Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• 1. The vent valves shall be tight shut-off quarter-turn ball valves, pressure
balanced plug
valves or gate valves to isolate the vent line from the barrel.
2. For gas pipelines, if the vent valve will be subject to regular throttling
service,
consideration should be given to the use of an additional globe valve or pressure
balanced plug valve.
2.6.10 Blowdown valve
1. For gas service, the blowdown valve shall be a tight shut-off valve with a
downstream
globe valve, pressure balanced plug valve or an orifice restriction for controlled
depressurisation of the barrel.
2.6.11 Purge connection valve
1. A DN 50 (NPS 2) isolating valve and a DN 50 (NPS 2) check valve shall be
installed in
the purge connection (if applicable).
2. The isolating valve shall be installed on the barrel side for tight shut-off of
the purge
connection.
The check valve is intended to prevent hydrocarbons entering the purge/flush line.
Welded Pipe
H.3.3.2.1 Unless otherwise agreed, coil and plate used for the manufacture of
welded pipe shall be
rolled from continuously cast (strand cast) or pressure cast slabs. The pipe shall
be SAWL, SAWH, or
HFW.
H.3.3.2.2 For HFW pipe, the abutting edges of the coil or plate should be sheared,
milled, or machined
before welding.
H.3.3.2.3 Coil and plate used for the manufacture of welded pipe shall be inspected
visually after
rolling. Visual inspection of coil used for the manufacture of welded pipe may be
either of the uncoiled
strip or of the coil edges.
H.3.3.2.4 If agreed for HFW pipe, such coil and plate shall be inspected
ultrasonically for laminar
imperfections or mechanical damage in accordance with K.4, either before or after
cutting the coil or
plate, or the completed pipe shall be subjected to full-body inspection, including
ultrasonic inspection.
H.3.3.2.5 If agreed, helical seam pipe made from coil/plate and containing
coil/plate end welds may be
delivered, provided that such welds are located at least 300 mm from the pipe ends
and have been
subjected to the same nondestructive inspection required in Annex K for coil/plate
edges and welds.
H.3.3.2.6 Intermittent tack welding of the SAWL or SAWH groove shall not be used,
unless the
purchaser has approved data furnished by the manufacturer to demonstrate that the
mechanical
properties specified for the pipe are obtainable at both the tack weld and
intermediate positions.
H.3.3.3 Jointers
Jointers shall not be delivered, unless otherwise agreed
description of more advanced iterative operations made possible by the programming
operators in Mathcad Professional, turn to Chapter 15, “Programming.”
Defining and using range variables
To define a range variable, type the variable name followed by a colon and a range
of
values. For example, here’s how to define the variable j ranging from 0 to 15 in
steps
of 1:
1. Type j and then press the colon key (:), or click on the
Calculator toolbar. The empty placeholder indicates that Mathcad
expects a definition for j. At this point, Mathcad does not know whether j is to be
a conventional variable or a range variable.
2. Type 0. Then press the semicolon key (;), or click on the
Calculator toolbar. This tells Mathcad that you are defining a range
variable. Mathcad displays the semicolon as two periods “..” to indicate a range.
Complete the range variable definition by typing 15 in the remaining placeholder.
This definition indicates that j now takes on the values . To define a range
variable that changes in steps other than 1, see the section “Types of ranges” on
page
103.
Once you define a range variable, it takes on its complete range of values every
time
you use it. If you use a range variable in an equation, for example, Mathcad
evaluates
that equation once for each value of the range variable.
You must define a range variable exactly as shown above. There must be:
• a variable name on the left,
• either a “:=” or a “≡” in the middle, and
• a valid range on the right.
Not e You cannot define a variable in terms of a range variable. For example, if
after having defined j
as shown you now define , Mathcad assumes you are trying to set a scalar variable
equal to a range variable and marks the equation with an appropriate error message.
One application of range variables is to fill up the elements of a vector or
matrix. You
can define vector elements by using a range variable as a subscript. For example,
to
define for each value of j:
• Type x[j:j^2[Space]+1.
Figure 8-4 shows the vector of values computed by this equation. Since j is a range
variable, the entire equation is evaluated once for each value of j. This defines
for
each value of j from 0 to 15
Exposures
Chloride-containing and carbonated samples (series 1 and 3) were exposed
out of doors in Milan. Ponding, i.e. accelerated chloride penetration (series
2), has been carried out using three-week cycles: one week of wetting the
concrete surface with 1 L of 3.5% NaCl solution, and two weeks of drying.
15.3.3 Corrosion tests
The free corrosion potential and polarisation resistance (Rp) of each rebar
were monitored. Corrosion potential was measured versus a saturated calomel
electrode (SCE) put in contact with the concrete surface by means of a wet
sponge. Rp was measured using the linear polarisation technique [25], by
applying a potential scan rate of 10 mV per minute in the range ±10 mV with
respect to the free corrosion potential. The mean corrosion rate (µm per
year) was calculated by means of the Stern–Geary relationship: icorr = 1.17 ×
C/R
p where Rp is the measured polarisation resistance (evaluated from the
slope of the potential/current density curve) and the constant C is assumed to
be equal to 26 mV [26].
