ROMANTICISM

•A literary movement, and profound shift in sensibility which took place in Britain and throughout Europe from 1770-
1848

•Does not only focus on Love.

•It was an international artistic and philosophical movement that flourished in the late 18th to early 19th century.

•A way of looking at the world beyond, or ignores the world as it is and perceives a visionary world.

THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT

•Intellectually- It marked a violent reaction to the enlightenment

•Politically- It was inspired by the revolutions in America and France an popular wars of indepence in Poland, Spain,
Greece, and elsewhere.

•Emotional- It expressed an extreme assertion of the self and the value of individual experience (the egotistical sublime),
together with the sense of the infinite and transcendental.

•Socially- It championed progressive causes though when these were frustrated it produced a bitter, gloomy, and
despairing outlook.

ROMANTIC AGE

•Began at 1798 with William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor – Lyrical Ballads

•Ended in 1832 when Walter Scott died

ROMANTICISM IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE 5 “I”S

•Imagination- was turning something into something else by believing it.

•Idealism- is the concept that we can the world a better place.

•Intuition- was understanding something immediately with feelings or instinct over reason.

•Inspiration- was going with the movement. Not being precise and detailed.

•Individuality- is being different and separate.

ROMANTIC THEMES

•Nature

•Love

•History

LITERARY FORMS

•Lyric
•Ballad

•Sonnet

•Historical Novel

ROMANTIC ATTITUDES

•Sensibility

•Melancholy

•Individualism

•Rebelliousness

ROMEO AND JULIET (1594-1596) by: WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

WILLIAM SHAkESPEARE (c. 1564–1616)

•He was an English poet, playwright and actor of the Renaissance era at London.

•He was widely considered to be the greatest dramatist of all time.

•His most notable works include Romeo and Juliet.

•He wrote 37 plays

•He created the Globe Theater

UNDERSTANDING ROMEO AND JULIET

•Romeo and Juliet have been depicted in literature, music, dance, and theatre.

•Settings: Veron, Italy

•It is not a Romantic play, it is a TRAGEDY

PLOT:

•The appeal of the young hero and heroine—whose families, the Montagues and the Capulets, respectively, are
implacable enemies—is such that they have become, in the popular imagination, the representative type of star-crossed
lovers.

•Shakespeare’s principal source for the plot was The Tragicall Historye of Romeus and Juliet (1562), a long narrative poem
by the English poet Arthur Brooke

CHARACTERS

Romeo – The son and heir of Montague and Lady Montague. A young man of about sixteen. He lives in the middle of a
violent feud between his family and the Capulets

Juliet – The daughter of Capulet and Lady Capulet. A beautiful thirteen-year-old girl. She lives in the middle of a violent
feud between her family and the Montague.
Friar Lawrence - A Franciscan friar, friend to both Romeo and Juliet. He secretly marries the impassioned lovers in hopes
that the union might eventually bring peace to Verona.

Mercutio - A kinsman to the Prince, and Romeo’s close friend.

The Nurse - Juliet’s nurse, her faithful confidante and loyal intermediary in Juliet’s affair with Romeo.

Tybalt - A Capulet, Juliet’s cousin on her mother’s side. He loathes Montagues.

Capulet - The patriarch of the Capulet family, father of Juliet, husband of Lady Capulet, and enemy, for unexplained
reasons, of Montague.

Lady Capulet - Juliet’s mother, Capulet’s wife. She is an ineffectual mother, relying on the Nurse for moral and pragmatic
support.

Montague - Romeo’s father, the patriarch of the Montague clan and bitter enemy of Capulet.

Lady Montague - Romeo’s mother, Montague’s wife. She dies of grief after Romeo is exiled from Verona.

Paris - A kinsman of the Prince, and the suitor of Juliet most preferred by Capulet

Benvolio - Montague’s nephew, Romeo’s cousin and thoughtful friend

Prince Escalus - The Prince of Verona. A kinsman of Mercutio and Paris.

Friar John - A Franciscan friar charged by Friar Lawrence with taking the news of Juliet’s false death to Romeo in Mantua.
Friar John is held up in a quarantined house, and the message never reaches Romeo.

Balthasar - Romeo’s dedicated servant, who brings Romeo the news of Juliet’s death, unaware that her death is a ruse.

Sampson & Gregory - Two servants of the house of Capulet, who, like their master, hate the Montagues. At the outset of
the play, they successfully provoke some Montague men into a fight.

Rosaline - The woman with whom Romeo is infatuated at the beginning of the play.

