PHILOSOPHICAL WRITINGS OF PEIRCE DOVER PUBLICATIONS, INC, NEW YORK7 LOGIC AS SEMIOTIC: THE THEORY OF SIGNS * 42, Waar 1s 4 S163? Tunwe Divistoxs oF Locie Loot in geal, a io Ita sow, only tithe ames’ (yon te geneana ical atin gy ig te cn "ine ten oral att wee chro of sh Sims wttow and esha sera spew Ta oie tom intact ov se econ ee eee a enero ‘Stowtat mu Sethe scien ol stg el tan! itn hat hoy yan tig pao ng hy curing” st tha fe of shat an erat. Theat whch slate saat one ‘hry fo py cbt rh es pupae ely ars tosh le expt ey han ig stg glee ‘ilps mn adel that hy eg, “Sad Tort ig ot ad ge gray {3 anor quo, he utc i he ad i ng seats wat tam sna shan He ks indationrt ofetn ur test fhm Ginna whe toscana seo ng wd ‘Gefen in pa then ein ty cis what ha niet esate ie‘ ther tobe ect Ry ich ap, whch at Seton ym ke heats ming, ec eth a has owt wol bf sana nog ne Snetigece ay tc wos tho ma oi a Ge to hl pon tv ne pert 1 {0 ol he tn tom ma per tpn wien see Sta ote eee, nd eta eee er et Ser pn ok, ena al Eoheaea ne ocie AS SIMIOTIC: THE THBORY OF SIGNS 99 0 pat out of the question. Now the whole proces af development among the community of students of thse formulations by abstract. {ve observation and reasoning of the truths which mat hold good ‘ofallsignsused by a scientific inteligence isan observational cence, like any other positive science, notwithstanding its strng contrast tall the special seiences which arses from its aiming to find out what oust Be and not merely what isi the actual wot ‘A gn, or epresentaman is comething which stands to somebody for semething in some rerpectoreapacity, Te addresses somebody, that is erates in the mind of that perton an equivalent sign, perhaps a more developed sia. Tha sign which iterates T call {he snerpratant ofthe fet sign. The sgn stands for someting, its dye Te stands for that objet not inal eect, but in reference tora srt of ides, which I have sometimes called the grownd of the represntamen. "Idea" is here to be undetstod im a sort of Platonie sense, very famaliar in everyday tall; T mean in that sense In Which we say that one man catches another man's idea, in which wwe say that wen 2 man recalls what he was thinking of at some previous time, he recalls the same idea, and in which when aman Continues to think anything, say for a tenth ofa second, in 8 far fs the thought continues to agree with itself during that time, that Js to have-a like content, i s the same idea, and is ot at each instant ofthe interval anew ids. ‘In consequence of every represtatamen being thus connected with ‘threo things, the ground, the object, and the interpretant, the Science of semiotic has thre Branches$) The frst is calle by Duns Scots grammatia speculative, We may term it fre grammar. Tt has for its tack to ascertain what most be trae ofthe repesentamen used by every siete intelligence inorder that they may embody any meaning. The second is logic proper. T's the sience of what js quacinecesarily true of the representamina of any scintifc Jnteligence in order that chey may bald good of any object, that is, ‘may be true. Or say, lie proper is the formal scence of the Conditions of the truth of representations. The thie, in imitation fof Kant's fashion of preserving old associations of words in finding romenclature for new conceptions, Teall pre rhetoric. ts task is to ascertain the laws by which in every scent intelligence one sign gives bith to anucher, and expecially one thought brings forth another A Sign, or Repesentamenis a First which tends sucha genuine triadic relation to.a Second, called it Objec, a8 to be capable ofetermining & Third, called its Inerretant, to assume the same triadic relation to its Objet in whieh it stand self to the same Object. The triadic relation i genuine, that is its three members sare bound together by tin way that does not consist in any ‘omplesas of dyatic relations That i the reason the Interpetant, or Third, cannot standin a mere dyadic elation tothe Objet, but ‘mut standin sach relation toi as the Representamen itself doo, Nor can the trace relation in which the Third stands be merely Similar to that in which the Fist stands, for this would make the relation of the Third tothe First a degenerate Secondnees merely ‘The Third mst indeed stand ia soch a relation, and thus must be capable of determining a Third of ts own; but besides that, it mast have ascond tae relation in which the Repreentamen, or rather the relation thereot to its Object, shall be its own (the Thic’s) Object, and must be capable of determining a Third to this relation, AAI this must equaly be true of the Third's Thirds and so on end Jessy; and this, and more, is involved in the familiar idea of a Sign; and as the term Represeatamen is here used, nothing more istmpliod. A Sign isa Representamen witha mental Interpetant Posibly tore may be Represetamens that are not Signs. Thus, if 4 sunflower, in turning toward the sux, Becomes by that very act fully capable, without further condition, of reproducing a sunflower ‘which turns in precisely corresponding ways toward the sun, and of ‘Going so with the same reproductive power, the sunflower would Decome a Repreentamen ofthe sun, ot thought ie the chit, if not the only, mede of representation The Sign can only represent the Object and tell about it, Tt cannot furnish aoqusiatance with oe recagition of that Object for that is what ismeant in this volume by the Object ofa Sign; namely, that with which it presapposes an acquaintance inorder to convey seme further information concerning it. No doubt there will be aders who will sy they cannot comprehend this. They think a Sign need not relate to anything otherwise known, and can make either head nor tail ofthe statement that every sign must relate to such an Object. Bue if there be anything that conveys informs tion and yet tas absolutely no relation nor reference to anything with which the persom to whom i conveys the information has, when he comprehend that information, the slightest acquaintance iret ‘oF indizeet—and a very strange tort of information that would be “the vehicle of that sort of information i not, in this volume, called & Sign “Two men are standing on the seashore looking cat to ea. One ef Ts eto Tt ees crn ght Si bt nly pasenger” ‘Now, ifthe