1

NUTRITION AND DIET PAPERS

“Vitamin and Mineral”

LECTURER

Oktoruddin H, M.Kes

arranged by

group 3

Anwar Fauzi Nugraha ( E.0105.18.005 )

Aulia Syohifa ( E.0105.18.006 )

Neng Nova Alia Budiyanti ( E.0105.18.016 )

Nisa Ismi Anjaliniah ( E.0105.18.027 )

Tita Lela Rosalina ( E.0105.18.037 )

DIPLOMA III OF NURSING

INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCE BUDI LUHUR CIMAHI

2018 / 2019
 PREFACE

Praise be to God Almighty for the blessings of his grace, and that we were given the
opportunity to be able to compile a working paper entitled "Vitamin and Mineral" is properly and
correctly, and on time.
This paper is structured so that readers can know how important vitamin and mineral
for our body.This paper was compiled with help from various parties. Both parties come from
outside as well as from parties concerned itself. And because the aid and help of God Almighty,
these papers can be finally resolved.
This is a paper about "Vitamin and Mineral" and deliberately chosen because in this
day and age the use of vitamin and mineral need to have the support of all those who care for
healty life.
The compilers also thanked to Mr. Okto as the teachers/tutors in nutrition and diet
subject.
Hopefully this paper can give a broader insight to the reader. Although this paper has
advantages and disadvantages. Thank yo

Cimahi, 12 Maret 2019

Author

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ii
TITLE SHEET..................................................................................................................................i

PREFACE........................................................................................................................................ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS...............................................................................................................iii

CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY.........................................................................................................1

A. Introduction.............................................................................................................................1

B. Problem Formulation...............................................................................................................1

C. Purpose of the Paper...............................................................................................................1

D. Significance of Analysis..........................................................................................................2

CHAPTER II THEORY AND DISCUSION...................................................................................3

A. Vitamin....................................................................................................................................3

B. Types and Sources of Vitamins...............................................................................................3

1. Vitamins that are Soluble in Water.......................................................................................4

2. Insoluble Vitamins in Water (Soluble in Fat).......................................................................6

C. Impacts caused by Vitamin Strengths and Deficiencies..........................................................7

A. Water soluble vitamins........................................................................................................7

B. Fat-soluble vitamins.............................................................................................................9

D. Functions of Vitamins in General..........................................................................................11

E. Mineral...................................................................................................................................12

F. Types and Mineral Resources................................................................................................12

G. Impacts arising from Mineral Strengths and Disadvantages.................................................17

CHAPTER III CLOSING..............................................................................................................18

A. Conclusion.............................................................................................................................18

B. Suggest..................................................................................................................................19

BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................................................20
iii
iv
 CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

A. Introduction

Vitamins, Minerals and Water are part of the components needed by the human body.
However, at this time many people ignore these components. Vitamins and minerals are
components that cannot be made entirely by the human body, even minerals cannot be made by
the body so that minerals can only be obtained by the body through the food we consume. So
that awareness of the importance of vitamins and minerals is very important to be developed in
the lives of Indonesian people.
In the combustion process, organic materials burn but inorganic substances do not,
because that is called ash. There are fourteen mineral elements of different types needed by
humans to have good health and growth. What is certain is sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), calcium
(Ca), phosphorus (F), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S). These elements are present in the body in
sufficiently large quantities and hence are called macro mineral elements. While other mineral
elements such as iron, iodine, manganese, copper, zinc, cobalt, and flour are only found in the
body in small amounts, because it is called micro minerals.
Vitamins and minerals make the human body work well. Even though the body gets
vitamins and minerals from food eaten every day, some foods have more vitamins and minerals
than others. Vitamins are divided into two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble. Fat-soluble
vitamins: A, D, E, and K. Soluble in fat and can be stored in your body. Water-soluble vitamins
like vitamin B6, B12, niacin, riboflavin, and folate, need to dissolve in water before the body can
absorb it. Therefore, your body cannot store this vitamin. Every vitamin C or B that the body
does not use when passing through your system is lost mostly when urinating. So the body needs
a fresh supply of this vitamin every day.

B. Problem Formulation

1. What is the meaning of vitamins?

2. What are the types and sources of vitamins?
3. What are the effects of excess and lack of vitamins?
4. What is the meaning of minerals?
5. What are the types and sources of minerals?
6. What are the impacts of mineral overload and shortages?

