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We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all those who provided us the possibility
to complete this design. This design would not have been possible without the supervision and
kind support of several persons.
First and foremost, we would like to thank Engr. Diosdado Doctor, our professor who
generously shared his knowledge and skills and contributed stimulating suggestions and
encouragement. His willingness to motivate us contributed tremendously to the completion of our
design.
In addition, we would like to thank our Mechanical Engineering classmates who willingly
shared references and ideas to us.
Furthermore, we would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation our families and
loved ones who gave us inspiration, financial support and motivation to finish this design.
Last but not the least, to God the Father of all, we give the greatest appreciation and
gratitude for the strength that keeps us standing and for the hope that keeps us believing that this
affiliation would be possible and more interesting.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Additives - Chemicals added to fuel in very small quantities to improve and maintain fuel quality
and/or to lower emissions.
Aftercooling / Intercooling - Cooling the engine intake air after the turbocharger and prior to
introduction into the cylinder. Aftercooling increases engine power and lowers NOx emissions.
Biodiesel - The mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from renewable lipid
feedstocks, such as vegetable oils and animal fats, for use in compression ignition (diesel)
engines. Manufactured by transesterification of the organic feedstock by methanol.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - A colorless, odorless, non-toxic gas. It is one of main products of
fossil-fuel combustion. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that contributes to the potential for
global warming.
Carbon Monoxide (CO) - A colorless, odorless and toxic gas. It blocks the lungs’ ability to
obtain oxygen. CO is produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and is a major part of air
pollution. Compression ignition (diesel) engines generate significantly lower CO emissions than
spark ignited engines.
Catalyst - A substance which influences the rate of a chemical reaction but is not one of the
original reactants or final products, i.e. it is not consumed or altered in the reaction. Catalysts are
used in many processes in the chemical and petroleum industries. Emission control catalysts are
used to promote reactions that change exhaust pollutants from internal combustion engines into
harmless substances.
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) - Natural gas compressed to a volume and density that is
practical as a portable fuel supply.
Compression Ignition (CI) - The form of ignition that initiates combustion in a diesel engine.
The rapid compression of air within the cylinders generates the heat required to ignite the fuel as
it is injected.
Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) - Catalyst promoting oxidation processes in diesel exhaust.
Usually designed to reduce emissions of the organic fraction of diesel particulates, gas-phase
hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide.
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diesel or gasoline. These vehicles have two separate fuel systems, which inject both fuels
simultaneously into the engine combustion chamber.
Evaporative Emissions - Hydrocarbon vapors that escape from a fuel storage tank or a vehicle
fuel tank or vehicle fuel system.
Flash Point - The temperature at which a combustible liquid gives off just enough vapor to
produce a vapor/air mixture that will ignite when a flame is applied. The flash point is measured
in a standardized apparatus using standard test methods, such as ASTM D93 or ISO 2719.
Fossil Fuel - Any naturally occurring organic fuel formed in the Earth’s crust, such as petroleum,
coal and natural gas.
Fuel cycle - The processes involved in extracting a fuel in its native form, converting it to a
useful product, transporting it to market, and consuming it at its final destination.
Gas Turbine - A turbine powered by a gas, such as the hot gas produced in combustion
processes.
Gas Turbine Engine - A combustion engine utilizing a turbine, such as a jet engine.
Genset - Generator set, a generating system comprising a combustion engine driving an electrical
generator.
Ignition Delay - The length of time or number of degrees of crankshaft rotation between the
beginning of injection and ignition of the fuel.
In-Direct Injection (IDI) - In diesel engines with in-direct injection the fuel is injected to an
auxiliary pre-chamber. Combustion starts in the pre-chamber and propagates to the cylinder.
In-Line Injection Pump - An injection pump with a separate cylinder and plunger for each
engine cylinder. Each plunger is rotated by a rack to determine metering via ports in the body of
the pump and helical cuts on the pump plungers. The plungers are driven off a camshaft, which
usually incorporates a centrifugal or electronically controlled timing advance mechanism.
Natural Gas (NG) - A mixture of hydrocarbon compounds and small quantities of various non
hydrocarbon components existing in the gas phase or in solution with crude oil in natural
underground reservoirs. The main component of natural gas is methane.
Overhead Cam - A camshaft used for operating both valves and unit injectors, located on top of
or within the cylinder head. Such camshafts are driven by a multi-gear geartrain off the
crankshaft. They simplify the design of the cylinder head and eliminate pushrods, allowing for
much larger, open intake and exhaust ports and better breathing.
