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Ect154 PDF
Ect154 PDF
LV circuit-breaker
breaking techniques
R. Morel
"Cahiers Techniques" is a collection of documents intended for engineers
and technicians, people in the industry who are looking for more in-depth
information in order to complement that given in product catalogues.
Foreword
The author disclaims all responsibility subsequent to incorrect use of
information or diagrams reproduced in this document, and cannot be held
responsible for any errors or oversights, or for the consequences of using
information and diagrams contained in this document.
Robert Morel
Contents
1 Introduction 1.1 Definition of currents to break p. 4
2 The electric arc 2.1 Its formation conditions p. 6
2.2 Its physical properties p. 6
2.3 Its electrical properties p. 6
2.4 Its extinguishing conditions p. 7
3 Using the arc to break the current p. 9
4 Breaking steady-state currents 4.1 In DC supply p. 10
4.2 In AC single-phase supply p. 11
4.3 In AC three-phase supply p. 12
5 Breaking prospective currents 5.1 Definitions p. 13
(with limitation)
5.2 Breaking with limitation p. 16
5.3 Under DC voltage p. 16
5.4 Under single-phase AC voltage p. 16
5.5 Under three-phase AC voltage p. 17
5.6 The breaking parameters p. 17
5.7 Fuse breaking technique p. 18
6 The low voltage circuit-breaker 6.1 Its functions p. 19
6.2 Its technologies p. 20
6.3 Its performances p. 24
7 Conclusion p. 27
Bibliography p. 27
The energy sources for electrical installations are upper limit of their relative voltage drop under
AC generators and transformers. All these rated current, In.
generators, however perfect, have an internal For example, an Icc of In/5 % = 20 In is obtained
impedance which has two major effects (see for a short-circuit voltage of 5%, i.e. a current of
fig. 1 ). 29 kA for a 1000 kVA/400 V transformer. It is not
c in normal operating conditions, this impedance hard to imagine the damage such a current could
causes voltage to drop from no-load condition to cause in an installation (temperature rises and
bring it to Un when the generator delivers In; electrodynamic forces are proportional to the
c when a short-circuit occurs, this impedance current square!).
limits the current to a value, given in multiples of Thus, even if all precautions are taken to make
In. such an occurrence unlikely, protective devices
To take the example of transformers, their short- are still needed to break the short-circuit
circuit voltage Ucc (as a %) corresponds to the currents.
U = U0 - Zi I n
U0
∆ Un = Zi I n
Un
In Icc I
operational overload
current current short-circuit current
Fig. 1: incidence of internal impedance Zi of energy sources on voltage delivered and their maximum short-circuit
currents.
The electric arc is no invention, but appeared to Breaking thus seems somewhat compromised....
the first physicist who tried to break a circuit unless a better understanding of this
through which a current flowed. phenomenon were to reveal remarkable and
Circuits, always inductive, supply electrons with even irreplaceable properties.
sufficient energy to cross the distance in the Luckily this is the case !
conductor separation zone.
The gas present, normally air, is ionised by
these "pioneer" electrons and the resulting
plasma will then facilitate current flow.
Anode Anode
Anode
←
e ion - UAC
←
e N
←
ion + e
Cathode UL
ion +
←
e
←
e
Cathode
Ua = UAC+UL Cathode
Fig. 3: the electric arc, its physical phenomenon (a) and its characteristic or arcing voltage Ua (b).
sections and the arc column cross-section are c if the arc is placed in a magnetic field, it is
proportional to the current, hence by analogy subjected to Laplace's law forces,
with a resistance:
l F = B i l sin α which causes it to bend if E is
U = R i = ρ = ρ..l j ="constant");
s perpendicular to i , and then to move
c an arcing energy is produced; transversely.
Wa = ∫ ua ia dt
c in ac voltage:
v when the instantaneous mains voltage value i
still has the same sign as arcing voltage at the
t
i,u Ur
Ud
Ud -
Ua
c
ia Ur i,u Ua
Ud +
«TRV»
im
i
im t
t
L,r Ur
C TRV Ud -
E
i
Fig. 6: arc in extinguishing condition.
a- in d.c. voltage
b- in a.c. voltage with Ur of same sign as Ua at the time
of zero current,
Fig. 5: the transient recovery voltage, TRV. c- in a.c. voltage with Ur of opposite sign to Ua.
Steady-state currents are rated currents, c "reflex", by the action of a device affected by
overload currents and short-circuit currents current value and directly or indirectly controlling
which have reached a stable value on circuit circuit opening.
opening. For simplicity's sake, breaking conditions are
Circuit opening may be: examined :
c voluntary, controlled by the user, completely c in d.c. voltage;
separate from current value; c then in a.c. voltage.
