FULLY NONLINEAR WATER WAVE INTERACTION WITH IMMERSED

TUNNEL AND SEABED FOUNDATION

Dong-Soo Hur1, Do Sam Kim2, Sung Tai Kee3 and Chang Hoon Kim2

Accurate estimation of the wave-induced pore water pressure in the seabed is key factor
for the conceptual design of the seabed stabilities in the vicinity of immersed tunnel.
Most immersed tunnels have been studied so far, however, is based on the engineer's
experience with design and construction. In this study we conducted the fully nonlinear
numerical wave tank simulation to figure out the physical phenomena in the vicinity of
immersed tunnel. A newly developed direct numerical simulation (DNS, worthy of
benchmarking method) was employed to analysis comprehensively the wave-induced
pore water pressures and flows in seabed or inside rubble stone around the immersed
tunnel. The numerical results were validated through the comparisons with previously
published results and experiments for a limited case. The fully nonlinear water wave
interaction with an immersed tunnel/its seabed foundation was thoroughly examined
based on the stabilities of the immersed tunnel in relation to various water wave
conditions, median grain size and so forth.

1. Introduction
Generally the Immersed Tunnel is executed by the Fast Track (concurrent
propulsion of design and build) propelling method in which a immersed tank,
consists of prefabricated elements, which are constructed in casting yard or dry
dog, and designed to be buoyant, is towed out to the site, filled with ballast, and
then immersed into a prepared underwater trench where a gravel-bed has been
prepared in the seabed. The end are closed with watertight bulkheads, which are
later removed from the inside when the tunnel segments are sealed together
underwater. The completed tunnel is backfilled with sand/gravel on each side
and topped with a layer of heavy stones or pre-cast concrete castings in order to
secure the safety of external loads, such as wave load and collision load of ships.
Most immersed tunnels ends connect first to cut-and cover or other forms of
tunnel in shallow water, and protected by the rubber mound as shown in Fig. 1.
The precise estimation of the hydrodynamic pressures around the immersed
tunnel is a very important design process, however, the conventional design
simply based on the experience of engineers (for example, Rasmussen 1997). In
addition, the interaction among wave, seabed and immersed tunnel has not been
carried out so far.

Division of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gyeongsang National University,

Tongyoung, Gyeongnam 650-160, Korea
Division of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Maritime University, Busan 606
791, Korea
Department of Civil Engineering, Seoul National University Technology, Seoul 139-743,
Korea

4277
4278 COASTAL ENGINEERING 2006

And the research and development of numerical wave tank have recently
been getting into full swing utilizing volume of fluid method (hereinafter VOF
method, Hirt and Nichols 1981) which can trace free surface including surf.
VOF method can effectively simulate the numerical complex free surface on the
incompressible viscous fluid (Lin and Liu, 1998; Hur, 2000; CDIT, 2001). The
developed method was extended to the analysis on the characteristics of wave
power acting on three-dimensional structure (Hur and Mizutani 2003; Hur et al.
2004) and the wave transformation in three-dimensional random wave-field (Hur
2004). The previous researches do not, however, have a consideration for the
dynamic behavior of a seabed foundation. Hur et al. (2006) proposed 2-D Direct
Numerical Simulation (2-D DNS) which can carry out a full-nonlinear analysis
on the interaction among wave, structure and seabed foundation. The developed
numerical model had been validated through the cross-check with experimental
results for the fully submerged and composite breakwaters on the permeable
seabed foundation.
In this study a newly developed benchmarking method called as direct
numerical simulation (2-D DNS) was employed to analysis comprehensively the
wave-induced pore water pressures, vorticity and flows in seabed or inside
rubble stone around the immersed tunnel. The numerical results were validated
through the comparisons with previously published results and experiments for a
limited case. The nonlinear water wave interaction with an immersed tunnel/its
seabed foundation was thoroughly examined based on the stabilities of the
immersed tunnel in relation to various water wave conditions, the mean diameter
changes of covering layer and so forth.

open boundary open boundary

2Li< I calculation zone • £2Li ,

Figure 1. Concept of numerical wave tank.