oer, himself es no Yes {he first iforeaton be derives from the remark has for its Object {he puto the saath he dors se, a nos him that «peson ‘pith chp eyes han his or more rained ia oking for uch hangs, Gan see 2 vous there; and then, that vesel having been ths Introduced to his acqusitanc, bes prepare orecsve the informa tion about that it carrie pasengesexclsitely. But the sentence faba whole as for the person supposed, no otr Objet than that ‘rth Which i nds hin already sequainted. ‘The Objsts—for @ Sign may have any numberof them--may eich be a singe knows nating thing ov ting beloved formery to have existed o expected {Denise ora cllection of such things or enon qualty or eatin tr fact, which single Object may bes caletion, or whole of pat, ‘Orit may have come ether mods of Being, ch a some act pe ‘ited wise being doesnot preven ite negation fom being eoaly pmitcd, cr something of 4 gneel atere desired, requed, of [variably found under certain general crcumetanees 42, Tune TascuoroMies oF Stoxs Signs are divisible by three trichotomies; first, according as the sign in tel isa mere quality, isan actual existent, or isa general law; secondly, ccording a the relation ofthe sgn to its object ‘consists in the sgn’s having some character in itself, or in some ‘existential relation to that object, or in its relation to an iater- Dretant; thiedly, according s is Tnterpretant represents it as ‘ga of posiility ora a sgn of fact or sign of reason ‘Accoring othe st division, a Sign may be termed Quaisign, * lige quit which ia Sign, 1 camot actualy at asa sign unit f ebotied; but the embodiment has nothing to fo with character a. ign. "A Sinsen (where the slab in taken a5 meaning “being only once" asi sng, simple, Latia somal, te) in a actual existent {ng or event which ewig Tecan ony boo through its qualities; fo that ie volves a quale, or rater, several qualsgns. Bot {hese qualigns ave of peel Kad and ony form sgn through ring ttully emote‘A Legisgn isa law that is a Sign. This lw is usually established by men. Every conventional sig is legisign [but not conversely) Tis not a singe object, but a general type whieh, it has been agreed, shall be significant. Every legisign signifies through an instanceof its application, which may be lemmed a. Replica of it ‘Thus the word “the” wil urvally oar from flteen to twenty-ve times on.» page. Iti in all these occurrences one andthe same sword, the sim legisign. Each single instance of it isa Replica. The Replica is Sinsgn. Thus, every Lagsgn requires Sinsigns. Bu these are nol ordinary Sinsighs, such as are povular occurrences that are regarded as signicant. Nor would the Replica be sige Fanti i were not fr Ue law which renders it so According to the second trchotomy, a Sign may be tenmed an Team an Tres, f 4 Syba ‘Aa Icon ea sgn which eefers to the Object that it denotes merely by virtue of characters of ts own, and which it possesses, just the sting, whether any such Object actually exits not. itis true that unless thece really i such an Object, the Teon doesnot act as ‘sign, ut thls has nothing to do with ie character as a sgn “Anything whatever, be it quality, existent individual, or lw, i an con of anything in so fa as itis ike that thing and used as a sign fit “An Dude i. sgn which sefers to the Object that it denotes by site of being relly ateeted by that Objet. It cannot, therefore, thea Qualisign, because qualities are ehatever they’ ate independ cently of anything ese. In so far as tho Index is aflected by the (Object, it neceseaily has some Quality im common with the Object, land itis in respect to those that it refer: to the Object. It docs, therefore, involve a sort of Leon, although an Toon of @ peli kinds and i i not the mere rexmblance ofits Object, even in these espocts which males ta sgn, butte the actual modification fit by the Object [A Symbol iss sign which refers tothe Objoct that it denotes by wrtue of a la, usually an association of general ideas, which ‘operates to caus che Symbol to be interpreted as refering to that (Object. Its thas tell a general type of la, thats isa Legsgn Assich it acts through « Replica, ‘Not ony sit genera itsalt, but the Object to which it refers is of a general mature. Now that ‘which fs general has its being in the instances which it wil deter- Tine. There must, thoteore, be existent instances of what the oGIe AS SEMIONIC: THE TUBORY OF SIGHS 103 ‘Symbol denotes although we must here understand by “existent,” fxstent in the possibly imaginary universe to which the Symbol {fers The Symbol wil indirectly, through the asccation or ober law, be affected by those instances; and thus the Symbol will involve a sort of Index, although an Index ofa peelir kind. TL wl ot, however, be by any means true thatthe slight efit pon the Symbol of those instances accounts forthe significant character of the Syn According to the thd tichotomy, a Sign may be teed a Rieme, a Dicivign or Decent Sig (that is, a proposition or quasi- proposition), of an Argument "R Wieme ia Sign which, for its Taterpretant, is a Sign of quali tative Possibility, that i, is understood as representing such and such a kind uf posible Object. Any Rheme, perhaps, wil afford ‘Some information; but iis not interpreted as doings. "A Dicer Sign tsa Sig, which, for its Interpretant, isa Sign of| actual existence, Teearnot, therefore, be an Teon, whch affords no [round for an iterpetation of it ae relrring to actual existence JX Diesign necessarily involves, a. part of ta Rhome, to describe the fact wlich seis interpreted as indicating. But this sa pele kind of Rheme: and wile itis esoutial to the Dieiiga, it by no ‘An Argent isa Sign which, forts Tnterpretant is a Sign of la. ‘Ociwe may say that a Rheme is sign whlch fs understood to repre- St its object init ehtractors merely; that a Dicisign is a sign ‘which is understood to fepresent its object in respect to actal Chistence, and that am Argument isa Sign whic is understood to fepresnt its Objet in ts character as Sig. Since these definitions {ouch upon points at this time moch in dispute, a word may be ded in defence of them, A question often pati: What is the fesence ofa Judgment? A judgment i the mental act by which the Jdger seeks to impress upon himscf the truth of