's excellent).

Giving opinions I think... (it's rather expensive).
I'm afraid I don't agree.

Disagreeing I'm sorry, but I disagree.
Yes, that's a good idea.

Accepting suggestions Yes, let's do that.
Yes, but... (it's too far away).

I'm not sure about that.
Rejecting Suggestions
I'm afraid I don't like that idea.
Invitations
I'd like to invite you to... (have dinner with

me).
Would you join us... (for a game of tennis)?
Inviting Would you like to... (come swimming)?
Why don't you... (have lunch with us)?
How about... (joining us)?
045
Thank you. I'm delighted to accept.

Thank you. I'd love to.
Accepting
Thank you. I'd enjoy that.
I'd love to, but... (I'm afraid I can't).

Thanks a lot but... (I've made another
Declining
arrangement).
Offers
Shall I... (open the window)?

Do you want me to... (post the letter for
you)?
Offering
If you like, I can... (give you some help).
Would you like me to... (arrange a meeting)?
Yes, please.
Thank you.
Accepting That's very kind of you.
Thank you. I'd appreciate that.
Thanks, but please don't bother.

Thanks, but that won't be necessary.
Declining That's very kind of you, but... (I can
manage).
046
Requests
Can you... (come tomorrow)?

Could you... (write her a letter)?
Would you... (book the hotel)?
Requesting Do you think you could... (check it)?
Would you mind... (checking it)?
Do you mind... (checking it)?
Yes, of course.
Yes, certainly.
Agreeing Not at all.
No, of course not.
I think that will be difficult... (there isn't

enough time).
I'm afraid not... (I'm very busy).
Refusing I'm sorry, but that's not possible... (I'm
leaving now).
I'm afraid not.
Asking for information
I'd like some information about... (fights to

Paris).
I'd like to know... (how long it takes).
Asking Do you know... (when the train arrives)?
Can/could you tell me... (how often the trains
leave)?
047
I see.
Showing Right, I've got that.
understanding So,... (the next train's in half an hour)
Let me check.
Checking I'll look that up.
Could you repeat that, please?

Asking for
Could you say that again?
repetition
I'm afraid I don't have any information

Apologizing about... (domestic flights).
Social responses
Thanking
Thanks for all your help. Don't mention it.

Thank you for your advice. Not at all.
You're welcome. (US)
Apologizing
Sorry I'm late. It doesn't matter.

I'm sorry. I've broken a Don't worry.
glass. Never mind.
048
Asking for repetition
Sorry?
Pardon?
I'm sorry, I didn't catch... (your name).
Asking and giving permission
May I sit here? Yes, of course.

Could I use your phone? Please do.
Yes, certainly.
Do you mind if I open the No, not at all.
window?
Refusing permission
Could I borrow your car? Sorry, but I need it.

Do you mind if I smoke? Well, I'd rather you didn't.
Giving and passing things
Have you got the tickets? Yes, here they are.

Could you pass the bread, Yes, here you are.
please?
Expressing surprise
049
They’ve got six children now. Really!
Responding to good news
I've passed my final exams! Congratulations!

That's great!
Responding to bad news
I failed my driving test. Oh, I'm sorry to hear that.
Responding to good wishes
Have a good weekend. Thanks. You too.

I hope you enjoy your Thanks, and the same to you.
holiday.
Saying goodbye
Thanking for hospitality
Thank for inviting us. We've had a wonderful time.

you for everything. It was really enjoyable.
very much for your I really appreciate it.
hospitality. Everything was great.
050
Thanks a lot.
Responding to thanks
I'm glad you could come.

