TENTANG PETA

Mapping Concepts
► Scale

► Coordinate system
 Scale
► Scale is the relationship between distance
on the map and distance on the ground.
► Selecting the appropriate scale depends
on the size of the sheet of paper and the
accurate placement of features.

► http://www.beg.utexas.edu/GIS/tools/scale2.htm
 Map Scale
► The scale of a map
indicates how much
the Earth has been
reduced for
reproduction on that
map.
 Type of Map Scale
► Word Statement
► Representative
Fraction
► Graphic Scale
 Word Statement
► A word statement gives a written description of scale,
such as
"One centimeter equals one kilometer" or
"One centimeter equals ten kilometers."
► Ineffective if the map is reproduced by a method such
as photocopying and the size of the map is modified
(Enlarge or Reduce)
 Representative Fraction
► A ratio or representative fraction (RF) indicates how
many units on the earth's surface is equal to one unit on
the map.
It can be expressed as 1/100,000 or 1:100,000.
► Good when Enlarge and Reduce complete map
 Representative Fraction
► The fractional scale or
the representative
fraction expresses the
scale of a map as a
fraction or ratio.
 1/24,000 or 1:24,000
 RF : 1/24,000 or 1:24,000

► Thisscale, which is read “one to twenty-

four thousand”, says that one unit of
measurement on the map represents
24,000 units of measurement on the
Earth.
 RF : 1/24,000 or 1:24,000
► Atthis scale, one centimeter on the map
represents an actual distance of 24,000
centimeters on the Earth, and one inch on
the map equals 24,000 inches on the map.
 Units of measurement must be the same in
both the numerator and the denominator.
 Computing Distances with Fractional
Scales
To determine distances represented on a map by
using the fractional scale:
1. Use a ruler to measure the
distance on the map in inches
(or centimeters). This is the
measured distance.
2. Multiply the measured distance
by the map’s fractional scale
denominator. This will give you
the actual distance in inches (or
centimeters).
3. To convert your actual distance
in inches (or centimeters) to
other units, use the following
formulas:
 Conversions
► To determine the distance in feet, actual
distance in inches / 12
► To determine the distance in miles, actual
distance in inches / 63,360
► To determine the distance in meters,
actual distance in centimeters / 100
► To determine the distance in kilometers,
actual distance in centimeters / 100,000
 English Measurements
►1 mile = 5280 ft
► 1 mile = 63360 inches
► 1 foot = 12 inches
 Metric Measurements
►1 Kilometer (Km) = 1,000 meters (m)
►1 Kilometer (Km) = 100,000 cm
►1 Kilometer (Km) = 1,000,000 mm
►1 meter = 100 centimeters (cm)
►1 centimeter = 10 millimeters (mm)
 Examples
► Ifa map has a scale of 1/24,000, a
measured distance of 8.25 inches on the
map represents an actual distance of
198,000 inches
 8.25 X 24,000 = 198,000 inches
 198,000 inches / 12 = 16,500 feet
 198,000 inches / 63,360 = 3.1 miles
 Examples
► Ifa map has a scale of 1/50,000, a
measured distance of 22 centimeters on
the map represents an actual distance of
1,100,000 cm
 22 cm X 50,000 = 1,100,000 cm
► To calculate the actual distance in meters
and kilometers:
 1,100,000 cm / 100 = 11,000 meters
 1,100,000 cm / 100,000 = 11 kilometers
 Graphic Scale
► It is simply a line marked with distance on the ground
which the map user can use along with a ruler to
determine scale on the map.
► Good when Enlarge and Reduce complete map
► In the U.S., a graphic scale often includes both metric
and U.S. common units.
 Graphic Scales
► To use a graphic scale, simply measure a
distance on the map (or mark off the
distance on the edge of a piece of paper),
then compare the measured distance to
the bar graph to determine the actual
distance represented.
 Graphic Scales

On some graphic scales, “zero” is not at the far left, this

is to make it easier to read fractions.
 Graphic Scales
► Graphicscales are useful since they
remain accurate even if the map is
enlarged or reduced.
Large Scale & Small Scale
Large Scale & Small Scale
Large Scale & Small Scale
 Large Scale & Small Scale
► Large scale:
Large representative fraction (1:50,000 or
Larger)
 More detail
 Covers smaller spatial area of Earth’s surface

► Intermediate Scale:
1:50,000 to 1:250,000
► Small Scale:
1:250,000 to 1:7,500,000
 Less detail
 Covers larger spatial area of the Earth’s surface
 Scale Determination
When map don’t have scale on map, then:
► Use of known features
► Reference features as Football ground, tennis court, Baseball
diamond

► Use of line of Latitude and Longitude

► Distance of 10 line of latitude is 111.133 km (average) can
be useful to determine scale on ATLAS maps.
► Use of Map Comparison
► Another map from same area, having similar features can be
helpful to determine scale.
 Scale Conversion
Map scales can be converted from one form to another
► RF to word-statement conversion
► Puts map scale in a form that is more easily understood verbally
► 1:63,360 is that same as saying 1 inch is 1 mile

► Word statement to RF
►2 inches per mile is the same as 1:31,680
► RF to graphic conversions
► Graphic conversions to RF
LATITUDE
&
LONGITUDE
 Typical Graph
Graphs may be divided
into quadrants with the
Y X and Y values being
either positive (+) or
(-X,+Y) (+X,+Y) negative (-) depending
on the quadrant in which
they are located.
X

(-X,-Y) (+X,-Y) Now let’s apply the same

principles to latitude and
longitude.
 On the map horizontal lines
are lines of latitude and....

vertical lines are lines of

longitude.
The X axis is the equator
and the Y axis which runs
through Greenwich, England
Equator is the Prime Meridian.