a propsition. Tt Ievmuch the sume as an act of aserting the propesition, or going belore a notary and assuming formal responablity fr its truth, xcept that thove ate are intended to affect others, while the judge ‘ment is only intended to afect onesell. However, the logician, a8 Such, coves nok what the peychologieal nature of the act of judging ‘may'be. The question for him is What i the nature of the sort ff sgn of which a principal variety is calle a propesition, which Is the matter upon whieh the act of judging is exercised?” "The prox104 ‘te PHILOSOPHY OF PEIRCE position need not be asserted or judged, It may be contemplated {sasign capable of bring aseerted or denied This ign its retains {ts follmeaning whether be actually aserted or not. The pecullar~ Sty of i therefore, Hes in ite mode of meaning’ and to say this is to say that its poealiarity lest ils relation to is interpretant “The proposition professes tobe really affected by the actual existent cor rel Jaw 0 which it refers. ‘The argument makes the same pretension, but that isnot the principal pretension of the argument, ‘The seme makes no such pretension 15 Teo, Ixpex, AND Symon a. Synopsis A signi either an icon, an sides, ofa yma. An iow isa sign which would poses the character which renders it significant feven though iy object had no existence; such as a lesd-pencl ‘reas represeting a geometrical ine. An nde i sign which ‘would at once, lse the character which makes it a signif ts abject ‘were Femoved, but would not lose that character if there were no Interpretant, Such, for instance, i pve of mould witha bullet. hole init as sign ofa shot; for without the shot there would have been no hole; bat there isa hole there, whether anybody has the sence to attribute it to.a shot or not” A spmbol is a sign which ‘would love thé character which renders ita ign if here were no Interpretant, Sch is any utterance af speech which signifies what it dors only by virtue ofits being understood to have that sign eatin, 2. Loom White no Representamen actually fonctions as sch until it setnally determines an Interpretant, yet ie becomes 2 Repre- Sentamen as soo as iti fully capable of doing this; and its Repe Sentative Quality i not necessarily dependent upon is ever actualy determining an Interpretant, nor even upon its actully having an Object. ‘An Jon is a Representamen whose Representative Quality is a itstnes of tat a First, ‘That is, quality at it has gua thing renders itt to bea representamen, Thos, anything is tt to bea Subtitde for anything that st is Fs, (The conception of "sub- stitute” involves that ofa purpose, and thas of genine thirdacss) Whether there are other Inds of subtitites or not we sal sce A Representamen by Tirstness alone can only have a simular LOGIC AS SEMIOTIC: THE THEORY OF SIGNS 105 Object. Thus, Sign by Contrast denote its object only by virtue of a contrast, or Secondnes, betwoun two qualities, A sigu by Fistnes isan image of its object and, more strictly speaking, can only be an idea.” For it must produce an Taterpetant idea and fan external object excites an idea by a reaction upon the braia But most strictly speaking, even an idea, except inthe sense of possibilty, or Fustius, cannot be an Teon. A posiblty alone i {Sn Jeon purely by virtue ofits quality; and ie object can only be a Firstness, But a sgn may be icon, that is, may represent its ‘bject mainly by is similarity, no mate what its mode of being. Ia substantive be wanted, a icone epresentamen may be termed a Jypoizon. Any material image, a8 4 painting, larly eonven= tonal in its mode of representation; but in itself, without legend oF label it may be called 8 hypoicon, ‘Hypoicoss may be roughly divided according to the mode of” Firstness of which they partake- ‘Those which partake of simple (qualities, or Fist Fistnesaes, are imager? howe which represent the relations, mally dyad, or so regarded, of the parts of one thing by analogous relations in thelr own pacts, ate diagrams; ‘howe which represent the repreentative character ofa repreent= men by representing a parallelism in something else, are metaphors ‘The only way of dcectly communicating an idea ie by means of an icon; and every indirect method of cammunicating am idea ust depend for it establishment upon the ure ofan icon, Hence, every assertion must contain an icon or set of fons, or else mast ‘contain signs whose meaning is nly explicable by icons. The idea Which the set of icons (r the equivalent of asc of cous) contained inan assertion signifies may be termed the predicate ofthe asetio, Turning now to the rhetrial evidence, it ea faniiar fact that there are such representations a ions, Every Petre (however onventional its method) is esentally a representation of that Kind. ‘So is every ditgram, even although there be no sensuous resemblance between it and its object, but only sm analogy between the telations ofthe parts ofeach. Particularly deserving of notice ae icons in which the likeness is aided by conventional rules ‘Thus, an algebraie formula is an icon, rndeted such by the rules ‘of commutation, association, and distribution of the symbol. Tt say seem at fst glance that iis an arbitrary clasieation to call, fn algebraic expression an jon: that st might as well or beter, be regarded as. compound conventional sgn. Lut i isnot £0 Fora great distingusing property of the icon is that by the direct observation oft other truths concerning its object can be dis108 ‘THE PRILOSOPMY OF PEIRCE covered than those which suifce to determine its constriction ‘Thos, by means of two photographs a map can be drawn, ete Given a conventional or other general sign of an object, to deduce any other truth than that which it explicitly signifies, ii necessary, in all cases, to replace that sgn by an icon. This capacity of revealing unexpected truth is pressely that wherein the UAty of Algetrsieal formulae consists, 20 that the iconic characteris the prevalng one. ‘That icons ofthe algebraic kind, though usually very simple ons cast in all ordinary grammatical propositions sone of the plilo- soph truths that the Boolean logic beings to light. Tn all peiitive writing, such ae the Egyptian hieroglyphic, there are icons of @ hon-ogical kind, the eographs. Inthe earliest form of