enjoyed it.
found it interesting.
like it.
Asking for help
Sorry, I don't understand.
I don't know what... (currently) means.
What does... (working knowledge) mean?
What do you call this in English?
How do you say... (je voudrais une chambre) in English?
Could you say that again, please?
Could you speak more slowly, please?
Could you spell that, please?
Could you write that down, please?
OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION
Business correspondence
051
CUNNINGHAM ASSOCIATES
26, Trent Rd, Bicester, Oxon OX6 8RN
Tel: 0861 204950 Fax: 0861 204900
22 February 1996
Jean Paul Leclerc
ZigZag SA
74, rue Jules Ferry
75116 Paris
Dear Mr Lederc
Thank you for your letter of 15 January. I apologize for not

replying sooner.
I am writing to inform you that I am coming to Paris on 7 March.
I would be delighted to meet you to discuss the fashion show, as

you suggested.
Unfortunately, as I am flying to Rome in the afternoon, I will not

be able to visit your factory, and cannot attend your company
dinner in the evening.
052
I would be grateful if you could send me your catalogue and price

list as soon as possible, as I would like to show your Summer
Collection to the fashion buyers at our monthly meeting next week.
I am enclosing a copy of an excellent magazine article about

fashion retailers in this country. I hope you find it interesting.
I look forward to meeting you next month. Please let me know if

you would like any further information.
Yours sincerely
David Cunningham
President
Opening
Dear Sir
Madam
Mr... Murphy
Mrs... Hobbs
Miss... Young
Ms... White
.... George
Dr... Green
- When you don't know the receiver's name, use Sir or Madam.
For a man, use the receiver's family name with Mr.
053
For a married woman, use the receiver's family name with Mrs. or
Ms.
For an unmarried woman, use the receiver's family name with Miss
or Ms.
For a close business contact or friend, use the receiver's first

name.
For a doctor, us Dr. and the family name.
- Ms can replace Mrs and Miss. It doesn't indicate whether a woman

is married.
Making reference
Thank you for your telephone call today.
With reference to your letter of 8 January...
Further to Your letter of 30 August,...
Apologizing
I apologize for the delay.

not replying sooner.
I am sorry that I am not able to help you.
Explaining the reason for writing
I am writing to ask you...

enquire about...
inform you that...
confirm...
054
Agreeing to requests
I would be Delighted to...

pleased to...
Giving bad news
I am afraid that...
Unfortunately...
Requesting
I would be grateful if you could...
We would appreciate it if you could...
Could you possibly...?
Enclosing documents
I have pleasure in enclosing...
I am enclosing...
I enclose...
Referring to future contact
055
meeting you next month.

I look forward to receiving your reply.
hearing from you soon.
Finishing
Please let me know if you have any questions.

Please contact us again if we can help in any way.
you would like further information.
Closing
Yours faithfully
sincerely
Best wishes
- When you open the letter with Dear Sir or Dear Madam, use Yours
faithfully.
When you open the letter with the receiver's family name, use
Yours sincerely.
For a close business contact or friend, use Best wishes.
American English
This section describes some differences between American and

British English. The differences are not very great, and they may
vary between regions across the USA.
056
have/have got
To express possession, British people often say have got.
British British/American
I've got a German Yes, I I have an Italian Yes, I do.

car. have. car. No, I don't.
Have you got a fax No, I Do you have any
machine? haven't. children?
The difference is only in the Present Simple. There is no

difference in other tenses.
When we use the verb have for an action, there is no difference

between American and British English.
British/American
Yes, I do.
I have an English lesson
No, I don't.
every week.
Do you have coffee for

breakfast?
Present Perfect/Past Simple
Where British English uses the Present Perfect, American English

often uses the Past Simple.
British American
057
British American
I've just finished the I just finished the report.