2. Theory of Numerical Analysis

Government equation, boundary conditions and stability conditions can be
found in Hur et al. (2006).

3. Numerical Analysis on Interaction among Wave, Seabed Foundation

and Immersed Tunnel
This study carries out an numerical analysis on the immersed tunnel section
of the Busan-Geoje fixed link in order to examine the general nonlinear
interaction among wave, seabed foundation and immersed tunnel (the rate of
reduced scale ; 1: 50).
 COASTAL ENGINEERING 2006 4279

At this time the specification of immersed tunnel applied to the numerical

wave channel of this study is shown in Fig.l, and this study considered that the
immersed tunnel is covered with riprap and installed on the foundation
containing the fine sand and the coarse sand of the mean diameter Dp (0.02cm)
and Dp (0.05cm), respectively. The porosities of foundation part were given as
ex= EZ= ev (0.2) in fine sand and as sx= sz= EV (0.35) in coarse sand, respectively.
The coating layer on the foundation was composed of the riprap
of ex= 6Z= EV (0.4), and this study changed the mean diameters of riprap into Dp
(2.5cm), Dp (3.5cm) respectively and carried out an numerical analysis on it in
order to examine the changes of pore water pressure acting on the immersed
tunnel according to the changes of mean diameter. Also the and coefficient
values of CM, C D and F D of seabed foundation and riprap layer used 1.5, 0.32 &
25 and 1.5, 0.25 & 60 respectively, and the conditions of incident wave applied
to the numerical wave channel are indicated in the following Table 1.

Table 1. Conditions of incident waves

Ti(sec) h/Li Hi(cm) H/h Hi/Li Ursell DP CASE
1.60 0.203 12 0.17 0.035 4.103 2.5 1-1
1.60 0.203 12 0.17 0.035 4.103 3.5 1-2
1.60 0.203 16 0.23 0.047 5.470 2.5 2-1
1.60 0.203 16 0.23 0.047 5.470 3.5 2-2
1.80 0.173 12 0.17 0.030 5.681 2.5 3-1
1.80 0.173 12 0.17 0.030 5.681 3.5 3-2
1.80 0.173 16 0.23 0.040 7.575 2.5 4-1
1.80 0.173 16 0.23 0.040 7.575 3.5 4-2
2.12 0.138 12 0.17 0.024 8.640 2.5 5-1
2.12 0.138 12 0.17 0.024 8.640 3.5 5-2
2.12 0.138 16 0.23 0.031 11.520 2.5 6-1
2.12 0.138 16 0.23 0.031 11.520 3.5 6-2

3.1 Spatial Waveform of Water Level

Fig. 2 (in this figure r\ is fluctuation of water level) shows the results which
transformed non-dimensionally the spatial waveforms of water level on the
immersed tunnel covered with the riprap of mean diameter DP (2.5cm) for one
period with respect to the incident wave conditions of CASE 6-1 shown in Table
1. From Fig. 2, the weak partial clapotis and the slight fission of wave crests can
be observed on the front and the rear of immersed tunnel due to deep water
depth, but the distinct fission of wave crests or the strong development of
nonlinear components waves and the great attenuation of water level fluctuation
which are expected on the installation of submerged breakwater can not be
observed.
From the results of Fig.2, it can be identified that the immersed tunnel
deferred on the top face of seabed foundation is different from the wave
controlling function of submerged breakwater which surfs forcibly the incident
wave on crown and promotes constant temperature waters behind the structure.
Such cause is the result which the water level fluctuation of incident waves are
not influenced by the water level changes according to the installation of
4280 COASTAL ENGINEERING 2006

immersed tunnel because the immersed tunnel is relatively installed in the great
water depth zone.

(a) (b)

Figure 2. Spatial distribution of water level due to immersed tunnel on seabed.