The crevicegeometry is another factor which influences the repassivating
temperature. In
these experiments, the same crevice assembly was used in all tests and the currents
were
restrictedathigh temperatureto getareproducible crevicegeometryandthereby
reproducible
results. In general, the repassivation temperature increases with
increasingcrevicewidth due
to a higher diffusion flux out of the crevice. For the tests with a commercial
gasket it was
impossibleto maintain active corrosion for temperatures below 40°C. Visual
examination of
these specimens after exposure showed corrosion attack at only a few points. The
rest of the
crevicearea was coveredwithmaterial from the gasket.It appearsthat the gasket is
gluing itself
to the metal surface which gives a very tight crevice and a little electrolyte
volume. For such
a tight crevice redistribution of ion concentrations and current density may not
occur easily.
Inspection of attack profiles of less tight crevices at various temperatures (not
shown here)
indicates that sucharedistribution maybe a prerequisite
formaintaininganactivecrevice. This
may then explain the very high repassivation temperature observed with the soft
commercial
gaskets.For surfacesfacing commercial gasketsin practical systems, like large
flange connections, the same tightness may not be present over the entire surface
due to uneven surface
pressure and a less smooth surface finish. Thus, crevice corrosion may also be
possible with
commercial gaskets at temperatures below 4OOC.
Apart from being an interesting observation with respect to the mechanism of
crevice
corrosion, the temperaturehysteresis also has a practical implication which can
lead to serious
corrosion problems. If a temporary temperature increase during service initiates
crevice
corrosion, the materials studied here, and others of similar quality, may remain
active even if
the temperature is brought back to a low level within a short time.
Pipeline or riser span oscillations induced by
internal or external fluid flow should be considered.
The design should either prevent pipeline
oscillation or show the oscillations to be acceptable
with respect to the following:
a) service considerations;
b) strength;
c) fatigue (see 4.2.8);
d) coating integrity (see 4.12.2).
4.7 Pipeline and cable crossings
4.7.1 Functional requirements
The design of each crossing should ensure that
separation is maintained between the new pipeline
and the existing pipeline or cable.
The functional requirements for each crossing are
the following.
a) The weight of the new pipe should not be
supported by the existing pipeline or cable, unless
an interaction analysis can demonstrate that the
integrity of the crossed line is not impaired,
taking account of short and long term settlement
and overburden loads.
b) The crossing design should accommodate
pipeline expansion effects.
c) The cathodic protection systems should be
isolated.
4.7.2 Design considerations
4.7.2.1 Consultation
At the initial stages of the design of a crossing there
should be consultation with the operator of the
existing pipeline or cable.
Flattening Retests
Flattening retest provisions are as follows.
a) Nonexpanded electric welded pipe in grades higher than L175 or A25 and
nonexpanded laser welded
pipe smaller than 323.9 mm (12.750 in.) produced in single lengths.
The manufacturer may elect to retest any failed end until the requirements are met,
providing the
finished pipe is not less than 80 % of its length after initial cropping.
b) Nonexpanded electric welded pipe in grades higher than L175 or A25 and
nonexpanded laser welded
pipe smaller than 323.9 mm (12.750 in.) produced in multiple lengths.
Where one or more of the flattening tests fail to conform to the specified
requirements, the
manufacturer may retest the pipe end after cropping the defective pipe end.
Alternatively the
manufacturer may reject the defective pipe(s) and retest the adjacent end of the
next pipe. The retest
shall consist of two specimens, one tested with the seam weld at 0º and one tested
with the seam
weld at 90º. If the retest fails to conform to the specified requirements, the
manufacturer may either
reject the pipe produced from the affected multiple length or retest each end of
each remaining
individual length produced from the coil with the weld alternatively at 0º and 90º.
If the retest conforms to
the specified requirements, the remaining portion of the multiple lengths shall be
accepted.
c) Cold-expanded electric welded pipe in grades higher than L175 or A25, each
welded Grade L175 or
A25 in sizes 60.3 mm (2.875 in.) and larger; and cold-expanded laser welded pipe
smaller than size
323.9 mm (12.750 in.).
The manufacturer may elect to retest one end of each of two additional lengths of
the same test unit.
If both retests are acceptable, each length in the test unit shall be accepted,
except the original failed
length. If one or both retests fail, the manufacturer may elect to repeat the test
on specimens cut from
one end of each of the remaining individual lengths in the test unit.
If applicable, reprocessing shall be as defined in 10.2.11.