report. Did you see her yet?
Have you seen her yet? I didn't finish the work yet.
I haven't finished the work We already met.
yet.
We're already met.
Dates (written)
British American
2.11.94 2 November 1994 11/2/94 November 2 1994
Dates (spoken)
British American
She started work on the She started work on November second,

second of November, nineteen nineteen ninety-four.
ninety-four.
Prepositions
British American
058
British American
at the weekend on the weekend

five minutes past two five minutes past/after two
ten minutes to six ten minutes to/of six
write to me write me
meet someone meet with someone
stay at home stay home
Tuesday to Saturday Tuesday through Saturday
Visit somebody visit with somebody
Vocabulary
British American
059
British American
Flat Apartment
car automobile
taxi cab
chemist's drug store
lift elevator
autumn fall
tap faucet
ground floor first floor
motorway freeway
petrol gas
post mail
cinema movie theater
trousers pants
wallet pocketbook
railway railroad
toilet rest room
return ticket round trip ticket
pavement sidewalk
tube / underground subway
holiday vacation
Mathematical terms
+ 3 + 5 = 8 Three plus five is eight
- 7 – 1 = 6 Seven minus one is six
/ 20 / 2 = Twenty divided by two is ten.

10
x 3 x 3 = 9 Three times/multiplied by three is

nine.
060
+ 3 + 5 = 8 Three plus five is eight
= 1 + 4 = 5 One plus four is/equals five.
% 75% Seventy five per cent.
1/4 A quarter
1/3 A third
1/2 A half
1 1/2 One and a half
Countries and nationalities
Country Nationality Country Nationality
America (the American India Indian

USA)
Australia Australian Ireland Irish
Austria Austrian Italy Italian
Belgium Belgian Japan Japanese
Brazil Brazilian The Dutch

Netherlands
Canada Canadian Norway Norwegian
China Chinese Poland Polish
The Czech Czech Portugal Portuguese

Republic
Denmark Danish Romania Romanian
Finland Finnish Russia Russian
France French Slovakia Slovak
Germany German Spain Spanish
061
Country Nationality Country Nationality
Great Britain British Sweden Swedish

(UK)
Greece Greek Switzerland Swiss
Hungary Hungarian Turkey Turkish
Grammar timelines
062
063
Phrasal Verbs
Many verbs in English are followed by an adverb or a preposition

(also called a particle), and these two-part verbs, also called
phrasal verbs, are different from verbs with helpers. The particle
that follows the verb changes the meaning of the phrasal verb in
idiomatic ways:
VERB MEANING EXAMPLE
The hill dropped off near the

drop off decline gradually
river.
While doing his homework, he

drop off(2) fall asleep
dropped off.
stop and give Would you drop this off at the

drop off(3)
something to someone post office?
After two laps, the runner

drop out cease to participate
dropped out.
Some particles can be separated from the verb so that a noun and
pronoun can be inserted, and some particles can't be separated
from the verb. In addition, some phrases are intransitive, meaning
they cannot take a direct object.
064
add up
Correct: She added up the total on her
Separable (meaning: to
calculator.
add)
Correct: She added it up on her

calculator.
get around
Correct: She always gets around the
Inseparable (meaning: to
rules.
evade)
Incorrect: She always gets the rules

around (This construction makes no
sense in English.)
catch on
Correct: After I explained the math
Intransitive (meaning: to
problem, she began to catch on.
understand)
Incorrect: She began to catch on the

math problem. (catch on cannot take a
direct object in this meaning.)
Correct: She began to catch on to the

math problem. (the word to makes the
math problem an indirect object, which
is acceptable in this meaning.)
Unfortunately, there is usually no indicator whether an idiomatic

phrase is separable, inseparable, or intransitive. In most cases
the phrases must simply be memorized. Below is a partial list of
each kind of phrase.
Separable
add up - add
back up - cause to move backwards; support; blow up; cause to
explode; destroy by explosives
065
break down - analyze; list the parts of separately