The Chorus - The Chorus is a single character who, as developed in Greek drama, functions as a narrator offering
commentary on the play’s plot and themes.

HEBREW

•Hebrew comes from Middle English word “EBREU” which comes from the Old French derived from the latin word
“HEBRAEUS”

•A Northwest Semitic language native to Israel.

•Hebrew is an ancient language, one that has been use for many thousands of years.

•Spoken by over 9 million people worldwide (2013).

•Its beginnings lay in ancient religious writings of which the most well known is the Hebrew Bible (the Tanach).
WHAT COUNTRY DO THEY LIVE?

•Hebrews live in the Ancient Middle East. Around 1,400 BC, they settled in Canaan (formerly known as Israel), the country
of the eastern coast Mediterranean Sea, the territory of the modern Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria.

•Hebrews were ancestors of Samaritan and Jew.

•Jews were the descendants of the Hebrews.

•Hebrews claim to be the descendants of Biblical Patriarch, which is Abraham.

What did their building look like?

•Hebrews lived in tents.

•Wealthier people live in the houses built in of sand dried mud bricks, the roof of the house was flat.

•The church of the Hebrew was called Jerusalem Temple (the 1st temple was built by King Solomon) and was covered
with gold.

HEBREW LITERATURE

•Literature in Hebrew has been produced uninterruptedly from the early 12th century B.C and it is said to be not
synonymous to Jewish Literature.

•In the Bible it develops a simple and earthy idiom (group of words established by usage as having meaning not deducible
from those of the individual words) to a language suitable for the expression of sophisticated religious thought without
losing the poetic force and rythmic fullness that characterizes it.

MEDIEVAL HEBREW LITERATURE

•Was a literary and liturgical language that existed between the 4th and 19th century.

•In Medieval Hebrew Literature, much medieval Jewish poetry was written in Hebrew, including the Liturgical piyyutim in
Palestine in the 7th amd 8th centuries by Yose Ben Yose, yanai, and Eleazar Kalir.

•This liturgy was compiled in book from as “the siddur” by rabbis including Amram Gaon and Saadia Gaon.

ANCIENT HEBREW LITERATURE

•Literature in Hebrew begins with the Oral Literature of the Leshon Hakodesh or the “Holy Language”

•The most important work of Ancient Hebrew Bible named Tanakh ( Jewish Bible).

•Mishna- compiled around 200 CE is the primary rabbinic (relating to rabbis or to Jewish law or teachings) codification of
laws as derived from the Torah. It was written in Mishnaic Hebrew.

MODERN HEBREW LITERATURE

•In addition to writing traditional rabbinic literature in Hebrew, MODERN Jews developed new forms of fiction, poetry,
and essay writing which are called “Modern Hebrew Literature”

•It emerged in the late 18thand early 19th centuries in European centers of Jewish life, such as Berlin, Vilna, and Warsaw.
HEBREW LEADERS

King Solomon – noted for his being wise and fair.

King David – the sheperd boy who killed Goliath.

– united the people of Judah and Israel.

– a gifted, poet and harpist.

King Saul – no strong central government.

–ruled for 40 years.

•Many religions have a book or books which are considered holy or authorative and one of these books is the Holy Bible.

BIBLE

•A collection of sacred texts or scriptures (something that is written, but is usually used of sacred writings.

•Comes from the latin word “biblia sacra”, which literally means “sacred books” or “holy books”.

TRIVIA AND FACTS ABOUT THE BIBLE

BOOKS OF THE BIBLE:

Old Testament: 39 books

New Testament: 27 books

Complete Bible: 66 books

VERSES:

Old Testament: 23,214 verses

New Testament: 7,959 verses

Complete Bible: 31,173

CHAPTERS:

Old Testament: 929

New Testament: 260

Entire Bible: 1,189

WORDS:

In the Old Testament: 592,439 words

In the New Testament: 181,253 words

Complete Bible: 773, 692 words

King James Version (KJV) – also known as King James Bible (KJB) or simply the Authorized Version (AV), is an English
translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England begun in 1604 and completed as well as published in 1611
under the sponsorship of James VI and I.

SOME STORIES FROM THE HOLY BIBLE

The Story of Ruth

The Parable of the Prodigal Son

The Story of Joseph

The Prable of the Talents

The Story of Abraham

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE STORY OF ABRAHAM

According to the Hebrew Bible, God commands Abraham to offer his son Isaac as a sacrifice. After Isaac is bound to an
altar, a messenger from God stops Abraham before the sacrifice finishes, saying “Now I know you fear God”. Abraham
looks up and sees a ram and sacrifices it instead of isaac.