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Ozone (O3) - Ozone is normally present at ground level in low concentrations. In cities where
high level of air pollutants is present, the action of the sun’s ultraviolet light can, through a
complex series of reactions, produces harmful concentrations of the ground level ozone. The
resulting air pollution is known as photochemical smog.
Petroleum - A generic term applied to oil and oil products in all forms. Examples include crude
oil, lease condensate, unfinished oil, refined petroleum products, and natural gas plant liquids.
Pour Point - A measure of the ability of a diesel fuel to operate under cold weather conditions.
Defined as the temperature at which the amount of wax out of solution is sufficient to gel the fuel
when tested under standard conditions (ASTM D97).
Renewable Energy - Energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible, unlike
fossil fuels. It includes conventional hydro-electric, wood, bio-feedstocks, waste, geothermal,
wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................... i
Definition of Terms ........................................................................................................................ ii
List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. x
List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. xiii
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3.3.2 Selected LNG Storage Tank ....................................................................................... 40
3.4 Tank Farm ............................................................................................................................ 46
3.5 Supplementary Fuel .............................................................................................................. 47
A. Selection of Diesel Storage Tank ................................................................................. 36
3.5.1 Bund Wall ................................................................................................................... 51
A. Volumetric Capacity of the Bund................................................................................. 36
B. Bund-Tank Distance ..................................................................................................... 36
C. Length and Width of the Bund ..................................................................................... 36
D. Bund Wall Height......................................................................................................... 36
E. Adjustments on the Diesel Tank Farm Dimensions ..................................................... 36
F. Bund-Tank Distance ..................................................................................................... 36
G. Shell to Shell Spacing of the Tanks ............................................................................. 36
H. Height of the bund wall based on the proposed dimensions ........................................ 36
I. Over-all Tank Farm ....................................................................................................... 36
3.6 Auxiliary and Ancillary Equipment ..................................................................................... 50
3.6.1 Fire Protection System ................................................................................................ 51
A. Dry Chemical ............................................................................................................... 36
B. Carbon Dioxide ............................................................................................................ 36
C. Halogenated .................................................................................................................. 36
D. Deluge Fire Sprinkler System ...................................................................................... 36
3.6.2 Water Services ............................................................................................................ 51
3.6.3 Lubrication Oil Tanks ................................................................................................. 51
3.6.4 Recommendations ....................................................................................................... 51
3.6.5 Regasification .............................................................................................................. 51
A. Open Rack Vaporizer ................................................................................................... 36
B. Submerged Combustion Vaporizers ............................................................................. 36
C. Fluid-type Vaporizers ................................................................................................... 36
D. Ambient Air Vaporizers ............................................................................................... 36
E. Design and Construction of LNG Vaporizers .............................................................. 36
3.7 Chapter Summary................................................................................................................. 51
CHAPTER IV SYSTEM DESIGN AND CONFIGURATION ............................................... 63
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4.1 Combined Cycle Power Plant System .................................................................................. 63
A. Brayton Cycle ............................................................................................................... 36
B. Rankine Cycle .............................................................................................................. 36
4.2 Combined Cycle ................................................................................................................... 74
A. Single Shaft Configuration ........................................................................................... 36
B. Multi-Shaft Configuration ............................................................................................ 36
4.3 Combined Cycle Power Plant Configuration ....................................................................... 79
A. Contract Capacity ......................................................................................................... 36
4.4 Gas Turbine .......................................................................................................................... 83
4.4.1 Air Compressor .......................................................................................................... 84
A. Axial-Flow Compressors .............................................................................................. 36
B. Centrifugal Compressors .............................................................................................. 36
C. Air Compressor Selection ............................................................................................. 36
4.4.2 Combustor .................................................................................................................. 86
4.5 Generator .............................................................................................................................. 89
4.6 Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) ............................................................................ 90
4.7 Steam Turbine ...................................................................................................................... 95
4.8 HRSG Comparison to Steam Turbine .................................................................................. 96
4.9 Supplementary Firing ........................................................................................................ 102
4.10 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 102
CHAPTER V GAS LOOP ......................................................................................................... 103
5.1 Combustion Analysis .......................................................................................................... 104
A. Air-Fuel Ratio............................................................................................................... 36
5.2 Combustion Analysis of Diesel Fuel .................................................................................. 106
A. Theoretical Air-Fuel Ratio ........................................................................................... 36
B. Actual Air-Fuel Ratio ................................................................................................... 36
C. Flue Gas Weight ........................................................................................................... 36