10.2.12.4 Bend Retests
If the specimen fails to conform to the specified requirements, the manufacturer
may elect to make retests
on specimens cut from two additional lengths from the same test unit. If each
retest specimen conforms to
the specified requirements, each of the lengths in the test unit shall be accepted,
except the length from
which the initial specimen was taken. If one or more of the retest specimens fail
to conform to the
specified requirements, the manufacturer may elect to repeat the test on specimens
cut from the
individual lengths remaining in the test unit.
General Requirements
4.1 Product furnished to this specification shall conform to
the requirements of Specification A 960, including any supplementary requirements
that are indicated in the purchase order.
Failure to comply with the general requirements of Specification A 960 constitutes
nonconformance with this specification.
In case of conflict between the requirements of this specification and
Specification A 960, this specification shall prevail.
5. Materials and Manufacture
5.1 The material for fittings shall be fully killed fine-grain
material made by a melting process that is intended to produce
rounded, well dispersed, fine sulphide inclusions, that promote
good notch toughness, assists in the resistance to hydrogen
induced cracking, and for weldability suitable for field welding.
5.2 Starting materials shall consist of plate, sheet, forgings,
forging quality bar, and seamless or fusion-welded tubular
products with filler metal added. The chemical composition
shall conform to Table 1.
5.3 A starting material that specifically requires the addition
of any element beyond those listed in Table 1 is not permitted.
1 This does not preclude the use of deoxidi
Test method
Tensile testing at ambient temperature shall be carried out in accordance with ISO
6892. If specified, tensile testing
at elevated temperatures shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 783. The
frequency and acceptance criteria
shall be by agreement.
For base metal, Rt0,5, Rm, and percentage elongation after fracture shall be
determined. For tensile tests transverse
to the weld, it is required only to determine Rm.
The percentage elongation after fracture shall be reported with reference to a
gauge length of 5,65 Ao . If other
gauge lengths are used, the elongation referred to a gauge length of 5,65 Ao shall
be determined in accordance
with EN ISO 2566-1.
9.4.2.3 Requirements
The tensile properties shall meet the requirements of the corresponding part of ISO
3183.
Table 4 — Chemical composition for product analyses
Maximum permitted alloy content, mass fraction, %
Element
Class A Classes B and C Class CS
C 0,20 0,18 0,18
Mn 1,60 1,60 1,30
Si 0,40 0,40 0,40
P 0,025 0,025 0,025
S 0,010 0,010 0,003a
V 0,10 0,10 0,10
Nb 0,05 0,05 0,05
Ti 0,04 0,04 0,04
Cr 0,25 0,25 0,25
Mo 0,10 0,10 0,10
Ni 0,50 0,50 0,50
Cu 0,35 0,35 0,35
Al 0,05 0,05 0,05
N 0,012 0,012 0,012
B 0,000 5 0,000 5 0,000 5
Caa 0,006 0,006 0,006
CEb 0,45 0,43 0,43
P
cm
c 0,23 0,21 0,21
V + Nb + Ti shall not exceed 0,15 %.
Cr + Mo + Ni + Cu shall not exceed 0,6 %. Higher Cr, Mo and Ni content may be
acceptable by
agreement, where required for special applications such as low temperatures and/or
thick
sections.
The total Al:N ratio shall not be less than 2:1.
a Ca:S ratio shall be a minimum of one (1) for S in the range 0,001 5 % to 0,003 0
%.
b Carbon equivalent, calculated as follows:
15
Ni Cu
5
VMoCr
6
Mn
C CE ++= ++ + +
c Crack measurement parameter, calculated as follows:
5B
20
MnCr Cu
15
Mo
10
V
60
Ni
30
Si
CP
cm +
++
+++++=
www.bzfxw.co
All works associated with Heat Shrink Sleeves manufacturing shall be described in a
coating Manufacturing Procedure Specification (MPS) conforming to this document.
MPS
shall be submitted to QP for approval prior to start of works. It shall include but
not limited
to the details of materials (properties, compatibility, handling, storage and
safety), surface
preparation, field joint coating application (equipment, control and calibration
process),
inspection and testing (parameters, equipment, personnel), coating repair
procedures,
Quality Assurance and documentation.
4.3 The Contractor shall perform a Pre -application Qualification Test (PQT). This
test shall be
based on the approved MPS. PQT shall be submitted for QP approval prior to field
joint
coating application. The PQT shall qualify the coating materials and the coating
procedure
against the acceptance criteria specified in this document/MPS and approved by QP.