C. Purpose of the Paper

1. To find out the meaning of vitamins.

2. To find out the types and sources of vitamins.
3. To find out the effects that arise due to excess and lack of vitamins.
4. To find out the meaning of minerals.

1
 5. To find out the types and sources of minerals.
6. To find out the effects that arise due to mineral excess and lack.

D. Significance of Analysis

1. Benefits for the author, this study provides knowledge about the types and functions
of vitamins and minerals.

2. The benefit of the reader, this study can be used as a study material or additional
reference for the world of health science.

CHAPTER II
2
 THEORY AND DISCUSION

A.Vitamin

Vitamins are a collection of small amine organic compounds that have a vital function
in every metabolism, which the body cannot produce. Vita which means "life" and amine
(amine) which refers to an organic group that has a nitrogen atom (N), because vitamins are
initially considered as such. Later it contains a lot of vitamins that have absolutely no N atoms.
In terms of enzymology, vitamins are cofactors in chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes.
Basically, this vitamin is used for normal growth and development. Vitamins are organic
molecules that are needed by the body for normal growth and growth. Vitamins cannot be made
by the human body in a very adequate amount, therefore they must be obtained from food
ingredients consumed.
There are 13 types of vitamins needed by the body to grow and develop properly. These
vitamins include vitamins A, C, D, E, K, and B (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid,
biotin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folate). [Although it has a very important role, the body can
only producing vitamin D and vitamin K in the form of inactive provitamins. Therefore, the body
needs vitamin intake from the food we consume. Fruits and vegetables are known to have high
vitamin content and this is very good for the body. Intake of other vitamins can be obtained
through food supplements.
Vitamins have a specific role in the body and can also provide health benefits. If this
level is insufficient, the body can experience an illness. The body only needs vitamins in small
amounts, but if these needs are ignored, the metabolism in our body will be disrupted because its
function cannot be replaced by other compounds. This health disorder is known as avitaminosis.
In addition, vitamin intake should not be excessive because it can cause metabolic disorders in
the body.

B. Types and Sources of Vitamins

Marginally, vitamins can be grouped into 2 major groups, namely water-soluble

vitamins and fat-soluble vitamins. There are only 2 vitamins that are soluble in water, namely B
and C, while the other vitamins are vitamins A, D, E, K are fat soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins will
be stored in the adipose tissue (fat) and in the liver. These vitamins will then be released and
circulated throughout the body when needed. Some types of vitamins can only be stored for a
few days in the body, while other types of vitamins can last up to 6 months in the body.
In contrast to fat-soluble vitamins, the types of vitamins that dissolve in water can only
be stored in small amounts and usually will soon disappear with the flow of food. When a food is
digested by the body, the released vitamin will enter the bloodstream and circulate to all parts of
the body. If not needed, this vitamin will be immediately discharged with the urine. Because of
this, the body needs continuous water soluble vitamin intake.
1. Vitamins that are Soluble in Water

3
a. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) provides many benefits for the health of our body.
In the body, vitamin C also acts as a collagen-forming compound which is an important
protein making up skin, joints, bones, and other supporting tissues. Vitamin C is a natural
antioxidant compound that can counteract various free radicals from pollution around our
environment. Related to its nature which can ward off free radicals, vitamin C can help
reduce the rate of mutations in the body so that the risk of various degenerative diseases,
such as cancer, can be reduced. In addition, vitamin C plays a role in maintaining the
shape and structure of various tissues in the body, such as muscles. This vitamin also
plays a role in wound closure during bleeding and provides more protection from
infection with pathogenic microorganisms. Through this mechanism vitamin C plays a
role in maintaining body fitness and helps prevent various types of diseases. Sources of
vitamin C citrus fruits, tomatoes, strawberries, kale, potatoes, green chili, green lettuce,
guava.

b.Vitamin B complex

In general, the class of vitamin B plays an important role in metabolism in the

body, especially in terms of releasing energy when on the move. This is related to its role
in the body, namely as a coenzyme compound that can increase the body's metabolic
reaction rate to various types of energy sources. Some types of vitamins belonging to the
group of B vitamins also play a role in the formation of red blood cells (erythrocytes).
The main source of vitamin B comes from milk, wheat, fish, and green vegetables.

 Vitamin B1

Vitamin B1, also known as thiamine, is one type of vitamin that has an
important role in maintaining healthy skin and helps convert carbohydrates into energy
needed by the body for daily routines. In addition, vitamin B1 also helps the process of
metabolizing proteins and fats. Sources of vitamin B1 come from the heart, liver,
kidneys, rice, yeast, wheat, soybeans, milk, peanuts and nuts.