speech ‘there probably was large element of mimicry. ati al langoages ‘known, such representations have been replaced by conventional auditory signs. These, however, are such that they ean only be txplained by icons. But inthe syntax of every language there are logical fons of the kind that are aided by conventional rues, ‘Photograpls, especially instantaneous photographs, are very intrstive, Bocuse we know that they are in certain respects tenaely like the objets they represent. But this resemblance is ‘due t@ the photographs having been produced wader such circum ‘tances that they were physielly foreed to correspond. point by point to-natare.”In thst aupect, then, they belong to the second last of signs, those by physical connection. The case i diferent ICT surmise that zebras are likely to be obstinate, or otherwise disagreeable animals, because they seem to have a general rsem- bance to donkeys, and donkeys are sll-wiled. Here the donkey sarves precisely as a probable likeness of the zebra. Tt is rue we suppose that resemblance has a physical cause in heredity; but then, this hereditary affity is tell only an inference from the likeness between the two animals, and we have not (asin the case the photograph) any independent knowledge ofthe ereumstances fof the production of the two species. Another example of the we fof a likeness is the design an artist draws of a statue, pictorial ‘composition, architectural elavation, or pce of decoration, by the Contemplation of whic he ean ascervin whether what he proposes will be beautiful and satislactory, The question asked i thas §nswere almost with certainty because t relates to how the artist ‘will himset be affected, ‘The ressoning of mathematicinns wl be Found fo turn chieBy upon the use of ikeneses, which are the very hinges of the gates of their scence, The ity of Hkeneces 9 Locle AS SEMIOTIC: THE THEORY OF SIGNS 307 ee (es, eee aehyyom etait “This am eon in hat it makes quantities look alike which are In analogs rations to the problem, In Tat, every algebra truaton io alco, ino far Beit enh, by means ofthe age Sinica sgn (which are not themselves icons), the tltions ofthe quanti concerned. : Tay be questioned whether ll ions are kensie or not For example, i's drunken man is exited in order to show, by Contrast, the excalnce of temperance, this i exainly an co, that whee i isa likeness or ot may be doubled. Th question ems tomer tv Inder [Un index ie) «sign, oF representation, which refers to its object not so much because of any similarity or analogy with it, nor becatse itis associated with general characters which that object Insppens to pores, as bees iti in dymamlcal (including spatial) connection both with the individval object, on the one hand, and ‘withthe senses of memory of the person for whom it serves as a ‘gn, on the other hand. While demonstrative and. personal Pronouns are, as ordinarily” used, “genuine indices," relative Pronouns are “degenerate indices"; for though they may, acci- ‘ental and indirectly, refer to existing things, they directly eter,108 {THE PHILosoPHY OF PEIRCE, and need only refer, to the images in the mind which previous words have eeated. Tdices nay be distinguished from other signs, or repreentations, by theee characteristic marks: fist, that ey have no significant ‘semblance to ther objets; second, that they refer to individuals, Single units, single cllections of its of single continoa; third, that they dest the attention to their objects by blind compulsion. Bot it would be dfculy, if not imposibe, to istance an abseutely pre index, of to find any sgn absolutely devoid of the indexical fualty. Psychologically, the action of indices depends upon {sociation by contiguity, and not upon ssacation by resemblance ‘or upon intellectual operations. ‘An Inder or Some (ous) is 2 Reprosentamen whose Represent. ative character consists in ts being sn individual second. Ifthe Secondness i an existential relation, the Index i genuine. Tf the Secondnes is a elerenct the Index i degenerate, A genuine Index {nd its Object mst be enistent individuals (whether things or fats), nd its immediate Tnterpretant anust be ofthe same character. But Since every individual must have characters, it follows that a fenuine Index may contain a Firstnes, and so an Teon as a con Hituent part of Any individual is'@ degenerate Tadox ofits (own characters. ‘Subindices oe Hyposemes are signs which are rendered such prin cipally by an actual conection with thei objects. Thus a proper ‘mame, personal demonstrative, or slative pronoun or the letter attached to a dagram, denotes what it does owing to a real connee- tion with ste cbjct, but none of thew i an Index, since i i not an individual “Let us examine some examples of indies. Y see a man with a rolling gait. This sa probable indication that hei a salle. soe 2 bowlegged man in corduroys,gaiters, and a jacket. These are probable indications that he Is jockey or something ofthe sort. ‘sundial ora clock indicates the time of day. Geometrcians mark ietters against the diferent parts of thee diagrams and then use thee letters to indicate those parts, Letters ae similarly wed by laveyers and others. Thus, we may say: IFA and B are marsed to fone another and C i thelr child while Dis brother of A, thea D is Soneleof C. Here A,B,C, and D fll the office of relative pronouns, ‘bat are more convenient since they require no special collation ft words. A rap onthe door isan index. Anything which foceses the attention ivan index. Anything which startles us is 3 index, Locic AS SEMIOTIC: THE THEORY OF SIONS 109 fins far it ark the junction betwoon two portions of experience ‘Town tremendous thunderbolt indents that somahing conser. aie apposed, though we tay not know prciely wha the event was. But it may be expected to connect Hsclf with some other PNA ow barometer with a moist ai is an index of ai; that is wwe sppose thatthe forces of nature establish a probable connection tetween the low barometer with moist aie and coming rain. A seathecock isan index of the dretion ofthe wind; because in the fist place it really takes the seif-same diection as the wind, fo that thre is areal connection between them, and in the socond sce we are so cotted that won eso a weathercock pointing