PQT inspection and testing results shall be fully documented and compiled in PQT
report
The origin of the lower design factor for fabricated assemblies is the 1955 edition
of ASME B31.8. There
was concern about the high stress levels that would be present in the case of a
field-fabricated branch
connection with a large diameter side outlet for a pipeline intended to be stressed
to 72% (Class 1
location) of the specified minimum yield strength of the pipe. When a sufficient
amount of
reinforcement is provided for branch connections, the stress level in the crotch
can be held down to
acceptable levels; however, when this reinforcement is a saddle or pad, tests
indicated that a
concentration of stress occurs at the points where tangents to the outside
circumference of the pad are
parallel to the axis of the header. In these two regions, the stresses resulting
from the tendency of the
pipe to bend around the edges of the reinforcement are directly additive to the
hoop stress. To lower
the stresses for this Class 1 location situation, the design factor for the header
pipe was set at 0.60
(equivalent to pipe for general use in a Class 2 location). At mainline valves, the
maximum hoop stress
permissible in the mainline pipe was 60% of the specified minimum yield strength of
the header pipe. In
1968, this requirement was included in the first edition of CSA Z184. Although the
effective design
factor (design factor times the location factor) is still 0.60 (0.8 times 0.75),
other changes in design and
location factors through the years have made it such that the pipe specified for a
fabricated assembly in
a Class 1 location is now heavier than the pipe specified for general use in a
Class 2 location;
consequently, the original concept of using readily available Class 2 location pipe
for the fabrication has
been undermined.
DGAs are intended to be surface water bodies of special concern where a heightened
protection might
be required. By allowing options other than increasing wall thickness recognizes
that many upstream
pipelines operate at very low stress levels (< 30% SMYS).
Notes:
1) For guidance, see CAPP 2015-011.
2) The concept of DGAs is similar in concept to high consequence areas (HCAs) for
hazardous liquid pipelines in
the United States. These HCAs include unusually sensitive areas (USAs) which mean
drinking water or
ecological resource areas that are unusually sensitive to environmental damage from
a hazardous liquid
pipeline release. See 49 CFR 195 – Transportation of Hazardous Liquids by Pipeline
195.450, for definitions,
and 195.6 for USAs. Drinking water USAs do not have adequate alternative drinking
water sources. If these
USAs are impacted, this would have a detrimental effect on human health
AUTOPIPE creates soil springs at every 1m spacing. The soil stiffness (K) per one
meter is determined as follows:
W d
K = s
Where: Ws = Pipe submerged weight (kg/m)
d = Pipe settlement (m)
4.3.3 Key Input
Design pressure, temperature and other operating parameters are defined as input
data. Maximum content density has been used in the analysis for operating
condition.
The rest of the key input is presented below.
Equivalent Density
Since there is no provision in AUTOPIPE to input individual coating thicknesses and
densities, an equivalent insulation thickness and density has been input.
Hydrodynamic Loading
Hydrodynamic loading has been applied using AUTOPIPE’s wave module.
AUTOPIPE computes hydrodynamic loading using Morison’s equations. Stokes 5th
Order wave theory has been used to calculate the flow velocities and the
accelerations.
The UDL has been calculated using Morison’s equations as given below:
FLat = 1/2 * ñ * Cd * D * U *I U I + /4 * ñ * CM * D2 * A
FL = 1/2 * ñ * CL * D * U *I U I
Where, FLat = Lateral force
FL = Lift Force
ñ = Fluid density
CD = Drag coefficient
CL = Lift Coefficient
D = Pipe diameter
U = Particle velocity
CM = Inertia coefficient
A = Particle acceleration
Considering export pipelines and risers, gas pipelines are the most vulnerable to
hydrate
problems. Blockages have occurred in export gaslines when as little as one barrel
of
water was accidentally diverted into the dry gas stream. The resulting hydrate plug
was
removed by depressurizing the line, with the excess gas routed either to a flare or
to an
alternative pipeline. The gas pipeline was then restarted behind a train of pigs
designed
to clear the water out of the line. Considering import flowlines and risers, in
which most
production fluids are very susceptible to hydrate formation, it is much better to
prevent
hydrates than to remediate hydrate plugs after they form. The conventional
techniques
of staying out of the hydrate region are as follows:
• The flowlines and risers are thermally insulated to a sufficient level that the
heat in
the fluids from the subsea wells is retained all the way to the platform, provided
that
a minimum fluid throughput is maintained. This insulation also provides a slow
cooldown when the subsea system is shut down.
• Before any short-term shut-downs, sufficient methanol or glycol is injected into
the
flowlines at the wells to delay hydrate formation.
• Before any long-term shut-downs, the flowlines and risers are depressurized, with
the excess gas routed into the export gas pipeline, and the fluid contents are
displaced by “dead oil” (oil from which all gas has been removed).
• Before restarting the subsea system, the flowlines and risers are heated by
circulating hot “dead oil”. Additional methanol or glycol is injected just prior to
re-introducing
the production fluids into the flowline.
10.Principal Representation
10.0.1 The works under the contract will be delivered with a Technical Advisory
Inspector on site to ensure the works are executed safely, in an environmentally
friendly manner and to an ac-ceptable quality standard.
10.0.2 The availability and need for onsite Principal Representation will be based
on the project size, contract value and project risk and will be outlined in the
Project Specific Specification.
