The 30th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electron i cs Society, November 2 - 6, 2004, Busan, Korea

Output Levelling of Wind Power Generation System by EDLC Energy Storage

Tatsuto KINJ01, Tomonobu SENJYU1, Naomitsu URASAKF, and Hideki FUJITA2

1 University of the Ryukyus, Japan, e-mail: b985542@tec.u-ryukyu.oc.jp

2Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc., Japan, e-mail: Fujita.Hideki@chuden.co.jp

Abstmct- Utilization of renewable energy are coming up
from view points of environmental conservation and deple­
tion of fossil fuel. However, the generated power from re­
newable ener gi es is always fluctuating due to environmen­
tal status. Energy storage system is indispensable to com­
pensate these fluctuating co mponents. Energy capacitor
system (ECaSS) connected an electric double-layer capac­
itor (EDLC) with power-electronics devices is useful for tbe
compensation of fluctuating power since one is capable of
controlling both active and reactive power simultaneously.
This paper proposes the current-source ECaSS (CS-ECS),
which consists of EDLC, buck-bo ost DC-DC converter, and
bi-directional inverter. We have presented the control sys­
tem for the active/reactive power control of CS-ECS, and
have shown the effectiveness of CS-ECS through computer
siInulations for case of wind power generation system.
I. INTRODUCTION
Global warming, one of the most critical environmental
problems arising in the world, must be taken int o consid­
eration. In an attempt to prevent the realization of these
fears, we know that utilization of renewable energy has be­
come very useful in the emissions of greenhouse effect gases
(C02, NO", SOx, etc. ) . Japan has greenhouse gas effect
emissions by 6% against 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012,
and to control its CO2 emissions (produced by energy con­
sumption and accounting for 90% of greenhouse effect gas
emissions) to 1990 levels in 2010. Therefore, active efforts
in Japan should be made to promote renewable energy.
Though Japan has the share of the world's number one
attached to each EDLC-cell limit the charging voltage [1],
[2], price of EDLC-ceU brings on accordingly expensive.
Generally voltage-source invert e r (VSI) is used for ECS,
the voltage drop at EDLC-bank terminal due to energy
discharging incurs accordingly the drop of output capacity
and the difficulty of output control.
This paper proposes the circuit configuration of current­
Source ECS (CS-ECS) to resolve the issue of conven­
tional ECS. Also, the control systems to achieve the ac­
tive/reactive power control for CS-ECS and bi-directional
DC-DC converter (buck-boost DC-DC converter) are pre­
sented. CS-ECS has the following several merits, compared
to conventional ECS;
-it can be output large-capacity without dependence on
a low dc-voltage,
-it can be remove parallel-monitor by red ucing number
of series-connecting a EDLC-cell,
- it can adjust ECS's power independent of the oscillated
dc-voltage due to draw energy from EDLC-bank.
Moreover, high internal-resistive loss of EDLC-cell can
be reduced by buck-boost DC-DC converter, regulating
dc-voltage, since EDLC-bank is connected to AC-feeder
through buck-boost DC-DC converter.
In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed sys­
tem, CS-ECS and analysis system (power system intercon­
necting large-capacity WTG) are strictly modeled using
computer simulation software MATLAB/SIMULINK and

Power System Blocksets based on an instantaneous mod­

producer of solar power generation, there are few amounts
of wind power generation to it compared with the United
States or Europe since the instability ofthe output of wind
power due to wind turbulence in Japan could adversary af­
fect the electric grid (by disrupting f requ ency and voltage,
etc.). An energy storage system is indispensable to pro­
mote wind power generation unter terrible wind conditions
since one is capable of regulating both the active/reactive
power simultaneously and quickly due to the progression of
power-electronics techonology. The active/reactive power
control based on an energy storage system have effect the
compensation of voltage fluctuation and the levelling of
wind turbine generator(vVTG)'s generated power.
In recent year, an energy capacitor system (ECS) con­
nected an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) and
power-electronics devices have been developed as energy
storage system [1]-[5], and applied in power system [6]-[10].
An EDLC is safer and has a longer service life than the sec­
ondary battery and requires virtually no maintenance, but
have the following disadvantages: the dielectric voltage­
withstand level of a EDLC-cell is 3V or lower and high
internal-resistive loss is directly proportional to squared
current. To overcome these issues, though parallel-monitor
eling. Circuit configuration and operating principle of CS­
ECS is given in Secti on II. Control systems for the ac­
tive and reactive power and dc-voltage of CS-ECS is given
in Section III. The power system model interconnecting
WTG used in computer simulation is shown in Section IV.
Simulation results fOf case of wind power generation sys­
tem are presented in Section V. Finally, conclusions are
drawn in Section VI.
II. CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION
A_ operating prinCiple
The main circuit configuration of the proposed ECS
is shown in Fig. 1. The proposed ECS consists of bi­
directional inverter, buck-boost DC-DC converter and
EDLC-bank. As shown in Fig. 1, t he bi-directional inverter
is applicability to both VSI and CSI by designing gate
turn-off (GTO) thyristor (GI-G6) bi-directionally since the
buck-boost DC-DC converter can regulate dc-voltage Vdc
or dc-current ide by switching SW 3 si multa neously with
change control mode. Referring to buck-boost DC-DC con­
verter in Fig. 1, EDLC-bank is stored with an electric en-