(CASE 6-1)

3.2 Spatial Distribution of Mean Velocity field and Mean Vorticity

around Immersed Tunnel
In this study, there was little influence of the mean diameter of riprap acting
on the spatial distribution of mean velocity field and mean vorticity around
immersed tunnel. Therefore here is discussed only on a mean diameter DP
(2.5cm) of riprap.
Fig. 3 shows the results that in case of an mean diameter DP (2.5cm) of
riprap, indicated the spatial distributions of mean velocity fields inside and
around the immersed tunnel and mean vorticity around it on seabed foundation
of CASE 1-1, CASE 2-1, CASE 5-1 and CASE 6-1.
As known in all pictures of Fig. 3, the rapid velocity of a fluid particle
generates a strong penetration velocity toward seabed foundation on the concave
corner of immersed tunnel's covering layer, and a strong shear flow moving
toward covering layer on the inclined plane of covering layer is generated. It can
be observed that such rapid velocity of fluid particle grows faster as the number
of Ursell increases and the top face of immersed tunnel is directly influenced by
the rapid velocity of wavefield moving toward the immersed tunnel as the
number of Ursell increases. Also it can be identified that clockwise and counter-
clockwise vorticities are generating respectively around the crown concave
corners of covering layers at offshore and onshore faces. It can be known that
such vorticities grows clearer on relative water depth h/Lj as wave steepness
H/Li increases, and the phenomena of vorticities generated around the crown
concave corners of covering layer at onshore face move gradually toward the
onshore face as the number of Ursell increases.
Thus, it will be needed an examination on the riskiness of a structure
breaking in designing which leads to the separation of covering stone on the
inclined planes and around the crown concave corners of immersed tunnel's
covering layers from the mean velocities and the phenomena of vorticities
around immersed tunnel and inside seabed foundation appeared in connection
with the interaction among wave, seabed foundation and immersed tunnel. Also
it is judged that a strong penetration velocity which generates around the
concave corners of covering layers at onshore and offshore faces adjacent to
 COASTAL ENGINEERING 2006 4281

seabed foundation and moves toward seabed foundation will loosen the
framework of soil particles and reduce their shearing resistance, and, as the
result, the deformation of seabed foundation like scour and the soil outflow of
seabed foundation, the downslide of bearing capacity of seabed foundation and
the possibility of liquefaction are expected to happen. As a result of this, it is
judged that a longitudinal prediction on the settlements of covering stone and
immersed tunnel due to re-consolidation of seabed foundation by reclamation
and erosion of it and the stability of immersed tunnel on uneven settlement of
seabed foundation due to unbalance of its bearing capacity should be taken into
consideration.

x(cm)

(a) CASE 1-1

650 700 750 800 850 900 930 1000 1050 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050
x(cni) x(cm)
(c) CASE 5-1

(d) CASE 6-1

Figure 3. Mean velocity vector (left) and vorticity fields (right) around immersed
tunnel.
4282 COASTAL ENGINEERING 2006