10.0.3 The Contractor must allow the Superintendent or their Representative access
to the drill cab and all drilling records at any time during the project.
Non-welded line-up clamps shall be used for alignment of all pipes and equipment
work. Ground clamps shall be provided and insulated electrode holders and/or leads
shall be employed.
The clamps shall preferably be of the internal type for establishing concentricity
of the pipe bores without scoring or otherwise damaging the metal surfaces.
Application of external clamps is subject to where the use of internal clamps is
impracticable and at tie-in points and shall be approved by PRINCIPAL
Representative. The use of internal line up clamps for all nominal pipe sizes of 12
inches and larger is mandatory.
Clamps actual design shall be subject to the approval of PRINCIPAL Representative.
SUPPLIER shall use clamp types specified by an authorized inspector representing
PRINCIPAL specific for the work being done. Pipes shall have a length of at least 3
m for application with internal clamps.
Flanged valves shall have raised face flanges with dimensions and tolerances in
accordance
with the requirements of ASME B16.5 or MSS SP-44-1996.
Welded ends shall be beveled to accommodate a butt weld connection to pipe in
accordance
with the manufacturing specification. The specifics of the matching pipe are
provided on the
Application Datasheet.
The Vendor shall indicate whether pipe transition pieces would be required to
accommodate the
butt weld to the matching pipe. Valves ends made of cast materials shall have
transition pieces
supplied and installed by the Vendor to accommodate the butt weld to matching pipe.
In some cases, the Company will require transition pieces and will specify this on
the
Application Datasheet. If transition pieces are required, the Company and Vendor
shall agree on
the supply of materials and the design of the end connection.
desirable because a softer and more ductile grain structure is then obtained in the
metal in the area of the weld.
When welding mild steel pipe, the s~ower cooling rate of thethin-walled pipe does
make it possible to deposit the weld at a faster
rate without harmful effects to the welded joint. For this reason,downhill welding
is preferred when welding thin-wall mild steel pipe.
The ductility of the metal in the weld and in the surrounding areacan be further
improved by depositing several beads around the
weld. Each succeeding bead heats the previous bead, which coolsrelatively
slowly.The fabrication of cross-country transmission pipelines and other
low pressure storage vessels are examples where the downhill method of arc welding
(SMAW) is used. Since such fabrications will be ofmaterials less than 3/8 ofan inch
thick, the downhill technique allows
faster welding speeds with less tendency to bum through the root of the joint. In
contrast, thicker materials and many of the alloy steel materials require the
uphill welding method.
Downhill welding requires the use of fast-freezing, lightly coated electrodes such
as 6010, 6011, 6012, 7010, and 7014 that produce
minimum slag. As the electrode is moved down along the joint the molten puddle and
it's slag covering will tend to smother
Where piggy back lines or umbilicals are to be located on the pipelines for
installation as a bundle, then the piggy back lines/umbilicals shall be located
at the top center of the mainline. Piggy back lines shall be strapped to the
mainline by means of monel straps every 4 m all throughout the length of
the line. Suitable spacers/guide supports shall be provided at every 2 m.
Between the strap and the line as well as between the spacer and the line, a
strip of 6 mm thick neoprene shall be provided to avoid any damage to the
corrosion coating. Care shall be exercised to ensure the piggy back
line/umbilical does not foul with the pipeline anodes.
7.8.14 Stub End Pipelines
Incase the Contractor is required to tie-in to any existing stub-line,
Contractor shall deploy divers and shall check the condition of the lay down
heads and disconnect any shackles, slings, etc. Depending on the condition
of the pipeline from pre-construction survey, a survey may be carried out by
a ROV for 500 m length of the stub-ends, measured from the lay-down
heads to identify any obstruction, which may hamper the recovery
operations.
Further revisions were made to the standard in 1975. Additional sizes and
thicknesses
of steel pipe that had been added to API specifications were added to Table 2.
Table 3,
Dimensions and Weights of Welded Wrought Iron Pipe, was deleted in its entirety,
since
wrought iron pipe is no longer produced. These changes in the standard were
approved
and it was designated an American National Standard on June 5 , 1975.
The standard was revised in 1978 to include SI metric dimensions. The outside
diameter
and wall thicknesses were converted to millimeters by multiplying the inch
dimensions by
25.4. Outside diameters larger than 16 in. were rounded to the nearest millimeter,
and
outside diameters 16 in. and smaller were rounded to the nearest 0.1 mm. Wall
thicknesses
were rounded to the nearest 0.01 mm. These converted and rounded SI metric
dimensions
were added to Table 2. A formula to calculate the SI metric plain end mass, in
kilograms
per meter, using SI metric diameters and thicknesses was added to section 5. The SI
metric
plain end mass was calculated and was added to Table 2. These changes in the
standard
were approved and it was designated an American National Standard on July 18, 1979.