 Vitamin B2

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) plays an important role in metabolism in the human

body. In the body, vitamin B2 acts as one of the components of coenzymflavin
mononucleotides (flavin mononucleotide, FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide
(adenine dinucleotide, FAD). Both of these enzymes play an important role in
regenerating energy for the body through the process of respiration. This vitamin also
plays a role in the formation of steroid molecules, red blood cells, and glycogen, and
supports the growth of various body organs, such as skin, hair, and nails. Sources of
vitamin B2 are found in fresh vegetables, soybeans, egg yolks, and milk.

 Vitamin B3
4
 Vitamin B3 is also known as niacin. This vitamin plays an important role in
carbohydrate metabolism to produce energy, fat metabolism, and protein. In the body,
vitamin B3 has a major role in maintaining blood sugar levels, high blood pressure,
healing migraines, and vertigo. Various types of toxic compounds can be neutralized
with the help of this vitamin. Vitamin B3 is one of the many vitamins found in animal
foods, such as yeast, liver, kidney, poultry, and fish. However, there are several other
food sources that also contain this vitamin in high levels, including wheat and sweet
potatoes.

 Vitamin B5

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) is involved in many enzymatic reactions in the

body. This causes vitamin B5 to play a major role in various types of metabolism, such
as in the reaction of food nutrition solutions, especially fat. Another role of this vitamin
is to maintain good communication between the central nervous system and the brain
and produce fatty acid compounds, sterols, neurotransmitters, and body hormones.
Vitamin B5 can be found in various types of animal food variations, ranging from meat,
milk, kidneys, and liver to plant foods, such as green vegetables and green beans.

 Vitamin B6

Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, is a vitamin that is essential for body
growth. This vitamin acts as one of the compounds of coenzyme A which is used by the
body to produce energy through the synthesis of fatty acids, such as spingolipids and
phospholipids. In addition, this vitamin also plays a role in metabolizing nutrients and
producing antibodies as the body's defense mechanism against antigens or foreign
compounds that are harmful to the body. This vitamin is one type of vitamin that is
easily available because this vitamin is widely found in rice, corn, beans, meat and fish

 Vitamin B11

It is found in vegetables, liver, yeast, meat, fish, and nuts, only a little in
fruits. In the liver it is converted to tetrahidrofolate, a coenzyme in the nucleus of the
core acid and cell division. Important for erythrocyte formation. Its definition causes
megaloblaster anemia.

 Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 or cyanocobalamin is a type of vitamin that is only specifically

produced by animals and is not found in plants. Therefore, vegetarians often experience
health problems due to lack of this vitamin. This vitamin plays a lot in energy
metabolism in the body. Vitamin B12 is also included in one type of vitamin that plays
5
 a role in maintaining nerve cell health, formation of DNA and RNA molecules,
formation of blood platelets. Eggs, liver, and meat are good food sources to meet
vitamin B12 needs.

2. Insoluble Vitamins in Water (Soluble in Fat)

a. Vitamin A

Vitamin A, also known as retinol, is a vitamin that plays a role in the

formation of a good sense of vision, especially at night, and as one of the components of
the eye pigment in the retina. In addition, this vitamin also plays an important role in
maintaining healthy skin and body immunity. This vitamin is easily damaged by exposure
to heat, sunlight, and air. Food sources that contain lots of vitamin A, including milk, fish,
vegetables (especially green and yellow), and also fruits (especially red and yellow, such
as red chili, carrots, bananas, and papaya) .

b. Vitamin D

Vitamin D is also one of the types of vitamins found in many animal foods,
including fish, eggs, milk, and processed products, such as cheese. The body parts most
affected by this vitamin are bone. Vitamin D can help calcium metabolism and bone
mineralization. Skin cells will immediately produce vitamin D when exposed to sunlight
(ultraviolet light).

c. Vitamin E

Vitamin E plays a role in maintaining the health of various tissues in the body,
ranging from skin tissue, eyes, red blood cells to the liver. In addition, this vitamin can
also protect the human lungs from air pollution. This health value is related to the work of
vitamin E in in the body as a natural antioxidant compound. Vitamin E is found in fish,
chicken, egg yolks, yeast, and plant oils.

d. Vitamin K

Vitamin K plays a large role in the formation of a good circulatory system and
closure of wounds. In addition, vitamin K also acts as a cofactor of enzymes to catalyze
the carboxylation reaction of amino acids glutamic acid. Therefore, we need to consume
lots of milk, egg yolks, and fresh vegetables which are good sources of vitamin K for
6
 meeting the needs in the body. Red blood cells, formed perfectly by the contribution of
vitamins B, C, and E, and para-aminobenzoic acid.