3.3 Spatial Distribution of Mean Velocities on Covering Layer and

within Seabed Foundation
Figures 4 and 5 show the results of vorticity distributions on mean diameters
Dp (2.5cm) , Dp (3.5cm) respectively in order to examine the covering layers
around immersed tunnel and the phenomena of vorticities formed inside seabed
foundation with respect to the conditions of incident waves in CASE 1, CASE 2,
CASE 5 and CASE 6 of Table 1 in detail. This study decides to focus on the
counter-clockwise vorticity in order to inspect the clearer distributional ranges of
vorticities in these figures.
It can be known from these figures that the vorticity distributions within
covering layer are formed more complexly on the front of immersed tunnel's
offshore face compared with on its onshore face. It can be identified that the size
of vorticity formed within covering layer grows greater on the front of immersed
tunnel and the distributional ranges of vorticities grows narrower on the rear of it
as wave steepness FtyL; increases with respect to the same relative water depth
h/Lj. Also inside seabed foundation of the bottom face of immersed tunnel,
greater phenomenon of vorticity is observed around the concave corners of
immersed tunnel's onshore and offshore faces compared with its bottom face. In
cases of Fig. 4(a) and 4(b) that relative water depth h/Lj is great, such
phenomenon of vorticity within seabed foundation grows clearer around the
concave corners of immersed runners bottom face at offshore face as wave
steepness Hj/Lj increases, and in cases of Fig. 4(c) and 4(d) that relative water
depth h/Lj is small, it grows distincter around the concave coiners of immersed
tunnel's bottom face at onshore face as wave steepness H/Lj increases. Thus, it
can be known that the size of vorticity formed inside the seabed foundation of
immersed tunnel's bottom face moves gradually toward the onshore face and
grows greater as relative water depth h/Lj is small, and such tendency grows
clearer as the number of Ursell increases.
Fig. 5 is a case that mean diameter of riprap increases to DP (3.5cm) and
shows the same tendencies with all cases in Fig. 4, but it can be known that
permeable coefficient of covering layer grows greater as mean diameter of riprap
increases, and, consequently, since penetration velocity increases and fluid
resistivity decreases, phenomenon of vorticity within covering layer generates
greatly more. Also since the wave energy which is transmitted to inside seabed
foundation grows greater due to the increase of mean diameter of riprap,
vorticity generates clearly more inside seabed foundation.
Consequently, it is judged that in designing a immersed tunnel deferred the
top face of seabed foundation, it will require comprehensive understandings not
only on the mean meter changes of riprap but also on the complex flows formed
on covering layer around immersed tunnel and inside seabed foundation,
including size of vorticity according to the number of Ursell.
 COASTAL ENGINEERING 2006 4283

z(cm). 3(»nli M/.ec) * a.aoi4 z(cm). jgCunlt; 1/M*7 .0014

-50- • * Immersed 0.0013 .0013

. _ \ V » ' 1 Tunnel ^ 0.0011

0.0010 .0010
-"•te o.ooos .0008

0.0006
0.0005 .0005

0.0 004 .0004

.0001
0.0001
I.0DD1
-130 1 • l l 1 " ^ ^ ^ ^ r ^ T ^ -130-
' x(cm) '
(a) CASE 1-1 (b) CASE 2-1
z(cm); 0.0014

0.0013

0.0011

0.0010

0 0008

O0006

0 0005

0.0004

0.0002

0.0001

-0.0001

(c) CASE 5-1 (d) CASE 6-1

Figure 4. Spatial distribution of mean vorticity. (Dp=2.5cm)
z(cm), 0.0014
0.0013 0.0013
0.0011 0.0011
0.0010 0.0010
0.0008 0.0008
0.0006 0.0006
O.O0OS 0.0005
0.0004 0.0004
0.0002 0.0002
0.0001 0.0001
,-0.0001 4.0001

' x(cm) '

(a) CASE 1-2 (b) CASE 2-2
0.0014
0,0013
0.0011
0 0010
0.0008 0.0008

0.0006 0.0006

0.0005

0.0002 ISO,.0001
0.0001 0.0001
-0.000] -0.0001

x(cmr
(c) CASE 5-2 (d) CASE 6-2
Figure 5. Spatial distribution of mean vorticity. (Dp=3.5cm)

3.4 The Maximum Pore Water Pressures around Immersed Tunnel and
inside Seabed Foundation
Fig. 6 shows the results which non-dimensional maximum pore water
pressures Pmax/pgHi are formed around immersed tunnel, including basic
foundation at immersed tunnel's bottom face, in connection with the incident
wave conditions of CASE 1-1, CASE 2-1, CASE 5-1 and CASE 6-1 in Table 1
4284 COASTAL ENGINEERING 2006