Further revisions were made in 1984. The ANSI designations, which are no longer in
use, were deleted from Table 1, and the list of specifications was revised to agree
with
current ASTM and API specifications. Additional sizes and thicknesses which had
been
added to API specifications were added to Table 2. That edition was approved as an
American National Standard on August 19, 1985.
The next edition included additional wall thicknesses and was approved by the
American
National Standards Institute on August 24, 1995.
The 1996 edition contained revisions to Table 2, adding pipe sizes, changing some
plain
end weights and masses, identifying metric pipe by the dimensionless designator DN,
and
eliminating the API Specification column. The 1996 edition was approved as an
American
National Standard on September 23, 1996.
The current edition contains revisions to Table 2 to include the revised density
for steel
incorporated into Section 5 previously. Table 1 was deleted and other editorial
changes to
Sections 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, and 9 were made. This edition was approved as an American
National
Standard on December I , 2000.
7. MANUFACTURING
7.1. Mother Pipe
Mother pipe shall be manufactured as within the requirements as stated in the DEP
31.40.20.37 Ref. [8] and line pipe specifications report. The carbon steel shall be
ISO 3183 Ref [22] PSL 2.
Company shall be notified if there is intent to upgrade or modify the strength of
either the mother pipe or induction bend after the bending process.
7.2. Qualification Test Bend
The test bends shall be manufactured with approved MPS as stated in the DEP
31.40.20.33 Gen. Ref. [6]
7.3. Production Bending
Induction bending shall be carried out in accordance with the qualified MPS.
Interruption of the induction bending operation shall result in rejection of the
bend.
7.4. Post-Bending Heat Treatment
Except acceptable properties can be demonstrated after bending for any L450 X65
line, the
Contractor shall provide a quench and temper heat treatment of the entire joint.
The temperature of each furnace-load of bends shall be monitored by thermocouples
connected directly to selected bends and shall be recorded. The type and location
of the thermocouples shall be as specified in the MPS.
7.5. Strip/Plate End Welds
Induction bends shall not contain coil-strip end welds or plate end welds.
7.6. Forming and Sizing after Bending
This shall be done according to ISO 15590-1 Ref [20] as amended by DEP 31.40.20.33-
Gen. Ref. [6]
7.7. Jointers and Girth Welds
Induction bends ordinarily should not contain girth welds. The DEP 31.40.20.33-Gen
Ref. [6] permits jointers during manufacture of bends on the condition that on
completion of the bend, the joiner shall be removed such that no effect from the
joiner shall remain including the heat affected zone.
7.8. End Preparation
Bends shall be square except otherwise specified by company. The cutting method
shall not affect the properties of the bend when compared to the mother pipe.
The sleeves shall be provided in sheet form which can be wrapped around the pipe
and closed to form
a tube which shall upon the application of heat, shrink around the joint.
The type of field joint coating selected for this project is Polyethylene Heat
Shrinkable Sleeves and the
Polyethylene Heat Shrinkable Sleeves shall be applied over a suitable epoxy primer
coating in
accordance to section 8.1.4.2 of DEP 31.40.30.37.
The external surfaces of joints and bends shall be coated as follows:
The pipeline field joints shall be coated with Polyethylene Shrink Sleeves.
The bends, elbows and other irregular configurations on pipelines shall be coated
with heat
Shrinkable Cross-linked Polyolefin Tape.
The minimum acceptable standard of surface preparation shall be to the following
equivalent
internationally recognized standards.
ISO 8501-1
Sa 2½ Near white SSPC-SP10
On completion, the entire surface shall show the blast cleaning pattern and at
least 95% of the surface
shall be clean, bare steel. The surface may show some shadows, streaks or
discoloration, but these
should be slight and distributed over the surface, and not concentrated in spots or
areas.
3.2. Information to be Supplied by the Contractor
For this project qualification, the CONTRACTOR shall supply technical information
to the
SUPPLIER regarding the project, in particular the installation and operating
conditions. This
information shall contain as a minimum in accordance to DEP 31.40.30.37-Gen Section
6.1Abrasive Blast Cleaning shall be in accordance with DEP 31.40.30.37-Gen, Section
9.2.1 through 9.2.6.
There are situations in which are economically advantageous to transport both
liquid and gas in a single pipeline simultaneosly .This is called Two phase flow
pipeline.
The Contractor shall notify the Company of any conflict between this specification,
the Codes and Standards and any other specification included as part of the Project
documen-tation.
This specification and the guidelines set forth do not relieve the Contractor, its
Sub- Con-tractors and Vendors of the responsibility to provide a finished product
capable of perform-ing its intended service.
Any exception to this specification and referenced documentation shall be raised by
the Contractor and approved by the Company in writing, following the applicable
procedure for concession requests as defined in the Quality Management Procedures
of the Project.