Vitamin K includes:

1. Vitamin K1, called fitomenadion, is found in green vegetables and vegetable

oils.
2. Vitamin K2, produced by the intestinal flora. For absorption from the intestine
requires bile acids.
3. Vitamin K3 (menadion) and vitamin K4 (menadiol, are synthetic substances.
In the liver, vitamin K stimulates the formation of prothrombin. Deficiency of
this disease causes hypoprotrombinemia, which results in difficult blood clots.

C. Impacts caused by Vitamin Strengths and Deficiencies

A. Water soluble vitamins

Types of Vitamins Deficiency Advantages

Vitamin C deficiency excess vitamin C

can cause bleeding, triggers the formation
tooth loss, gum of kidney stones, it is
based on the high
wounds, wounds
content of uric acid in
difficult to heal, easily the urine of people
Vitamin C broken bones. who consume vitamin
Excessive C more than 400 mg /
accumulation of day. Excess vitamin C
vitamin C in the body also results in
can cause kidney increased absorption of
various minerals,
stones, digestive tract
including minerals that
disorders, and damage are toxic to the body
to red blood cells. such as mercury.

7
 Fluid accumulation in Vitamin B complex,
tissues so susceptible excess vitamin B is
to beriberi, decreases also released through
the body's resistance to urine and can interfere
easily be threatened by with kidney function.
various infectious Improve the work of
diseases, inhibits the organs and metabolic
process of glycolysis, systems of the body
transmits impulses to involved in the process
Vitamin B1 the weakened nervous of energy production
system, decreases and tend to increase
appetite, disrupts heart blood glucose and free
muscle contractions, radicals. Excess
symptoms of anorexia, vitamin B1 can cause
obstipation, muscle increased use of
spasms , tingling muscle glycogen, hot
and itchy skin,
impaired heart rate,
kidney disorders and
diabetes.

Sensitivity to light Keilosis, dermatitis,

decreases, the corners seborrhea in the face,
Vitamin B2 of the lips crack, skin magenta tongue,
disorders around the functional disorders
nose and lips appear. and organ in the eye.

Pellagra's disease Increased use of

(with symptoms of muscle glycogen, hot
dermatitis, diarrhea, and itchy skin, heart
Vitamin B3 dementia), easily dneyut disorders,
damaged skin, the kidney disorders and
tongue becomes diabetes.
slippery, easily
attacked by diarrhea,
becomes tempramental
(irritable), or often
confused.

8
 Chapped and scaly
Vitamin B5 skin, muscle cramps
and difficulty sleeping.

Large amounts of Disrupting the nervous

Vitamin B6 vitamin deficiency can system, such as at the
cause crackers, muscle tips of fingers and toes
cramps, and insomnia,
digestive disorders.

Causes anemia, easily

fatigue and lethargy,
and skin irritation. Can
interfere with the
Vitamin B12 nervous system,
reduce memory, lose
balance, decrease
reflexes, numbness,
cause hearing loss,
loss of appetite,
diarrhea, resulting in
damage to the system,
causing disruption of
nerve cell formation.

Vitamin B11 Causes megaloblaster

anemia

B. Fat-soluble vitamins

Types of Vitamins Deficiency Advantages

Vitamin A deficiency Cause yellow urine,

causes night blindness, face and palm skin
Vitamin A stunted growth, look yellow. Reducing
disturbed skin the efficiency of
vitamin E use.

9
 Symptoms of
poisoning occur when
consuming vitamin A
is excessive. The
negative effects of
vitamin A poisoning
include fatigue,
decreased appetite,
headache, vomiting,
hair loss, dry skin,
bone pain and
enlargement of the
liver.