with respect to the immersed tunnel covered with riprap of mean diameter. It can
be known that the pore water pressures measured around immersed tunnel show
somewhat small values with respect to the same relative water depth h/Lj as wave
steepness H/Li increases and their values grows greater with respect to the same
relative wave height Hj/h as wave steepness Hi/Li decreases. As examined in 3.2
and 3.3 sections, it is judged that the results occur in connections with not only
the shear flow on inclined plane of covering layer but also with the dissipation of
wave energy which is equivalent to the sizes of vorticities around immersed
tunnel and inside seabed foundation, including wave field.
Overall the pore water pressures within covering layer and seabed
foundation are more sensitive to the changes of relative water depth h/Lf
compared with the these of relative wave height Hj/h , and the instability inside
seabed foundation, including covering layer, will increase when long period
wave passes. Also it can be known that the distributions of pore water pressure
around immerged tunnel are influenced relatively and greatly by pore water
pressures generating at the lateral face compared with at the bottom face.
z(cra) meideni wave
-10-
-30-
-50-
KJAIK
-90- ""^3^-
-110-
-130- • ' ' ''l ' ' ' • 1 y i » l . »»¥"P"P
S^
4(H) 450 500 550 600 650 700 7 5 0 _./,._>, 800
450 500 550

(a) CASE 1-1 (b) CASE 2-1

/(cm); incsdentKm'e
-10-
-30-

-so-
-70-
^
-<n) -
-110-
-130-
650
^rr^fi\ mm^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
700 750 8B0 650 700 750 800 900 950 10(H) . ,1050

(c) CASE 5-1 (d) CASE 6-1

Figure 6. Spatial distribution of maximum pore water pressure. (Dmax/pgHi)

3.5 Tim© variation of Pore Water Pressure at the Surface of Immersed

Tunnel
Fig. 8 shows the results that time variations of pore water pressures are non-
dimensionally transformed by pgHi on the wave conditions of CASE 6-1 at each
point of the surface of immersed tunnel (see Fig.7). Also Fig 8(a), (b), (c) and
(d) indicate the values measured at the bottom, top , left lateral and right lateral
faces of immersed tunnel respectively, as shown in Fig. 7. Also within the range
of this study, there is little difference in the time variations of pore water
pressure and dynamic fluid pressure inside covering layer according to the
changes of mean diameter of riprap, thus, the case of DP(2.5cm) will be
discussed.
 COASTAL ENGINEERING 2006 4285

incident wave

Figure 7. Calculating points of pore water pressure around immersed tunnel.

From these figures, it can be known that the dynamic fluid pressure at the
top face of immersed tunnel and the pore water pressures measured at the other
faces (hereafter all are defined as pore water pressure for convenience' sake)
generate their maximum values at the top face (No. 4 ~ No. 6) not greatly
influenced by covering layer, and their minimum values occur at the bottom face
(No. 1 ~ No. 3). Whereas the time variation of pore water pressure that measured
at the top face of immersed tunnel presented in Fig. 8(b) shows almost constant
tendency, the time variation of pore water pressure measured inside covering
layer develops greatly nonlinear component on covering layer (No. 7, No. 10)
and the maximum value grows smaller as the covering layer deepens, as shown
in Fig. 8(c) and 8(d). This is the result which wave energy is dissipated due to
the increase of fluid resistance length and complex vorticity inside covering
layer. Also the pore water pressures measured on the surfaces of immerged
tunnel at onshore and offshore faces indicate the time variations which have
contrary tendencies, as shown in Fig.8(c) and (d). From these results, it is judged
that the pore water pressure measured at offshore face of immerged tunnel
generates its maximum value quickly not only by the incident wave energy
through covering layer but also by the direct influence of pore water pressure
inside seabed foundation, and the pore water pressure measured at the onshore
face generates its maximum value slowly due to the time delay of pore water
pressure flowing from the offshore to the onshore faces. And if the time variation
of pore water pressure measured at the bottom face shown in Fig.8(a) is
examined, it can be known that the maximum pore water pressure appears on the
concave corners of the immersed tunnel's bottom at offshore face, and then
decreases and again increases on the concave corners of the immersed tunnel's
bottom at onshore face. The cause of such phenomenon can be considered as the
result that if the maximum value generating location with respect to the time
waveform of pore water pressure is examined, the pore water pressure goes
down due to the increase of fluid resistance length inside covering layer and
seabed foundation and then goes up again by the influence of penetration
velocity through seabed foundation at onshore face. Also it can be known that
the pore water pressure at the bottom face of immersed tunnel (Fig. 8a) shows
the double peak typed-nonlinear time variation, and the phase difference among
the peak values of pore water pressures grows greater as the pore water pressure
moves from onshore to offshore at the bottom face due to the resistance of
covering layer compared with a case of the top face (Fig. 8b).
4286 COASTAL ENGINEERING 2006