fiva certain diection fe draws our atlenton to that divection, and shen we see the weathercacvering withthe wind, we are ford By the lar of mind to think that dzetion is connected with the ‘wind, The pol saris an index, o pointing Singer, 0 show Ws rhc wayisnorth A spritleve, or & plumb bob, i a index of the vertical direction. -A'yardtick might soem, a fit sight, to eran icon ofa yard and sot would be it were merely intended fo show a yard as near ast can be seen and estimate to bea yard Bat the very porpose ofa yardtick sto show a Yard nearer than ican be eimated by it appearance. This desi consequence ‘ofan accurate mechanical comparison made wth the bar in London Called the ytd. Thus iia rel connection which gives the yard Sick its value as ereprecentamen; and thos itis an tndes, aot ‘When a driver to attract the attention ofa foot pasenger and cause hi Co save himself calls out “Hits fara hiss sgni- ‘ant word, it faa wil be seen below, something more than an index ut o fara te smpy intended to act upon the here's ‘nervous system and to rouse him to get out of the way, itis an Indo, becuse ii ment to pat him in eal conection with the object, which is hit situation relative to the approaching horse. Suppose two men mest upon a country toad and one of them says to the other, "The chinney ofthat hove ison fire" The other | ooks' about’ him and. descres a house with green blinds and a ‘verandah having «smoking chimney, Tle walks on a fw mils and meets a second traveller. Like a Simple Simon he says, “The Chimney ofthat hoose i on fe.” "What house?” ask the other “"Ohy a house with green blinds anda verandah,” replies the simple fon. ""Where is the house?” asks the stranger. He desires some ‘index which shall connect his appeebension with the house meant.Words alone cannot do this The demonstrative pronouns this ‘and "that," are indices. For they eal upon the hearer to se his powers of observation, and so establish fea connocton between his mind and the object; and ifthe demonstrative pronoun does that—without which its meaning is not understood—it goes to ‘establish such a connection; and so isan index. The relative eo- ‘nouns eho and which demand observational activi in auch the ‘me way, only with them the obs vation has to be decd to the ‘words that have gone befor. Lavwjers use A,B,C, practically a5 ‘Very elective relative pronouns. To show how elective they ar, ‘we may note that Bests. Allen and Greenough, ia their admirable (though in the edition of 2577 [2), too smal) Latin Grammar, dedlae that so conceivable syntax could wholly remave the am biguity ofthe following sentence, "A replied to B that ho thought € his brother) more unjust to himgell than to his own frend” ‘Now, any lawyer would state that with perfect clearness, by sing AVB,C,asrelatives, thus 7 a 43) replod to B that be {A}. thought ¢ his {45}, brother) more (a 3 unjust to himselt, Bf than to his] B's} own fiend. The termina lc. les} ons which in any infected language are attached to words “governed” by other words, and which serve to how which the governing word is, by repeating what i elsewhere expressed in the Same form, are likewise sizes of the same relative pronoun char feer. Any bit of Latin poetry strates this, such a the twelve line sentence beginning, "Jom sais ers.” Both in thse termina- tions and in the A, B,C, 2 likeness is rolied upon to carry the attention to th right objet. But this does not make them scons, in any important way! for it is of no consequence how the letters ‘A,B,C, ate shaped of what the terminations are. Itis not morely ‘hat one cecutrence ofan A fs ike a previous occurrence that is the Jmportant circumstance, but that tere aw wnderstaning that ke leers shall stand forthe same ting and this acts a a fresearrying the attention fram one occurence of A to the previo one. A potwessive pronoun is two ways aa index: frst i indicates the possessor, and, second, it bas 4 modification which syntactically aries the attention to the word denoting the thing posses ‘Some indices are more or less detailed dtections for what the Iheaeris odo nore to place himself in divect experiential or other connection with the thing meant,” Thus, the Coast Survey issues Noties to Marines” giving the latitude and longitude, four ot five bearings of prominent objets, ete, and saying deve i a rock, for shoal, oF buoy, or Ughtship. Although there willbe other ele” ‘ments in sich directions, yet in the main they are indices. ‘Along with such indexcal dicztions of what to do to find the object meant, ought to be classed howe pronouns which shoald be entitled selective pronoans for quantities) borane they inform the Theater how hei to pick aut one ofthe objets intended, but which igrammariane call by the very indehnite designation of éndefile Pronouns. Two varieties of these are particularly important iol, heweersal selec, sch as us, gui, guaguan, lus, ls, nemo, guispue,alergue, and ih English, any, ery, al, no, none Tohatcer, sever, verybody, anybody, aaledy. These mean that the hearr is at liberty o sleet any instance he Uke within Emits expressed or understond, and the assertion is intended to apply to that one. ‘The other logically important varity” consists of the articular sletces, quis, quis, nso gui, apes, quidem, an English, some, somaing,somchady, a, 8 cra, some or cher, ‘suite, on, ‘Allied to the above pronouns are such expressions a8 a But on, one or hao, a fe, neal all, eer fer one ete Along with pronouns fate to be assed adverbs of place and tne, ete [Not very unlike these ae, tke fra, the ls, the seveth,boshinds of, thousand of, le ‘Other indica words ace prepositions, and prepositional phrases, such as, “on the right (or left) of.” Right aa let cannot be dis tingusied by any general description. Other prepositions signify relations which may, perhaps, be described; but when they rele, 85 they do oftener than would be supposed, toa situation relative to the abserved, or assumed to be experientially known, place and attitude of the speaker relatively to that of the Nearer, then the indexica element is the dominant element. Teons and indices assert nothing. fan icon could be interpreted by a sentence that sentence must be in a "potential mood,” that is, it would merely say, "Suppose