Vitamin D deficiency Excess vitamin D has a

causes rickets in negative effect on
children. When health and causes
vitamin D levels are poisoning, especially
low, the body will for children. Excess
experience abnormal vitamin D causes
foot growth, where the increased blood and
Vitamin B legs will form the urine calcium levels.
letters O and X. In Hardening of the
addition, the teeth will muscles, and the
be easily damaged and kidneys in turn can
the muscles will cause kidney and
experience spasms. hyper-interference.
Another disease is
osteomalacia, which is Excess vitamin D can
excessive loss of cause the body to
calcium and experience diarrhea,
phosphorus in the weight loss, vomiting,
bone. This disease is and excessive
usually found in dehydration
adolescents, while in
the elderly, the disease
that can be caused is
osteoporosis, which is
bone fragility due to
reduced bone density.

10
 Vitamin E deficiency Excess vitamin E can
Vitamin E causes anemia. interfere with vitamins
D and K, reducing the
Vitamin E deficiency work of the thyroid
can cause health gland. In the long
problems that are fatal term, consumption of
to the body, including mega doses of vitamin
infertility for both men E and A synthesis
and women. In supplements is
addition, the nerves strongly suspected to
and muscles will reduce body immunity
experience prolonged and trigger the growth
interference. of tumor cells.

Vitamin K deficiency In pregnant women

causes hyprombinemia who consume vitamin
with the result of long K supplements
Vitamin K freezing. Bleeding that excessive synthesis
cannot be overcome in tends to give birth to
a newborn baby. babies who have liver
problems

D. Functions of Vitamins in General

1. Regulates substances in the body

2. Serves to strengthen teeth and bones

3. Accelerate growth

4. Strengthen the body's resistance to disease

5. Speed up the process of healing diseases

6. Maintain and improve body fitness

7. Slow down in the aging process

8. Build an immune system or immune system

11
9. Keep your body fresh and relieve tiredness

10. As a catalyst in the body's biochemical reactions

E. Mineral

Minerals are important nutrients for health care and prevention of diseases. Minerals and
vitamins act interactively. You need vitamins so that minerals can work and vice versa. Without
some minerals / vitamins, some vitamins / minerals do not function properly. The biggest
difference between vitamins and minerals is that minerals are inorganic compounds, while
organic vitamins.

Minerals can be classified according to the amount your body needs. The main mineral
(major) is the mineral we need more than 100 mg a day, while the minor minerals (trace
elements) are what we need less than 100 mg a day. Calcium, copper, phosphorus, potassium,
sodium and chloride are examples of major minerals, while chromium, magnesium, iodine, iron,
flor, manganese, selenium and zinc are examples of minor minerals. Distinction of these types of
minerals is solely based on the amount needed, not interest. Minor minerals are no less important
than the main minerals. Lack of minor minerals will cause serious health problems.

Mineral is an essential element for the normal function of some enzymes and is very
important in controlling the composition of 65% body fluids is water in body weight. The
inorganic components of the human body are mainly Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium,
Iron, Phosphorus, Chloride and Sulfur. Some of these elements are bone minerals and ions can be
as body fluids.

These minerals are parts of food mustahak. Other elements contained in very small
quantities are called trace elements (trace elements) which are also components of food that must
be eaten. These include copper, moblibzenum, cobalt, manganese, zinc, chromium, selenium,
iodine and fluorine.

F. Types and Mineral Resources

A. Based on the type, the classification of minerals is distinguished

a. Organic MInerals
Is a mineral that is needed and useful for our body, which we can get through the
food we can consume every day such as rice, chicken, fish, eggs, vegetables and fruits, or
additional vitamins.

b. Inorganic Minerals
12
 Is a mineral that is not needed and not useful for our body. For example Black
Lead (Pb), Iron Oxide (Oxidized Iron), Mercuri, Arsenic, Magnesium, Aluminium or
chemicals resulting from soil infiltration.

B. Based on the shape, the classification of minerals can be divided into 2, namely:

1. Macromineral

a. Calcium

The human body contains around 22 grams of calcium per kg of body

weight without fat. Approximately 99% of calcium is present in bones and teeth.
The composition is not yet clearly known, but is estimated to resemble a
hydroxyapatite Ca10 (PO4) 6 (OH) 2.
Many mineral sources rich in calcium are found in milk, cheese, yogurth,
ice cream, broccoli, nuts and fruits, and dark green vegetables.

b. Phosphor

Phosphorus is a mineral element whose amount is exceeded by calcium.