tlTi J/T,'

(a) below the immersed tunnel (b) on the immersed tunnel

(c) offshore face of the immersed (d) onshore face of the immersed
tunnel tunnel
Figure 8. Time variation of pore water pressure(p/pgHi) at each point.

3.6 Maximum Pore Water Pressure on the Surface of Immersed Tunnel

As shown in Fig. 9 with respect to the wave conditions presented on Table
1, the spatial distributions of non-dimensional maximum pore water pressures
calculated at each point of immersed tunnel according to the mean diameter of
riprap are presented in Fig. 10-13. The pore water pressure meters at the surface
of immersed tunnel were installed on the onshore and offshore faces at intervals
of 4cm and on the top and bottom faces at intervals of 2cm respectively.

Figure 9. Calculating points of pore water pressure around immersed tunnel.

Fig. 10 shows the spatial distribution of non-dimensional maximum pore

water pressure measured at the bottom face. From these figures, the maximum
pore water pressure at the bottom face does not show a great change with respect
to the influence of relative wave height Hj/h, but the maximum pore water
pressure is changed largely according to the change of relative water depth Hj/h.
Also the maximum value, as examined in Fig. 8(a), tends to appear on the
concave corners of immersed tunnel's bottom face at onshore, and to go down
with wave propagation and then to go up again. It can be known that the
difference between the maximum and minimum pore water pressures grows
smaller as wave steepness H/Lj decreases with respect to the same relative wave
height Hj/h, thus, the pore water pressure measured at the bottom face is
 COASTAL ENGINEERING 2006 4287

dissipated more quickly as the period grows shorter. It can be observed that Fig.
10(a) and (b) all indicate almost same points which show the minimum pore
water pressures from the concave corners of immersed tunnel's bottom at
offshore face, and if the points is xp, their minimum values appear around
Xp=26cm, xp=18cm and xp=14cm respectively with respect to the cases of
Ti=1.6sec , Tj=1.8sec and T;=2.12sec, and since their minimum values are given
at the points of about 0.076, 0.045 and 0.028 in the ratio(Xp/L;) with L;, the
minimum pore water pressure measured at the bottom face of immersed tunnel
moves toward the offshore face gradually as wave steepness Hj/L; decreases with
respect to the same relative wave height H/h. Therefore it can be confirmed that
the generating point of the minimum value is influenced by period relatively and
greatly compared with wave height.
Thus, from the generating point of the minimum pore water pressure
measured at the bottom face of immersed tunnel, asymmetrical conduction
moment will generate at the bottom face according to designed wave conditions
in design. Also since the value of pore water pressure acting on the bottom face
of immersed tunnel can in no way be negligible, it is needed to take buoyance
and positive pressure into consideration, but here it will not be dealt and decide
to leave it for future research.
Fig. 11 shows the spatial distributions of non-dimensional pore water
pressure measured at the top face of immersed tunnel. From this figure, the pore
water pressure grows greater as wave steepness H/Lj decreases with respect to
the same relative wave height H/h. And if the change of relative wave height
H/h with respect to the same relative water depth h/L; is examined, the pore
water pressure measured at the top face of immersed tunnel grows smaller in Fig.
11(b) with greater relative wave height H/h than Fig. 11(a). The cause of such
phenomenon can be considered as the result that wave energy is dissipated
because the vorticity of wavefield becomes clearer around immersed tunnel as
relative wave height H/h grows greater. The pore water pressure at the top face
of immersed tunnel tends to move and decrease toward the onshore face a little
in case of Ti=2.12sec having the longest period, but is rarely influenced by
covering layer compared with Fig. 10, thus, shows almost constant distribution of
pore water pressure on the whole. Also as confirmed in Fig. 10 and 11, it can be
known that the pore water pressures measured at the top and bottom faces of
immersed tunnel are not greatly influenced by the mean diameter change of
riprap.
Fig. 12 and 13 show the spatial distributions of non-dimensional pore water
pressures measured at the onshore and offshore faces of immersed tunnel. From
these figures, the pore water pressure measured at the offshore face of immersed
tunnel has some great value compared with the pore water pressure at the
onshore face. Overall the pore water pressure grows smaller as the depth of
covering layer deepens, and in cases of Fig. 12(b) and 13(b) with great relative
wave height H/h, the pore water pressures indicate slight small values. And the
maximum pore water pressures at the onshore and offshore face of immersed
tunnel grows greater as wave steepness Hj/Lj decreases with respect to the same
relative wave height Hj/h.
4288 COASTAL ENGINEERING 2006