Prime Meridian
Any location north of the equator is a NORTH LATITUDE
Any location south of the equator is a SOUTH LATITUDE
Any location west of the prime meridian is a WEST LONGITUDE
Any location east of the prime meridian is an EAST LONGITUDE
We can divide the Earth into quadrants: NE where all
latitudes are NORTH and all longitudes are EAST.
We can divide the Earth into quadrants: SE where all
latitudes are SOUTH and all longitudes are EAST.
We can divide the Earth into quadrants: SW where all
latitudes are SOUTH and all longitudes are WEST.
 We can divide the Earth into quadrants: NW where all
latitudes are NORTH and all longitudes are WEST.
Notice that EVERY point in Indonesia will have a NORTH latitude
and a EAST longitude since we are in the NE quadrant AND
SOUTH latitude and a EAST longitude since we are in the SE quadrant .
 90°N What is latitude?
Latitude is the distance
from the equator along the
Y axis.
It is expressed in degrees.
The north pole is 90° N
The south pole is 90° S
And remember that the
equator is 0° latitude.
90°S 0°

What is the maximum possible latitude on Earth?

90° is maximum. You could be at 90°N or 90°S but
there is no greater latitude on Earth (or anywhere else)
 What is longitude?
Longitude is the distance
from the prime meridian
along the X axis.
Just like latitude, longitude
is measured in degrees.
The prime meridian is 0°
And if you go half way
around the world you will
reach the 180° longitude
180° 0° 180°
line.
Understand that there aren’t two 180° lines. On this FLAT
map it just looks that way. It’s the SAME line.
What is the maximum possible longitude on Earth?
180° is the maximum possible longitude on Earth.
 60°N, 30°W

75°S, 75°E

15°S, 105°W

Each box on this map is 15°. With that in mind how can we identify specific locations
(red dots)? Remember, write latitude first!
What are the coordinates of location......A
What are the coordinates of location......B
What are the coordinates of location......C
But what about location D ? It’s in the middle of a box. What do we do now?
 43°N Let’s use an example
from the reference
tables (page 3). Look
at Ithaca, NY.
77°W 76°W The latitude is more
than 42°N
but less than 43°N
and the longitude is
more than 76°W
but less than 77°W

Ithaca
42°N

Each degree is about 111 kilometers so the yellow-shaded

box (1° x 1°) in which Ithaca is located covers over 12,000
square kilometers of land.
We need to be more precise. We can do that by subdividing
each degree into 60 smaller units called minutes.
 If there are 60
minutes in each
degree then half
a degree would
be 30 minutes.
Let’s draw in the
30 minute (30’)
line.
See these 2 marks?
They are half way
(30’) between
42°N and 43°N.
Using a ruler,
connect them.

The line you just drew is 42°30’N. Now let’s look at lines of longitude.
See these 2 marks? They are half way (30’) between 76°W and 77°W.
Using a ruler, connect them.
The line you just drew is 76°30’W.
Now let’s see if we can locate Ithaca more precisely.
 First comes latitude.
Notice that Ithaca is
just south of the
42°30’N line. If it’s
not quite 30’ then
let’s call it 25’.
Ithaca is located
42°25’N.

Now we’ll do longitude which, for Ithaca is easy since it’s located right
on the 76°30’W line. Ithaca’s longitude is 76°30’W.
Now we’ll put latitude and longitude together to give a precise location:
Ithaca is 42°25’N , 76°30’W.
Let’s try another............................
 Let’s find the
location of
Plattsburgh, NY
to the nearest
minute.
First draw the
44°30’ line
Then, the 73°30’
line.
Now let’s try to
estimate the
location.

Plattsburgh is more than 44°30’N but less than 45°N. A good estimate
would be 44°40’N.
Plattsburgh is more than 73°W but less than 73°30’W. A good estimate
would be 73°25’W
Putting the two together, Plattsburgh is about 44°40’N, 73°25’W.
 43° Lat

42° Lat

41° Lat

-92° -91°
 43° Lat

42.75° Lat
42.68542° Lat

42.5° Lat

42.25° Lat

42° Lat
Latitude in Decimal Degrees
 Longitude in Decimal Degrees

-92.00 ° long. -91.65798° long. -91.00 ° long.

 43° 00’00” Lat

42°59’00” Lat

42°01’00” Lat

42°00’00” Lat

Latitude in Degrees, Minutes, Seconds

 42°01’00” Lat

42°00’59” Lat

42°00’01” Lat

42°00’00” Lat

Latitude in Degrees, Minutes, Seconds

 43° 00’00” Lat

42°59’00” Lat

42°32’54” Lat

42°01’00” Lat

42°00’00” Lat

Latitude in Degrees, Minutes, Seconds

 UTM Coordinates

► There are 60 longitudinal projection zones numbered 1 to 60. Each of

these is 6 degrees wide
There are 20 latitudinal zones denoted by the letters C to X, ommitting the
letter O. Each of these is 8 degrees north-south.
http://www.dmap.co.uk/utmworld.htm
 UTM Coordinates
14 15 16 17 18

► Each grid is identified by its latitudinal and

longitudinal zone. Iowa is in zone 15T
 UTM Coordinates
Within each Grid Zone is a series of coordinate lines.
4641

4640

607 608

Larger number represents 1000 meters North or East of a reference

point.
Small number represents 100,000 meters North or East of a reference
point.
 UTM Coordinates

This line is 4,641,000 meters North of equator 4641

This line is 4,640,700 meters North of equator 4640 700

4640

607 608
This line is 4,640,300 meters North of equator
4640 300

This line is 4,640,000 meters North of equator