4.1 In DC supply
u=E Otherwise, it will move to
before opening: i0 = E/R i’0 = (E - Ua)/R, not zero.
after opening: E - R i - L di/dt - ua = 0 For current breaking purposes, it is thus easier
When the contacts open, ua moves towards a and sufficiently clear to consider this arcing
maximum value Ua (see fig. 7 ). voltage as a step function, ua = Ua for t > t0,
Ohm's extended law shows that current can only (t0 = instant when ua = E).
be forced to "0" if ua becomes greater than E. The complete calculation then yields:
−t
E Ua Ua
ia = - 1− e τ and t a = τ Log
R R
U a -E
Ua
remembering that breaking occurs as soon as
the current passes through zero (a «negative»
L
E, r U R
current due to dominance of Ua compared with
Ur has no physical significance).
Calculation of the integral:
ta
Wa = ∫τ 0 ua ia dt gives
1 U U Ua
Wa = Li0 2 2 a 1 + 1 − a Log
2 E E Ua − E
ua
It is easier to interpret this expression by writing:
2
WL0 = (1/2 L i0 ) and observing the curves (Wa/
Ua WL0), and
(ta/τ) as a function of (Ua/E), (see fig. 8 ).
E
These curves show:
t0 t
Wa
WL0 ta
τ
__
Ua 2 2
0.2 Ua
1 1.5 2 3 5 10 E
t0 ta t
"optimum"
Fig. 7: breaking under dc voltage. Fig. 8: curves Wa/WL0 and ta/τ.
Ua
ia
t
i,u
Ua+
Ur
i Ua(t)
t
I U aI Ua
Ua -
t0 ta
i,u i,u
Ua Ud+ Ua Ud+
ia i
t t
Ur
Ua-
Ur
Ua-
Ud-
Ud-
5.1 Definitions
Prospective current Right from the start the current has the same
In an installation, this is the current which would curve as in steady state, and a peak value of
flow through a circuit if each connection device E/Z.
pole or the fuse were replaced by a conductor of v α = 0, known as the "asymmetrical condition"
negligible impedance (IEC 60050). (see fig. 14c ).
In a switchgear test circuit, it is the calibration The current curve is given by:
current. − t
R
sin (ωt - ϕ ) + sin ϕ e L
E
Remember that: i =
R
c under d.c. voltage, current evolution takes the
form: Thus the first peak value of the current is a
function of the circuit cos ϕ.
E
t t
i = 1− e τ = I p 1− e τ (see fig. 13 ) ; c under three-phase a.c. voltage (see fig. 15 )
R
The current in each phase may result in the
same special cases (symmetrical and
c under single-phase a.c. voltage: the moment asymmetrical) as in single-phase. In any case,
"of appearance of the fault" or the moment of
whatever the value of α, there is nearly always:
closing, compared with mains voltage value,
considerably influences evolution of the transient c a phase in quasi-symmetrical condition,
current. c a phase in quasi-asymmetrical condition,
If this moment were characterised by its closing c the last phase is said to be in "small loop".
voltage angle α, voltage may be written as:
u = E sin (ωt + α), (cf. fig. 14a )
a
Current evolution takes the shape:
u
− t
R
sin (ωt + α - ϕ ) − sin (α - ϕ ) e L
E
i =
R
with two components:
t
v an a.c. one, with a phase shift of ϕ with «α»
respect to voltage,
v a d.c. one, tending to zero when t tends to b
infinity.
i
Two special cases are defined by:
v α = ϕ, known as the "symmetrical condition" i "symmetrical"
(see fig. 14b )
The current shape is:
E
i = sin ωt α=ϕ t
R
i i
E i "asymmetrical"
R
Ip E
R
τ t α=0
10 ms
real assymmetry
Channel 1
40 kA
I1
Channel 4
205 V
V1
Channel 2 quasi-symmetry
40 kA
I2
Channel 5
204 V
V2
Channel 6
204 V
V3
Fig. 15: oscillograms for test circuit breaking under three-phase a.c. voltage, with α = 0 (for phase 1).
1 U Ua − Un R i0
Wa ≈ L i0 2 2 a 1 − Log 1 +
2 R i0 R i0 Ua - Un t0 t
Fig. 17: limitation under d.c. voltage.