It can be observed that the mean meter change of covering layer's riprap
shows a great pore water pressure at the offshore face of immersed tunnel (Fig.
12) and the pore water pressure grows smaller at the onshore face as the mean
diameter increases. Also it can be known that in case of the offshore face (Fig.
12), the difference of pore water pressure according to the mean diameter change
grows narrower as the depth deepens.
Dr-1.4™ br-J-Sca. ••,
<> Tfltstcmi.l-0.e3Sj •<} Tft.6„c(Hl/Ll-0.MS) <> Tfl.enr (Hl/LfO.047) <> TfU"c<Hltr-«.04})
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(a) (b)
Figure 10. maximum pore water pressure at the bottom face.

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(a) (b)
Figure 11. maximum pore water pressure at the top face.

Dr-Umi Dr-iimi 1
O Tfl.6*tt(Hl/U-0.03S) & Tt-I.6ucmAj-e.B3!) O TM.6uc<Hl/LHl047) 4 TH.6f0tttl-O.O47)
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(a) (b)
Figure 12. maximum pore water pressure at the offshore face.

Dr-iScm ur-iscm \
O TI-I.&tc(HI/lHiB4?) * Tl-l.&tt(Hl/Li-0.047J
ssS Hlti-aOlS) « TM.6uc(Hlt,
(HltM.030) a TM.I*c(HI/L,
x/HjlM.074, A r»n rT^fffl^ w> i\ a Tt-i.itm{mtw.<u<i) a TM.itKiHiu-aoto)
*0 i on LA i f !*° a *(•
«3~ 1 c
<ot 1 1
" *i
li
*4
t *
Tun-
A
i. i * ™.
fe
nel _.J__fe_ nel ; .U 4"
1
*i> •*> :

»0 n k, •o : : m
0.1S 0.20 0.21 0.24 0.26 0.2S 0.30 0.32 0.1S 0.20 0.22 0.24 *. 0.26 0.2S 0.30 0.32
Pmax '(PgUi)

(a) (b)
Figure 13. maximum pore water pressure at the onshore face.
 COASTAL ENGINEERING 2006 4289

4. Conclusion
This study applied the 2D-DNS to a immersed tunnel deferred at the top
face of seabed foundation in order to understand the overall nonlinear interaction
among wave, seabed foundation and immersed tunnel, and examined the
nonlinear dynamic interaction among wave, seabed foundation and immersed
tunnel on the diameter changes and various wave conditions. Also by examining
the characteristics of pore water pressures and vorticities and flows around
seabed foundation and immersed tunnel in connection with this, this study
discussed the possibility of scour and the stability of immersed tunnel.

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