Q-7B03-B73Q-9/04/$20.00©2004IEEE
3088
ergy (charging mode) when the set of GTO thyristor GDl Rb
and fast-recovery diode Dl operate as boost converter, and
EDLC-bank is released with an electric energy (discharg­
ing mode) when the set of GD2 and D2 operate as buck
�r-_--.JV
Cb VV--o
converter.
T c

B. EDLC model (a) Equivalent circuit for lumped constant.

A simple resistive capacitive equivalent circuit of EDLC­
cell is shown in Fig. 2(a). This figure is insufficient to char­
acterize the terminal behavior of EDLC-cell for an instan­
taneous value analysis. Based on physical reasoning, an
equivalent circuit of distributed constant model have been
proposed to behave dynamic action in model for the termi­
o
nal behavior of EDLC-cell 13], [4]. A distributed constant
model of ED LC-ceJI used in computer simulations is shown (b) Equivalent circuit for distributed constant.

in Fig. 2(b), and distributed constant parameters are pre­ Fig. 2. EDLe equivalent circuit.
sented in Table 2. Distributed parameters are determined

Table 1. Lumped constant parameters

by multiplying the percentage shown in Fig. 2(b) and a
of EDLG-cell.
simple resistive capacitive parameters shown in Table 1.
capacitance Cb 3000 F
III. CONTROL SYSTEMS rated voltage 2.7 V
internal resistance Rt, 9.0 mO
The control system of bi-directional inverter is shown in
stored possible power 10.9 kJ(3.0 Wh)
Fig. 3 where control objectives for CS-ECS are determined
by changing control mode Sa or Sb' The control objective
of mode Sa is to regulate WTG terminal d-q axes voltage Table 2. Distributed constant parameters of EDLG-cell.
and to excite V.,rTG during isolated operation. The control capacitance internal resistance
objective of mode Sb is the damping of tie-line power flow 60 F RbI 0.36 mO
Cbl
oscilations. Respective control modes are the feedback con­ 1500 F
Cb2 Rb2 9.0 mn
trol using PI-controller. The output signals of PI-controller Cb3 1440 F Rb3 8.64 mO
are transformed into the reference three-phase current is,,: ,

isb', and i.e'. In control mode Sb, the tie-line power flow
(Pt and qt) can a a
be uniformly m int ined by charging or
the boost converter when PeTe! is negative. As shown in
discharging acitve/reactive power from CS-ECS, as shown
Fig. 4, the pulse signal is determined by feedback control
in below:
using first-order delay system and pulse width modulation

b.Pt
b.qt
:: b.Pgs P. � 0
b.qgs
-

q. 0
}. (1)
(PWM) control.

- - -
IV. I\JODELS OF POWER SYSTE!>.1 AND WIND TURBINE

Fig. 4 shows the control system of the buck-boost DC­ GENERATOR

DC converter. The buck-boost DC-DC converter regulates The power system interconnecting large-capacity WTG
dc-voltage Vdc, and operates as the buck converter when (squirrel-cage induction generator) used in computer sim­
the reference active power Pere! is positive, or operates as ulation is shown in Fig. 5, Many induction generators has

Buck/Boost conveI1er
r····-----·-----·------·-------: Bi�directional inverter
- - ---�-- ------- - -----�. - --- -- --

EDLC-bank : :

::c ::c::c
:::c :::c:::c
T II

.l... .l....l...

filtering-capacitor

Fig. 1. Circuit configuration of CS-ECS.