During further stages of the project (detailed design) Contractor is obliged to
verify calcula-tions, the design and dimensions of all equipment using its own
calculations based on pro-cess, design, safety and warranty data given in the
tender documentation. The detailed de-sign must be agreed upon with the Company.
i. The Contractor shall be responsible for the design and construction of all
aspects of the HDD works including any temporary works and temporary supporting
structures. All de-sign assumptions regarding subsurface conditions, equipment
requirements, groundwater and other factors are the responsibility of the
Contractor and shall be fully documented.
ii. Based on the alignment shown in the Principal Drawings, the Contractor shall
design and size the excavated profile to accommodate all temporary and permanent
works.
iii. A design vertical and horizontal profile shall be submitted to the
Superintendent’s
Representative for review prior to commencement of work.
iv. The Contractor shall not proceed with any work until the Contractor’s RPE
certified design has been accepted by the Superintendent’s Representative.
Acceptance of the Contrac-tor’s design by the Superintendent’s Representative in no
way diminishes the responsibility of the Contractor for the design.
v. The HDD crossing shall be designed in accordance with this Specification and
the refer-enced documents by a person suitably qualified and having experience with
the design considerations required for this type of work. The profile design shall
take into account the following:
• Temporary works associated with the HDD construction;
At least one (1) reading per drill rod is required during the drilling of the pilot
hole, registering inclination, heading, length, depth and the orientation of the
bent sub. This information shall be recorded on the steering log and be available
for inspection of the superintendent as and when required.
7.7.2.3 The Contractor shall ensure proper calibration of all equipment before
commencing directional drilling operation and provide proof of calibration
documentation to the Superintendent’s Representative
For steel piping operating above –20F, alloy steel studs ASTM
A193 Grade B7, with ASTM A194 Class 2H semi-finished heavy
hex nuts shall be used except for sulphide stress cracking service
where stud bolts shall be ASTM A193 Grade B7M. For steel piping
operating below –20F, ie: blowdown service, ASTM A320, Gr L7
studs, with ASTM A194, Gr 7 semi-finished hex nuts shall be used,
except for sulfide stress cracking services where stud bolts shall be
ASTM A320, Gr L7M.
For steel piping operating above –20F, alloy steel studs ASTM
A193 Grade B7, with ASTM A194 Class 2H semi-finished heavy
hex nuts shall be used except for sulphide stress cracking service
where stud bolts shall be ASTM A193 Grade B7M. For steel piping
operating below –20F, ie: blowdown service, ASTM A320, Gr L7
studs, with ASTM A194, Gr 7 semi-finished hex nuts shall be used,
except for sulfide stress cracking services where stud bolts shall be
ASTM A320, Gr L7M.
(2) Bolting threads and lengths shall conform to the dimensions listed
in the appropriate national or industry flange standard. Headed
bolts (rather than stud bolts) shall not be used without prior PTT
approval.
(3) All bolts and nuts shall be coated with PTFE, or equivalent
material.
(4) For Austenitic bolting materials shall be in accordance with piping
material classification data sheets.
1.4.6 Proprietary Connectors
Proprietary connectors shall be used as required by project Specifications.
1.5 Design Considerations for Particular Piping Systems
1.5.1 General
This
(2) Bolting threads and lengths shall conform to the dimensions listed
in the appropriate national or industry flange standard. Headed
bolts (rather than stud bolts) shall not be used without prior PTT
approval.
(3) All bolts and nuts shall be coated with PTFE, or equivalent
material.
(4) For Austenitic bolting materials shall be in accordance with piping
material classification data sheets.
1.4.6 Proprietary Connectors
Proprietary connectors shall be used as required by project Specifications.
1.5 Design Considerations for Particular Piping Systems
1.5.1 General
This
The finish required by B16.5 for steel raised-face flanges is also to
be used for non-steel metallic flanges, for steel male and female
flanges, that is 125 to 250 micro inches. For steel tongue and
grove flanges gasket face finish shall be 32-63 micro inches.
(5) For NPS 26” and larger, ASME B16.47 SERIES A flanges shall be
used. Use SERIES B flanges only when needed to mate with
equipment flanges. When attached to pipe with a yield strength
greater than 248.4 MPa (36000 psi), the hub thickness requires
prior PTT approval.
(6) Except for galvanized piping threaded flanges shall not be used
without prior PTT approval and then only in steel NPS 2 and
smaller.
(7) The bore of weld neck flanges to be used in severe cyclic
conditions, ie: reciprocating pumps and compressors, or in services
with high corrosion rates shall have the same ID as the attached
piping. If the ID is not the same, the flange shall be taper bored
conditions may bear on the abandonment decision-making process.