a figure has three sides" ete Were an index sp interpreted, the toad mast be imperative, cr cexclamatory, a5 "Ser there!” or “Laok out!” Bat the kind of ‘Sgas which we are-now coming to consider are, by nature i the “indicative,” or, as it should be called, the declarative mood, Of course, they can go to the expression of any other mood, since We ‘may declare assertions to be doubtful, ar mere interogations, of Jmporatively requisite.4. Symtot [A Symbol is a Repreentamen whose Representative character consists precily ints being a rue that wil determine its Tater Detant, Ail word, sentences, books, and ether conventional signs Ere Symbols. Wespecof writing of pronouncing the word "man but itis ony a replica, or embodiment of the word, that & pr ound or written, The word itself has no existence although it has areal beng, consisting tm the fact tat existents ail conform tots Ie isa genecal mode of Suction of three sounds or repre- Sentamens of sounds, which becomes a sign only inthe fact that a habit, or aoguiced law, will ease replicas of it to be interpreted as ‘meaning a man oc men, "The word abd its meaning are both general ‘ules; but the word alone of the two prescribes the qualities of its replicas in themslves, Otherwise the “word” and its “meaning” ‘Uo not difer, unless some spocal sense be attached to “meaning "A Symbol ia law, or regularity of the indefinite future.” Is Tnterprctant must be ofthe same description; and o must be alo the compiete immediate Object, or meaning. ‘Buta law necessarily governs, or "is embodied in” individuals, and prescribes some of {hee qualities Consequently, a constitoent of a Symbol may be fan Index, anda constituent may bean Tcon, A man walking with Schild points his arm wp into the air and says, “Thee is a balloon. “The pointing ema i am estentil part ofthe symbol without which the later would convey no information. But if the child asks, "What fsa balloon,” and the man replies, “Tt is something like a reat big soap bubble,” he makes the image a part ofthe symbol FFs, while the complete object of a symbol, that is to say, is moaning, ofthe nature of a law, must dno ao individual, nd ont gna charocter. A gensine symbol isa symbol that has a frneral meaning. “Theve ae two hinds of degenerate symbols, the ‘Singular Symbol whove Object fs an exstnt individual, and which Sguites only such characters as that individual may realize; and the Atstraet Symbol, whose only Object is a character. “sithoug the immediate Interpretant of an Index must be an Index, yet since ite Object may be the Object of an Tndividval (Singular) Symbol, the Index may have such a Symbol for sts fraiteet Interpretant, Even a genuine Symbol may be an imperfect Tnterpretaat oft, Soan sean may have a degenerate Index, or an [Abstract Symbol, for a indirect Tnterpretant, and a genie Index fr Symbol for an imperfect Interpretant, A Symi sa signoatrally to declare tat the st of objects LoGic AS SEMIOTIC: THE THEORY OF SfONS 113, whi is dented by whatever st of indices may be in eatin ways Maced tos serene by an ton amited wif To Show what ti compte debniton means, lt takes an ‘sample symbol the word "hngly" Associated with this word Sn en ch bs the mental eet one pean loving acter Now was to unde st “eth ote a sentence fr Srhatit may mean by a ines anyhing not he question et the stent, be" Ease! veh Hola” Exel ad Heldah pst thn, Be or conan ines, for without ines i input to dedghate wht on talking abet Any mere = Spon would Ienve H uncertain whether they wee tot mere “aah ina ballad; but wiser ty be oo ae nee a Stsigete tiem. Now te ele the word taveth fe that the faint shes denoted bythe pr of ites Kall and Hush {Stepreted by the ion ore mage We have in os ins of & love ands beloved = "Te sme ting equally tae of evry vec in he delarative rng and need of every ve ee the othe mown are merely {cltavon of fact Someohat dere frm tat expresed by {he'dertive mood. Av fora sou, caring the mening ‘hic it as inthe soniencey anno as waning y tale Toot convenionty regarded ss portion of symtol, Thus the esc, “everyman Tovs a woman eulaen o whatever Stfuun loves tmcthing hat oa woman Hecewhateve Batre elie not," ie a jb “loves” is & Symbol “something hati prior sete de, aod "is Wnt inaeybe “The word Syn as ina seaings tht it would be an injry tothe Lngage toads now L Go aot thik thatthe sii fun finch os tat of raven sgn or oe depending Sun hai (acqie or inborn eo uch new meaning as ‘um tothe onal meaning Etmotpaly should mean a ‘ng tron Cpe, stator emboli a thing thrown Intosomating i ol an spat role) sa thing thw Tesco collie security, sa rtor gpa) fs thing thrown warmth an anna ite aly at Bat the word yet the towing together iso be undrstod in he Senor af "Co cnjcatess bt were that the cae we oght Co fd {hae smetmes lat iment comet, «meaning fo hich Huratue ay be sere im wan. Bot the Grek tse "throw tiger” oa) very eel to sly the making of ‘Shtract or cvenion. "Now, me don symbol (spt stymy THE PHILOSOPHY OF PEIRCE and often used to mean a convention or contract, Aristotle calls noun a "symbol that is, conventional sign. in Greck, watch fre is a “symbol” that is, signal agreed upon; a standard ot ‘ensign is “symbol,”'a watchword is « “symbol” badge is 8 “symbol”; a church creed i called a "symbol" becatse it srves as.a budge or shibboleth; a theatre ticket is called a "symbol": any ticket o check entitling one to receive anything is "symbol." Moreover, any expression of sentiment was called a "symbol" ‘Such were the peielpal meanings of the word in the original lan- guage. The reader wil judge whether thay sufice to establish my faim that Tm not seriously wrenching the word in employing i 25 [propose to do, ‘Any ordinary word, a give," “bird,” “marriages an example of a symbol Its applicable fo whatever may be found fo realize the fea connected with the word; i does not, in ill, identity those things.” Te does not show us a bird, nor enact before our eyes a giving ora marriage, but supposes thit we are abl to imagine those thing, and have associated the word with them. ‘Aregular progression of one, two, three may be remarked inthe three orders of signs, Icon, index, Symbol. The Icon has no ynamical connection with’the object it represents; i simply happens that its