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 )..'idn/ 6.6 kY
4MYA
CB.2
j 15.5
CB.J

p;;!MW
q :=: IMvar

VM
\-"b
4----f.:7��--��
"i( ---....IL�.::!!tftjf�.2SJ--'-<>-'���

i=
CB.3
101---0-1:>- ---+--0-""0---'
ieb
----r.���j_5(����_1
it;; 690Y
-----"L..::::!J�-___IL;,J-- 300kYA

Fig. 3. Control syst.em of bi-directional inverter.

comparator
Fig. 5. Model of power system interconnecting large-capacity WTG.
SW2
carrier
BuckIBoost
A h hA
wave -oj
converter IAr-------�--�--,
IVVV\
______

SWI 1''''',__
, _-,
1
.JO I'

� ..
;:: Lo- Range of rotor
;;; operating speeds

Fig. 4. Control system of buck-boost DC-DC converter.

been used as WTG since there are various advantages like

maintenance free, robustness, and ec onomi c al, etc.. WTG
is connected to the end of distribution line through the tie­
line of reactance (xl=7.50). In the case of small-capacity Fig. 6. Generation power for wind speed (300kVA).

power system such as isolated-island interconnecting large­

capacity \VTG, there are concerns about the instability of
\VTG's output could adversely affect the grid system (by
disrupting frequencies, etc.) since WTG's output is propor­ "M '-
')..'1b
--�����--�r-�
-r--- ....,... ...r
... -- ,
tional to the cube of wind speed [14]. The proposed ECS is "'u

connected to \VTG terminal through a three-phase trans­

former, and therefore compensates the fiuctuation ofWTG
terminal voltage Vt and the oscillation of tie-line power Pt.

Fig. 6 shows the characteristic diagram of generation

power for wind speed used in computer simulations [15]. As
shown in Fig. 6, windmill output power Pw is determined
based on wind speed since the intersection of rotor-speed Fig. 7. Calculated circuit of reference active and reactive power
and Pw depends on operating-point. v"e assume that the (Pere! and qere!)'
,,·indmill blade can not operate the fast pitch-angle control.

A. Determined scheme for the reference values of active

and reactive power
V. SU.IULATION RESULTS
Fig. 7 shows the calculated circuit to determine the ref­
erence values of active and reactive power for the proposed
The effectiveness of the proposed ECS is demonstrated
EeS. As shown in Fig. 7, qeref is determined to compen­
sate the fluctuation ofWTG terminal voltage Vt by using PI
through computer simulations in terms of the power sys­
tem shown in Fig. 5. Each parameter of synchronous gen­
controller, and Pere! is determined to charge or discharge
erator, induction generator, transformer, specifications of
the oscillation of V,'TG's output by detecting oscillation
the proposed EeS, and parameters of PI controller used
component !:lPg.
in simulations are shown in Tables 3-7, respectively, where
parameters of PI controller is determined by trial and error.
B. Simulation results of wind turbulence and EDLC-cell
Each PW1",,1 carrier frequency of the bi-directional inverter
failure
and the buck-boost DC-DC converter are 2kHz and 500Hz,
respectively. The simulation sequence is shown in below:

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� :bIV\f\IWV\Jj ��
�'.���� I�lr:r.o �
E
18
g 18'
·10
'20L-�2���3��74 --��5��76�--�7----�8----�9--�
Z -00
181
1BO��__��__�__��__�__��__�__���
7 8 9 10
3 4 5 time (S,6 (d) Instantanoous active and reactive power of proposed ECS.
input torque and rotor speed.

~
Ca) Wind speed, mech<1nical
� Vd("
300.-__--�----�--�----�--�----�--_.--� � 25

25C

::, �

��
50

"' "
./\' I \
..
.'\
.
:
,,
/\� : \ /"
6C
/' \ .' ,
i �.fI: �\ , ,
�i-+--r--l--i-+--;--'.--;"'-+--+---'t--ci---l
'j I \ :
\ :

",4'.:�
..v 'j " ' .' \: ,/ '/

� 35
time(s) :J:
3
powe r freq ueno),.
2.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 g 10
(b) Tie-line and system

70
8

69
DC-side quantity and stored pDwer of proposed ECS.
69
(e)

�:sSB
" i "
,, ,
results of wind turbulence and EDLC-cell failure.
I
8.
, ' \.. \
,
"
Fig. Simulation
,
6BC
, ,
'.' '. .
I
, ,
1
>
1/ , , ,
6le
'0 '

67 tion is 2m/s. As can be seen from Figs, 8(b) and (c), fluc­
20 tuations of WTG t erminal voltage Vtand t ie- line power Pt
' ' .r, '\ suppressed in contrast
,0 ' , I'\,
,.
' .. J/\,
frequency!) are effectively
I ' I
/""\ , (system
\ I
.:' \,
.' , , ,
, , case without CS-ECS, At the
� Ii d. � 'L i. : to the same time, the pro­
g 1, \ , \
\ .'
I

> "
posed ECS absorbs or releases the active/reactive p owe r of
'r ,
,-: ' ,
'oJ '.1
.. \ , ," ,
·10 '.' ' ..
,
\J 'J
\
reverse polarity as compared with the tie-line power oscil­

·20
lations. As shown in Fig. See), the buck-boost DC·DC con­
6
Vdc.
time (5'
verter can maintain dc-voltage Also, a lt houg h EDLC­
ECS contin ues to
axes voltage.
cell break down at t =7.0s, the proposed
(cJ W"TG terminal d-q
compensate only by 4�parallel EDLC·bank.