break into - go into a house or room forcibly; suddenly; begin;
bring about - cause to happen
bring off - accomplish
bring on - cause
bring out - publish; emphasize
bring over - bring
bring to - revive
bring up - raise; care for from childhood
brush out - brush the inside of
burn down - destroy by burning
burn up - consume by fire
buy out - by the other person's share of a business
buy up - buy the whole supply of
call off - cancel; order away
call up - telephone; summon for military service
calm down - become calm
carry on - continue
carry out - fulfill; complete; accomplish; perform
carry over - carry; continue at another time or place
cheer up - cause to become cheerful
chew up - chew thoroughly
chop up - chop into small pieces
clean off - clean the surface of
clean out - clean the inside of
clean up - clarify; tidy
clear out - clear the surface of
clear up - clear the inside of
close down - close permanently
close up - close temporarily
count in - include
count out - exclude
count up - calculate; count; add to a total
cross out - eliminate
cut off - interrupt; sever; amputate
cut out - eliminate; delete
cut down - reduce in quantity
draw up - write; compose (a document)
dress up - put clothes on; adorn
dust out - dust the inside of
eat up - eat completely
figure out - interpret; understand
figure up - compute
fill in - complete (a printed form)
fill out - complete (a printed form)
fill up - fill completely (a container)
find out - discover
066
fix up - repair; arrange in a suitable manner

get across - cause to be understood
give back - return
give out - distribute; announce
give up - surrender something
hand down - deliver; pronounce formally; leave as an inheritance
hand over - yield control of
hang up - suspend
have on - be dressed in
have over - entertain someone informally at one's home
hold off - delay; restrain
hold up - delay; rob; threaten with a weapon
keep up - continue; keep the same pace
leave out - omit
let down - disappoint
let out - release from confinement; make larger (in sewing)
light up - light; illuminate thoroughly
live down - live in such a way as to cause something to be
forgotten
make over - remake
move over - move to the side
pass out - distribute
pass up - not take advantage of (as an opportunity)
pass on - transmit
pay back - repay
pay off - discharge a debt completely; give someone his final pay
pick up - come to meet an escort; lift with hands or fingers;
learn casually;
initiate an association publicly
play down - minimize
play up - emphasize
point out - indicate
pull down - pull in a downward direction; raze
push across - cause to be understood or accepted
put off - postpone
put on - dress in; deceive or fool
put up - preserve (food); receive as an overnight guest
quiet down - be quiet
ring up - the telephone
rinse off - rinse the surface of
rinse out - rinse the inside of
rule out - eliminate
run down - trace; disparage; hit with a vehicle
run off - cause to depart; reproduce mechanically
save up - accumulate
see through - complete; in spite of difficulties
see off - accompany someone to the beginning of a trip
067
send back - send to a place where formerly located

send over - send to where someone is
set up - arrange
show off - exhibit ostentatiously
shut off - cause to cease functioning
slow up - cause to move more slowly
spell out - enumerate; state in detail
stand up - fail to keep an appointment with
sweep out - sweep the inside of
take back - return; retract a statement
take down - remove from a high position; write from dictation
take in - understood; fool; deceive; make smaller (in sewing)
take over - take; assume command of
tear down - destroy
tear up - tear into small pieces
tell off - scold; reprimand
think over - consider
think through - consider from beginning to end
think up - create; invent
throw away - discard
throw over - reject
tie up - tie securely or tight
tire out - cause to be exhausted
touch up - repair
try on - put on a garment to verify the fit
try out - test
turn down - refuse; lower the volume
turn out - produce; force into exile, extinguish (a light)
wash off - wash the surface of
wash out - wash the inside of
wear out - use until no longer usable; tire greatly
wind up - finish, tighten the spring of a watch or machine
wipe off - wipe the surface of
wipe out - wipe the inside of; decimate
work out - solve
write down - record
write out - write down every detail; spell out
write up - compose; prepare (a document)
Inseparable
back out of - desert; fail to keep a promise

bear down on - lean on; browbeat
bear on - have to do with
068
bear up under - endure