D. Mass Flow Rate of Diesel Fuel in Supplemental Firing .............................................. 36
E. Volume Flow Rate Diesel ............................................................................................. 36
F. Diesel Density ............................................................................................................... 36
G. Volume Flow Rate of Flue Gas produced by Supplemental Firing ............................. 36
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5.3 Environmental Considerations ........................................................................................... 109
A. Reduction of NOx ........................................................................................................ 36
B. Catalytic Combustor Systems ....................................................................................... 36
5.4 Exhaust System .................................................................................................................. 117
5.5 Stack .................................................................................................................................. 131
5.6 Fans and Blowers .............................................................................................................. 132
5.6.1 Type of Fans ............................................................................................................... 84
A. Centrifugal Fans ........................................................................................................... 36
B. Axial Fans ..................................................................................................................... 36
5.7 Fans and Blowers .............................................................................................................. 132
A. Induced Draft Fan Computation ................................................................................... 36
B. Static Head .................................................................................................................... 36
C. Velocity Head ............................................................................................................... 36
D. Total Head .................................................................................................................... 36
5.8 Fan Selection ..................................................................................................................... 135
5.9 Chapter Summary .............................................................................................................. 135
CHAPTER VI WATER LOOP .............................................................................................. 134
6.1 Feed Water Source ............................................................................................................. 135
6.1.1 Water Quality ............................................................................................................. 84
6.1.2 Seawater Quality ........................................................................................................ 84
6.2 Feed Water Treatment ...................................................................................................... 135
6.2.1 External Treatment ..................................................................................................... 84
A. Filtration ....................................................................................................................... 36
B. Reverse Osmosis .......................................................................................................... 36
C. Stages of Reverse Osmosis ........................................................................................... 36
6.2.2 Deaerator ..................................................................................................................... 84
A. Tray-Type Deaerating Heaters ..................................................................................... 36
B. Spray-Type Deaerating Heaters ................................................................................... 36
6.2.3 Internal Treatment ....................................................................................................... 84
6.3 Cooling Water System ....................................................................................................... 136
6.3.1 Cooling Water Treatment ............................................................................................ 84
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A. Filtration ....................................................................................................................... 36
B. Chlorination .................................................................................................................. 36
6.3.2 Condenser .................................................................................................................... 84
A. Surface Condenser........................................................................................................ 36
B. Direct Contact Type Condenser ................................................................................... 36
C. Condenser Selection ..................................................................................................... 36
6.3.3 Cooling Tower ............................................................................................................ 84
A. Cooling Tower Selection .............................................................................................. 36
6.4 Cooling Pond .................................................................................................................... 137
6.5 Chapter Summary .............................................................................................................. 141
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List of Tables
Table 2.14 Ultimate and Proximate Analysis of the Brunei LNG ............................................ 18
x
Table 3.7: LNG Storage Composition ...................................................................................... 35
xi
Table 5.6: Stack Dimensions at Different Velocities ............................................................... 106
Table 6.5: Chemical Used in Internal Feed Water Treatment ................................................ 126
Table 6.6: General Guidelines for Chlorine Dose of Reasonably Good Cooling Water ........ 128
Table 6.8: Advantages and Disadvantages of Direct Contact Type Condenser ..................... 132
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List of Figures
Figure 3.2: Photo Showing the LNG Process Flow Diagram ................................................... 22
Figure 3.5: Photo Showing the In-ground LNG Storage Tank ................................................. 29
Figure 3.6: Photo Showing the Above-ground LNG Storage Tank ........................................... 30
Figure 3.7: Photo Showing the Underground LNG Storage Tank ............................................. 31
Figure 3.11: Photo Showing the LNG Storage Tank Layout ..................................................... 40
Figure 3.12: Photo Showing the Diesel Storage Tank Layout .................................................. 45
Figure 3.13: Photo Showing the Adjusted Diesel Storage Tank Layout ................................... 47
Figure 3.17: Photo Showing the Deluge Fire Protection Skid ................................................... 54
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Figure 3.20: Photo Showing the Lubrication Oil Tanks ............................................................. 57
Figure 3.24: Photo Showing the Flow in an Ambient Air Vaporizer ........................................ 61
Figure 4.2: Photo Showing the Schematic for an open gas-turbine cycle ................................. 68
Figure 4.5: Photo Showing the Combined Cycle Power Plant Diagram ................................... 72
Figure 4.8: Photo Showing the Centrifugal Flow Compressor Schematic ................................ 78
Figure 4.9: Photo Showing the Typical Gas Turbine Combustor ............................................. 80
Figure 5.2: Photo Showing the NOx Equilibrium as a Function of Air Temperature ............. 101
xiv
Figure 5.7: Photo Showing the Schematic Diagram of Gas Loop .......................................... 115
Figure 6.8: Photo Showing the Direct Contact Type Condenser ............................................. 131
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