C. Simulation results of three-phase to ground fault

i) t 2: 2.05 : occurrence of wind turbulence with sine
vibration (1Hz), The simulation sequence is shown in below:
ii) t=7,Os : EDLC-cell bread down,
i) t=4.0s : three-phase to ground fault is applied the
iii) t 2: 7,Os: continuing to compensate only by 4-parallel middle of tie-line,
EDLC-bank.
ii) t=4.06675 : removing the faulted line (opening of
CB.1 and CB.2),

Fig. 8 shows simulation results during wind turbulence

iii)4.0667s<; t <;6.05: isolated operation ofWTG,
iv) 6.05<:: t : re-closing the tie-line (re-closing of CRI
and ED LC-ceU failure, where solid line and dashed line
and CB.2).
show the simulation results with CS-ECS and without CS­
ECS, respectively, As shown in Fig. 8(a), the nominal wind Fig. 9 shows the simulation results during three-phase to
speed for simulation is 9m/s and the amplitude of fiuctua- ground fault. As shown in Figs. 9(a), in the case without

3091
 �t±u_mmmmum_t �u_u-1 1�� �.� :: I
active and ECS.
axes voltage_
(d) Instantaneous reactive power of proposed
(a) WTG terminal d-q

.. :

!Lm:uu� : f--�m-J ��;�

�
_
�. (:; T'�li�:::':�'
tOO
,

200�-uunnum mu( • 1
•
jj�::�
-
- � : ] mm_
•
I
I
'
.�-----
�

�-----
,

� 35 4 4.5
..
5
-�::"
t,me(s]
5.5
..
6 65

( ?, g. D9 c-side quantity and stored power of proposed ECS.

e
7

.
F Simulation results of three-phase to ground fault.
0' -_;20000' � _ " . _

�t := �_m:_-sa
VI. CONCLUSIONS

The main circuit configuration of current-source ECS

(CS-ECS) to resolve the issue of conventional ECS is pro­
p osed. The control systems to achieve the active/reactive
� u 4 U 5 U B U power control for CS-ECS and the buck-boost DC-DC con­
__ _

time(s)
. verter (buck-boost DC-DC converter) is also proposed. In
(c) Load power and system frequency
order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed system,
CS-ECS and analysis system (small-capacity power sys­
tem interconnecting large-capacity WTG) is strictly mod­
the prop osed ECS, WTO terminal d·axis voltage sag is
as
eled using the computer simulation software with MAT­
arising at 4.0s2: t 2:6.0s, and can be seen from Figs. 9(b)
and 9(c), the ti e- l in e power cannot !low, and the opening
LABjSUl'lULINK Power System Blocksets based on an
instantaneous modeling. The simulation results is showed
of CB.l and CB.2 lead to load rejection. In case with
that the fl uctu t io n of \IilTG terminal voltage and t i e- li n e
a
the proposed ECS, it maintains power supply t o load by
power flow are effectively suppressed by the proposed ECS,
the switching of control mode Sa that the voltage control
als
wit h
and o the buck-boost DC-DC converter can maintain
of system shown in Fig 3 excites WTG under CS­
dc-voltage. Furthermore, the control mode So. of the pro­
ECS. From Fig. 9(e), the buck-boost DC-DC converter can
posed ECS can maintain power supply to Load by energizing
maintain dc-voltage Vdc'
WTG at isolated operation.

3092
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employment numbers 70-series X 5-parallel 350 =

rated bank voltage 189 V

stored possi ble power 3.8 IvlJ{U kWh)
rated output pov,:er 100 k\V
DC reactor L 1 ,2,3,4 1.0 mH
AC filter capacitance Cae 30 tJ. F

Table. 7. Parameters of each PI controller.

PI1 PI2 Ph PI4 Ph

Proportional gain Kp 5.0 3.0 0.01 0.01 3120
Integral gain K; 2.0 2.0 300 300 2300

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