qualities resemble those of that objet, and excite analogous sensations in the mind for which i isa ikanese, But it really stands anconnected with them. ‘The index is piysically connected with its object; they make an organic pair, but the Interpreting mind has nothing to do with this connection, except remarking ster itis established. The symbl ie connected with its object by virtue ofthe idea ofthe symbolusing mind, without Which no euch connection would exis. Every physical force reacts between a pair of particles, either of which may Serve as an index of the ether On the other hand, we shall find that every intellectual operation involves triad. of symbols. ‘A symbol, as we have sten, cannot indicate any particular thing; it denotes a kind of thing. “Not only tat, but iis tel a kind and nota single ting. You ean write down the word "star." bout that docs not make you the crestor of the word, nor if yoo erase it have you destroyed the word, ‘The word lives nthe minds ‘of those who use it. Even i they are all asleep, it existe fn thie | memory.” So wemay admit, f there be reason todo, that generals Fare mere words without at all saying, as Ockham supposed, that they are really individuals, otic AS SEMIOTIC: THE THEORY OF SIGNS 115, Symbols grow. They’ come into being by dovelopmelt out of other sigs, particulely frm Seon, or from mixed signs partaking ofthe nature of icons and symbole We thin only in signs. These ‘montal signs are of mixed nature; the spmbol-parts of thc:a ae Called conceps. If man makes a new symbol tis by thoughts invelving concepts. Sot is only out of symbols that a new symbol. fan grow. Ome symone symbaa. A symbol, once in being, Spreads among the peoples In doe and in experince, ts meaning sgrows. Such words as foc, law, well, marriage, beat for ws very Aliferent meanings lsom thece they bore t our barbarous ancestors ‘The symbol may, with Emerson's sphynx, say to man, Of thin oye Fam eyebe 4 Tes CLasses oF Sioxs ‘The thee trichotomies of Signs result together in dividing Signs Ino TEN CLASSES OF SIONS, of which numerous subdivisions have to berconsiered._ The ten classes ae as follows First: A Qualsign (eg. a feling of "fed" it any quality in so far abit isa sgn. Since a quality ie whatever itis positively in itself a quality can only denote an object by virtue of seme common ingredient or similarity, so that a Quaisign is necessarily an Ten, Further, since a quality ie mere logical possiblity, it ean only Be Interpreted asa Sign of essence, that is, 25 « Rheme. Second: ‘An Teonic Sinsgn (eg. an individual diagram) is any object of experienc insofar as sme quality of it makes it deter- ‘mine the ides of an object Being an Tean, and thus a sign by Tikeness purely, of whatever it may be Uke, it can only be inter- preted as a sgh of essence, or Rheme. It will embody a Qualiign Third: ‘A Rhematic Indesial Sinsign eg, « spontaneous cry) is any object of direct experience so far as directs attention to an Object by which its presence is caused. Tt nocasarly involves an Iconic Sinsign of & peculiar kind, yet is quite diferent since it brings the attention of the interpreter to the very Object denoted Fourth: A Dicent Sinsign (ea weathercork] is any object of iret experienc, in so fat as it is a igo, and, a8 such, affords information concerning its Object. This it can only do by being really affected by its Object; so that it is necessarily an Tages The only information it can afford is of actual fact. Such a Sigh ‘ust involve an Teanie Sinsign to embody the information and ‘obematic Indesial Sinsign to indicate the Object to which the6 ‘Tue PuuLosorny oP Prince information eelers. But the mode of combination, of Sylar, of these to must alo be significant Fifth: An TeonieLegisign (eg. diagram, apart from its factual indivility) ie any genera Lav type, in zo far seit requires tach instanee of it to embody a definite quality which renders it [toca wp in Use mind the idea of s ike objet." Being am Toon, itmost bea Rheme. Being a Leisgn, its mode of being i that of governing single Replies, each of which wil bean Teonie Sinsen ‘fa peculiar kind. Sixth: A Rhematic Indesical Legisign [eg a demonstrative pronoun) is any gencral type or law, however establised, which Fequies each instanceof st to be relly alloted by its Objects sich a manner a5 merely to draw attention to that Object. Each Replica of it will be 2 Rhematie Indexical Sinsign of a pecular ind. The Tterpretant ofa thematic Indexical Lagisign represents tas an Teone Legisign: and so ts, ina meacure—but in a very smal measure. Seventh: A Dicent Indexical Logisign fe. a stret cry) is any general type or lie, however established, which requires each [stance of to be realy fected hy ss Object in soch a manner 235 to Tuensh deine ilormation concetning that Object. Ie mst involve an Iconic Legisin to signify the information anda Rhematie Tndexical Legsign to danote the subject of that formation. Each Replica of it will bea Dicent Sinsign ofa pecliar kind, ‘Ejghth: A Rhematic Symbol ar Symbolic Rbeme fe, a common noun} is a sign conected with its Object by am association of general ideas in such @ way that its Replica calls up am image’ in ‘the mind, which image, owing to certain habits or dispositions of ‘hat mind, tends to produce a general concep, and the Replica is interpreted as a Sign ofan Object tha sam instanceof tha enneept ‘Thus, the Rbematic Symbol either i or is very Hike, whe the logicians calla General Term. The Rhcmatic Symbo, ike any ‘Symbol is necessarily tet of the nature ofa general type, and is thus a Legisign Ite Replica, however, i a Rhematic Indexcal Sisign ofa peculiar kind, im that the image i suggests to the ‘mind acts upon a Symbol already in that mind to give tse to a General Concept. In this tdifers from other Rhematie Tadexial Sinsgns including those which are Replicas of Rhematie Indexial Legisigns. Thus, the demonstrative pronoun “that” is a Legisign, being a general type; but it is not a Symbol, since it does not signify general concept. Its Replica draws altention to single Object, and is a Rhemaiie Indesical Sinsign. A Replica of the vocic AS SEMIONIC: THE THEORY OF SIGNS 117 ‘word “camel is likewise a Rhematic Indexical Sinsig, being really affected, through the