The development and implementation of an abandonment plan consists of at least the
following seven steps:
(1) review prevailing regulatory requirements applicable to the abandonment
project; (2) compile all relevant information on the pipeline system, including
easement agreements; (3) analyze by segment taking into account the factors
addressed in Section 3 of this paper, including present and future land use; (4)
develop the abandonment plan in consultation with stakeholders (such as landowners,
government authorities, and other directly affected parties), incorporating the
information compiled in the above steps; (5) secure regulatory and landowner
approvals as required for the pipeline abandonment and site reclamation; (6)
implement the abandonment plan, the scope of which should include post-abandonment
responsibilities (addressed in Section 4); and (7) secure final regulatory release.
The SDV valve will be provided at the station inlet and outlet. In case of an
emergency event the SDV valves will cut off the gas supply from the suppliers and
to the pipelines.
The compressor station will be designed for locally manned, fully automatic,
permanent operation from Station Control Room with remote monitoring of the station
from the Central Control Room.
9.2 Pig Receiver
Pig Receivers will be provided at all pipelines entering the compressor station.
The pig receiver is described in section 10.8.
9.3 Filter Separator Skid
The filter separators, as described in section 10.1, shall be provided at Obigbo
Compressor Station at each gas supply source.
The filter separator design and operating conditions are: Parameter Value QIT
Source Obigbo Node Source Cawthorne and Alakiri Source Okono/Okpoho
Design Pressure
98.0 barg
98.0 barg
98.0 barg
98.0 barg
Design Temperature
60˚C
60˚C
60˚C
60˚C
Operating Capacity
290 MMscfd
161 MMscfd
145 MMscfd
100 MMscfd
Maximum pressure drop clean
0.5 bar
0.5 bar
0.5 bar
0.5 bar
Maximum pressure drop dirty
1.0 bar
1.0 bar
1.0 bar
1.0 bar
Table 46 Filter Separators Design Conditions-Obigbo CS
Trans Nigeria Gas Pipeline Project (Early Gas Phase + Phase1) G791-ILF-XXGE-GE-REP-
0002 Rev. 3
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9.4 Inlet Gas Metering and Control Package
The Gas Metering and Control Package, as described in section 10.4, shall be
designed to provide technical metering of gas transferred between the gas suppliers
and Obigbo Compressor Station, to equalize the gas arrival pressure supplied from
different sources and to maintain constant gas supply to the CS suction header.
The gas metering and control skid design conditions are: Parameter Value QIT Source
Obigbo Node Source Cawthorne and Alakiri Source Okono/Okpoho
Design Pressure
98 barg
98 barg
98 barg
98 barg
Design Temperature
60˚C
60˚C
60˚C
60˚C
Minimum outlet pressure
52 barg
52 barg
52 barg
52 barg
Operating Capacity
290 MMscfd
170 MMscfd
145 MMscfd
100 MMscfd
Table 47 Inlet Gas Metering and Control Skid Design Conditions-Obigbo CS
9.5 Turbo Compressors
For compression of gas, centrifugal compressors compliant to API 617 shall be
installed. The compressor shall preferably be driven by a gas turbine compliant
with API 616.
Gas flow from the station inlet towards the exit shall be ensured by an optimized
numbers of compressor units as resulting from the hydraulic simulations. TUCO units
selection shall be based on the “worst case” principle. The available gas turbine
power shall match the required total compressor shaft power under the most severe
ambient conditions (temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure). The configuration
of the TUCO units for compressor station shall be the result of a study considering
the operational requirements and the availability of the overall system.
The TUCO units will be housed inside a common shed.
A unit control system (UCS) shall control each TUCO unit. Overall operation and
control of the complete CS will be provided by a station control system (SCS). The
SCS shall have a separate functionality for load sharing and station recycle for
overall control of all TUCO units within each station.
Trans Nigeria Gas Pipeline Project (Early Gas Phase + Phase1) G791-ILF-XXGE-GE-REP-
0002 Rev. 3
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TUCO unit shall be delivered as a package. The TUCO unit package
A station recycle valve will be located between the discharge and suction header in
order to provide the following functions:
Establish the required compressor minimum flow in case of major sudden demand
reductions in the system (e.g. shut-down of any of gas off-takes);
allow for TUCO units load sharing in case of gas demand increase and reduction;
protect TUCO units against surge conditions as the first-stage protection;
Discharge gas from the TUCO Packages will flow to the air-coolers. The discharge
gas temperature downstream of the coolers will be controlled via variable speed
motors. Then the gas will be sent via the discharge header to the Outlet Gas
Metering Packages and the outlet control valves. Finally it will be routed to Ob/Ob
and/or Umuahia.
The outlet flow control valves will provide the following functions:
flow control and flow distribution in case of simultaneous gas supply in the
direction of Ob/Ob and Ajaokuta via Umuahia;
flow control in case of the Compressor Station by-pass operation;
pigging operation (gas flow control);
controlled pressurization of the outlet pipelines;
The outlet gas metering packages will provide technical metering of gas transferred
between the compressor station and TNGP pipelines and will transmit the TNGP system
boundary conditions data (actual pressure and flow) to the SCADA and Pipeline Leak
Detection