Phosphorus is also a constituent of nucleic acids and cell membranes, as well as
an essential factor in all energy formation reactions in cells and also as
crystalline components of the skeleton. Phosphorus in the body of an adult is
approximately 700 g. this amount is far compared to the amount of calcium
which is around 1200 grams. phosphorus in the human body contains about 12
grams per kilogram of tissue without fat.
Phosphorus also functions as the formation of bones and teeth, for the
formation of essential cell components, plays a role in the release of energy from
charcoal hydrates and fats, helps absorb hydrate from the small intestine, helps
maintain acid / alkaline balance in body fluids and leads to heat and energy
expenditure. Phosphorus is found in food ingredients such as milk (either breast
milk or artificial milk), solid milk, cheese, cereals, fish, eggs and various breads.

c. Magnesium

Magnesium is a mineral that has about 0.5 gram per gram of fat-free
tissue. And about 60% are in bone tissue. Magnesium helps regulate potassium
and sodium levels in the body, which are involved in controlling blood pressure.
Magnesium functions as an activator of peptidase enzymes and other enzymes

13
 that break down clusters, as mouthwashes, increase osmotic pressure, and help
reduce muscle vibration.
Many sources of magnesium are found in milk, green leafy vegetables,
avocados, bananas, chocolate, winglets, soy products such as tempeh or tofu,
seeds and nuts.

d. Sodium

Sodium is the main cation of extracellular fluid, controlling the osmolarity

and volume of body fluids is highly dependent on sodium ions and other ratios of
sodium to ions. The human body contains 1.8 grams of fat-free sodium per
kilogram. While the sodium content in plasma is around 300-355 mg / 100 ml.
The function of sodium is in blood plasma and fluid plays a role in enveloping
tissue, plays a role in producing osmotic pressure which regulates the exchange
of fluid between cells and fluid around it, determines the volume in extra cellular
fluid and amines, and to maintain body balance.
Sources of sodium come from foods such as cheese, ham, salted fish,
shrimp, vegetables, spinach, celery, cereals, fruits, milk, eggs and meat.

e. Sulfur

This type of mineral is found in protein molecules, and occurs in food as

part of protein, namely from poultry, fish, eggs, milk, and nuts.

f. Potassium

Potassium is needed to maintain fluid balance, nerve transmission

connections, and muscle contraction, to maintain osmotic pressure and activate
enzyme reactions. Sources of potassium are found in meat, shellfish, liver, milk
fish, fresh fruits, vegetables, bran seeds, yeast, chocolate, coffee, and nuts.

g. Chloride

The functions of chlorine include activator amylase and gastric HCl

formation, activating amylase enzymes in the mouth to break down starch, and
help maintain osmotic pressure. Sources of chloride include salt, cheese, fish,
shrimp, spinach and celery.

2. Microminerals

a. Iron

14
 The amount of all iron in an adult's body is around 3.5 g, of which 70
percent is in hemoglobin, 25 percent is iron storage which consists of
homossiderin edible ferritin in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Iron storage
serves as a reserve for producing homoglobin and other iron bonds that have
physiological functions, besides that it plays a role in lactation for the secretion
of milk, replacing iron loss through the body's blood, compensating for a
constant amount of iron released by the body, and formation of Hb new to
children and adolescents. The need for iron for different sexes and age groups is
as follows: For adult men 10 mg / day, women who experience menstruation 12
mg / day, children aged 7-10 years 2.3-3.8 mg / day, adults 10-15 mg / day.
Iron sources include: eggs, meat, fish, flour, wheat, green vegetable bread,
liver, spinach, beans, potatoes, corn and muscle.

b. Iodine

The function of iodine is as an essential component of thyroxine and

thyroid gland, increasing the rate of oxidation in the cells of the body so that it
can increase the metabolic rate of reabe. The sources of iodine include:
vegetables, sea fish, and a number of seaweed.

c. Fluoride

Fluoride plays a role in the formation of bones and teeth, and helps
prevent tooth decay. Sources of fluoride are found in seafood, fish, livestock
products, plants and most types of tea.

d. Copper

Copper is part of many enzymes needed for iron metabolism. The function
of copper is to play a role in the activity of respiratory enzymes as a cofactor for
the enzyme tironase and cytochromokdiase. The main sources of copper are milk
and cereals, nuts, seeds, straw.

e. Zinc

Zinc or zinc is part of many enzymes, and is needed to make protein and
genetic material. Zinc has a function in taste perception, increases enzyme
activity, wound healing, normal fetal development, normal growth and
maturation, and health of the immune system. Sources of zinc are found in meat,
poultry, eggs, fish, milk, cheese, liver, wheat, yeast, lettuce, bread and nuts.