break in on - interrupt
break into - interrupt
call for - come to get; require
care for - like; guard; supervise; maintain
carry on with - continue
catch up with - cover the distance between oneself and
check up on - examine; verify
come across - find accidentally
come along with - accompany; make progress
come by - find accidentally
come down with - become ill with
come out with - utter; produce
come up with - utter; produce
count on - rely on
cut in on - interrupt
disagree with - cause illness or discomfort to
do away with - abolish
do without - deprive oneself of
drop in at/on - visit casually without planning
drop out of - leave; quit
face up to - acknowledge
fall behind in - lag; not progress at required pace
fall back on - use for emergency purpose
fall out with - quarrel with
fill in for - substitute for
get ahead of - surpass; beat
get around - evade; avoid
get away with - do without being caught or punished
get by with - manage with a minimum of effort
get down to - become serious about; consider
get in - enter (a vehicle)
get off - descend from; leave
get on - enter (a vehicle); mount
get on with - proceed with
get through with - terminate, finish
go back on - desert; fail to keep (a promise)
go for - like a great deal
go in for - be interested in; participate in
go on with - continue
go over - review
go with - harmonize with; look pleasing together
go without - abstain from
hang around - remain idly in the vicinity of
hear from - receive a communication from
hear of - learn about (sometimes accidentally)
hit on - discover accidentally
069
hold on to - grasp tightly

hold out against - resist
keep at - persevere at
keep to - persist in; continue
keep up with - maintain the pace of
lie down on - evade; fail to do
live on - support or sustain oneself by means of
live up to - maintain the standard demanded of
look after - take care of
look back on - remember nostalgically
look down on - feel superior to
look forward to - anticipate
look up to - respect; admire
make up for - compensate for
pass on - transmit
pick on - tease; bully
play up to - flatter for personal advantage
put up with - tolerate
read up on - search out information on
run against - compete against in an election
run away with - leave; escape from
run for - campaign for
see about - consider; arrange
see to - arrange; supervise
settle on - decide on; choose
stand for - represent; permit
stand up for - support; demand
stand up to - resist
stick to - persist
stick up for - support; defend
take after - resemble
talk back to - answer impolitely
talk over - discuss
tell on - report misbehavior to authority
touch on - mention briefly
turn into - become
wait on - serve
wait up for - not go to bed while waiting for
watch out for - be careful for
Intransitive
back down - retreat from a position in an argument

back out - desert; fail to keep a promise
back up - move backwards
bear up - endure
blow in - drop in to visit unexpectedly
blow over - pass without doing harm
070
blow up - explode; lose one's temper

call up - telephone
calm down - become calm
carry on - continue as before; misbehave
catch on - understand
catch up - cover the distance between oneself and a moving goal
check up - investigate
check out - leave; pay one's bill
cheer up - become cheerful
clear out - leave
clear up - become clear
close down - close permanently
close up - close temporarily
came about - happen
come along - accompany; make progress
come back - return
come by - visit someone in his home
come out - appear; make a social debut
come over - come to someone's house, to where someone is
come through - succeed
come to - regain consciousness
cut in - interrupt
die away - fade; diminish
die down - fade; diminish
die off/out - disappear; become extinct
dress up - don fancy or unusual clothes
drive back - return by car
drop in - visit someone casually without planning
drop out - abandon some organized activity; leave; quit
drop over - visit someone casually
fall behind - not progress at required pace
fall off - decrease; lose weight
fall through - fail; not be accomplished
fill in - substitute
find out - learn
fly back - return by air
fly over - fly to where someone is
get ahead - make progress
get along - have a friendly relationship
get around - circulate; move about
get away - escape
get by - manage; either just barely or with a minimum of effort
get in - enter
get off - descend from leave
get on - enter (a vehicle); mount (a horse, etc.)
get on/along - progress; be compatible
get up - rise
071
get through - finish