1,2
k=1
1
0,95 k = 0,9
0,85 k = 0,8
0,75
k = 0,7
0,5
k = 0,6
0,3 k = 0,5
0,2
k = 0,25
0
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 Ua
E
Fig. 18: limitation curves.
a b c
i,u i,u i
Ua
ip
Un 2
ip "SYM." ip "ASYM."
ic ia
Ur Ur
ic
T/2 t T/2 t t
ip "small loop"
c finally, the other two phases ensure two-phase This breaking behaviour:
breaking of a «current tail». c occurs on devices with low overall inertia of
nd their moving parts;
2 case: simultaneous opening of the poles
The current of the phase in the symmetrical c is sought on large-size equipment with ultra-
condition is the first to react on a tripping device fast external operating energy (for example, with
ensuring very fast opening of all poles. Thomson effect with capacitive discharge).
1 ms
ip1
channel 1 I1
20 kA
channel 4 V1
200 V
channel 2 I2
20 kA ip2
channel 5 V2
200 V
channel 3 I3
20 kA
channel 6 V3
200 V
Fig. 20: oscillograms for test circuit breaking in three-phase voltage with separate opening of poles.
i ip
tpa t
ÀÀÀÀÀ
,,,,,
@@@@@
Fuse link U Ua
,,,,,
@@@@@
ÀÀÀÀÀ
,,,,,
@@@@@
ÀÀÀÀÀ Silica Ur
,,,,,
@@@@@
ÀÀÀÀÀ
,,,,,
@@@@@
ÀÀÀÀÀ
,,,,,
@@@@@
ÀÀÀÀÀ
Insulating enclosure
Connection device t
i
ia
t
Fig. 21: the fuse, its composition and its characteristic breaking curves.
Contact force
⇒
a
(Fc)
I
Fr (i/2) Fr
i
Fm
Fr (i/2) Fr
b
i Fr
1/3
A
Fm
2/3
i
i
I
Fig. 23: the LV circuit-breaker contacts are pressed in Fig. 24: reinforcement of contact electrodynamic
the same direction as they are moved. withstand.
Fm
i i
,,,
,, a
Fm opening Fm
i i
Fm
b
b Fm Fm
opening
i i
i
,,,
,,
i
,
i
c
extractor
c opening
Fm Fm
i
i2
i i
i2
,,,
,,,,
i i
a b
e
i
e moving
L
N
⇒
contact
e
Fig. 27: the arc plates placed in the arc chutes help to extinguish the arc.
,,
,,,,
c the latter is achieved with B category circuit- systems (by combining the diagrams in figures
breakers. These circuit-breakers, normally the 25b and 26b) and by implementing a rotating
main ones, have to withstand the flow of steady- type moving contact which has the added
state fault currents and therefore need an advantage of simplifying production of one
excellent electrodynamic withstand. breaking unit per pole (see fig. 29 ).
,
arc chute
ablative part
moving contact
enclosure
bar
,,
,,,
magnetic circuit
Fig. 29: breaking unit of a rotating contact LV circuit-breaker (Compact NS - Merlin Gerin).
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Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 154 / p.25
It is thus possible to break 100 kA in 2.5 ms Thus, with respect to "breaking", tests are used
using a 250 A circuit-breaker. to verify for example:
Excellent electrodynamic withstand c endurances under In,
This is aimed at for circuit-breakers equal to or c overload endurances (e.g. under 6 In),
greater than 800 A. c breaking capacities by cycles :
This aim requires compensation of v O-FO at Icu, ultimate breaking capacity,
electromagnetic forces, which is easier to achieve v or O-FO -FO at Ics, service breaking capacity
with simple breaking (diagram 24b) all the more with Ics ≤ Icu.
so since the wide opening (distance between
Note:
contacts) of these larger devices (importance of
The publication of standard IEC 60947-2,
conductive parts for high current flow) also
dealing with industrial LV circuit-breakers, is the
enables a high arcing voltage (600 to 900 V) to
subject of "Cahier Technique" no. 150 which
be obtained.
completes the details given above.
A 3200 A circuit-breaker thus breaks "100 kA" in
15 ms (without tripping delay) as well as
withstanding 75 kA for 3 s (see. fig. 30 ).
Proven performances
Circuit-breaker performances are evaluated and
guaranteed by the carrying out of standardized
tests (refer to IEC 60947-2 and NF C 63-120 ).
,
, ,,
,,,
,,
,
arcing horn
temporary
contacts arc chute
Ag based main
contacts
,,,
,,,
poles shaft
activated by the
O-CO mechanism
upper
terminal
lower
terminal
current transformer
connected to
insulating
pole cage
electronic trip unit
Fig. 30: breaking unit of a LV circuit-breaker with excellent electrodynamic withstand (Masterpact - Merlin Gerin).
Bibliography
Standards
c IEC 60947-2: Low-voltage switchgear - Part 2:
circuit-breakers.
c IEC 60050: International electrotechnical
vocabulary.
c NF C 63-120 (French Standards): Appareillage
à basse tension - 2ème partie : disjoncteurs.
63577 06-2000