f. Cobalt

15
 Cobalt is a coostifuen of vitamin B12 which is needed for the normal
development of red blood cells. Cobalt has a function for the balance of the
ruminant body. The main sources are vitamin B12, B1, and green leafy
vegetables.

g. Iodine

Iodine is found in thyroid hormones which is useful to help regulate the

growth, development and metabolism of the body. Iodine sources are found in
seafood, foods that grow on soils containing lots of iodine, iodized salt, bread
and dairy products.

h. Selenium

Selenium is an antioxidant. The body needs selenium in small amounts but

regularly for the health of the liver (liver). Selenium is found in the soil, so the
amount found in vegetables and fruit depends on the place of planting and the
farming method used. Plants that are cultivated on land that is too often treated
will have low selenium. Selenium sources are found in meat, seafood such as
fish, beans, dairy products, eggs, chicken, garlic, shallots and green vegetables.

i. Chrome

Chromium works with insulin to regulate blood sugar levels (glucose).

Many sources of chromium are found in unrefined foods, especially liver, yeast,
grains, nuts, and cheese.

G. Impacts arising from Mineral Strengths and Disadvantages

1. Iron that is not sufficient for the formation of blood cells, will cause anemia, reduce the
immune system of the individual, so it is very sensitive to the attack of germs.

2. The result of sodium depletion is closely related to the status of water balance. If you
lose water, you will see symptoms of extracellular fluid depletion: high blood volume,
high hematocrit, low blood pressure and muscle cramps.

3. Calcium deficiency raises during the growth period causing disruption of bone growth
is less strong, easily bent and brittle, due to excess calcium can cause kidney or kidney
stone disorders, impaired mineral absorption.

4. Phosphorus deficiency results in bone damage with symptoms of fatigue, lack of

appetite and bone damage. When blood phosphorus levels are too high, phosphate ions
will bind calcium so that it can cause seizures.

16
 5. Excess sulfur can occur if excessive consumption of amino acids will inhibit growth.

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A. Conclusion

The conclusions in this paper are as follows:

 Vitamins are an organic molecule that is needed by the body for normal metabolic
and growth processes. Vitamin-itamin cannot be made by the human body in
sufficient quantities, therefore it must be obtained from the food ingredients
consumed.

 Vitamins are divided into 2 groups of vitamins, which are water-soluble vitamins
and water-insoluble vitamins (but can be fat-soluble. Which include water-soluble
vitamins namely vitamin C, vitamin B complex (vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7,

17
 B9, B11 and B12) and those included in water-insoluble vitamins are vitamin A,
vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K.

 Impacts arising from excess and lack of vitamins in accordance with the types of
vitamins as follows
 Vitamin A: weak vision at night, night blindness.
 Vitamin B: Anxiety, sleep disorders.
 Vitamin C: Pain and gout.
 Vitamin D: Rickets, in childhood (bone defects, especially the spine, legs
and skull; bones are easily broken; swollen joints; and muscle weakness).
 Vitamin E: Aging skin before time.
 Vitamin K: May cause jaundis in infants.

 Minerals are important nutrients for health care and prevention of disease.
Minerals and vitamins act interactively.

 Types of minerals, namely:

o Macromineral (consisting of: calcium, Al, Mg, P, sodium (Na), and sulfur).
o Microminerals (consisting of: Fe, I2, Flour, Mn, Zinc, cuprum, cobalalt and
chromium).

 Impacts arising from the excess and lack of minerals as follows: Calcium (growth
causes disruption of bone growth is less strong), Sodium (vomiting, diarrhea and
sweating), phosphorus (will inhibit growth), etc.

B. Suggest

Suggestions that I can convey are that the reader should understand the material
written by the author and can compare with the material related to this material.

18
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anonymous. 1993. Metabolisme Zat Gizi 1. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan.

Budiyanto, Agus Krisno. 2001. Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Gizi. Malang: Penerbit Universitas
Muhammadiyah Malang.

Http://majalahkesehatan.com/jenis-jenis-mineral-yang-wajib-anda-ketahui/html diakses 12 Maret

2019

Http://sudartiblog.blogspot.com/p/penyakit-akibat-kekurangan-dan.html diakses 12 Maret 2019

Http://www.carakhasiatmanfaat.com/artikel/jenis-mineral-dalam-makanan.html diakses 12 Maret

2019

Winarno, F, G. 1992. Kimia Pangan dan Gizi. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

19
20