give out - become exhausted
give up - surrender; fail to finish
go back - return
go off - explode
go on - happen; continue
go out - stop burning; leave one's residence
go over - go; succeed
grow up - mature
hang around - remain idly; dawdle
hang up - replace a telephone receive on its hook
hold on - grasp tightly; persevere; wait while telephoning
hold out - continue to resist; persevere; persist
keep on - continue
keep up - maintain the required pace or standard; continue
let up - diminish in intensity
lie down - recline
look on - be a spectator
make out - progress; succeed
make up - become reconciled
move over - move to the side
pan out - turn out well; be successful
pass out - become unconscious
pass on - die
pick up - grow; increase
pull in - arrive
pull out - deport
pull through - survive (barely)
ride over - ride to where someone is
run away - escape; leave; leave quickly without permission
run down - slowly lose power so as to stop functioning
run off - depart running; drain
sell out - sell the ownership or responsibility
settle up - pay one's bills or debts
show off - boast by words or actions
show up - arrive; appear unexpectedly
shut up - stop talking
slow up - reduce speed
stand by - wait; be prepared to assist
stand up - stand; rise from sitting; last; endure
stay over - remain at someone's house overnight or longer
step aside - move to one side
take off - leave the ground
take over - assume command
talk back - answer impolitely
throw up - vomit
turn around - turn so that one is facing another direction
072
turn in - go to bed
turn out - succeed; come; appear, as at a public meeting
turn up - arrive; be found unexpectedly
wait up - remain awake in anticipation
wake up - awaken
walk back - return on foot to where one was
walk over - walk to where someone is
wash out - fade or disappear from washing
watch out - be careful
wear off - fade; disappear through use or time
wear out - become unusable through use; become used up
work out - be successful
The Lord’s prayer
Our father who art in heaven, hollowed be thy name thy kingdom
come.
Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven give us, this day,

our daily bread and forgive our trespasses as we forgive them that
trespass against us and lead us not into temptation but deliver us
from evil. Amen
073

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Resumo Curso de Inglês

Long-term situations I live in Madrid.

Where does she work?

Habits and routines I travel to work by car.

How often do you play golf?

Feelings and opinions She doesn’t like her work.

I agree with you.

Facts The journey takes 30 minutes.

Where do you live? In Rome.

What do you do at weekends? I usually play golf.

When do they take their In July or August.

Which magazine does James Wine and Dine.

How do you travel to work? By car.

How often do you make About twice a month.

Whose book is this? It’s mine.

Who (*Whom) do you visit in I visit my sister.

Who arrives at work first? Anna does.

* Whom is very formal, and is not used very often.

Verb Verb example

I ’m (am) I ’m not (am

Actions happening now He’s talking on the phone at the

They’re having lunch with a

Temporary situations or Jeans are selling well this season.

Which hotel are you staying at?

- A dictionary tells you when the final consonant doubles (travel,

Question Short answer

* See the list of irregular verbs on page 16.

Finished situations and I lived in Rome for two years.

They didn’t come to the party.

Where did you spend your last

- Regular verbs in the Past Simple end in –ed. A dictionary tells

Work Play Wait

Live Smile Close

Stop Travel Plan

Study Worry Try

- When the infinitive ends in a / d / or a / t / sound, we

See Grammar timelines on page 36.

Comparative and superlative adjectives

Form Adjective Comparative Superlative

long longer longest

famous famous famous

good better best

bad worse worst

We use than after a London is bigger than Paris.

Much can come before the He is much younger than his

Tokyo is much more expensive than

We use the before a Camary Wharf is the tallest

As… as shows something is Greece is as sunny as Spain.

Not as… as shows something Italy isn’t as big as France.

- One syllable adjectives ending with one vowel and a consonant

Adjective Comparative Superlative

Big Bigger Biggest

Fat Fatter fattest

- This doesn’t happen when the consonant is –w or –y:

Adjective Comparative Superlative

New Newer Newest

Grey Greyer greyest

Mass and Count nouns

Mass nouns have no plural They want some information.

We use them with a singular

Count nouns have a singular and This machine is expensive.

Some nouns are both mass and

Mass / Count nouns