knowledge of camels, commen to the ‘Speaker and aditor, by tho real camel it denotes, even if this one Pot individually kaown to the auditor; snd itis throwgh sock teal connetion thatthe word "esmel” als up the idea of a camel ‘Te same thing is teue ofthe word “phoenix” or although 20 phoenix really exists, real descriptions of the phoenix are well [Known to the speaker and his auditor, and thus the word i really allcted by the Object denoted. But not only are the Replicas of ‘thematic Symbols very dllerent from ordinary RhematicIndexial Sinsgns, but so Howse ate. Replicas of Rhematic Indexical Legsigns, For the thing denoted by “that” has nt afected the ‘replica of the word in any such dirs and simple manner ae that in which, for example, the ring of a tlephone-bel i afected by the potson atthe other end who wants to make a communication ‘The Interpretant of the Rhematic Symbol often represents a8 RhematicIndexial Legisigns at other times a an TeonieLegiign, and it docs ina small measure partake of the nature ofboth ‘Ninth: A Dicent Symbol, or ordinary Proposition, is a sign connected with ie object by an association of general eas, and fcting like a Rhematie Symbol, except that ts intended iner- Drstant epmesents the Dicent Symbol 38 being, in respect to what signifies, really affected by its Object, 2 that the existence or lave which it calls to mind must be actully connected with the indicated Object. Thus, the intended Tntesprtant looks upon the Dicent Symbol as 4 Dicent Inderal Legisgn: and if be true, ie does partake of this nature, although this dos not sopeesent its ‘whole nature. Like the Rhematic Symbol, it is necessarily a Legisign, Like dhe Dicent Sinsiga i i composite inasmuch a it nncessrily involves 2 Rhemati Symbol (and thus is for its Inter pretant a Teonc Legis) to exprests information and a Rhematic Fndewcal Leeisign to indeate the subject of that information Bat ite Syntex ofthese is sghieant.- The Replica of the Dicent ‘Symbol ie a Dicent Sinsgn of porllarkind. This easily sean to be trae when the information the Dicent Symbol conveys is of actual fact. When that information is ofa ral law, itis net true inthe same fullness. For a Dicent Sinsign cannot convey informa. tion of law, Iti, therefore, true of the Replica of such a Dicent ‘Symbol cnly in 20 far asthe Taw has ts being in instances. "Tenth: An Argument is sgn whose interpretantrepresonts its ‘object as being an terior sgn thong Taw, amely, Ue law that ‘the passage fom all such premisvs fo such conclusions tends to8 ‘Tar PLosoruy oF Petmce ‘he truth. Manifesty, then, its object must be general; that i the Argument must be a Syinbel. As a Symbol it must farther, bea Legisign. Tie Replica i 4 Dient Sinsgn. The alfiities ofthe ten classes are exhibited by arranging thei designations in the triangular fable here shown, which has heavy Boundaries Between adjacent squares that are appropriated to ‘lasses alike in only ane respect, All other adjacent squates pertain to classes alike in two respects, Squares nat adjacent pectain to classes ake in one respect ony, except that each of the thee Squares of the vertices ofthe trlangle pertain to clas differing inall tee respects fom the classes to mich the squares along the ‘opposite side ofthe triangle are appropriated. ‘The lightly pitted ‘fesignatioas ae supertuous. @ “ ean ea | RRiwmatic | Rhomatic | mamma | Anrument Teone | rene | Symbol | Symbolic | Geatsen | terse | Lesien | Lemon | ay wn ox) hematic | mbeaatic | Dime Toole | Indesca! | Symtet Si Yecsen | Legign avy Dieat Iedexieal ‘Sues In the course of the above descriptions of the classes, certain subdivisions of some’ of them have been dirctly or indivetiy teferred to. Namely, beside the notmal varieties of Sinsgne, Indices, and Diisgns, there are others which are Replicas of Lege signs, Symbols, and. Argument, respectively. Beside the normal 1oGIC- AS SEMIOTIC! THE THEORY OF SIONS 119 varieties of Qulisign, Teons, and hemes, there are two series of thers; to swt, those whieh are directly involved im Sinsigns, Indices, and’ Dicsgne, respectively, and also hose which are indirectly involved in Legisins, Symbols, and Arguments, espec- tively. "Thus, the ordinary: Dicent Siasign is exempliied by a Iweathercck and its veering and by a phologeaph. The fact that the latter i known to be the elect ofthe radiations from the object renders ¢ aft index and highly informative. A second variety i a Replica ofa Dicent Indexial Legisgn. Thus any given street cry, singe is tone and theme identifies the individual, ot a symbol bt an Indexcal Legisgn; and any indvidval instance of iis @ Repl of ic which isa Dicent Siasign. A third variety isa Replica of @ Propostion. A fourth variety is a Replica of an Argument Beside the normal varity of the Dicent Tadeseal Legg, of Which a strect ery fan eximple, there i a second variety, which {5 that sor of proposition which has the name of wellknown individual as its predicates sone i asked, "Whose statu is this?” the ancwer muy be, “It is Farragut.” The meaning of this answer is a Dicent Indencal Legisgn A thied variety may be a ‘remiss of an argument, A Dicent Symbol, or ardiary proposition, {noo far ast fsa premise of am Argument, takes on 4 new fore, tnd becomes a second variety of the Dient Symbol. Tt would not te worth while to go through all the varieties; ut it may be well to conser the varieties of one class more, We may take the Rhomatic Indexical Legsige. The shout of" Hullo!” isan example of the ordinary variety--meaning, not an individual shout, but this shout “Hallo!” in generaliis type of shout. A. second ‘sity fs a constituent of Dent Indexical Legisign; asthe word that” in the reply, “that is Farragut." A'third variety is a particular application of a Rhematic Symbol; as the exclamation Hark” Avfourth and Sith variety are in the peculiar force @ general word may have in a proposition or argument. Tt is not Impossible that some varieties are here overlooked. It isa nice problem to say to what class a given sign belongs; since all the {Sreumstances of the case have to be considered. But itis seldom Fequisite to be very accurate, for if ono does not Ioeate the sign Dreceely, one wil easily come near enough to its character for any ordinary porpose of ogi.